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Einstein developed a theory about how electromagnetic radiation can behave as both a wave and what else? Here are the choices: A. bacteria B. energy C. sound D. particle	In 1905, the physicist Albert Einstein developed a new theory about electromagnetic radiation. The theory is often called the wave-particle theory . It explains how electromagnetic radiation can behave as both a wave and a particle. Einstein argued that when an electron returns to a lower energy level and gives off ele...	D: particle.
What type of proteins are only temporarily associated with the membrane? Here are the choices: A. peripheral membrane proteins B. sensitive rod proteins C. visual membrane proteins D. peripheral oxidation proteins	Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that are only temporarily associated with the membrane. They can be easily removed, which allows them to be involved in cell signaling. Peripheral proteins can also be attached to integral membrane proteins, or they can stick into a small portion of the lipid bilayer by themsel...	A: peripheral membrane proteins.
Which organisms break down either organic or inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell? Here are the choices: A. asexual organisms B. chemotrophic organisms C. photoreactive organisms D. spicule organisms	Chemotrophic organisms break down either organic or inorganic molecules to supply energy for the cell. Some chemotrophic organisms can also use their organic energy-supplying molecules as a carbon supply, which would make them chemoheterotrophs.	B: chemotrophic organisms.
What are the things moving under the earth's mantle that move the crust? Here are the choices: A. crystals B. plates C. lava channels D. ridges	What portion of Earth makes up the “plates” in plate tectonics? Again, the answer came about in part due to war. In this case, the Cold War. The scientists set up seismometer networks during the 1950s and early 1960s. The purpose was to see if other nations were testing atomic bombs. Since seismometers measure ground s...	B: plates.
Although they look like big rocks, what structures that serve as habitats for many different types of ocean life are actually alive? Here are the choices: A. natural reefs B. coral reefs C. southern reefs D. new forming reefs	Coral reefs ( Figure below ) look like big rocks, but they are actually alive. They are built from cnidarians called corals. The corals are sessile (non-moving) polyps that can use their tentacles to feed on ocean creatures that pass by. Their skeletons are made up of calcium carbonate, which is also known as limestone...	B: coral reefs.
What type of reactions are chemical reactions that release energy? Here are the choices: A. sulfuric reactions B. exothermic reactions C. ozonic reactions D. biochemical reactions	Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions . An example is the combustion of methane described at the beginning of this lesson. In organisms, exothermic reactions are called catabolic reactions . Catabolic reactions break down molecules into smaller units. An example is a decomposition react...	B: exothermic reactions.
Fossil fuels and coal are examples of what kind of resources? Here are the choices: A. reusable B. renewable C. valuable D. nonrenewable	Nonrenewable resources exist in fixed amounts. They can be used up. Examples include fossil fuels such as coal.	D: nonrenewable.
What type of compound contains atoms of two or more different elements in its ring structure? Here are the choices: A. heterocyclic B. aldehyde C. hydrocarbon D. polymer	In some amines, the nitrogen atom replaces a carbon atom in an aromatic hydrocarbon. Pyridine (Figure 20.17) is one such heterocyclic amine. A heterocyclic compound contains atoms of two or more different elements in its ring structure.	A: heterocyclic.
What is formed when atoms of different elements combine in a chemical reaction? Here are the choices: A. dust B. toxins C. crystals D. compounds	For each of the following situations, tell whether the rate of the reaction would increase or decrease, and explain your answer in terms of collision theory. The concentration of a reactant is doubled.	D: compounds.
What type of electricity is formed when a negative charge builds up and are transferred? Here are the choices: A. static electricity B. alternating current C. direct current D. neutron energy	Static electricity is a buildup of electric charges on objects. Charges build up when negative electrons are transferred from one object to another. The object that gives up electrons becomes positively charged, and the object that accepts the electrons becomes negatively charged. This can happen in several ways.	A: static electricity.
What important liquid is stored throughout the earth in the oceans, underground, and in ice? Here are the choices: A. air B. water C. oil D. lava	Water cycling is extremely important to ecosystem dynamics. Water has a major influence on climate and, thus, on the environments of ecosystems, some located on distant parts of the Earth. Most of the water on Earth is stored for long periods in the oceans, underground, and as ice. Figure 46.13 illustrates the average ...	B: water.
What results when a warm air mass runs into a cold air mass? Here are the choices: A. warm front B. rough front C. dry front D. cool front	When a warm air mass runs into a cold air mass, it creates a warm front ( Figure below ). The warm air mass is moving faster than the cold air mass. The warm air mass then flows up over the cold air mass. As the warm air rises, it cools. This brings about clouds and sometimes light precipitation. Warm fronts move slowl...	A: warm front.
Which type of double bond has a sigma bond and a pi bond? Here are the choices: A. carbon-oxygen bond B. sodium - oxygen bond C. Covalent Bonds D. dioxide - oxygen bond	Has a double-bonded carbon-oxygen bond (one sigma bond and one pi bond). The carbon to which the oxygen is attached has one hydrogen atom connected to it.	A: carbon-oxygen bond.
Has the average annual temperature on earth been rising or falling for the past 100 years? Here are the choices: A. rising B. unchanged C. fluctuating D. falling	The average annual temperature on Earth has been rising for the past 100 years.	A: rising.
The majoirty of modern gymnosperms belong to what group, which includes pine trees? Here are the choices: A. Pinophytes B. clusters C. stems D. conifers	There are only about 1,000 living species of gymnosperms, whereas there are hundreds of thousands of living species of angiosperms. Living gymnosperms are typically classified in the divisions described in the Table below . Most modern gymnosperms are trees with woody trunks. The majority are conifers such as pine tree...	D: conifers.
A circuit must be what in order for electric devices such as light bulbs to work? Here are the choices: A. cyclical B. down C. closed D. open	A circuit must be closed for electric devices such as light bulbs to work. The arrows in the diagram show the direction in which electrons flow through the circuit. The current is considered to flow in the opposite direction.	C: closed.
What type of radiation from the sun reaches earth across space striking everything on earth’s surface? Here are the choices: A. static B. particle C. electromagnetic D. seismic	Electromagnetic radiation from the sun reaches Earth across space. It strikes everything on Earth’s surface, including these volleyball players.	C: electromagnetic.
What happens if a catalyst runs out? Here are the choices: A. reaction slows B. reaction increases C. variety slows D. variety increases	Chemistry in Everyday Life Transition Metal Catalysts One of the most important applications of transition metals is as industrial catalysts. As you recall from the chapter on kinetics, a catalyst increases the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy and is regenerated in the catalytic cycle. Over 90% of all...	A: reaction slows.
What type of mammals are humans? Here are the choices: A. marsupial mammals B. respiratory mammals C. placental mammals D. somatic mammals	Human beings are mammals. Like other mammals, we have hair and mammary glands. The subclass in which the human species is classified is the placental mammals.	C: placental mammals.
The shape of the path of an object undergoing projectile motion in two dimensions is a what? Here are the choices: A. radius B. parabola C. circle D. orbit	The shape of the path of an object undergoing projectile motion in two dimensions is a parabola.	B: parabola.
The earliest cells were called what? Here are the choices: A. prokaryotes B. eukaryotes C. carbohydrates D. microcytes	The first organisms were made of only one cell ( Figure below ). The earliest cells were prokaryotes . Prokaryotic cells are surrounded by a cell membrane, but they do not have a nucleus. The cells got their nutrients directly from the water. The cells needed to use these nutrients to live and grow.	A: prokaryotes.
Protists are the simplest of what? Here are the choices: A. fungi B. prokaryotes C. eukaryotes D. plants	Protists are the simplest eukaryotes. They are easiest to define by what they are not. Protists are not animals, plants, or fungi.	C: eukaryotes.
The measure of magnetic fields is named after a serbian physicist. what is his name? Here are the choices: A. Albert Einstein B. nikola tesla C. Niels Bohr D. Carl Sagan	For static electric charges, the electromagnetic force is manifested by the Coulomb electric force alone. If charges are moving, an additional force emerges, called magnetism. The century realization that electricity and magnetism are dual aspects of the same force completely changed our understanding of the world we l...	B: nikola tesla.
Radon (rn) is a radioactive gas formed by the decay of naturally occurring uranium in rocks such as granite. it tends to collect in the basements of houses and poses a significant health risk if present in indoor air. many states now require that houses be tested for radon before they are what? Here are the choices: A....	M = dRTP Exercise Radon (Rn) is a radioactive gas formed by the decay of naturally occurring uranium in rocks such as granite. It tends to collect in the basements of houses and poses a significant health risk if present in indoor air. Many states now require that houses be tested for radon before they are sold. Calcul...	A: sold.
What state of matter takes neither the shape nor the volume of its container? Here are the choices: A. hot B. liquid C. gas D. solid	All three containers contain a substance with the same mass, but the substances are in different states. In the left-hand container, the substance is a gas, which has spread to fill its container. It takes both the shape and volume of the container. In the middle container, the substance is a liquid, which has spread t...	D: solid.
Force times distance is the equation for what? Here are the choices: A. work B. power C. speed D. gravity	Work is directly related to both the force applied to an object and the distance the object moves. It can be represented by the equation: Work = Force × Distance.	A: work.
What is the name for a series of changes in the reproductive system of mature females that repeats every month on average? Here are the choices: A. periodic table B. menstrual cycle C. puberty D. urinary cycle	Egg production in the ovary is part of the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle is a series of changes in the reproductive system of mature females that repeats every month on average. These changes include the development of an egg and follicle in the ovary.	B: menstrual cycle.
What is the name of the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates? Here are the choices: A. ferric acid B. plasma C. platelet D. hemoglobin	Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport protein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The hemoglobin molecule is an assembly of four globular protein subunits, each tightly associated with a non-protein heme group. The heme group binds to the iron ion. The most common hemoglobin is hemoglobin A, a tetra...	D: hemoglobin.
What is the active ingredient in household bleach? Here are the choices: A. chlorine B. oxygen C. iodine D. magnesium	Chlorine is the active ingredient in household bleach. It removes stains from clothes. It can also be used to disinfect countertops and other surfaces.	A: chlorine.
What are the membrane-bound organelles that are usually larger than vesicles and can have secretory, excretory, and storage functions? Here are the choices: A. nucleolus B. vacuoles C. tubules D. ribosomes	Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that can have secretory, excretory, and storage functions. They are usually larger than vesicles.	B: vacuoles.
What broad category of animals is primarily ectothermic and covered with scales that facilitate swimming? Here are the choices: A. fish B. armadillo C. deer D. turtles	Fish show great diversity in body size. They range in length from about 8 millimeters (0.3 inches) to 16 meters (about 53 feet). Most are ectothermic and covered with scales. Scales protect fish from predators and parasites and reduce friction with the water. Multiple, overlapping scales provide a flexible covering tha...	A: fish.
What has two chains of nucleotides, one more than rna? Here are the choices: A. mna B. dna C. fna D. gna	RNA consists of just one chain of nucleotides. DNA consists of two chains. Nitrogen bases on the two chains of DNA form hydrogen bonds with each other. Hydrogen bonds are relatively weak bonds that form between a positively charged hydrogen atom in one molecule and a negatively charged atom in another molecule. Hydroge...	B: dna.
The axon terminates on muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction. acetylcholine is released at this specialized synapse, which causes the muscle action potential to begin, following a large potential known as an end plate potential. when the lower motor neuron excites the muscle fiber, it contracts. all of this occur...	described in the chapter on muscle tissue, an action potential travels along the motor neuron axon into the periphery. The axon terminates on muscle fibers at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is released at this specialized synapse, which causes the muscle action potential to begin, following a large potential...	C: nervous system.
Misconceptions about what theory contribute to the controversy that still surrounds this fundamental principle of biology? Here are the choices: A. darwin on evolution B. brain of evolution C. theory of evolution D. cycle of evolution	Today, evolution is still questioned by some people. Often, people who disagree with the theory of evolution do not really understand it. For example, some people think that the theory of evolution explains how life on Earth first began. In fact, the theory explains only how life changed after it first appeared. Some p...	C: theory of evolution.
What device is used to stop a current in a circuit? Here are the choices: A. a signal B. a mirror C. a switch D. a valve	Understand current as it passes through a series circuit.	C: a switch.
What oily substance prevents the hair and skin of living things from drying out? Here are the choices: A. sebum B. pancreatic enzymes C. pus D. progesterone	Sebaceous glands are commonly called oil glands. They produce an oily substance called sebum. Sebum is secreted into hair follicles. Then it makes its way along the hair shaft to the surface of the skin. Sebum waterproofs the hair and skin and helps prevent them from drying out.	A: sebum.
What two types of communication do both humans and birds use primarily? Here are the choices: A. visual and auditory B. interaction and auditory C. material and auditory D. sensual and auditory		A: visual and auditory.
Eggs are produced in what organs and, upon fertilization, develop in what other organ? Here are the choices: A. ovaries, uterus B. fallopian tubes, ovaries C. cervix, ovaries D. uterus, vagina		A: ovaries, uterus.
The first line of defense includes mechanical, chemical, and which other barrier? Here are the choices: A. physical B. biological C. surgical D. independent	The first line of defense includes mechanical, chemical, and biological barriers.	B: biological.
What is another term for nearsightedness? Here are the choices: A. anemia B. hypoxia C. astigmatism D. myopia	Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly, but distant objects appear blurry. The Figure below shows how it occurs. The eyeball is longer (from front to back) than normal. This causes images to be focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina. Myopia can be correcte...	D: myopia.
Because all animals require an external source of what, they are called heterotrophic? Here are the choices: A. food B. water C. energy D. fuel	27.1 \| Features of the Animal Kingdom By the end of this section, you will be able to: • List the features that distinguish the kingdom Animalia from other kingdoms • Explain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic development • Describe the roles that Hox genes play in development Even though members of the...	A: food.
What causes blue litmus to turn red? Here are the choices: A. acid B. oxygen C. carbon D. base	Acids change the color of certain acid-base indicators. Two common indicators are litmus and phenolphthalein. Blue litmus turns red in the presence of an acid, while phenolphthalein turns colorless.	A: acid.
When fossil fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted into what? Here are the choices: A. atmospheric energy B. thermal energy C. kinetic energy D. natural energy	Watching movies, eating hot popcorn, and many other activities depend on electrical energy. Most electrical energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which contain stored chemical energy. When fossil fuels are burned, the chemical energy changes to thermal energy and the thermal energy is then used to generate ele...	B: thermal energy.
What two activities are especially important when a number of local populations are linked, forming a metapopulation? Here are the choices: A. family reunions and emigration B. immigration and emigration C. immigration and family reunions D. flow and emigration		B: immigration and emigration.
What is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it has adapted? Here are the choices: A. land mass B. ecosystem C. habitat D. farmland	Another important aspect of a species’ niche is its habitat. Habitat is the physical environment in which a species lives and to which it has adapted. Features of a habitat depend mainly on abiotic factors, such as temperature and rainfall. These factors influence the traits of the organisms that live there.	C: habitat.
What kind of tests may detect substances associated with particular disorders? Here are the choices: A. hormonal B. genetic C. biochemical D. electrical		C: biochemical.
Scientists think the solar system formed from a big cloud of gas and dust called what? Here are the choices: A. supernova B. nebula C. Oort cloud D. comet	Scientists think the solar system formed from a big cloud of gas and dust, called a nebula . This is the solar nebula hypothesis. The nebula was made mostly of hydrogen and helium. There were heavier elements too. Gravity caused the nebula to contract ( Figure below ).	B: nebula.
What are the largest phylum of the animal kingdom? Here are the choices: A. arthropods B. Crustacea C. Pycnogonida D. Chelicerata	Two chemical species combine to produce a new compound. The general expression for this reaction is A + B → C.	A: arthropods.
What is the name for a material that prevents the transfer of heat energy? Here are the choices: A. thermal condenser B. physical insulator C. thermal insulator D. structure insulator	Another example of a thermal insulator is pictured in the Figure below . The picture shows fluffy pink insulation inside the attic of a home. Like the down filling in a snowsuit, the insulation traps a lot of air. The insulation helps to prevent the transfer of thermal energy into the house on hot days and out of the h...	C: thermal insulator.
What is a rock exposed to if it's undergoing metamorphism? Here are the choices: A. gravity and precipitation B. heat and pressure C. time and energy D. humidity and pressure	Metamorphism. This long word means “to change form. “ A rock undergoes metamorphism if it is exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the crust. With metamorphism, the rock does not melt all the way. The rock changes due to heat and pressure. A metamorphic rock may have a new mineral composition and/or texture.	B: heat and pressure.
Water infiltrates the ground because soil and rock may have air spaces between the grains. these pores, or tiny holes, result in the rock's what? Here are the choices: A. energy B. porosity C. shine D. sheen	Identify features caused by groundwater erosion and deposition.	B: porosity.
Work is done only if a force is exerted in the direction of what? Here are the choices: A. wind B. motion C. gravity D. north	Work is done only if a force is exerted in the direction of motion. If the motion is perpendicular to the force, no work has been done. If the force is at an angle to the motion, then the component of the force in the direction of the motion is used to determine the work done.	B: motion.
What is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism? Here are the choices: A. proteins B. cell C. molecule D. atom	A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria, which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each bacterium is a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are perform...	B: cell.
All animals have specialized types of what basic structures, which can then do different jobs? Here are the choices: A. muscles B. proteins C. cells D. atoms	Animals are multicellular eukaryotes in the Animal Kingdom. All animals are heterotrophs. They eat other living things because they can’t make their own food. All animals also have specialized cells that can do different jobs. Most animals have higher levels of organization as well. They may have specialized tissues, o...	C: cells.
What term describes the number of items in a given area or volume? Here are the choices: A. fraction B. alkalinity C. density D. concentration	In its most general form, concentration describes the number of items in a given area or volume. The units generally depend on the types of items being counted. For example, if we were to calculate the concentration of people that live in a city, we would divide the total number of people by the area. If we measured th...	D: concentration.
Birds are known for flying south in the winter to avoid what? Here are the choices: A. solar radiation B. rain C. hurricanes D. cold weather		D: cold weather.
The root system is usually anchored by one main root developed from what? Here are the choices: A. organisms radicle B. sperm radicle C. nuclei radicle D. embryonic radicle	Eudicots Eudicots, or true dicots, are characterized by the presence of two cotyledons. Veins form a network in leaves. Flower parts come in four, five, or many whorls. Vascular tissue forms a ring in the stem. (In monocots, vascular tissue is scattered in the stem. ) Eudicots can be herbaceous (like dandelions or viol...	D: embryonic radicle.
What type of learning is done from past experiences and reasoning? Here are the choices: A. rational learning B. transformation learning C. consequence learning D. insight learning	Insight learning is learning from past experiences and reasoning. It usually involves coming up with new ways to solve problems. Insight learning generally happens quickly. An animal has a sudden flash of insight. Insight learning requires relatively great intelligence. Human beings use insight learning more than any o...	D: insight learning.
Where is the pituitary gland? Here are the choices: A. lung B. thyroid C. heart D. brain	The regulation of Leydig cell production of testosterone begins outside of the testes. The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland in the brain integrate external and internal signals to control testosterone synthesis and secretion. The regulation begins in the hypothalamus. Pulsatile release of a hormone called gonadotro...	D: brain.
Which fungi eaten by people all over the world? Here are the choices: A. algae B. fruits C. mushrooms D. legumes	Mushrooms are fungi that are eaten by people all over the globe.	C: mushrooms.
The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis; it is present on both sides of the leaf and is called the upper and lower epidermis, respectively. botanists call the upper side the adaxial surface (or adaxis) and the lower side this? Here are the choices: A. anterior surface B. abaxial surface (or abaxis) C. dorsal s...	Leaf Structure and Function The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis; it is present on both sides of the leaf and is called the upper and lower epidermis, respectively. Botanists call the upper side the adaxial surface (or adaxis) and the lower side the abaxial surface (or abaxis). The epidermis helps in the re...	B: abaxial surface (or abaxis).
A small quake preceding a large quake is called what? Here are the choices: A. foreshock B. aftershock C. warning shock D. preshock	There are sometimes signs that a large earthquake is coming. There may be small quakes, called foreshocks . These can occur a few seconds to a few weeks before a major quake. Unfortunately, foreshocks are not very useful for predicting large earthquakes. Many quakes do not have foreshocks. Also, small earthquakes are n...	A: foreshock.
What do winter storms develop from at higher latitudes? Here are the choices: A. humidity B. cyclones C. clouds D. temperatures	Winter storms develop from cyclones at higher latitudes. They include blizzards and lake-effect snow storms.	B: cyclones.
What is the only substance on earth that is present in all three states of matter? Here are the choices: A. air B. carbon C. mercury D. water	Water is the only substance on Earth that is present in all three states of matter. This means that water is present as a solid, liquid, and gas. Earth is the only planet where water is present in all three states. All three phases may be present in a single location or in a region. The three phases are solid (ice or s...	D: water.
What is essential for forming new genes? Here are the choices: A. enough chromosomes B. enough mutations C. chromosome deversity D. large mutations	It is believed that large mutations form new genes. Mutations that duplicate large sections of DNA are a major source of genetic material for new genes. It is thought that tens to hundreds of genes are duplicated in animal genomes every million years. Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry. Th...	D: large mutations.
What is fluid friction with air called? Here are the choices: A. gravity B. air resistance C. wind resistance D. buoyancy	Types of friction include static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction, and fluid friction. Fluid friction with air is called air resistance.	B: air resistance.
Plants produce their own sugars and other food molecules through what process? Here are the choices: A. spermatogenesis B. glycolysis C. photosynthesis D. hydrogenesis		C: photosynthesis.
What do fission reactors use to slow down the neutrons? Here are the choices: A. inertia B. brake C. moderator D. control	U-235 nuclei can capture neutrons and disintegrate more efficiently if the neutrons are moving slower than the speed at which they are released. Fission reactors use a moderator surrounding the fuel rods to slow down the neutrons. Water is not only a good coolant but also a good moderator, so a common type of fission r...	C: moderator.
What term is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood? Here are the choices: A. garble B. whisper C. music D. murmur	The term murmur is used to describe an unusual sound coming from the heart that is caused by the turbulent flow of blood. Murmurs are graded on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 being the most common, the most difficult sound to detect, and the least serious. The most severe is a 6. Phonocardiograms or auscultograms can be use...	D: murmur.
Carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible in what type of fatty acids? Here are the choices: A. oily B. super C. unsaturated D. saturated	Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds between carbon atoms. As a result, the carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with hydrogens. Saturated fatty acids are found in fats.	D: saturated.
What kind of mouthparts do aphids have? Here are the choices: A. chewing mouthparts B. siphoning mouthparts C. sponging mouthparts D. piercing-sucking mouthparts	Some insects, such as aphids, have piercing-sucking mouthparts. Other insects, like grasshoppers, have chewing mouthparts.	D: piercing-sucking mouthparts.
Sounds, chemicals, and visual cues are examples of what between animals? Here are the choices: A. migration B. procreation C. circulation D. communication	For individuals to cooperate, they need to communicate . Animals can communicate with sounds, chemicals, or visual cues. For example, to communicate with sounds, birds sing and frogs croak. Both may be communicating that they are good mates. Ants communicate with chemicals called pheromones . For example, they use the ...	D: communication.
What is pressure times area equal to? Here are the choices: A. density B. mass C. force D. volume	There is a pressure difference when the channel narrows. This pressure difference results in a net force on the fluid: recall that pressure times area equals force. The net work done increases the fluid’s kinetic energy. As a result, the pressure will drop in a rapidly-moving fluid, whether or not the fluid is confined...	C: force.
What part of the kangaroo helps it balance when it leaps as well as when it sits? Here are the choices: A. the spine B. the tail C. the pouch D. large feet		B: the tail.
What is the evolutionary history of a group of related organisms called? Here are the choices: A. ancestry B. superfamily C. lineage D. phylogeny	Linnaeus classified organisms based on obvious physical traits. Basically, organisms were grouped together if they looked alike. After Darwin published his theory of evolution in the 1800s, scientists looked for a way to classify organisms that showed phylogeny. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a group of relat...	D: phylogeny.
What are specialized cells in the brain that monitor the concentration of solutes in the blood called? Here are the choices: A. ionconcentrate B. sporozoans C. staurikosaurus D. osmoreceptors	Many marine invertebrates have internal salt levels matched to their environments, making them isotonic with the water in which they live. Fish, however, must spend approximately five percent of their metabolic energy maintaining osmotic homeostasis. Freshwater fish live in an environment that is hypotonic to their cel...	D: osmoreceptors.
Bones consist of four types of tissue, compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, and what? Here are the choices: A. collagen B. epithelium C. periosteum D. plasma	Bones consist of four different types of tissue: periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, and bone marrow. Ossification gradually changes the cartilage skeleton of the fetus to the bony skeleton of the adult.	C: periosteum.
During adolescence, what causes most of the changes associated with puberty? Here are the choices: A. methane B. testosterone C. nicotine D. estrogen	During adolescence, testosterone causes most of the changes associated with puberty. It causes the reproductive organs to mature. It also causes other adult male traits to develop. For example, it causes the voice to deepen and facial hair to start growing.	B: testosterone.
What is essential for cellular respiration for all aerobic organisms? Here are the choices: A. nitrogen B. oxygen C. water D. carbon	An online guide from the University of Illinois about air masses and fronts is found here: http://ww2010. atmos. uiuc. edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/af/home. rxml .	B: oxygen.
Breeding in birds occurs through an internal type of what process? Here are the choices: A. segmentation B. stimulation C. sedimentation D. fertilization	Breeding in birds is through internal fertilization, where the egg is fertilized inside the female.	D: fertilization.
In an endothermic reaction, what is absorbed by the reaction? Here are the choices: A. food B. energy C. fuel D. atoms	Because energy is a product, energy is given off by the reaction. Therefore, this reaction is exothermic. Because energy is a reactant, energy is absorbed by the reaction. Therefore, this reaction is endothermic.	B: energy.
What scientist and monk is best known for his experiments with pea plants? Here are the choices: A. gregor mendel B. charles darwin C. aristotle D. steiner mendel	Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 and grew up on his parents’ farm in Austria. He did well in school and became a monk. He also went to the University of Vienna, where he studied science and math. His professors encouraged him to learn science through experimentation and to use math to make sense of his results. Mendel is...	A: gregor mendel.
What are structures that protect the coast like barrier islands called? Here are the choices: A. fortresses B. breakwaters C. domes D. dunes	Breakwaters are structures that protect the coast like barrier islands. Groins are structures that help prevent longshore drift from eroding a beach.	B: breakwaters.
What leads to multiple copies of a chromosomal region? Here are the choices: A. gene modification B. duplications (or amplifications ) C. minimilizations D. subtractions	Duplications (or amplifications ) lead to multiple copies of a chromosomal region, increasing the number of the genes located within that region. Some genes may be duplicated in their entirety.	B: duplications (or amplifications ).
The larger surface area of leaves allows them to capture more what? Here are the choices: A. sunlight B. chlorophyll C. pollen D. molecules	Roots: Support for the Plant Roots are not well preserved in the fossil record; nevertheless, it seems that they did appear later in evolution than vascular tissue. The development of an extensive network of roots represented a significant new feature of vascular plants. Thin rhizoids attached the bryophytes to the sub...	A: sunlight.
What is connected to, and dependent on, the gametophyte? Here are the choices: A. the chromosomes B. the sperm C. the zygote D. the sporophyte	Following fertilization, the sporophyte forms. The sporophyte is connected to, and dependent on, the gametophyte.	D: the sporophyte.
After passing through capillaries and being filtered, clean blood leaves what organ through a vein? Here are the choices: A. liver B. heart C. kidney D. pancreas	Blood with wastes enters each kidney through an artery, which branches into many capillaries. After passing through capillaries and being filtered, the clean blood leaves the kidney through a vein.	C: kidney.
What kind of medical intervention seeks to eradicate diseases like polio and measles? Here are the choices: A. malnutrition B. surgical intervention C. nutrition D. vaccination		D: vaccination.
The ostrich, kiwi, rhea, cassowary, and moa are examples of what kind of birds? Here are the choices: A. flightless B. raptors C. prehistoric D. predators	Some birds have lost the ability to fly during the course of their evolution. Several flightless birds are shown in Figure below . They include the ostrich, kiwi, rhea, cassowary, and moa. All of these birds have long legs and are adapted for running. The penguins shown in the figure are also flightless birds, but they...	A: flightless.
What occurs when individuals of different species strive for a limited resource in the same area? Here are the choices: A. vegetal competition B. interspecific competition C. asexual competition D. intraspecific competition	Interspecific competition happens when individuals of different species strive for a limited resource in the same area. Since any two species have different traits, one species will be able to out-compete the other. One species will be better adapted to its environment, and essentially "win" the competition. The other ...	B: interspecific competition.
Most fungi reproduce asexually by producing what? Here are the choices: A. ions B. spores C. toxins D. seeds	Almost all fungi reproduce asexually by producing spores. A fungi spore is a haploid cell produced by mitosis from a haploid parent cell. It is genetically identical to the parent cell. Fungi spores can develop into new haploid individuals without being fertilized.	B: spores.
Alchemists, as early as the eighth century, knew nitric acid as aqua fortis, which means? Here are the choices: A. strong water B. clean water C. isolated water D. applied water	Nitrogen Oxyacids and Salts Nitrogen pentaoxide, N2O5, and NO2 react with water to form nitric acid, HNO3. Alchemists, as early as the eighth century, knew nitric acid (shown in Figure 18.50) as aqua fortis (meaning "strong water"). The acid was useful in the separation of gold from silver because it dissolves silver b...	A: strong water.
Particles of sand and what other substance are carried by longshore drift? Here are the choices: A. magma B. soil C. bone D. rock	Longshore drift carries particles of sand and rock down a coastline.	D: rock.
Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have what type of fertilization? Here are the choices: A. external B. internal C. mechanical D. additional	Most reptiles reproduce sexually and have internal fertilization.	B: internal.
What is type of substance is formed when water vapor condenses or when ice melts? Here are the choices: A. liquid water B. toxic water C. gaseous water D. chemical water	Liquid water is formed when water vapor condenses (i. e. , H 2 O(g) → H 2 O(l) or when ice melts (i. e. , H 2 O(s) → H 2 O(l)). Because water is a molecular substance, it is a poor conductor of electricity in its pure form. However, as we will see later, its conductivity can be improved by the addition of certain subst...	A: liquid water.
What occur because solid lithosphere travels on a round planet? Here are the choices: A. intraplate earthquakes B. ejecta earthquakes C. aeration earthquakes D. volcanos	Intraplate earthquakes occur because solid lithosphere travels on a round planet.	A: intraplate earthquakes.
What is the unit of evolution? Here are the choices: A. species B. community C. biome D. population	Remember that individuals do not evolve. Their genes do not change over time. The unit of evolution is the population. A population consists of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. In terms of evolution, the population is assumed to be a relatively closed group. This means that most mating takes pl...	D: population.
The boiling points of liquid also correlate to the strength of which forces? Here are the choices: A. supramolecular B. intermolecular C. gravitational D. centrifugal	The boiling points of liquid also correlate to the strength of the intermolecular forces. Recall that diethyl ether has weak dispersion forces, which meant that the liquid has a high vapor pressure. The weak forces also mean that it does not require a large an input of energy to make diethyl ether boil and so it has a ...	B: intermolecular.
Vitamin d is made in the skin when it is exposed to what? Here are the choices: A. sunlight B. water C. darkness D. dirt	Vitamins are organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. Humans need 16 different vitamins. Six of them are listed in Table below . Vitamin D is made in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight. Bacteria that normally live in the gut make vitamins B12 and K. All other vitamins must come ...	A: sunlight.
Of the three basic types of radioactive emissions, what particle is the most penetrating? Here are the choices: A. gamma B. neutron C. beta D. alpha	The various emissions will differ considerably in their ability to go through matter, known as their penetrating ability . The α-particle has the least penetrating power since it is the largest and slowest emission. It can be blocked by a sheet of paper or a human hand. Beta particles are more penetrating than alpha pa...	A: gamma.

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