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Paul Graham
How to Do Great Work
http://paulgraham.com/greatwork.html
July 2023 If you collected lists of techniques for doing great work in a lot of different fields, what would the intersection look like? I decided to find out by making it. Partly my goal was to create a guide that could be used by someone working in any field. But I was also curious about the shape of the in...
11,827
Paul Graham
Having Kids
http://paulgraham.com/kids.html
December 2019 Before I had kids, I was afraid of having kids. Up to that point I felt about kids the way the young Augustine felt about living virtuously. I'd have been sad to think I'd never have children. But did I want them now? No. If I had kids, I'd become a parent, and parents, as I'd known since I was ...
1,537
Paul Graham
How to Lose Time and Money
http://paulgraham.com/selfindulgence.html
July 2010 When we sold our startup in 1998 I suddenly got a lot of money. I now had to think about something I hadn't had to think about before: how not to lose it. I knew it was possible to go from rich to poor, just as it was possible to go from poor to rich. But while I'd spent a lot of the past several years s...
678
Paul Graham
The Brand Age
http://paulgraham.com/brandage.html
March 2026 In the early 1970s disaster struck the Swiss watch industry. Now people call it the quartz crisis, but in fact it was a compound of three separate disasters that all happened at about the same time. The first was competition from Japan. The Swiss had been watching the Japanese in the rear view mirr...
7,663
Paul Graham
The Shape of the Essay Field
http://paulgraham.com/field.html
June 2025 An essay has to tell people something they don't already know. But there are three different reasons people might not know something, and they yield three very different kinds of essays. One reason people won't know something is if it's not important to know. That doesn't mean it will make a bad ess...
769
Paul Graham
Good Writing
http://paulgraham.com/goodwriting.html
May 2025 There are two senses in which writing can be good: it can sound good, and the ideas can be right. It can have nice, flowing sentences, and it can draw correct conclusions about important things. It might seem as if these two kinds of good would be unrelated, like the speed of a car and the color it's pain...
1,645
Paul Graham
What to Do
http://paulgraham.com/do.html
March 2025 What should one do? That may seem a strange question, but it's not meaningless or unanswerable. It's the sort of question kids ask before they learn not to ask big questions. I only came across it myself in the process of investigating something else. But once I did, I thought I should at least try to a...
1,590
Paul Graham
The Origins of Wokeness
http://paulgraham.com/woke.html
January 2025 The word "prig" isn't very common now, but if you look up the definition, it will sound familiar. Google's isn't bad: > A self-righteously moralistic person who behaves as if superior to others. This sense of the word originated in the 18th century, and its age is an important clue: it shows t...
6,168
Paul Graham
Writes and Write-Nots
http://paulgraham.com/writes.html
October 2024 I'm usually reluctant to make predictions about technology, but I feel fairly confident about this one: in a couple decades there won't be many people who can write. One of the strangest things you learn if you're a writer is how many people have trouble writing. Doctors know how many people have...
555
Paul Graham
When To Do What You Love
http://paulgraham.com/when.html
September 2024 There's some debate about whether it's a good idea to "follow your passion." In fact the question is impossible to answer with a simple yes or no. Sometimes you should and sometimes you shouldn't, but the border between should and shouldn't is very complicated. The only way to give a general answer ...
1,545
Paul Graham
Founder Mode
http://paulgraham.com/foundermode.html
September 2024 At a YC event last week Brian Chesky gave a talk that everyone who was there will remember. Most founders I talked to afterward said it was the best they'd ever heard. Ron Conway, for the first time in his life, forgot to take notes. I'm not going to try to reproduce it here. Instead I want to talk ...
1,244
Paul Graham
The Right Kind of Stubborn
http://paulgraham.com/persistence.html
July 2024 Successful people tend to be persistent. New ideas often don't work at first, but they're not deterred. They keep trying and eventually find something that does. Mere obstinacy, on the other hand, is a recipe for failure. Obstinate people are so annoying. They won't listen. They beat their heads aga...
1,936
Paul Graham
The Reddits
http://paulgraham.com/reddits.html
March 2024 I met the Reddits before we even started Y Combinator. In fact they were one of the reasons we started it. YC grew out of a talk I gave to the Harvard Computer Society (the undergrad computer club) about how to start a startup. Everyone else in the audience was probably local, but Steve and Alexis ...
1,168
Paul Graham
How to Start Google
http://paulgraham.com/google.html
March 2024 _(This is a talk I gave to 14 and 15 year olds about what to do now if they might want to start a startup later. Lots of schools think they should tell students something about startups. This is what I think they should tell them.)_ Most of you probably think that when you're released into the so-...
2,827
Paul Graham
The Best Essay
http://paulgraham.com/best.html
March 2024 Despite its title this isn't meant to be the best essay. My goal here is to figure out what the best essay would be like. It would be well-written, but you can write well about any topic. What made it special would be what it was about. Obviously some topics would be better than others. It pro...
4,338
Paul Graham
Superlinear Returns
http://paulgraham.com/superlinear.html
October 2023 One of the most important things I didn't understand about the world when I was a child is the degree to which the returns for performance are superlinear. Teachers and coaches implicitly told us the returns were linear. "You get out," I heard a thousand times, "what you put in." They meant well,...
4,259
Paul Graham
How to Get New Ideas
http://paulgraham.com/getideas.html
January 2023 _([_Someone_](https://twitter.com/stef/status/1617222428727586816) fed my essays into GPT to make something that could answer questions based on them, then asked it where good ideas come from. The answer was ok, but not what I would have said. This is what I would have said.)_ The way to get new...
147
Paul Graham
The Need to Read
http://paulgraham.com/read.html
November 2022 In the science fiction books I read as a kid, reading had often been replaced by some more efficient way of acquiring knowledge. Mysterious "tapes" would load it into one's brain like a program being loaded into a computer. That sort of thing is unlikely to happen anytime soon. Not just because ...
446
Paul Graham
What You (Want to)* Want
http://paulgraham.com/want.html
November 2022 Since I was about 9 I've been puzzled by the apparent contradiction between being made of matter that behaves in a predictable way, and the feeling that I could choose to do whatever I wanted. At the time I had a self-interested motive for exploring the question. At that age (like most succeeding age...
511
Paul Graham
Alien Truth
http://paulgraham.com/alien.html
October 2022 If there were intelligent beings elsewhere in the universe, they'd share certain truths in common with us. The truths of mathematics would be the same, because they're true by definition. Ditto for the truths of physics; the mass of a carbon atom would be the same on their planet. But I think we'd sha...
684
Paul Graham
What I've Learned from Users
http://paulgraham.com/users.html
September 2022 I recently told applicants to Y Combinator that the best advice I could give for getting in, per word, was > Explain what you've learned from users. That tests a lot of things: whether you're paying attention to users, how well you understand them, and even how much they need what you're mak...
2,195
Paul Graham
Heresy
http://paulgraham.com/heresy.html
April 2022 One of the most surprising things I've witnessed in my lifetime is the rebirth of the concept of heresy. In his excellent biography of Newton, Richard Westfall writes about the moment when he was elected a fellow of Trinity College: > Supported comfortably, Newton was free to devote himself w...
2,114
Paul Graham
Putting Ideas into Words
http://paulgraham.com/words.html
February 2022 Writing about something, even something you know well, usually shows you that you didn't know it as well as you thought. Putting ideas into words is a severe test. The first words you choose are usually wrong; you have to rewrite sentences over and over to get them exactly right. And your ideas won'...
1,164
Paul Graham
Is There Such a Thing as Good Taste?
http://paulgraham.com/goodtaste.html
November 2021 _(This essay is derived from a talk at the Cambridge Union.)_ When I was a kid, I'd have said there wasn't. My father told me so. Some people like some things, and other people like other things, and who's to say who's right? It seemed so obvious that there was no such thing as good taste ...
1,124
Paul Graham
Beyond Smart
http://paulgraham.com/smart.html
October 2021 If you asked people what was special about Einstein, most would say that he was really smart. Even the ones who tried to give you a more sophisticated-sounding answer would probably think this first. Till a few years ago I would have given the same answer myself. But that wasn't what was special about...
1,422
Paul Graham
Weird Languages
http://paulgraham.com/weird.html
August 2021 When people say that in their experience all programming languages are basically equivalent, they're making a statement not about languages but about the kind of programming they've done. 99.5% of programming consists of gluing together calls to library functions. All popular languages are equally...
348
Paul Graham
How to Work Hard
http://paulgraham.com/hwh.html
June 2021 It might not seem there's much to learn about how to work hard. Anyone who's been to school knows what it entails, even if they chose not to do it. There are 12 year olds who work amazingly hard. And yet when I ask if I know more about working hard now than when I was in school, the answer is definitely ...
3,319
Paul Graham
A Project of One's Own
http://paulgraham.com/own.html
June 2021 A few days ago, on the way home from school, my nine year old son told me he couldn't wait to get home to write more of the story he was working on. This made me as happy as anything I've heard him say -- not just because he was excited about his story, but because he'd discovered this way of working. Wo...
2,510
Paul Graham
Fierce Nerds
http://paulgraham.com/fn.html
May 2021 Most people think of nerds as quiet, diffident people. In ordinary social situations they are -- as quiet and diffident as the star quarterback would be if he found himself in the middle of a physics symposium. And for the same reason: they are fish out of water. But the apparent diffidence of nerds is an...
1,248
Paul Graham
Crazy New Ideas
http://paulgraham.com/newideas.html
May 2021 There's one kind of opinion I'd be very afraid to express publicly. If someone I knew to be both a domain expert and a reasonable person proposed an idea that sounded preposterous, I'd be very reluctant to say "That will never work." Anyone who has studied the history of ideas, and especially the his...
1,328
Paul Graham
An NFT That Saves Lives
http://paulgraham.com/nft.html
May 2021 [Noora Health](https://www.noorahealth.org/), a nonprofit I've supported for years, just launched a new NFT. It has a dramatic name, [_Save Thousands of Lives_](http://bit.ly/NooraNFT), because that's what the proceeds will do. Noora has been saving lives for 7 years. They run programs in hospitals i...
314
Paul Graham
The Real Reason to End the Death Penalty
http://paulgraham.com/real.html
April 2021 When intellectuals talk about the death penalty, they talk about things like whether it's permissible for the state to take someone's life, whether the death penalty acts as a deterrent, and whether more death sentences are given to some groups than others. But in practice the debate about the death pen...
763
Paul Graham
How People Get Rich Now
http://paulgraham.com/richnow.html
April 2021 Every year since 1982, _Forbes_ magazine has published a list of the richest Americans. If we compare the 100 richest people in 1982 to the 100 richest in 2020, we notice some big differences. In 1982 the most common source of wealth was inheritance. Of the 100 richest people, 60 inherited from an ...
2,584
Paul Graham
Write Simply
http://paulgraham.com/simply.html
March 2021 I try to write using ordinary words and simple sentences. That kind of writing is easier to read, and the easier something is to read, the more deeply readers will engage with it. The less energy they expend on your prose, the more they'll have left for your ideas. And the further they'll read...
511
Paul Graham
Donate Unrestricted
http://paulgraham.com/donate.html
March 2021 The secret curse of the nonprofit world is restricted donations. If you haven't been involved with nonprofits, you may never have heard this phrase before. But if you have been, it probably made you wince. Restricted donations mean donations where the donor limits what can be done with the money. T...
485
Paul Graham
What I Worked On
http://paulgraham.com/worked.html
February 2021 Before college the two main things I worked on, outside of school, were writing and programming. I didn't write essays. I wrote what beginning writers were supposed to write then, and probably still are: short stories. My stories were awful. They had hardly any plot, just characters with strong feeli...
13,815
Paul Graham
Earnestness
http://paulgraham.com/earnest.html
December 2020 Jessica and I have certain words that have special significance when we're talking about startups. The highest compliment we can pay to founders is to describe them as "earnest." This is not by itself a guarantee of success. You could be earnest but incapable. But when founders are both formidable (a...
1,671
Paul Graham
Billionaires Build
http://paulgraham.com/ace.html
December 2020 As I was deciding what to write about next, I was surprised to find that two separate essays I'd been planning to write were actually the same. The first is about how to ace your Y Combinator interview. There has been so much nonsense written about this topic that I've been meaning for years to ...
3,425
Paul Graham
The Airbnbs
http://paulgraham.com/airbnbs.html
December 2020 To celebrate Airbnb's IPO and to help future founders, I thought it might be useful to explain what was special about Airbnb. What was special about the Airbnbs was how earnest they were. They did nothing half-way, and we could sense this even in the interview. Sometimes after we interviewed a s...
1,102
Paul Graham
How to Think for Yourself
http://paulgraham.com/think.html
November 2020 There are some kinds of work that you can't do well without thinking differently from your peers. To be a successful scientist, for example, it's not enough just to be correct. Your ideas have to be both correct and novel. You can't publish papers saying things other people already know. You need to ...
3,449
Paul Graham
Early Work
http://paulgraham.com/early.html
October 2020 One of the biggest things holding people back from doing great work is the fear of making something lame. And this fear is not an irrational one. Many great projects go through a stage early on where they don't seem very impressive, even to their creators. You have to push through this stage to reach ...
2,508
Paul Graham
Modeling a Wealth Tax
http://paulgraham.com/wtax.html
August 2020 Some politicians are proposing to introduce wealth taxes in addition to income and capital gains taxes. Let's try modeling the effects of various levels of wealth tax to see what they would mean in practice for a startup founder. Suppose you start a successful startup in your twenties, and then li...
439
Paul Graham
The Four Quadrants of Conformism
http://paulgraham.com/conformism.html
July 2020 One of the most revealing ways to classify people is by the degree and aggressiveness of their conformism. Imagine a Cartesian coordinate system whose horizontal axis runs from conventional-minded on the left to independent-minded on the right, and whose vertical axis runs from passive at the bottom to a...
1,971
Paul Graham
Coronavirus and Credibility
http://paulgraham.com/cred.html
April 2020 I recently saw a [_video_](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAh4uS4f78o) of TV journalists and politicians confidently saying that the coronavirus would be no worse than the flu. What struck me about it was not just how mistaken they seemed, but how daring. How could they feel safe saying such things? ...
237
Paul Graham
How to Write Usefully
http://paulgraham.com/useful.html
February 2020 What should an essay be? Many people would say persuasive. That's what a lot of us were taught essays should be. But I think we can aim for something more ambitious: that an essay should be useful. To start with, that means it should be correct. But it's not enough merely to be correct. It's eas...
2,868
Paul Graham
Being a Noob
http://paulgraham.com/noob.html
January 2020 When I was young, I thought old people had everything figured out. Now that I'm old, I know this isn't true. I constantly feel like a noob. It seems like I'm always talking to some startup working in a new field I know nothing about, or reading a book about a topic I don't understand well enough,...
373
Paul Graham
Haters
http://paulgraham.com/fh.html
January 2020 _(I originally intended this for startup founders, who are often surprised by the attention they get as their companies grow, but it applies equally to anyone who becomes famous.)_ If you become sufficiently famous, you'll acquire some fans who like you too much. These people are sometimes calle...
1,391
Paul Graham
The Two Kinds of Moderate
http://paulgraham.com/mod.html
December 2019 There are two distinct ways to be politically moderate: on purpose and by accident. Intentional moderates are trimmers, deliberately choosing a position mid-way between the extremes of right and left. Accidental moderates end up in the middle, on average, because they make up their own minds about ea...
668
Paul Graham
Fashionable Problems
http://paulgraham.com/fp.html
December 2019 I've seen the same pattern in many different fields: even though lots of people have worked hard in the field, only a small fraction of the space of possibilities has been explored, because they've all worked on similar things. Even the smartest, most imaginative people are surprisingly conserva...
190
Paul Graham
The Lesson to Unlearn
http://paulgraham.com/lesson.html
December 2019 The most damaging thing you learned in school wasn't something you learned in any specific class. It was learning to get good grades. When I was in college, a particularly earnest philosophy grad student once told me that he never cared what grade he got in a class, only what he learned in it. T...
4,043
Paul Graham
Novelty and Heresy
http://paulgraham.com/nov.html
November 2019 If you discover something new, there's a significant chance you'll be accused of some form of heresy. To discover new things, you have to work on ideas that are good but non-obvious; if an idea is obviously good, other people are probably already working on it. One common way for a good idea to ...
255
Paul Graham
The Bus Ticket Theory of Genius
http://paulgraham.com/genius.html
November 2019 Everyone knows that to do great work you need both natural ability and determination. But there's a third ingredient that's not as well understood: an obsessive interest in a particular topic. To explain this point I need to burn my reputation with some group of people, and I'm going to choose b...
2,636
Paul Graham
General and Surprising
http://paulgraham.com/sun.html
September 2017 The most valuable insights are both general and surprising. F = ma for example. But general and surprising is a hard combination to achieve. That territory tends to be picked clean, precisely because those insights are so valuable. Ordinarily, the best that people can do is one without the othe...
439
Paul Graham
Charisma / Power
http://paulgraham.com/pow.html
January 2017 People who are powerful but uncharismatic will tend to be disliked. Their power makes them a target for criticism that they don't have the charisma to disarm. That was Hillary Clinton's problem. It also tends to be a problem for any CEO who is more of a builder than a schmoozer. And yet the builder-ty...
121
Paul Graham
The Risk of Discovery
http://paulgraham.com/disc.html
January 2017 Because biographies of famous scientists tend to edit out their mistakes, we underestimate the degree of risk they were willing to take. And because anything a famous scientist did that wasn't a mistake has probably now become the conventional wisdom, those choices don't seem risky either. Biogra...
216
Paul Graham
How to Make Pittsburgh a Startup Hub
http://paulgraham.com/pgh.html
April 2016 _(This is a talk I gave at an event called Opt412 in Pittsburgh. Much of it will apply to other towns. But not all, because as I say in the talk, Pittsburgh has some important advantages over most would-be startup hubs.)_ What would it take to make Pittsburgh into a startup hub, like Silicon Valle...
2,636
Paul Graham
Life is Short
http://paulgraham.com/vb.html
January 2016 Life is short, as everyone knows. When I was a kid I used to wonder about this. Is life actually short, or are we really complaining about its finiteness? Would we be just as likely to feel life was short if we lived 10 times as long? Since there didn't seem any way to answer this question, I sto...
1,675
Paul Graham
Economic Inequality
http://paulgraham.com/ineq.html
January 2016 Since the 1970s, economic inequality in the US has increased dramatically. And in particular, the rich have gotten a lot richer. Nearly everyone who writes about the topic says that economic inequality should be decreased. I'm interested in this question because I was one of the founders of a com...
3,421
Paul Graham
The Refragmentation
http://paulgraham.com/re.html
January 2016 One advantage of being old is that you can see change happen in your lifetime. A lot of the change I've seen is fragmentation. US politics is much more polarized than it used to be. Culturally we have ever less common ground. The creative class flocks to a handful of happy cities, abandoning the rest....
7,187
Paul Graham
Jessica Livingston
http://paulgraham.com/jessica.html
November 2015 A few months ago an article about Y Combinator said that early on it had been a "one-man show." It's sadly common to read that sort of thing. But the problem with that description is not just that it's unfair. It's also misleading. Much of what's most novel about YC is due to Jessica Livingston. If y...
1,968
Paul Graham
A Way to Detect Bias
http://paulgraham.com/bias.html
October 2015 This will come as a surprise to a lot of people, but in some cases it's possible to detect bias in a selection process without knowing anything about the applicant pool. Which is exciting because among other things it means third parties can use this technique to detect bias whether those doing the se...
565
Paul Graham
Write Like You Talk
http://paulgraham.com/talk.html
October 2015 Here's a simple trick for getting more people to read what you write: write in spoken language. Something comes over most people when they start writing. They write in a different language than they'd use if they were talking to a friend. The sentence structure and even the words are different. N...
709
Paul Graham
Default Alive or Default Dead?
http://paulgraham.com/aord.html
October 2015 When I talk to a startup that's been operating for more than 8 or 9 months, the first thing I want to know is almost always the same. Assuming their expenses remain constant and their revenue growth is what it has been over the last several months, do they make it to profitability on the money they ha...
1,498
Paul Graham
Why It's Safe for Founders to Be Nice
http://paulgraham.com/safe.html
August 2015 I recently got an email from a founder that helped me understand something important: why it's safe for startup founders to be nice people. I grew up with a cartoon idea of a very successful businessman (in the cartoon it was always a man): a rapacious, cigar-smoking, table-thumping guy in his fif...
785
Paul Graham
Change Your Name
http://paulgraham.com/name.html
August 2015 If you have a US startup called X and you don't have x.com, you should probably change your name. The reason is not just that people can't find you. For companies with mobile apps, especially, having the right domain name is not as critical as it used to be for getting users. The problem with not ...
759
Paul Graham
What Microsoft Is this the Altair Basic of?
http://paulgraham.com/altair.html
February 2015 One of the most valuable exercises you can try if you want to understand startups is to look at the most successful companies and explain why they were not as lame as they seemed when they first launched. Because they practically all seemed lame at first. Not just small, lame. Not just the first step...
377
Paul Graham
The Ronco Principle
http://paulgraham.com/ronco.html
January 2015 No one, VC or angel, has invested in more of the top startups than Ron Conway. He knows what happened in every deal in the Valley, half the time because he arranged it. And yet he's a super nice guy. In fact, nice is not the word. Ronco is good. I know of zero instances in which he has behaved ba...
630
Paul Graham
What Doesn't Seem Like Work?
http://paulgraham.com/work.html
January 2015 My father is a mathematician. For most of my childhood he worked for Westinghouse, modelling nuclear reactors. He was one of those lucky people who know early on what they want to do. When you talk to him about his childhood, there's a clear watershed at about age 12, when he "got interested in m...
483
Paul Graham
Don't Talk to Corp Dev
http://paulgraham.com/corpdev.html
January 2015 Corporate Development, aka corp dev, is the group within companies that buys other companies. If you're talking to someone from corp dev, that's why, whether you realize it yet or not. It's usually a mistake to talk to corp dev unless (a) you want to sell your company right now and (b) you're suf...
1,293
Paul Graham
Let the Other 95% of Great Programmers In
http://paulgraham.com/95.html
December 2014 American technology companies want the government to make immigration easier because they say they can't find enough programmers in the US. Anti-immigration people say that instead of letting foreigners take these jobs, we should train more Americans to be programmers. Who's right? The technolog...
924
Paul Graham
How to Be an Expert in a Changing World
http://paulgraham.com/ecw.html
December 2014 If the world were static, we could have monotonically increasing confidence in our beliefs. The more (and more varied) experience a belief survived, the less likely it would be false. Most people implicitly believe something like this about their opinions. And they're justified in doing so with opini...
1,061
Paul Graham
How You Know
http://paulgraham.com/know.html
December 2014 I've read Villehardouin's chronicle of the Fourth Crusade at least two times, maybe three. And yet if I had to write down everything I remember from it, I doubt it would amount to much more than a page. Multiply this times several hundred, and I get an uneasy feeling when I look at my bookshelves. Wh...
648
Paul Graham
The Fatal Pinch
http://paulgraham.com/pinch.html
December 2014 Many startups go through a point a few months before they die where although they have a significant amount of money in the bank, they're also losing a lot each month, and revenue growth is either nonexistent or mediocre. The company has, say, 6 months of runway. Or to put it more brutally, 6 months ...
1,602
Paul Graham
Mean People Fail
http://paulgraham.com/mean.html
November 2014 It struck me recently how few of the most successful people I know are mean. There are exceptions, but remarkably few. Meanness isn't rare. In fact, one of the things the internet has shown us is how mean people can be. A few decades ago, only famous people and professional writers got to publis...
1,138
Paul Graham
Startup Investing Trends
http://paulgraham.com/invtrend.html
June 2013 _(This talk was written for an audience of investors.)_ Y Combinator has now funded 564 startups including the current batch, which has 53. The total valuation of the 287 that have valuations (either by raising an equity round, getting acquired, or dying) is about $11.7 billion, and the 511 prior t...
2,955
Paul Graham
The Top of My Todo List
http://paulgraham.com/todo.html
April 2012 A palliative care nurse called Bronnie Ware made a list of the biggest [regrets of the dying](http://bronnieware.com/regrets-of-the-dying/). Her list seems plausible. I could see myself -- _can_ see myself -- making at least 4 of these 5 mistakes. If you had to compress them into a single piece of ...
234
Paul Graham
Writing and Speaking
http://paulgraham.com/speak.html
March 2012 I'm not a very good speaker. I say "um" a lot. Sometimes I have to pause when I lose my train of thought. I wish I were a better speaker. But I don't wish I were a better speaker like I wish I were a better writer. What I really want is to have good ideas, and that's a much bigger part of being a good w...
1,194
Paul Graham
How Y Combinator Started
http://paulgraham.com/ycstart.html
March 2012 Y Combinator's 7th birthday was March 11. As usual we were so busy we didn't notice till a few days after. I don't think we've ever managed to remember our birthday on our birthday. On March 11 2005, Jessica and I were walking home from dinner in Harvard Square. Jessica was working at an investment ban...
1,447
Paul Graham
Defining Property
http://paulgraham.com/property.html
March 2012 As a child I read a book of stories about a famous judge in eighteenth century Japan called Ooka Tadasuke. One of the cases he decided was brought by the owner of a food shop. A poor student who could afford only rice was eating his rice while enjoying the delicious cooking smells coming from the food s...
980
Paul Graham
Snapshot: Viaweb, June 1998
http://paulgraham.com/vw.html
January 2012 A few hours before the Yahoo acquisition was announced in June 1998 I took a [snapshot of Viaweb's site](http://ycombinator.com/viaweb). I thought it might be interesting to look at one day. The first thing one notices is is how tiny the pages are. Screens were a lot smaller in 1998. If I remembe...
869
Paul Graham
The Patent Pledge
http://paulgraham.com/patentpledge.html
August 2011 I realized recently that we may be able to solve part of the patent problem without waiting for the government. I've never been 100% sure whether patents help or hinder technological progress. When I was a kid I thought they helped. I thought they protected inventors from having their ideas stolen...
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Paul Graham
Subject: Airbnb
http://paulgraham.com/airbnb.html
March 2011 Yesterday Fred Wilson published a remarkable [post](http://avc.com/2011/03/airbnb) about missing [Airbnb](http://airbnb.com). VCs miss good startups all the time, but it's extraordinarily rare for one to talk about it publicly till long afterward. So that post is further evidence what a rare bird Fred i...
250
Paul Graham
Tablets
http://paulgraham.com/tablets.html
December 2010 I was thinking recently how inconvenient it was not to have a general term for iPhones, iPads, and the corresponding things running Android. The closest to a general term seems to be "mobile devices," but that (a) applies to any mobile phone, and (b) doesn't really capture what's distinctive about th...
549
Paul Graham
The Acceleration of Addictiveness
http://paulgraham.com/addiction.html
July 2010 What hard liquor, cigarettes, heroin, and crack have in common is that they're all more concentrated forms of less addictive predecessors. Most if not all the things we describe as addictive are. And the scary thing is, the process that created them is accelerating. We wouldn't want to stop it. It's...
1,273
Paul Graham
Persuade xor Discover
http://paulgraham.com/discover.html
September 2009 When meeting people you don't know very well, the convention is to seem extra friendly. You smile and say "pleased to meet you," whether you are or not. There's nothing dishonest about this. Everyone knows that these little social lies aren't meant to be taken literally, just as everyone knows that ...
1,301
Paul Graham
Post-Medium Publishing
http://paulgraham.com/publishing.html
September 2009 Publishers of all types, from news to music, are unhappy that consumers won't pay for content anymore. At least, that's how they see it. In fact consumers never really were paying for content, and publishers weren't really selling it either. If the content was what they were selling, why has th...
1,773
Paul Graham
The List of N Things
http://paulgraham.com/nthings.html
September 2009 I bet you the current issue of _Cosmopolitan_ has an article whose title begins with a number. "7 Things He Won't Tell You about Sex," or something like that. Some popular magazines feature articles of this type on the cover of every issue. That can't be happening by accident. Editors must know they...
1,446
Paul Graham
What Kate Saw in Silicon Valley
http://paulgraham.com/kate.html
August 2009 Kate Courteau is the architect who designed Y Combinator's office. Recently we managed to recruit her to help us run YC when she's not busy with architectural projects. Though she'd heard a lot about YC since the beginning, the last 9 months have been a total immersion. I've been around the startu...
813
Paul Graham
The Trouble with the Segway
http://paulgraham.com/segway.html
July 2009 The Segway hasn't delivered on its initial promise, to put it mildly. There are several reasons why, but one is that people don't want to be seen riding them. Someone riding a Segway looks like a dork. My friend Trevor Blackwell built [his own Segway](http://tlb.org/#scooter), which we called the Se...
379
Paul Graham
A Local Revolution?
http://paulgraham.com/revolution.html
April 2009 Recently I realized I'd been holding two ideas in my head that would explode if combined. The first is that startups may represent a [new economic phase](highres.html), on the scale of the Industrial Revolution. I'm not sure of this, but there seems a decent chance it's true. People are dramaticall...
1,339
Paul Graham
Why Twitter is a Big Deal
http://paulgraham.com/twitter.html
April 2009 [Om Malik](http://gigaom.com/2009/04/03/google-may-buy-twitter-or-not-but-why-is-twitter-so-hot/) is the most recent of many people to ask why Twitter is such a big deal. The reason is that it's a new messaging protocol, where you don't specify the recipients. New protocols are rare. Or more precis...
147
Paul Graham
The Founder Visa
http://paulgraham.com/foundervisa.html
April 2009 I usually avoid politics, but since we now seem to have an administration that's open to suggestions, I'm going to risk making one. The single biggest thing the government could do to increase the number of startups in this country is a policy that would cost nothing: establish a new class of visa for s...
391
Paul Graham
Five Founders
http://paulgraham.com/5founders.html
April 2009 _Inc_ recently asked me who I thought were the 5 most interesting startup founders of the last 30 years. How do you decide who's the most interesting? The best test seemed to be influence: who are the 5 who've influenced me most? Who do I use as examples when I'm talking to companies we fund? Who do I ...
757
Paul Graham
How to Be an Angel Investor
http://paulgraham.com/angelinvesting.html
March 2009 _(This essay is derived from a talk at[AngelConf](http://angelconf.org).)_ When we sold our startup in 1998 I thought one day I'd do some angel investing. Seven years later I still hadn't started. I put it off because it seemed mysterious and complicated. It turns out to be easier than I expected,...
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Paul Graham
Why TV Lost
http://paulgraham.com/convergence.html
March 2009 About twenty years ago people noticed computers and TV were on a collision course and started to speculate about what they'd produce when they converged. We now know the answer: computers. It's clear now that even by using the word "convergence" we were giving TV too much credit. This won't be convergen...
1,529
Paul Graham
Can You Buy a Silicon Valley? Maybe.
http://paulgraham.com/maybe.html
February 2009 A lot of cities look at Silicon Valley and ask "How could we make something like that happen here?" The [organic](siliconvalley.html) way to do it is to establish a first-rate university in a place where rich people want to live. That's how Silicon Valley happened. But could you shortcut the process ...
1,912
Paul Graham
What I've Learned from Hacker News
http://paulgraham.com/hackernews.html
February 2009 Hacker News was two years old last week. Initially it was supposed to be a side project--an application to sharpen Arc on, and a place for current and future Y Combinator founders to exchange news. It's grown bigger and taken up more time than I expected, but I don't regret that because I've learned ...
2,859
Paul Graham
Keep Your Identity Small
http://paulgraham.com/identity.html
February 2009 I finally realized today why politics and religion yield such uniquely useless discussions. As a rule, any mention of religion on an online forum degenerates into a religious argument. Why? Why does this happen with religion and not with Javascript or baking or other topics people talk about on ...
867
Paul Graham
After Credentials
http://paulgraham.com/credentials.html
December 2008 A few months ago I read a _New York Times_ article on South Korean cram schools that said > Admission to the right university can make or break an ambitious young South Korean. A parent added: > "In our country, college entrance exams determine 70 to 80 percent of a person's future." It w...
2,385
Paul Graham
Could VC be a Casualty of the Recession?
http://paulgraham.com/divergence.html
December 2008 _(I originally wrote this at the request of a company producing a report about entrepreneurship. Unfortunately after reading it they decided it was too controversial to include.)_ VC funding will probably dry up somewhat during the present recession, like it usually does in bad times. But this ...
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