year stringdate 2004-01-01 00:00:00 2025-01-01 00:00:00 | problem_number int64 1 5 | problem_text stringlengths 1.04k 7k | solution stringlengths 104 7.22k | solution_rules stringlengths 0 2.35k |
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2004 | 1 | ### Problem No.1 (10 points)
Consider the following sentences in r0020r0036r0060r0036r0051r0050r0071 language (printed in Latin transliteration) and their English translations:
r0010r0055r0050r0053r0050 r0046r0084r0055 You are not dancing
Ba r0048r0262 r0048r0262 r0036r0049r0043r0084 We are de... | ### Problem 1
#### Assignment a: Translate into English
1. **r0010r0045r0040 r0044r0046r0056r0053r0056 r0046r0084r0055**
*You are not devouring us.*
2. **Ba m! r0036r0046r0056**
*We are devouring you or I am devouring you guys.*
3. **r0018r0053r0084r0053r0084 r0046r0084r0055**
*We are not swimming.*
#... | **Problem No. 1**
1. **Morphological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Direct object is expressed by a verb prefix (i - for first person, a - for second person).
- **Explanation:** Indicates how direct objects are marked on verbs.
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** In affi... |
2004 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem No.2 (10 points)
A translator at the Swift News agency, which regularly receives lots of material in English, tries to work as fast and efficiently as possible, and therefore first translates titles of articles and only then some of the articles. Because of this technique, however, some of the titl... | ### Problem 2
#### Correct Corresponding Titles:
1. **Title 4: New Crisis in r0011r0047r0040r0041r0056r0054r0038r0056 Threatens Collapse of Peace Talks**
*Correct Translation: "New crisis in r0011r0047r0040r0041r0056r0054r0038r0056 threatens to destroy peace talks."*
2. **Title 8: Suspension of Talks Threatens Pe... | |
2004 | 3 | ### Problem No.3 (10 points)
Consider fourteen Latin words and their English translations:
r0037r0036r0053r0037r0036 "beard" r0057r0044r0039r0056r0036 "widow"
r0039r0114r0057r0044r0039r0044r0055 "he divides" r0048r0050r0053r0039r0104r0059 "biting"
r0041r0132r0048r0056r0054 "smoke" r004... | ### Problem 3
#### Assignment 1: Identify the word that never contained the "dh" sound
1. **Answer: "r0041r0056r0048r0050" (smoke)**
*Explanation: In Latin, the transition of the "dh" sound typically involved changes like "dh" -> "f". This word did not undergo this transition.*
#### Assignment 2: Identify words tha... | **Problem No. 3**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** At the beginning of a word, dh was replaced by f.
- **Explanation:** Specifies sound change at the word-initial position.
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** After or before r, dh was replaced by b.
- *... |
2004 | 4 | ### Problem No.4 (10 points)
Consider some words of r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036r0067 language (in Latin transliteration):
r0046r0113r0061r0036 a single r0043r0044r0042r0043-r0051r0044r0055r0038r0043r0040r0039 tone sounds
r0136r0036r0055r0036 it *(r0040.r0042. a road)* forks into two parts
r0130r... | ### Problem 4
#### Assignment a: Matching r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 Words with Translations
1. **r0046'r0040**)
*It sparks.*
2. **r0046'r0040r0061)**
*It is fractured.*
3. **r0051r0043r0040r0130r0049r0044r0136r0036**
*The surface is in a scratched condition.*
4. **r0054r0056r0061r0036**
... | **Problem No. 4**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** Fricative consonants may transition among sibilants (s, z), hushes (ʃ, ʒ), or velars (x, ɣ), with voiceless consonants corresponding to their voiced variants.
- **Explanation:** Describes how fricative sounds change while... |
2004 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem No.5 (10 points)
The table below contains r0012r0043r0056r0057r0036r0054r0043r0068 verbs (in Latin transliteration) and their English translations. Some of the data has been left out.
| Chuvash | English | Chuvash | English |
|... | ### Problem 5
#### Fill in the Gaps for Chuvash Verbs:
| Word | Translation |
| | **Problem No. 5**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** When the intransitive verb is derived from the transitive, use -an/-én suffix if ending in a consonant or -v if in a vowel.
- **Explanation:** Describes suffix pattern for deriving intransitive verbs.
- **Rule T... |
2005 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 marks)
Below you see sentences in the r0029r0061r0050r0055r0061r0044r0047 language (in the dialect of San Lorenzo r0035r0044r0049r0036r0038r0036r0049r0055r0083r0049) and their English translations:
1. **“Oy ‘ox r0267r0044r0059r0044r0048 ta ana r0049r0036r0059.**
You had corn at home today.
2. ... | Problem 1: r0029r0061r0050r0055r0061r0044r0047
Assignment 1: Translate into English
16. r0012r0043r0268r0036r0037r0036r0047 r0036r0047r0040r0046r0044r0047 r0267r0044r0059r0044r0048.
There is no good corn.
17. Mi ‘oy ‘ox r0057r0050r0037 ta r0046r0268r0044r0049?
Will there be music at the party?
18. r0020r0268r0056r... | ### Problem 1
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule**: Affirmative sentences (declarative and interrogative) contain the word ‘oy’ ‘be, exist’. Declarative sentences begin with this word.
- **Explanation**: This rule explains the starting structure of declarative sentences in the language.
- **Rule**: General questions be... |
2005 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 marks)
Several r0021r0036r0049r0042r0050 words and phrases are given with their unordered translations:
- **r0039r0060r0083 ot**
- **r0039r0060r0083 r0055r0060r0083r0049**
- **gin**
- **gin r0058r0044r0038**
- **fig**
- **fig r0058r0083r0042**
- **ot r0038r0040r0048**
- **r0058r0044r0038 ot**
**Tra... | Problem 2: r0021r0036r0049r0042r0050
Assignment 1: Pair up the words with their correct translations.
r0271 r0039r0060r0083 ot — eyeball
r0271 r0039r0060r0083 r0055r0060r0083r0049 — grain
r0271 gin — garment
r0271 gin r0058r0044r0038 — hat
r0271 fig — sole of foot
r0271 fig r0058r0083r0042 — floor
r0271 ot r00... | ### Problem 2
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule**: The order of the words in the Lango phrases: possessed+possessor (e.g., hat = 'gin wic' ‘garment of the head’ but roof = 'wic Ot' ‘head of the house’).
- **Explanation**: Describes possessive structure in phrases.
#### Dictionaries/Vocabularies
- **Rule**: Meaning ‘h... |
2005 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 marks)
Consider the following r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 numerals (transcribed in Roman letters):
1. **8** — r0049r0050r0047r0047r0050r0058
2. **15** — r0036r0055r0059r0056r0045r0051r0047r0050r0058
3. **49** — r0036r0055r0047r0050r0058 r0049r0050r0051r0054r0047 r0050r0049r0055r0054r0047r0047r0050... | Problem 3: r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 Numerals
Assignment 1: Determine the values of the following r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 numerals:
r0271 r0036r0055r0054r0036r0055r0049 at — 155
r0271 r0119r0050r0047r0054r0036r0055 r0049r0050r0051r0054r0047 r0059r0050r0055 — 408
r0271 r0050r0049r0055r0037r0047r0047r0050r0058r005... | ### Problem 3
#### Numeral Systems
- **Rule**: Mansi numerals are exemplified:
- 5 = 'at', 50 = 'atlow', 6 = 'xot', 60 = 'xotlow', 8 = 'nollow', 80 = 'nolsat', 9 = 'ontbllow', 90 = 'ontplsat'
- **Explanation**: Shows the system of forming numerals in Mansi, including base numbers and combinations.
- **Rule**: F... |
2005 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 marks)
Below you see phrases in the Yoruba language (in phonetic transcription) and their literal English translations:
1. **[r0036r0045r0050 r0050r0046r0050]** — the husband’s dog
2. **[r0044r0047r0083 r0082r0047r0099]** — the stranger’s city
3. **[r0044r0042r0044 r0086r0060r0076]** — the mothe... | Problem 4: Yoruba
Assignment 1: Translate into English
14. [r0092r0058r0076 r0075r0046r0082]
The arrival of the axe.
15. [r0082r0037r0082 r0082r0047r0099]
The city’s vicinity.
16. [r0092r0046r0092 r0050r0060r0036]
The witch’s husband.
17. [r0036r0045r0083 r0082r0047r0099]
The city’s witch.
Assignment 2: Translat... | ### Problem 4
#### Phonological Rules
- **Rule**: If the second word begins with 'i', this sound assimilates to the final vowel of the first word; if it begins with another vowel (a, €, @, o, 0), the final vowel of the first word assimilates to this sound.
- **Explanation**: Details vowel assimilation between words... |
2005 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 marks)
In Lithuanian nouns, the accent may move according to the number and the case of the nouns, r0044.r0040., different syllables may be accented in different forms of the same word. The pattern of accent movement is called the accent paradigm of the noun.
There are two types of syllables in Lith... | Problem 5: Lithuanian Accent Paradigms
Assignment 1: Determine which accent paradigms originally belonged together.
r0271 Paradigm 1 and Paradigm 3
r0271 Paradigm 2 and Paradigm 4
Assignment 2: Determine what the initial accent paradigms looked like.
r0271 Paradigm 1/3: Accents were on the root syllables for sin... | ### Problem 5 (Implicit from Paradigm Analysis)
#### Phonological Rules
- **Rule**: The syllable type always remains the same within the same root or ending; e.g., roots have falling intonation in certain paradigms.
- **Explanation**: Intonation consistency within morphological forms.
#### Morphological Patterns
... |
2006 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Below you see r0053r0050r0048r0036r0049r0044r0054r0040r0039 sentences in the r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 language and their English translations:
| r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 | English |
|---------------------------------... | ### Problem 1: Verb Morphology and Syntax
#### Rules:
1. **Word Order:** r0028r0056r0037r0045r0040r0038r0055-r0024r0037r0045r0040r0038r0055-r0031r0040r0053r0037 (r0028r0024r0031).
2. **Article:** `ki` (used after nouns).
3. **Interrogative Marker:** Sentences end in `he` to indicate a question.
4. **Subject and Object ... | ### Problem #1
**Syntactic Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** The word order is SOV.
- **Explanation:** Subject-Object-Verb is the fixed sequence for sentences.
2. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Nouns are followed by ki.
- **Explanation:** The article "ki" follows nouns.
**Morphologi... |
2006 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
The plural of Catalan nouns is usually formed by adding the ending -s. But if the noun ends in one of the letters s, x, or r0081, more complex rules apply.
Here are the singular and the plural forms of some Catalan nouns (in simplified spelling) and their English translations. Some forms are ... | ### Problem 2: Stress and Article Usage
#### Observations:
1. **Articles:**
- `el` (masculine), `els` (plural masculine)
- `la` (feminine), `les` (plural feminine)
2. **Stress Marking:**
- `\`` on `e`, `o`, `a`.
- `r0069` on `i`, `u`.
- If a word ends in `-s` and the stress is not penultimate, it is ... | ### Problem #2
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Articles used: el (masculine), la (feminine), and their plurals els, les.
- **Explanation:** Article selection depends on gender of the noun.
2. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Stress marks: ` for e, o, a; ´ for i,... |
2006 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
Here are several Khmer words written in a special variety of the traditional Khmer alphabet (the r0054r0050-r0038r0036r0047r0047r0040r0039 ‘Round Script’), their
English translations, as well as Roman transcriptions of these words in arbitrary order:
| Khmer Round Script | English ... | ### Problem 3: Character Encoding and Vowel Length
#### Rules:
1. **Characters:**
- The hook in the character marks a vowel.
- The circle on top indicates brevity.
2. **Directions:**
- The script is read left to right.
- The 'rare character' represents `k`.
3. **Assignment 1:** Vowel length and consonant ... | ### Problem #3
**Phonological Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** Vowel marked by hook; brevity by circle on top.
- **Explanation:** The script includes a visual cue indicating vowel length.
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Vowel choice depends on surround... |
2006 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
Here you see phrases in the Southern (r0011r0044r0046r0044r0049) dialect of the r0030r0039r0044r0043r0040 language in Roman transcription and their translations:
| r0030r0039r0044r0043r0040 | English |
|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| r... | ### Problem 4: Possession and Pronouns
#### Pronouns and Possession:
Assignment a.
su r0037r0268r0036r0055r0036r0121r0044r0056 r0061r0079:r0121r0044r0049r0044 - your son’s money
si r0055r0040r0121r0046r0056 r0037r0056r0042r0039r0044r0121r0044: - thy stool leg
si r0055r0040r0121r0046r0056r0121r0044: r0037r0056r0042r003... | ### Problem #4
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Suffixes -i, -ni, -u indicate possessor’s person and number.
- **Explanation:** The possessee noun receives suffixes based on the possessor.
2. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Suffix -ŋi indicates alienable possess... |
2006 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Below you see sentences in English and their translations into the r0023r0042r0050r0049r0044 language. In fact, each English sentence can be translated into r0023r0042r0050r0049r0044 in more than one way, but only one variant is given here.
| English | r0023r0042r00... | ### Problem 5: Verb Structure and Sentence Order
#### Verb Construction:
1. **Prefixes:**
- First prefix denotes the number of the subject.
- Second prefix denotes the number of the indirect object.
- The number of the direct object is not marked.
2. **Word Orders:**
- (1) S V DO IO
- (2) S V IO DO
3. ... | ### Problem #5
**Syntactic Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Two possible word orders:
1) S V DO IO
2) S V IO DO
- **Explanation:** While the orders differ, they permit some flexibility in direct/indirect object handling.
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **... |
2007 | 1 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0001 (20 marks)
The braille system, devised in 1821 by Louis Braille from France, is a method that allows blind people to read and write. The system was primarily meant for the French language, but is currently used for many languages of the world.
The basic idea of the system is to produce ... | ### Problem 2: Negative Form Construction
#### Rules:
1. **Marker Placement:**
- Insert the marker `-(r0046)r0036r0268-` after the first syllable if it is either closed (ends in a consonant) or long (contains a long vowel).
- Otherwise, insert the marker after the second syllable.
2. **Vowel Length:**
- If th... | |
2007 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0002 (20 marks)
Given below are words of the r0022r0050r0057r0044r0048r0036[r0001] language in two forms: the base form and the negative form. Some forms have been left out:
| base form | translation | negative form |
|---------------|-------------|-----------------------|
| r004... | ### Problem 2: Negative Form Construction
#### Rules:
1. **Marker Placement:**
- Insert the marker `-(r0046)r0036r0268-` after the first syllable if it is either closed (ends in a consonant) or long (contains a long vowel).
- Otherwise, insert the marker after the second syllable.
2. **Vowel Length:**
- If th... | ### Problem #2 - Morphological Rules
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** The marker -(k)a’- is inserted after the first syllable if it's closed or long; otherwise, after the second syllable.
**Explanation:** This rule describes how to position the negative marker based on syllable structure.
**Type:** Phonological... |
2007 | 3 | ```markdown
**Problem r0294r0003** (20 marks)
Given below are verb forms of the r0016r0040r0050r0053r0042r0044r0036r0049r0067 language (in Roman transcription) and their English translations in arbitrary order:
r0057r0055r0046r0057r0044, r0046r0040r0049r0044r0055, r0044r0049r0036r0039r0044r0053r0040r0055, r0044r0055r... | ### Problem 3: Georgian Verb Structure
#### Analysis:
1. **Components Identification:**
- Suffixes: `-e`, `-ob`, `-eb`.
- Prefixes: `v-`, `i-`.
2. **r0025r0040r0053r0054r0050r0049/r0023r0056r0048r0037r0040r0053 Markers:**
- Prefix and suffix combinations mark person and number:
- `v+0`, `0+0`, `r0057+r00... | ### Problem #3 - Morphological Patterns and Syntactic Rules
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Prefix `i-` indicates future tense; suffix `-ob` indicates present tense for weak verbs.
**Explanation:** These morphological markers distinguish tense in Georgian verbs.
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Prefixes `v-`... |
2007 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0004 (20 marks)
The squares of the numbers 1 to 10 are spelt out in the r0023r0039r0050r0048 language, in arbitrary order:
r0049r0044r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0048r0040r0053 an r0055r0043r0040r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0054r0036r0054
r0049r0044r0041 r0055r0043r0040r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0055r0050... | ### Problem 4: Numerical System Analysis
#### Rules:
1. **Base 6 System:**
- Numbers are expressed in base 6.
- `36` (base) is marked by the word `r0049r0044r0041`.
2. **Multiplication and Addition:**
- `an` marks multiplication by 6.
- `r0036r0037r0050` marks addition.
#### a. Number Translations:
1. `r0... | ### Problem #4 - Numeral Systems
**Type:** Numeral System
**Rule:** Base is 6; 36 and 18 have special terms, operations include addition and multiplication by 2.
**Explanation:** Describes the numeric base and operations within this numeral system.
**Type:** Dictionary/Vocabulary
**Rule:** "nif" = 36, "tondor" ... |
2007 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0005 (20 marks)
Given are pairs of cognate words of two closely related r0047r0036r0049r0042r0056r0036r0042r0040r0054—r0029r0056r0053r0046r0044r0054r0043 and Tatar. Some words have been left out:
| Turkish | Tatar | translation |
|-----------|-----------|---------------------|
... | ### Problem 5: Turkish and Tatar Sound Correspondences
#### Observations:
1. **Vowel Correspondences:**
- `a ~ a`, `i` (1st syllable) ~ `i`, `e` (r0049r0050r0049-r0001r0054r0055 syllable) ~ `r0079`.
- `o ~ u`, `r0096 ~ r0101`.
- `r0116` (r0049r0050r0049-r0001r0054r0055 syllable) ~ `r0116`.
2. **Consonant Corr... | ### Problem #5 - Phonological and Morphological Patterns
**Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** Vowel alteration as given in “Turkish ~ Tatar” table; e.g., a ~ a, o ~ u
**Explanation:** This table describes vowel transformation patterns between Turkish and Tatar.
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Consonant alternatio... |
2008 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
The following are words of the Micmac language written in the r0054r0050-r0038r0036r0047r0047r0040r0039 r0021r0044r0054r0055r0056r0042r0056r0045 orthography, their phonetic transcriptions, and English translations:
| r0021r0044r0054r0055r0056r0042r0056r0045 | Phonetic |... | ### Problem 1: Phonological Rules
#### Rules:
1. **Apostrophe (`'`):**
- Follows a vowel: indicates length.
- Follows a consonant: read as [r0151].
2. **Letter 'w':**
- After a consonant: rounding of the lips.
- Otherwise: [w].
3. **[r0151] Pronunciation:**
- Between any consonant and a following sonor... | ### Problem #1: Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** The apostrophe indicates length if it follows a vowel, and is read as [ə] if it follows a consonant.
**Explanation:** Provides the phonetic role of the apostrophe, depending on its position relative to vowels and consonants.
2. **Type:** Pho... |
2008 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
The following are four excerpts from Old Norse poems composed around 900 r0012.r0014. All of them are written using the meter named r0039r0053r0093r0055r0055r0046r0057r0080r0055r0055 (lit. ‘court meter’):
**I**
1. r0093r0046 at r0087r0054r0036r0053r0049r0047r0040r0044r0046r0044
2. r0019r0036r... | ### Problem 2: Old Norse Poetic Structure
#### (a) Rules:
1. **Number of Syllables:** Each line contains 6 syllables.
2. **Alliteration:** As stated in the problem.
3. **Internal Rhyme:**
- Let V1, V2, ..., V6 represent the vowels in each line.
- At least one consonant immediately following V5 must immediately f... | ### Problem #2: Syntactic and Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Morphological/Syntactic
**Rule:** Number of syllables: Each line contains 6 syllables.
**Explanation:** Sets a structural requirement for poetic lines.
2. **Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** Alliteration. Internal rhyme requires consonants immediatel... |
2008 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
The following are words and compounds in two languages of New Caledonia – r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 and r0012r0040r0048r0056r0043r0088 – and their English translations given out of order:
**r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056**
- r0039r0053r0036r0044-r0043r0048r0044r0055r0053r0096r0055r0053
- r0042r003... | ### Problem 3: r0022r0050r0039r0044r0041r0044r0040r0053-r0017r0040r0036r0039 Relations
#### (a) Structure:
1. `jun bone` — bone
2. `r0044-r0045r0056r0049` — skeleton (multitude of bones)
3. `r0044-r0058r0036r0043r0049r0036r0058r0036` — bunch of bananas (multitude of bananas)
4. `r0039r0053r0036r0044-r0043r0048r0044r005... | ### Problem #3: Word Order and Morphological Patterns
1. **Type:** Syntactic
**Rule:** The modifier follows its head in both languages.
**Explanation:** Describes the post-nominal modifier placement.
2. **Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Formation of complex nouns through affixation and compounding (e.g., i-j... |
2008 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
The following are words in r0012r0050r0051r0036r0044r0049r0036r0047r0076 r0035r0050r0052r0056r0040 and their English translations:
| r0012r0050r0051r0036r0044r0049r0036r0047r0076 r0035r0050r0052r0056r0040 | English |
|----------------------|------------------------|
| r004... | ### Problem 4: Noun Suffixes
#### (a) Suffixes and Forms:
1. **Noun Suffixes:**
- `-k2sm2` — above, overhead.
- `-r0046r0050r0055r0050r0060r0036` — for.
- `-pit` — with.
2. **Morphological Changes:**
- After nasal consonants (m, n, N), stops p, t, k become voiced (b, d, g respectively).
- If k comes aft... | ### Problem #4: Morphological Patterns and Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Noun suffixes: -k2sm2 ‘above, overhead’, -kotoya ‘for’, -pit ‘with’; -ˇseh ‘like, as if’; -taPm plural; -tih ‘only’.
**Explanation:** Specifies meanings for different suffix-based noun modifications.
2. **Type:** ... |
2008 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
The following are sentences in Inuktitut and their English translations:
| Inuktitut | English |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| 1. r0026r0044r0049r0042r0048r0044r0057r0044r0055... | ### Problem 5: Inuktitut Sentence Structure
#### (a) Sentence Patterns:
1. **General Structure:**
- `r0033-(r0052) V–` — `X V (himself).`
- `r0033-(r0052) r0034-(r0053)r0048r0044r0046 r0031-r0054r0044–` — `X V a Y.`
- `r0033-r0056r0051 r0034-(r0052) V–` — `X V the Y.`
2. **Noun Endings:**
- `-q` for defini... | ### Problem #5: Morphosyntactic Patterns
1. **Type:** Morphosyntactic
**Rule:** General sentence structures for transitive and reflexive sentences X-(q) V–, X-(q) Y-(r)mik V-si–, X-up Y-(q) V–.
**Explanation:** Defines the use of noun and verb modifications to indicate sentence roles and relationships.
2. **Typ... |
2009 | 1 | ### Problem #1 (20 points)
The following are phrases in English and their translations into the r0028r0056r0047r0046r0036 language:
1 betel nut a r0057r0043r0050r0044 a r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042
1 yam a tu a r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042
2 betel nuts a lo r0057r0043r0050r0044 a r... | ## Problem 1
Here are the words from which the r0028r0056r0047r0046r0036 language constructs its numerals:
- r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042 1, r0047r0050r0048r0044r0049 2, r0046r0050r0053r0047r0050r0055r0042r0040 3, r0046r0050r0053r0047r0050r0047r0050 4, r0046r0055r0044r0040r0206r0046 5, r0048r0043r0040r0047r0050r004... | ### Problem #1
#### Numeral System Rules
- **Rule Type:** Numeral System
- **Rule:**
- tgiang 1, lomin 2, korlotge 3, korlolo 4, kti¨ek 5, mhelom 20
- hori orom: addition
- lo: doubling
- Nouns have different forms for two numbers: (tu, sngu; vhoi, vuo)
- **Explanation:** The Sulka language constructs its num... |
2009 | 2 | Problem #2 (20 points). The following are words of the r0022r0036r0049r0044r0049r0046r0036 and r0011r0036r0048r0036r0049r0036 languages written in the r0023'r0020r0050 and the Roman script and their English translations:
(a)
| r0023'r0020r0050 | Roman | English ... | ## Problem 2
The r0023'r0020r0050 script is written and read from right to left. The script is an alphabet: each letter stands for a consonant or a vowel. The letters within a word are joined.
(a) A tilde above a vowel letter means low tone, its absence means high tone. But a vowel has middle tone if it is marked in ... | ### Problem #2
#### Phonological and Tonal Rules
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:**
- A tilde above a vowel means low tone; its absence means high tone. Middle tone occurs if it matches the preceding vowel in terms of tilde presence.
- If two adjacent syllables have the same vowel and both should or should... |
2009 | 3 | ### Problem #3 (20 points)
Here are the names of 24 Burmese children and their dates of birth:
| boys | date of birth | girls | date of birth |
|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| r0046r0036r0056r0049r0179 r0048r0060r0036r0179 | 06/01/2009 | r0051r0036r0... | ## Problem 3
We can see that the names of the children born on the same day of the week have similar first sounds:
- Monday: r0046r0036r0056r0167 r0048r0060r0036r0179, r0046r0043r0044r0167 le r0049r0058r0040, r0046r0043r0036r0044r0167 r0048r0044r0167 r0055r0043r0056r0167, r0046r0040r0103r0044 r0055r0043r0056r0167
- T... | ### Problem #3
#### Phonological Patterns
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:**
- Names of children born on the same day of the week have similar first sounds.
- **Explanation:** In this language, personal names exhibit a phonological pattern related to the days of the week, where names for children born on the... |
2009 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem #4 (20 points). Given are Old Indic word stems which are thought to preserve the most ancient (r0018r0049r0039r0050-r0014r0056r0053r0050r0051r0040r0036r0049) position of the stress. They are divided into root and suffix by a hyphen. The stressed vowel bears the mark r0195.
| r0057r0125r0046-r0036- ... | ## Problem 4
| If the stop consonant in the root | and the vowel in the suffix is a | and the vowel in the suffix is i, |
|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| is voiced | the stress is on the suffix. | the stress is on... | ### Problem #4
#### Table of Grammatical Categories
- **Rule Type:** Morphological and Phonological
- **Table:** Stress assignment table
- | Stop consonant in root | Vowel in suffix is a | Vowel in suffix is i |
- |------------------------|----------------------|---------------------|
- | is voiced ... |
2009 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem #5 (20 points). The following are sentences in Nahuatl and their English r0055r0053r0036r0049r0054r0047r0036-
r0055r0044r0050r0049r0054:
1. r0049r0044r0048r0044r0055r0061r0055r0047r0036r0061r0050r0043r0055r0047r0036 I love you
2. r0055r0044r0046r0048r0036r0046r0036 in r0104r0048r0050r0059r0213r0055... | ## Problem 5
The Nahuatl sentences begin with the predicate. The subject and object (or objects) follow in any order, preceded by *in* (a definite article).
The verb receives the following prefixes:
- subject: *ni-* 1st person sg, *ti-* 2nd person sg, —— 3rd person sg;
- object: *r0049r0108r0038r0043-* 1st person sg... | ### Problem #5
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:**
- Sentences begin with the predicate, followed by the subject and object(s) in any order but preceded by "in" (definite article).
- **Explanation:** The syntax structure in Nahuatl dictates that predicates lead sentences, and the order of su... |
2010 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Given are verbs of the r0011r0056r0039r0056r0046r0043 language in three forms:
| Form 1: prohibitive mood | Form 2: future tense | Form 3: future tense, | Translation |
| class I (masculine) | class II (feminine) | class r0018r0018r0018 (neuter) | |
|-----... | ### Problem 1: Morphological Rules
#### Rules:
1. **Form 1:** `-mV-` after the first vowel, where:
- `V` depends on the vowel in the following syllable:
- `a` before `a`
- `o` before `o` or `u`
- `e` before `i`
- `r0096` before `r0101`
2. **Form 2:**
- `-a` if the stem ends in `-aR` or `-oR`
... | Problem #1**
1. **Morphological Rule**
- **Type**: Morphological
- **Rule**: "-mV- after the first vowel, whereby V depends on the vowel in the following syllable (a before a, o before o or u, e before i, ö before ü)"
- **Explanation**: Inserts an -mV- sequence depending on the vowel context after the first v... |
2010 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Given are r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 numerals in alphabetical order and their values in ascending order:
| r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 | Value |
|----------------------------------|-------|
| r0038r0036r0036r0055r0053 r0049r0042r0040 r0038r0036r0036r0046r0050 ... | ### Problem 2: Numeral System
#### Rules:
1. **Numbers 1–4:** `r0038r0036r0036 1, r0047r0056r0040 2, r0046r0096r0049r0044 3, eke 4`
2. **Multiples of 5, 10, 15:** `r0218-r0051r0044 = r0005r0218` (1 r0308 r0218 r0308 3)
3. **Numbers 6–9, 11–14, 16–19:** `r0217-r0049r0042r0096r0048r0040r0049 = 5 + r0217`, `r0217-r0046r00... | Problem #2**
1. **Numeral System Rule**
- **Type**: Numeral System
- **Rule**: "caa 1, lue 2, köni 3, eke 4;"
- **Explanation**: Establishes base values for numerals from 1 to 4.
2. **Numeral System Rule**
- **Type**: Numeral System
- **Rule**: "5, 10, 15: β-pi = 5β (1 ≤ β ≤ 3);"
- **Explanation**: ... |
2010 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
One of the major achievements in genetics was the decipherment of the genetic r0038r0050r0039r0040—r0055r0043r0040 creation of an r0048r0027r0023r0010–r0051r0050r0047r0060r0051r0040r0051r0055r0044r0039r0040 dictionary. Polypeptides (proteins) are building blocks of all living organisms. Polype... | ### Problem 4: r0048r0027r0023r0010 and Amino Acid Sequence
#### (a) r0048r0027r0023r0010 Sequence:
1. `AUG` — Met
2. `r0030r0030r0010` — Leu
3. `r0010r0012r0016` — r0029r0043r0053
4. `r0030r0030r0012` — r0025r0043r0040
5. `r0030r0010r0010` — stop
1. `AUG` — Met
2. `r0030r0016r0016` — r0029r0053r0051
3. `r0016r0016r00... | Problem #4**
1. **Transformation Rules**
- **Type**: Transformation
- **Rule**: Presented using nucleotide codons mapped to amino acids (e.g., UUU → Phe, UUA → Leu, UGA → stop, etc.)
- **Explanation**: Explains genetic code conversion from nucleotide triplets (codons) to amino acids using mRNA sequences.
2. ... |
2010 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Given are words of two dialects of the Romansh language and their English translations. Some cells have been left blank:
| r0028r0056r0053r0054r0044r0047r0057r0036r0049 | Engadine | English |
|---------------|--------------|----------------------|
| tut | r0055r... | ### Problem 5: Dialectal Variations in Vowel Usage
#### (a) Translations:
1. `uo` before a cluster of `l` or `r` and another consonant.
2. `u` before `l` or `r` without another consonant.
3. `u` r0296 `o` before `m`.
4. `u` r0296 `uo` before another consonant.
| **r0028r0056r0053r0054r0044r0047r0057r0036r0049** | **E... | Problem #5**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Type**: Phonological
- **Rule**: "uo before a cluster of l or r and another consonant; u before l or r without another consonant; u o before m; u uo before another consonant"
- **Explanation**: Describes vowel changes depending on consonant context in Engadine and Su... |
2011 | 1 | ```markdown
**Problem #1 (20 points).** Given are verb forms of the Menominee language as well as their English translations:
| Menominee | English Translation |
|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| r0046r0040r0058r0104r0051r0040r00... | ## Problem 1
The Menominee verb forms have the following structure:
| | r0046r0036r0058 | down |
|-------|------|-------|
| | r0046r0040r0055 | out |
| | r0046r0108r0054r0046 | through |
| | r0051r0036r0043r0046 | off |
| | r0051r0104r0043r0046 | open |
| | r0051r0114r0055 ... | ### Problem #1
**Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Intransitive Verb Structure: kaw down, -¯ahpe laughing, -m I, ket out, -¯anæhkæ digging, -q we, k¯esk through 1+2, -eqta, -w he, ne- I pahk off, -ohnæ walking, ke- we p¯ahk open 1+2
- **Explanation:** This describes the parts of a... |
2011 | 2 | Problem #2 (20 points). The following are words of the r0015r0036r0053r0050r0040r0054r0040 language written in the regular orthography and in phonetic transcription as well as their English translations:
| r0037r0093r0042r0036 | ? | hen bird |
| r0039r0040r0060r0090r0044 | ... | ## Problem 2
(a)
| Word | Phonetic Transcription | Translation |
|--------|------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| r0037r0097r0042r0036 | [r0037r0097r0057r0036] | hen bird |
| r0046r0049r0050r0090r0036r0053 | [r0046r00... | ### Problem #2
**Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** 1. ð/g [w] | [u(:)] ; 2. ð/g [j] | [i(:)] or [i(:)]; 3. ð/g [v] | [u(:)]; 4. ð/g [v] in a noun, [∅] in a verb.
- **Explanation:** These rules describe how the sound ð/g changes depending on the surrounding vowels and whether it appears... |
2011 | 3 | ```markdown
Problem #3 (20 points). Given are phrases in the r0031r0036r0044 language as well as their English translations:
| r0031r0036r0044 Phrase | English Translation |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------|
| r0046r0036r0087r0152r0200 r0076 r0047r0152r0199r00... | ## Problem 3
Rules:
1. Adjectives follow their nouns.
2. A noun (or the adjective if there is one) gets the marker -r0014r0207, unless it is inalienably possessed (body part, kinship term); in the latter case it is preceded by the possessor.
3. Alienable possession is expressed by r0036r0200 between the possessor and ... | ### Problem #3
**Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Adjectives follow their nouns.
- **Explanation:** This specifies the word order for adjectives and nouns.
**Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** A noun (or the adjective if there is one) gets the marker -ˇE,... |
2011 | 4 | ### Problem #4 (20 points)
Given are words in Nahuatl as well as their English translations in arbitrary order:
**r0036r0038r0036r0047r0043r0056r0036r0043**, **r0036r0038r0043r0044r0047r0047r0044**, **r0036r0055r0047**, **r0038r0036r0047r0047r0036r0043**, **r0038r0036r0047r0043r0056r0036r0043**, **r0038r0043r0044r004... | ## Problem 4
(a) Determine the correct correspondences.
| Nahuatl | Translation |
|-------------------|--------------------------------|
| r0036-r0038r0036r0047-r0043r0056r0036r0043 | canoe owner (r0036-r0038r0036r0047-r0047r0044 canoe, “water house”) |
| r0036-r0038r0043r0044r0047... | ### Problem #4
**Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** A noun gets the ending -tl/li unless it has one of the suffixes -capil (dimin.), -huah ‘one who has...’, -tlah/lah ‘place of many...’, or -tzintli ‘revered...’ (-li and -lah after l, otherwise -tl and -tlah).
- **Explanation:** Th... |
2012 | 1 | ```markdown
**Problem #1 (20 points).** Here are some sentences in the central dialect of r0013r0060r0044r0053r0037r0036r0047 as well as their English translations:
1. r0037r0036r0060r0044 r0060r0036r0169r0036 r0121r0056r0166r0036r0060r0048r0056r0166r0036 r0037r0036r0121r0042r0056 r0042r0056r0053r0056r0042r0056r0121r0... | ## Problem 1
**Word order**: r0024r0028r0031 (O: object, S: subject, V: verb), NA (N: noun, A: adjective).
**A r0296 V** ('make A'): r0010-r0048r0036r0049.
**V r0296 A transformation**:
| V | 'that is always being r0031r0040r0039' | 'that is always r0031r0044r0049r0042 Ns' |
|-----|----------------------------|--... | ### Problem #1
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Word order is OSV (O: object, S: subject, V: verb), NA (N: noun, A: adjective).
- **Explanation:** The default sentence structure is Object-Subject-Verb, and Noun-Adjective.
- **Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Every noun is preceded by an artic... |
2012 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem #2 (20 points).
| r0030r0048r0037r0056-r0030r0049r0042r0056 | r0030r0048r0037r0056-r0030r0049r0042r0056 |
|----------------------|------------------------------------|
| 10 r0053r0056r0053r0040r0051r0050r0049r0042r0036 r0055r0036r0047r0056 | 35 r0055r0050r004... | ## Problem 2
**Number Word Table:**
| Number | r0030r0048r0037r0056-r0030r0049r0042r0056 |
|--------|-----------|
| 1 | r0055r0040r0047r0056 |
| 2 | r0055r0036r0047r0056 |
| 3 | r0060r0040r0051r0050r0046r0050 |
| 12 | r0053r0056r0053r0040r0051r0050 |
| 16 | r0048r0036r0047r0036r... | ### Problem #2
#### Numeral Systems
- **Type:** Numeral Systems
- **Rule:** Numerical base and operations:
- α β := (α – β) / (division representation)
- Values like 24 = tokapu, 48 = tokapu talu, 72 = tokapu yepoko, etc.
- **Explanation:** System includes operations and numeral values are composed through... |
2012 | 3 | ```markdown
**Problem #3 (20 points).** Here are some sentences in Basque as well as their English translations in arbitrary order. One of the English sentences corresponds to two sentences in Basque:
r0036r0043r0036r0061r0055r0056 r0039r0044r0055r0056r0055, r0036r0043r0036r0061r0055r0056 r0061r0036r0044r0061r0046r004... | ## Problem 3
**Verb Agreement Table:**
| 1st person sg | 1st person pl | 2nd person sg | 2nd person pl | 3rd person sg | 3rd person pl |
|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| r0049r0036r0056- | | | | du- ... | ### Problem #3
#### Morphological Patterns
- **Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Person markers for different pronouns:
- **Explanation:** Person markers are specified for different cases (subject vs. object) and person/number distinctions.
#### Tables
- **Type:** Tables
- **Table 1:** Person markers and verb a... |
2012 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem #4 (20 points). One linguist decided to write a grammar of the r0029r0040r0050r0051 language. First she asked her informants to translate separate sentences into their mother tongue. Here is what she got:
1. You (sg.) struck me.
*r0014r0036r0049 r0051r0036r0036 r0055r0036r0054r0056 r0036r0049r... | ## Problem 4
The sentences have the following structure: \( S \ \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0051r0036r0036} \ V \ O \ [O'] \) (S: subject, V: verb, O: object, \( O' \): another object).
| | give | call | strike | kill |
|--------|------|-------|--------|-------|
| O | to whom | whom | whom | whom |
| \( ... | ### Problem #4
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Sentence structure: S paa V O [O!]
- **Explanation:** Sentences follow a structure where subjects precede the action.
#### Morphological Patterns
- **Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Personal pronouns and articles vary depending on first, se... |
2012 | 5 | ```markdown
**Problem #5 (20 points).** Here are some words and word combinations in r0027r0050r0055r0056r0048r0036r0049 as well as their English translations:
| r0027r0050r0055r0056r0048r0036r0049 | English | r0027r0050r0055r0056r0048r0036r0049 | English |
|------------|----... | ## Problem 5
When two words constitute a phrase, the form of the first word undergoes the following change:
-r0031r0012r0031 r0296 -VC
-r0031r0012r0056 r0296 -VC
-r0031r0012r0044 r0296 -VC
-r0031r0012r0036 r0296 -VaC
(V: vowel, C: consonant).
The same thing happens when an adjective is formed by doubling a ... | ### Problem #5
#### Phonological Rules
- **Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** Sound changes when two words constitute a phrase.
- -VCV → -VC
- -VCu → -VC
- -VCi → -V̈C
- -VCa → -VaC
- **Explanation:** Phonological transformation occurs to maintain balance in compound phrases.
#### Syntactic Rules
- ... |
2013 | 1 | Problem #1 (20 points). Here are some words in r0034r0044r0039r0044r0049r0060 and their English translations:
r0042r0056r0039r0036r0197r0042r0036 dog r0042r0056r0039r0036r0042r0036r0037r0044 another dog
r0037r0056r0121r0036 woman r0155r0036r0153r0036r... | ## Problem 1
1. Rules:
- If the number of syllables in the word (= stem + ending) is even, all syllables are short. If the number of syllables in the word is odd, the last r0040r0057r0040r0049-r0049r0056r0048r0037r0040r0053r0040r0039 syllable of the stem is lengthened.
| Syllables | Example |
... | Problem #1**
- **Phonological Rule**
- **Rule:** If the number of syllables in the word (= stem + ending) is even, all syllables are short. If the number of syllables is odd, the last even-numbered syllable of the stem is lengthened.
- **Explanation:** Determines the length of syllables based on syllable count par... |
2013 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem #2 (20 points). Here are some words in Tundra Yukaghir and their English translations in arbitrary order:
```
r0044r0047r0040r0049r0044r0049r0048r0040, r0045r0050r0052r0050r0049r0044r0049r0048r0040, r0054r0036r0036r0049r0038r0043r0050r0045r0050, r0045r0050r0043r0056r0039r0036r0058r0056r0053, r0044r... | ## Problem 2
(a)
| Tundra Yukaghir | English |
|-----------------|-----------------|
| r0044r0047r0040r0049r0049r0044r0048r0040 | herd of deer ("house of deer") |
| r0045r0050r0052r0050r0049r0049r0044r0048r0040 | wooden house ("Yakut house") |
| r0054r0036r0036r0049r0038r0050r0043r0050r0045r00... | Problem #2**
- **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule:** Compound noun structure - modifier + -d- (before a vowel) / -n- (before a consonant) + modified.
- **Explanation:** Describes affix alternation in compound noun construction based on phonological environment.
- **Phonological Rule**
- **Rule:** -l is lost in... |
2013 | 3 | ### Problem #3 (20 points)
Here are some words and phrases in r0025r0044r0053r0036r0043r0078 and simplified transcriptions of their pronunciation in normal speech:
*r0037r0036r0042r0044r0036r0044 r0037r0036r0036r0037r0044* r0037r0036.r0042r0045r0036.r0071r0037r0036r0036.r0037r0044 bad thief
*r00... | ## Problem 3
Rules:
1. r0145 [r0179].
2. A noun and a following modifier are pronounced as one word, but at the end of the first word of the phrase [i] after a vowel is lost and in the beginning of the second word [r0179] is lost.
r0059r0044r0054r0044r0055r0036r0044 r0059r0036r0042r0036r0044 [r0179r0044r0054r004... | Problem #3**
- **Phonological Rule**
- **Rule:** A noun and a following modifier are pronounced as one word, but at the end of the first word [i] after a vowel is lost and in the beginning of the second word [P] is lost.
- **Explanation:** Assimilation and elision of specific vowels and consonants in noun modifier... |
2013 | 4 | ### Problem #4 (20 points)
Here are some sentences in r0022r0056r0049r0036 and their English translations:
1. **r0048r0056r0053r0044r0043r0044r0049r0050 r0036r0049r0039r0050r0036r0049r0039r0050r0046r0040 r0039r0050r0041r0050r0049r0044 we r0048r0050r0047r0050.**
The Monkey’s pupils are climbing the mountain.
2. ... | ## Problem 4
The word order is \[ subject \, verb \, object \]. If the subject is neither possessed nor a proper name, it is preceded by the article *a*.
Noun: \[ \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0053r0050r0050r0055} + \left[ \r0055r0040r0059r0055{-r0043r0044 plural} \right] +
\r0037r0040r0042r0044r0049{r0036r0053r0053r0036r0... | Problem #4**
- **Syntactic Rule**
- **Rule:** The word order is subject verb object. If the subject is neither possessed nor a proper name, it is preceded by the article a.
- **Explanation:** Describes the basic syntactic structure and article usage based on noun properties.
- **Morphological Pattern**
- **Rule... |
2013 | 5 | ### Problem #5 (20 points)
In a series of experiments run in Carnegie Mellon University (Pittsburgh, r0030r0028r0010) in 2010, volunteers were first shown some English words, while activity was being registered in different locations of their brains. Then the volunteers were asked to think of some other words from a p... | ## Problem 5
Location A is activated by the idea of shelter. Location B is activated by the idea of manipulation. Location C is activated by the idea of eating. Location D is activated by long words. The researchers claim that the first three factors have high ecological validity (r0044.r0040., the results of the expe... | Problem #5**
- **Table of Grammatical Categories**
- **Table:** Describes relationships between words and cognitive locations activated (shelter, manipulation, eating, long words).
- **Explanation:** Presents a correlation of words to cognitive locations based on semantic concepts.
---
This organized information... |
2014 | 1 | ### Problem #1 (20 points)
Here are some verb forms of r0011r0040r0049r0036r0037r0040r0049r0036 and their English translations:
*r0049r0050r0043r0050r0037r0040* I am striking him
*r0046r0036r0043r0036r0047r0056r0049r0040* we will strike r0060r0050r0056_r0054r0042
*r0049r0050r0046r0050r0043r0050'r0... | ## Problem 1
Rules:
1. present: **no-**
2. object =
| | singular | plural |
|--------|----------|--------|
| 1 | nV- | lV-. |
| 2 | kV- | r0047r0040r0049r0031-. |
V is the vowel from the following syllable
3.
| | ‘strike’ | ‘pierce’ |
|----------... | Problem #1:**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule:** `singular plural`
- **Table:**
| singular | plural |
|----------|--------|
| nV- | lV- |
- **Explanation:** Describes the prefix changes in verbs based on singular and plural objects.
- **Rule:**
- **Table:... |
2014 | 2 | Problem #2 (20 points). Here are the singular, dual and plural forms of some Kiowa nouns and their English translations. Not all forms are given, although all exist.
| singular | dual | plural | |
|--------------|---------------|----------------|---------------------|
| r0036r0... | ## Problem 2
### Rules:
| | singular | dual | plural |
|---------------|----------|------|--------|
| people, animals, tools | -r0298 | -n | -r0042r0147 |
| fruit | -r0042r0147 | -r0298 | -r0042r0147 |
| all other things | -r0039r0147 | -n | -r0039r0147 |
### Answers:
... | Problem #2:**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule:**
- **Table:**
| singular | dual | plural |
|----------|------|--------|
| ∅ | | -gO |
| -n | | -dO |
- **Explanation:** Shows endings for singular, dual, and plural for people, animals, and ... |
2014 | 3 | ### Problem #3 (20 points)
Once upon a time in the r0029r0036r0049r0042r0056r0055 Empire ("the Great State of the White and the Lofty") there lived two brothers and two sisters. They each had a son and a daughter.
Family tree (r0328 = man, r0329 = woman):
r0328r0316r0316r0316r0328r0316r0316r0316r0329r0316r031... | ## Problem 3
### (a)
```
r0021r0043r0044r0040r0067r0049r0060r0049r0067
/ \
r0032r0036r0067r0049r0044r0040r0071 r0028r0060r0049r0071r0048r0040r0044r0071
/ \
r0020r0040.r0044r0071r0071r0040r0060r0067 r0028r0040r0044r0071r0049r0036r0071
... | |
2014 | 4 | Problem #4 (20 points). Here are some short dialogs in r0014r0049r0042r0040r0049r0049r0044 and their English translations:
1. r0040r0039r0152r0199r0044 r0077r0049r0092 r0049r0058r0147r0200r0054r0152r0199r0054r0152r0199 r0147r0061r0060r0087 r0154r0082r0047r0082r0048r0098 r0075? r0040r0039r0152r0199r0044 r0077r0049r0092... | ## Problem 4
Rules:
- **Word order:**
\[
\r0037r0040r0042r0044r0049{r0036r0053r0053r0036r0060}{r0038}
\r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0044r0049 questions} \\
\r0039r0050r0058r0049r0036r0053r0053r0050r0058 \\
S_1 \quad \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0058r0040r0044 ga} \quad S_2 \quad V \quad O \quad a \\
\r0056r0051r0036r... | Problem #4:**
1. **Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule:** `Word order in questions`
- **Table:**
| S V O (cid:224) |
|------------|
| 2 |
- **Explanation:** Indicates required word order for forming questions.
2. **Rule:** `Vowel lowering`
- **Rule:**
- **Transformati... |
2014 | 5 | Problem #5 (20 points). Here are some words and word combinations in Northwest r0016r0037r0036r0060r0036 and their English translations in arbitrary order:
r0179r0076r0076, r0179r0076r0076 r0049r0076r0121 r0049r0099 r0046r0092, r0179r0076r0076 r0054r0082r0082, r0037r0099r0048r0076 r0060r0087r0179, r0037r0099r0048r0076... | ## Problem 5
(a)
| Northwest r0016r0037r0036r0060r0036 | Translation |
|---------------------|------------------------------------|
| r0179r0076r0076 | to put |
| r0179r0076r0076 r0049r0076r0049r0042 r0049r0099 r0046r0092 | to be dying ... | Problem #5:**
1. **Dictionaries/Vocabularies**
- **Rule:** `Body part metaphors`
- **Examples:**
- `body part (cid:0) w(cid:1)(cid:25) ‘human’ = spatial preposition:`
- `s(cid:0)e(cid:0)e (liver) = at the center`
- `y(cid:1)(cid:25)k (face) = at the surface`
- `zu(cid:0) (head) = ... |
2015 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Nahuatl:
1. r0048r0036r0043r0055r0047r0036r0038r0055r0047r0044-r0050r0049-r0038r0085 r0074 r0048r0036r0043r0055r0047r0036r0038r0055r0047r0044 = r0048r0079r0038r0056r0089r0047-r0051r0096r0043r0056r0036r0047r0047r0044-r0050r0048-r0048r0036r0043r0055r0047r0036r0038r0055r0047r0044
2. r0038r0040r0... | ### Problem 1: Number Systems
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `10 + 1` = `11`
2. `20 r0074 2` = `40`
3. `3 r0074 20 + (5 + 2)` = `67`
4. `10 + 4` = `14`
5. `4 r0074 20 + 1` = `81`
6. `5 + 2` = `7`
7. `10 + 3` = `13`
8. `1 r0074 20 + (15 + 4)` = `39`
9. `5 r0074 3` = `15`
10. `1 + 1 = 1 r0074 2` = `2`
1... | Problem 1: Nahuatl Numeral System**
1. **Numeral System**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological and Numeral Systems
- **Rule:**
- 1: cë, 2: öme, 3: ëyi, 4: nähui, 5: mäcuïlli; 10: mahtlactli, 15: caxtölli
- Base-20 system where numbers are composed using multiples of 20 and basic numbers.
- **Explanation:... |
2015 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Here are some verb forms of the r0011r0040r0054r0047r0040r0049r0040r0044 dialect of r0020r0036r0037r0036r0053r0039r0044r0036r0049 (r0054r0056r0037r0039r0044r0036r0047r0040r0038r0055 of r0030r0047r0060r0036r0051 village, Republic of r0010r0039r0060r0042r0040r0036) in Roman transcription with s... | ### Problem 2: Verb Morphology
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
- `r0178r0040r0052r0205r0083r0049` — to bite
- `r0048r0040r0039r0083r0041` — (r0043r0040/r0054r0043r0040) is able to sew
- `r0048r0040r0039r0076r0041r0040` — (r0043r0040/r0054r0043r0040) is pretending to sew
- `r0054r0151r0041r0151r0200r0049` — to be able t... | Problem 2: Structure of the Verb Form**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:**
- – me-: affirmative form, present, indicative mood
- -xe: plural, -t: past, -me: conditional mood, -q̇əm: negative form
- **Explanation:** Affixes indicate mood, tense, and plurality in... |
2015 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
r0028r0050r0056r0049r0039r0040r0059 is an algorithm for coding names. It was developed in the r0030r0028r0010 in 1918–1922 by Robert C. Russell and Margaret King Odell in order to facilitate searching for r0054r0044r0048r0044r0047r0036r0053-r0054r0050r0056r0049r0039r0044r0049r0042 surnames.
... | ### Problem 3: Coding System
#### Answers:
- **(a) Rules:**
1. Leave the first letter in place.
2. Delete `h` and `w`.
3. Replace all consonant letters with digits:
- `r0037r0051r0057` (f): `1`
- `r0038r0042r0045r0046r0052r0054` (xz): `2`
- `dt`: `3`
- `l`: `4`
- `mn`: `5`
- `r... | Problem 3: Consonant to Digit Transformation**
1. **Transformation Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Transformation Rules
- **Rule:**
1. Leave the first letter in place.
2. Delete h and w.
3. Replace all consonant letters with digits (sets grouped by similarity):
- bpv (f) ⇒ 1
- cgjkqs (xz)... |
2015 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
Here are some sentences in r0032r0036r0048r0037r0036r0060r0036 and their English translations:
1. r0023r0042r0036r0053r0047r0056 r0049r0060r0036.
You (sg.) danced.
2. r0016r0056r0047r0056r0042r0037r0036 r0049r0042r0056.
I will sleep.
3. r0011r0036r0053r0039r0037r0044 ga r0037r0056r0049... | ### Problem 4: Syntax and Word Order
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `r0010r0047r0036r0060r0056r0047r0056r0045r0037r0036 r0049r0042r0056r0060r0056r0049r0060r0056 r0037r0056r0049r0042r0048r0036r0049r0060r0036r0049r0044.` — The old woman will find you (sg.).
2. `r0034r0036r0042r0056 r0042r0044r0049r0044r0049r0060r0036.` —... | Problem 4: Verb and Sentence Structure Rules**
1. **Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:**
- Word order: V P (S/O); S/O P V Poss, V P Poss; S Poss.
- **Explanation:** Sequence for subject, verb, and object in sentence construction.
2. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Mor... |
2015 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Here are 25 r0043r0036r0047r0041-r0047r0044r0049r0040r0054 of Somali poetry written in a meter known as r0048r0036r0054r0036r0041r0050:
1. r0050r0042r0036r0036r0039r0040r0040r0049 ha ii r0039r0044r0053r0044r0049
2. r0039r0056r0056r0047 r0043r0036r0036r0039 r0036r0048r0059r0036r0036r0053r0036... | ### Problem 5: Patterns and Structures
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `war r0044r0054—r0048r0036r0036—r0038r0044r0044r0047 r0039r0036r0036- rood` — r0074
2. `dir mi- r0060r0036r0036r0039 wa- r0039r0036r0036r0042- r0055r0036r0036r0049` — r0303
3. `r0047r0036r0037r0036- r0039r0036r0036r0039 ka r0039r0056r0056- r0039r00... | Problem 5: Syllable Structures**
1. **Syntactic Rules and Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological/Syntactic
- **Rule:**
- Vowel sequences: ◦◦; ◦◦◦◦ = VV (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu)
- **Explanation:** Patterns for permissible syllable structures, focusing on vowel sequences.
Please note, non-ex... |
2016 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Here are some words in Luwian written in Roman script and their English translations:
1. **r0053r0056r0049r0055r0044r0060r0036r0054** 'deer'
2. **r0051r0036r0055r0044r0054** 'foot'
3. **r0043r0036r0053r0049r0044r0054r0036r0054** 'fortress'
4. **r0044r0061r0044r0060r0036r0049r0055r0036** 'the... | ## Problem 2
**[NOTE: This solution contains Luwian Hieroglyphic images that must be viewed in the original r0025r0013r0015: r0044r0050r0047-r0002r0000r0001r0006-r0044r0049r0039r0044r0057-r0054r0050r0047.r0040r0049.r0051r0039r0041]**
(a)
| Number | Luwian Word | Hieroglyphic Form 1 | Hieroglyphic Form 2 |
|--------|... | --- Problem 2 ---
1. **Rule Type:** Writing System
**Rule:** Direction of writing is from left to right
**Explanation:** Indicates the physical direction in which text is written using the system.
2. **Rule Type:** Writing System
**Rule:** Words can be written (1) with a logogram; (2) with syllabograms; (3) ... |
2016 | 3 | ```markdown
Problem 3 (20 points). Here are some sentences in r0020r0056r0049r0056r0061 Nubian and their English translations:
1. ar r0046r0036r0049r0036r0053r0053r0044r0038r0038r0044r0042 r0046r0036r0048r0044r0042r0205 r0045r0036r0049r0055r0044r0038r0038r0044r0053r0054r0056.
*We bought the camels for the r0049r0... | ## Problem 3
### Rules:
- **Word order**: S (O') O V
(S = subject, O' = indirect object, O = direct object, V = predicate).
- **Noun**:
- **Root**
- **Number**:
- Singular: -r0298
- Plural:
- -i after a consonant
- -r0038r0038r0044 after a vowel
- **Case**:
- S: -r0298
- O', O:
... | --- Problem 3 ---
1. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
**Rule:** S (O) O' V
**Explanation:** Defines word order rules where S is the subject, O is the indirect object, O' is the direct object, and V is the predicate.
2. **Rule Type:** Morphological (Noun)
**Rule:**
-
- Number:
* Singular: -∅
* Pl... |
2016 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem 4 (20 points). Recent contact with Western civilization has brought some changes into the r0018r0036r0055r0048r0101r0047 language. New words and expressions have emerged and some existing ones have developed new meanings.
Here are some words and word combinations in r0018r0036r0055r0048r0101r0047 a... | ## Problem 4
(a)
| r0018r0036r0055r0048r0101r0047 | Translation |
|-------------------|------------------------------|
| 1. r0042r0056-r0049r0036 r0057r0036r0036r0047r0036 | r0058r0036r0055r0040r0053–r0071r0051r0050r0054r0054r0040r0054r0054r0050r0053 canoe | c. canoe ... | --- Problem 4 ---
1. **Rule Type:** Lexicalization
**Dictionaries/Vocabularies:**
- vaala — canoe
- gu — water
- vi’ — to see
**Explanation:** Provides basic vocabulary and root meanings.
2. **Rule Type:** Semantic Extension
**Rule:** The word vaala is a synonym of guna vaala ‘canoe’.
**Explana... |
2016 | 5 | ```markdown
**Problem 5 (20 points).** Here are some words in r0019r0036r0052r0036r0053r0056 and their English translations:
| r0019r0036r0052r0036r0053r0056 | English |
|--------------------|-----------------------|
| r0036r0052"r0044r0051r0054r0036 | the cave too |
| r00... | ## Problem 5
The word forms in the problem consist of a root and up to three suffixes. Each suffix may cause the elision of the preceding vowel:
| possessor | case | | |
|-----------|------------|----------|----------|
| | -r0051r0270r0036 | -r0051r0270r0036 | -r0051r0054r0... | --- Problem 5 ---
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological (Suffix Interaction)
**Rule:**
| Possessor Case | Oral Suffixes | Nasal Suffixes | |
|----------------|---------------|------------------------------|----------------|
| -p”a -p”a -psa | -sa -t”a -txi | -nha, -ma -na | ... |
2017 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Here are some arithmetic equalities in r0011r0044r0053r0050r0048:
1. r0055r0098r0121r0132r0049r0067 + r0055r0075r0055 + r0049r0075r0075r0054 = r0037r0104r0046r0132r0053r0132 r0037r0114r0037r0104 r0049r0076 r0057r0152r0199 r0053r0058r0114r0114r0055
2. r0055r0075r0055 r0049r0075r0075r0054 = r0... | ### Problem 1: Number System
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `52 + 3 + 4 = 32`
2. `34 = 81`
3. `72 + 9 + 1 = 59`
4. `91 = 9`
5. `82 + 2 + 5 = 71`
6. `25 = 32`
7. `92 + 4 + 3 = 88`
8. `43 = 64`
9. `16 + 21 = 18 + 2 + 17`
- **(b)**
- `r0037r0104r0046r0132r0053r0132 r0037r0114r0055r0104r0055 = 36`
- ... | Problem 1:**
- **Numeral System:**
- **Rule Type:** Numeral System
- **Rule:** The number system is duodecimal.
- **Explanation:** This indicates that the numerical base used is 12.
- **Rule Type:** Dictionaries/Vocabularies
- **Rule:** gwīnìŋ — 1, bà — 2, tàt — 3, nààs — 4, tùŋūn — 5, tìīmìn — 6, tàāmà — 7,... |
2017 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Here are some words and word combinations in r0010r0037r0056r0044 and their English translations in arbitrary order:
| r0010r0037r0056r0044 | Translation |
|-------------------------|---------------------------------------|
| 1. r0036r0037r0036r00... | ### Problem 2: Word Order and Possessive Prefixes
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `r0036-r0037r0036r0049r0042` — your (sg.) shoulder
2. `r0036-r0055r0076r0049r0042 r0043r0040-r0060r0036` — your (sg.) thumb [‘your (sg.) hand’s mother’]
3. `r0037r0036r0055r0036r0036 r0043r0036-r0058r0036r0055r0036` — upper part of a tre... | Problem 2:**
- **Syntactic Rules:**
- **Rule Type:** Word Order
- **Rule:** ‹possessor› ‹possessed›
- **Explanation:** Shows that the language requires possessors to precede the possessed noun.
- **Morphological Patterns:**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Possessive prefixes: 1st person sg n-, 2nd... |
2017 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
Here are some sentences in r0020r0044r0048r0037r0056r0049r0039r0056 and their English translations:
1. r0121r0042r0076r0048r0093r0049r0075 r0039r0086r0043r0093r0049r0178r0092 r0048r0098r0039r0086r0047r0093r0121r0042r0075
I saw the banana on the plate.
2. r0075r0047r0093r0178r0087 r0076r00... | ### Problem 3: Linguistic Rules and Sentence Structures
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
1. `r0048r0099r0047r0093r0178r0087 r0048r0058r0076r0048r0093r0049r0075 r0178r0086r0055r0083r0055r0083r0049r0037r0058r0076` — Did the sorcerer see the stars?
2. `r0178r0086r0055r0083r0055r0083r0049r0037r0058r0076 r0178r0045r0076r0047r007... | Problem 3:**
- **Syntactic Rules:**
- **Rule Type:** Word Order
- **Rule:** S V (O) (L); X V L (cid:17) L V X; N P (N = noun, P = possessive pronoun)
- **Explanation:** Provides rules for subject-verb-object, and noun-possessive ordering.
- **Phonological Rules:**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** To... |
2017 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Here are some words in r0022r0036r0039r0036r0046 and their English translations:
| r0022r0036r0039r0036r0046 | Translation |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|
| r0047r0036r0057r0036r0055r0037r0056r0049r0042r0048r0040r0049r0040r0048r... | ### Problem 5: Prefix and Suffix Transformations
#### Answers:
- **(a)**
- `r0047r0036r0057r0036r0055r0037r0056r0049r0042r0048r0040r0049r0040r0048r0040r0049` — big group of villages
- **(b)**
1. `r0047r0036r0053r0036r0039r0044` — man
2. `r0047r0036r0057r0036r0055r0046r0050r0049r0056r0049r0036` — big branch
3. ... | Problem 5:**
- **Morphological Patterns:**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Singular prefix: l-, Plural: V- (V = vowel in following syllable); u- = dual
- **Explanation:** Prefixes denote number.
- **Transformation Rules:**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** -t, t- > r between two vowels; -k... |
2018 | 1 | Problem 1 (20 points). Here are some words in Creek and their English translations.
The mark [r0193] indicates stress:
[r0038r0050r0046r0093] house [r0044r0048r0036r0043r0044r0038r0087r0055r0036] to look out for
[r0038r0076r0197r0047r0050] trout [... | ## Problem 1
**Word structure:**
word = {r0222r0203 | r0222r0204}r0066 {r0222r0203 | r0222r0204}r0066 {r0222r0203 | r0222r0204}r0066 [r0222r0204]
where:
- r0222r0203 = (r0012)r0031r0197 or (r0012)r0031r0031 (long r0054r0060r0047r0047r0036r0037r0047r0040/r0048r0050r0053r0036)
- r0222r0204 = (r0012)r0031 or (r0012)r00... | |
2018 | 2 | Problem 2 (20 points). Here are some sentences in r0017r0036r0046r0043r0056r0049 and their English translations:
1. r0165r0036 ka r0046r0157 ne — Do I go?
2. r0049r0157 r0178r0044r0051 r0055r0056r0179 ne — Did r0060r0050r0056_r0054r0042 sleep?
3. r0165r0036r0037r0050 r0036r0055r0044 r0047r0036r0051r0046r0184r0044 r005... | ## Problem 2
The sentences have the following structure:
\[
\r0037r0040r0042r0044r0049{r0036r0053r0053r0036r0060}{r0038|r0038|r0038|r0038}
S & \{ \r0037r0040r0042r0044r0049{r0036r0053r0053r0036r0060}{r0038} -r0037r0151 \\ r0046r0151r0048r0151 \r0040r0049r0039{r0036r0053r0053r0036r0060} \} & O & V \times \r0055r0040r0... | ### Problem 2
**Morphological Patterns:**
1. **Type**: Person/Number Markers
- **Rule**: -bə = 1st person sg, 2nd person sg; kəmə = 3rd person sg, plural
- **Explanation**: These are suffixes marking the subject and object person and number.
2. **Type**: Person/Number Markers (Suffixes)
- **Rule**: -ɤ for 1... |
2018 | 3 | Problem 3 (20 points). Here are some words in r0029r0040r0053r0084r0049r0036 in two grammatical forms (1st person sg, my ... or I ... ; 2nd person sg, r0060r0050r0056r0053_r0054r0042 ... or r0060r0050r0056_r0054r0042 ...) and their English translations. Some forms are missing.
| 1st person sg | 2nd person sg | ... | ## Problem 3
- 1st person sg:
- if the word contains at least one voiceless consonant, the first one becomes r0049r0036r0054r0036r0047+r0057r0050r0044r0038r0040r0039 ((p r0296 mb, t r0296 nd, h r0296 nz, x r0296 nj, k r0296 ng))
- otherwise the whole word is r0049r0036r0054r0036r0047r0044r0054r0040r0039 (-m)
- 2n... | ### Problem 3
**Phonological Rules:**
1. **Type**: Phonological
- **Rule**: Nasal+voiced transformation for 1st person sg (e.g., p → mb)
- **Explanation**: Converts voiceless consonants into their nasalized versions when 1st person singular subject is involved.
2. **Type**: Phonological
- **Rule**: Vowel ch... |
2018 | 4 | Problem 4 (20 points). Here are some word combinations in Mountain r0010r0053r0036r0051r0040r0054r0043 and their English translations:
1. r0037r0044r0036r0053r0056r0043 r0036r0055r0056r0043 r0036r0053r0036r0053r0056r0043 — 3 sugar canes
2. r0049r0060r0037r0036r0055 r0037r0044r0036r0037r0060r0054 r0045r0056r0043r0056r0... | ## Problem 4
(a) A linguist who was examining the data first thought that the word X was missing in three of the examples above. However, studying the language further, the linguist went on to realize that no word is missing, as the word X is usually not used but implied by the context. Name the word X. In which three... | ### Problem 4
**Morphological Patterns:**
1. **Type**: Singular/Plural Suffixes
- **Rule**: Singular: -b, -h, -g, -t; Plural: -(a)bys, -(a)ruh, -(a)gas, -(o)gu
- **Explanation**: These suffixes convert singular nouns to their plural forms in context-specific ways.
**Numeral Systems:**
1. **Type**: Numeral ope... |
2018 | 5 | Problem 5 (20 points). Below three Akan men who belong to one family introduce themselves and some members of their family (see the family tree):
1. r0034r0152r0041r0053r0152 me r0014r0049r0056. r0034r0152r0041r0053r0152 me r0037r0036r0049r0050r0048 r0029r0043r0040r0048r0036 ne Yaw ne r0010r0048r0036. r0034r0152r0041r... | ## Problem 5
**r0034r0152r0041r0053r0152 me N:** ‘My name is N’
**r0034r0152r0041r0053r0152 me R N:** ‘My R’s name is N’
**ne ...:** ‘and ...’
**-nom:** plural
Terms for a man’s kin:
- **r0040r0049r0036** ‘mother; mother’s sister’
- **r0036r0042r0060r0036** ‘father; father’s brother’
- **r0049r0056r0036** ‘s... | ### Problem 5
**Dictionaries/Vocabularies:**
1. **Type**: Kinship Terms
- **Explanation**: Definitions and relations of kinship terms like 'ɛna', 'agya', 'nua', specify roles and familial relationships.
**Morphological Patterns:**
1. **Type**: Plural Form
- **Rule**: Use of -nom for pluralization
- **Expla... |
2019 | 1 | ```markdown
**Problem 1 (20 points).** Here are some sentences in r0034r0050r0049r0042r0042r0050r0048 and their English translations:
| r0034r0050r0049r0042r0042r0050r0048 Sentence | English Translation |
|-----------------------------------------------|-------------... | Problem 1 Solutions
(a) Translations into English:
12. Om r0037r0040r0049r0056 r0036r0049r0040r0040r0049. — She took the bread and ate it.
13. r0022r0056r0049r0056r0056r0049r0036 r0058r0056r0049r0056r0056r0037. — She comes and we go away.
14. r0032r0044r0049r0042r0046r0044r0044r0058r0036 r0058r0040r0049r0042r0036r0048... | --- Problem 1 ---
**Syntactic Rules**
- Rule: (O) V-I (S = subject; O = object; V = predicate)
- Explanation: Describes a basic word order where the object comes before the predicate.
- Rule: (O₁) V-I = (O₁) V-I
- Explanation: Indicates equivalence in structure or order for a specific context.
- Rule: (O₁) V-I-a... |
2019 | 2 | ```markdown
**Problem 2 (20 points).** Here are some word combinations in r0034r0056r0053r0050r0046 and their English translations in arbitrary order:
1. r0048r0056r0040r0049r0038r0043r0040r0053r0043 r0053r0050r0043r0046r0056r0040r0049
2. r0051r0040r0053r0046r0040r0053r0186r0040r0053r0043 r0043r0050r0047r0040r0040r004... | Problem 2 Solutions
(a) Correct correspondences:
1. r0048r0056r0040r0049r0038r0043r0040r0053r0043 r0053r0050r0043r0046r0056r0040r0049 — G. white ball
2. r0051r0040r0053r0046r0040r0053r0060r0040r0053r0043 r0043r0050r0047r0040r0040r0043r0047 r0188r0058r0040r0053r0049r0040r0053r0043 — M. red hazelnut
3. r0048r0056r0040r... | --- Problem 2 ---
**Syntactic Rules**
- Rule: Word order: A N (A = adjective, N = noun)
- Explanation: Indicates that adjectives precede the nouns they modify.
**Dictionaries/Vocabularies**
- Dictionary Equivalents:
- White (muench), Red (perkery), Brown (s’erkt), Black (ler’erg)
**Grammatical Table**
- Table 1 ... |
2019 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem 4 (20 points). Here are some words and verb roots in West r0029r0036r0053r0036r0049r0042r0036r0049. Each is also given in its r0054r0050-r0038r0036r0047r0047r0040r0039 reduplicated form in two dialects of the language. The reduplicated form is used as a participle or adjective.
| ... | Problem 4 Solutions
North dialect and Coast dialect forms:
r0271 r0152r0055r0036r0047r0040r0121r0036 — North: r0152r0055r0036r0121r0047r0040r0121r0036, Coast: r0152r0055r0036r0047r0040r0047r0040r0121r0036
r0271 r0045r0036r0042r0036 — North: r0045r0036r0042r0045r0036r0042r0036, Coast: r0045r0036r0045r0036r0042r0036
... | --- Problem 4 ---
**Phonological Rules**
- Rule: North dialect: R = C₁V́C₂, but
- C₁ = C₂ → R = C₁V́
- There is a vowel before C₂ → R = C₁V
- Coast dialect: R = C₁V́C₂V₁
- :9V₂ → V₁
- 9V₂ ^C₂ {f, k, g, ŋ, wg} → R = C₁V₁
- Explanation: Describes specific phonological transformations based on dialect variat... |
2019 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem 5 (20 points). Here are some sentences in r0023r0050r0050r0049r0044 that were spoken on different days of the r0023r0050r0050r0049r0044 “week” and their English translations:
spoken on **r0011r0057r0056r0048r0037r0050r0049**
1. r0041r0147r0200r0042r0147r0199 r0038r0088 r0049r0099 r0037r0057r0099r0... | Problem 5 Solutions
(a) Translations into English:
16. r0037r0057r0099r0054r0147r0199r0058 r0049r0142 r0041r0147r0199 r0054r0043r0111 r0049r0055r0041r0142r0197. — r0011r0057r0056r0054r0147r0058 is the day after tomorrow.
17. me r0049r0099 r0121r0042r0083r0197 r0049r0060r0152r0200r0049 r0046r0082r0121r0046r0041r0142 r0... | --- Problem 5 ---
**Syntactic Rules**
- Rule: A (T) nú B ‘A is B’/‘A was B’, T = tense
- Explanation: Word order for stating being in present and past tense.
- Rule: S T V O (with modifiers L D)
- Explanation: Presents order of components in a sentence, subject coming first.
**Morphological Patterns**
- Rule: Fi... |
2021 | 1 | ```markdown
Problem 1 (20 points). Here are some numerals in r0014r0046r0036r0053r0044 and their values:
| r0014r0046r0036r0053r0044 numeral | Value |
|----------------------------------------|-------|
| r0058r0044r0045r0036 | 2 |
| r0037r0040r0049r0050r00... | Problem 1 Solutions
(a) Numerals in digits:
r0271 r0048r0050r0040r0055r0050 r0058r0036r0053r0050r0040r0058r0050 — 480
r0271 r0044r0045r0040r0048r0036 r0045r0050r0046r0036 r0053r0036r0055r0044 — 39
r0271 r0048r0050r0040r0055r0050 r0058r0044r0039r0050 ma r0037r0040r0049r0050r0048r0044 ka wi — 186
(b) Write out in r... | **Problem 1**
1. **Type:** Numeral System
**Rule:** α-ma 10β = 10β +α (1 ≤ α ≤ 9, 1 ≤ β ≤ 5)
**Explanation:** Describes a numeral pattern where α acts as a coefficient added to the product of a base 10 number multiplied by β.
2. **Type:** Numeral System
**Rule:** ije 10(β +1) = ijema 10β (1 ≤ β ≤ 5)
... |
2021 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem 2 (20 points). Here are some words in Zuni and their English translations in arbitrary order:
1. r0048r0050r0038r0043r0044r0046r0058r0036 r0039r0036r0055r0039r0036:r0058r0040
2. r0043r0036r0060r0036:r0058r0040
3. r0039r0050r0046r0050:r0046r0050 r0048r0050r0268r0047r0040
4. r0048r0036:r0038r0043r004... | Problem 2 Solutions
(a) Correct correspondences:
1. r0048r0050:r0038r0043r0044r0046r0058r0036 r0039r0036r0055r0039r0036:r0058r0040 — I. peach trees
2. r0043r0036r0060r0036:r0058r0040 — G. piles of leaves
3. r0039r0050r0046r0050:r0046r0050 r0048r0050r0268r0047r0040 — H. chicken egg
4. r0048r0036:r0038r0043r0044r0046r0... | **Problem 2**
1. **Type:** Morphological Patterns
**Rule:** -ya collectivity: homa- ‘juniper leaf’ + -ya → homa-ya- ‘juniper branch’
**Explanation:** Indicates the use of the suffix '-ya' to denote collectivity.
2. **Type:** Morphological Patterns
**Rule:** N-:-N (N = noun): ha- ‘leaves’ + k’yawe ‘wate... |
2021 | 3 | ```markdown
Problem 3 (20 points). Here are some sentences in English and their r0020r0044r0047r0044r0057r0044r0047r0036 translations:
1. One man will catch these four fish.
r0011r0044r0037r0036r0049r0044 r0049r0036r0057r0036r0054r0044 r0060r0040r0049r0036 r0048r0044r0049r0036r0054r0044r0049r0036 r0055r0040r0055r... | Problem 3 Solutions
(a) Translations into English:
14. r0023r0036r0057r0044r0047r0036 r0057r0044r0057r0044r0047r0036 r0037r0044r0060r0036r0048r0036r0055r0036 r0055r0050r0048r0058r0036r0060r0036 r0048r0055r0050r0049r0036? — How many women will this old man look after?
15. r0011r0044r0046r0036r0048r0046r0058r0036r0048r0... | **Problem 3**
1. **Type:** Syntactic Rules
**Rule:** V(O)S
**Explanation:** Indicates the word order where the verb optionally takes an object before the subject.
2. **Type:** Syntactic Rules
**Rule:** QVX
**Explanation:** Specifies word order where interrogative elements precede the verb and obje... |
2021 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem 4 (20 points). r0010r0042r0037r0044r0053r0044r0042r0037r0036 is a cant, or secret language, used by around 30 speakers of the r0024r0042r0037r0036r0046r0044r0053r0044 dialect of the r0018r0046r0058r0040r0053r0053r0040 language. Here are some words in the r0024r0042r0037r0036r0046r0044r0053r0044 dial... | Problem 4 Solutions
(a) Exception and corrected form:
r0271 r0055r0226 r0202r0048r0200r0226 r0202r0055r0200r0226 r0202r0049r0200r0226 r0202r0200 is the exception, and the corrected form should be r0055r0259r0048r0226 r0202r0055r0200r0226 r0202r0049r0200r0226 r0202r0200.
(b) r0010r0042r0037r0044r0053r0044r0042r0037r... | **Problem 4**
1. **Type:** Phonological Rules
**Rule:** tV- before CV0;
**Explanation:** Rule involving the insertion of 'tV-' for specific consonant and vowel environments.
2. **Type:** Phonological Rules
**Rule:** CV́ > tV́-CV́; CV̂ > tV̂-CV̂; CV̀ > tV̀-CV̀
**Explanation:** Rules for transformin... |
2021 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem 5 (20 points). Here are some words in r0027r0044r0046r0037r0036r0046r0055r0054r0036 and their English translations:
| r0036r0043r0036r0051r0040r0053r0060 | I waited for r0060r0050r0056_r0051r0047 |
| r0055r0054r0044r0046r0054r0044 | r0060r0050r0056_r0054r0042 left |
| r00... | Problem 5 Solutions
(a) Translations into English:
r0271 r0036r0043r0036r0053r0036r0051r0060r0053r0060r0046 — I hugged you
r0271 r0048r0060r0048r0060r0037r0050r0053r0050 — He will bite us
r0271 uru — I slept
r0271 r0055r0054r0044r0046r0054r0044r0058r0060r0049r0036r0043r0036 — We cut them up (past)
r0271 r0044r00... | **Problem 5**
1. **Type:** Verb Morphology
**Rule:** Verb structure: subject tense (object-) root (-subject)
**Explanation:** Describes positioning of subject, tense, object, and root in verb construction.
2. **Type:** Verb Morphology
**Rule:** Verb agreement and tense: my-C ik-, tsi-C ik-, ts-V, p-V, ... |
2022 | 1 | ```markdown
**Problem 1 (20 points).** Here are some forms of the r0030r0037r0060r0046r0043 verb to give and their English translations:
| r0030r0037r0060r0046r0043 Form | English Translation |
|--------------|------------------------------|
| 1. r0058r0036r0130r0189r0055r0189r0185r0036r0049 | we give r0060... | ### Problem 1 Solutions
(a) Other translation: I give him to r0060r0050r0056_{r0051r0047}.
(b) Translations into English:
10. r0036r0130r0188r0151r0049r0055r0185r0151r0049 — He gives him to us.
11. r0054r0151r0128r0185r0055r0185r0036r0049 — r0034r0050r0056_{r0051r0047} give him to me.
12. r0130r0188r0151r0058r0151r00... | **Problem 1**
- **Type:** Morphological Patterns
- **Rule:** 1st person sg s-, 1st person pl š’-, 2nd person sg w-, 2nd person pl ŝʷ-, 3rd person sg a- ∅- n-, 3rd person pl a- na-
- **Explanation:** These are person markers for the subject and object in singular and plural forms. They indicate who the subject and ... |
2022 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem 2 (20 points). Here are some words in Alabama and their English translations in arbitrary order:
1. r0036r0038r0043r0076r0049r0075r0036r0046r0036
2. r0036r0038r0043r0036r0049r0049r0044
3. r0036r0043r0036r0048r0036r0055r0047r0044
4. r0036r0043r0076r0048r0048r0036r0055r0046r0036
5. r0036r0051r0092r00... | ### Problem 2 Solutions
(a) Correspondences:
1. r0036r0038r0043r0076r0049r0049r0075r0036r0046r0036 — G. it leans against something
2. r0036r0038r0043r0036r0049r0049r0044 — N. he leans them against something
3. r0036r0043r0036r0048r0036r0055r0047r0044 — R. he scatters it, he scatters them
4. r0036r0043r0076r0048r0048r0... | **Problem 2**
- **Type:** Phonological Rules
- **Rule:** l → C | C (C ∈ { b, f, ɬ, n })
- **Explanation:** The phoneme 'l' changes to 'C' when preceded by certain consonants (b, f, ɬ, n).
- **Rule:** b → m | C (C denotes any consonant)
- **Explanation:** The phoneme 'b' changes to 'm' when followed by a conso... |
2022 | 3 | ```markdown
## Problem 3 (20 points).
Here are some sentences in r0023|r0056r0056r0360r0046r0044 and their English translations:
| 1. | r0179r0050r0197 r0155r0047r0044 r0165 | — Does the man see me? |
| 2. | r0155r0047r0036 r0182r0036r0056r0046r0040r0036 r0165 r0165r0163r0153 | — Are r0060r0050r0056r0292r0283 afrai... | ### Problem 3 Solutions
(a) Translations into English:
17. *na r0046r0036r0038r0056r0056r0179r0044 r0121 r0155r0137r0056 r0059r0036r0040 r0121 r0140r0056r0056 r0140r0179r0036r0044* — I ask if it is r0060r0050r0056\_{r0051r0047} whom my grandfather calls.
18. *na r0138r0056 si r0054r0113r0044r0054r0040r0049 r0121 r01... | **Problem 3**
- **Type:** Syntactic Rules
- **Rule:** (O (cid:5) ) (ŋ O′ ) ∗ L L 0 f ke kee declarative main clause, ∅ xae interrogative sentence; subordinate clause
- **Explanation:** This rule represents the word order for declarative and interrogative sentences, involving focus, subject, object, and various mar... |
2022 | 4 | ```markdown
## Problem 4 (20 points).
Here are the family trees of two families of r0010r0053r0036r0037r0036r0049r0036 speakers. In these trees, siblings are arranged from oldest to youngest going from left to right:
```
r0328r0316r0316r0316r0329
r0317 r0317
r0328r0316r0316r0316r0316r0316r03... | ### Problem 4 Solutions
(a) Mapping:
1 = I
2 = Q
3 = W
4 = O
5 = S
6 = V
7 = H
8 = P
9 = N
10 = X
11 = U
12 = J
13 = L
14 = M
15 = T
16 = R
17 = K
18 = F
19 = A
20 = D
21 = G
22 = C
23 = E
24 = B
(b) Fill in the blanks:
(r0044)r0049r0043r0056r0051r0036
(r0044r0044)r00... | |
2022 | 5 | ```markdown
**Problem 5 (20 points).** r0025r0053r0050r0055r0050-r0012r0043r0036r0048r0044r0038 is the theorized common ancestor of all the languages in the r0012r0043r0036r0048r0044r0038 group within the Austronesian family. It was reconstructed by linguists by comparing its many r0051r0053r0040r0054r0040r0049r0055-r0... | ### Problem 5 Solutions
(a) *r0051r0043r0044r0036r0071r0071.
(b) Fill in the blanks:
1. r0047r0044r0179r0067r0275
2. r0055r0036r0197r0049r0179r0275r0067
3. r0051r0043r0036r0276r0276
4. r0044r0046r0036r0179
5. r0046r0036r0179r0067r0275
6. r0055r0036r0051r0036
7. r0051r0036r0071r0071
8. r0048r0160r0055r0036r0060
9. r00... | **Problem 5**
- **Type:** Phonological Rules
- **Rule:** – {*b, *d, *g, *j} > {p, t, k, c}
- **Explanation:** Consonant shifts where voiced stops and affricates become voiceless ones.
- **Rule:** NV > Nɨ
- **Explanation:** Nasal + vowel sequences modify the vowel.
- **Rule:** – *ʔV > V
- **Rule:** – (con... |
2023 | 1 | Problem 1 (20 points). Here are two different forms of some verbs in r0016r0056r0036r0061r0036r0038r0036r0051r0076r0049 r0033r0044r0049r0046r0036 and their English translations:
| Form 1 | Form 2 | Translation |
|-------------|--------------|--------------------------|
| 1. r0051r0044r0053r0044... | ## Problem 1
**(a)** Fill in the gaps in rows 15-18:
| Form 1 | Form 2 | Translation |
|-----------|-------------|--------------|
| 15. r0049r0040r0055r0046r0036r0060' | r0044r0049r0049r0040r0055r0036r0046'r0036 | push |
| 16. r0046r0044r0053r0044r0060' | r0044r0042r0042r0044r0053'r0044 | pull ... | **Problem 1**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Rule**: n → m | {p, p’}
- **Explanation**: The nasal sound `n` changes to `m` before the bilabial stops `p` or `p’`.
- **Rule**: -CV → -C’V (ʂʼ → ʦʼ)
- **Explanation**: Consonant-vowel sequences can undergo a change where the consonant is articulated as a dif... |
2023 | 2 | ```markdown
## Problem 2 (20 points).
Here are some sentences in r0010r0051r0056r0053r0044r0049r0078 and their approximate English equivalents:
| 1. | r0049r0056r0055r0036 r0054r0060r0046r0036r0053r0056 r0049r0060r0046r0036r0049r0036r0058r0036r0055r0040 r0056r0058r0036r0048r0056r0046r0036r0053r0060 | } | I gave my c... | ## Problem 2
- Word order:
- S V DO (IO) r0307 DO V (IO) (r0028r0285r0290r0287r0289r0286)
(S = subject; V = predicate (verb);
DO = direct object; IO = indirect object [-r0048r0050r0046r0036r0053r0056r0047])
- possessor | possessed
| | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg | 3rd person sg |
|-------... | **Problem 2**
1. **Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule**: S V DO (IO) ≡ DO SV (IO) (S)
- **Explanation**: Displays flexibility in word order, allowing direct objects to precede the subject and verb in the presence of an indirect object.
- **Rule**: possessor possessed
- **Explanation**: The possessor precedes the ... |
2023 | 3 | ```markdown
Problem 3 (20 points). Here are some sentences in Coastal r0022r0036r0053r0044r0049r0039 and their English translations:
| 1. | r0050r0037-r0039r0036r0043r0040r0055r0050r0046 | — r0034r0050r0056r0054r0042 really returned. |
| 2. | r0049r0036r0046r0040-r0039r0036r0043r0040r0055r0... | ## Problem 3
1. subject:
- r0049r0036r0046 1st person
- o 2nd person sg
- e 2nd person pl
2.
- b ‘really’
- bat ‘Aw, ——,’
- r0037r0036r0048 ‘Oh, ——!’
3. a (subject = 3rd person sg)
4. um ‘in vain’
5. e {subject, object} = 1st person pl
\[
\r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0046r0037 > mb; e o > i u | __ C*... | **Problem 3**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Pattern**: `subject: ana, o, nak, aɣa, e, a`
- **Explanation**: Prefixes or words identifying the subject distinguish first, second (singular and plural), and third person subjects.
2. **Transformation Rules**
- **Rule**: kb → mb; eo → iu | C\* V C\* V C\* \#
... |
2023 | 4 | ```markdown
## Problem 4 (20 points).
Here are some verb forms in Plains Cree and their English translations:
| | |
|---------------------|----------------------------------|
| 1. r0048r0044r0048r0036r0058r0044r0049r0108r0054r0046r0050r0048r0044r0046 | — he chal... | ## Problem 4
- **S = subject, O = object**
### Tables and Rules
#### Prefixes and Roots
- **ni-**:
- 2nd person r0301 {S, O}
- r0304 1st person r0300 {S, O} + root +
- **ki-**:
- 2nd person r0300 {S, O}
#### Suffixes
| S | O |
|---|---|
| 1|2 | 3 | -r0104(r0058) |
| 1 | 2 | -r0044r0055-r0044r0049 |
| 2 |... | **Problem 4**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule**: ni- for when ∧1st person ∈ {S;O}
- **Explanation**: Indicates morphological prefixes used in contexts involving the first person.
- **Rule**: ki- for when 2nd person ∈ {S;O}
- **Explanation**: Shows the usage of ki- when the second person is part ... |
2023 | 5 | ```markdown
## Problem 5 (20 points).
Here are some numerals in r0028r0056r0051r0060r0044r0053r0040 and their values:
| r0028r0056r0051r0060r0044r0053r0040 | Value |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------|
| r0... | ## Problem 5
- \[ 400 : \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0046r0036r0048r0051r0058r0050r0050} \]
\[ \alpha_1 \times 400 : \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0046r0036r0048r0051r0058r0147r0043r0044r0044 } \alpha_1 \]
- \[ 80 : \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0121r0046r0056r0056} \]
\[ \alpha_2 \times 80 : \r0055r0040r0059r0055{r0121r0046r0058r005... | **Problem 5**
1. **Numeral Systems**
- **Rule**: 400 : kampwoo, 80 : ŋkuu, 20 : beɲjaaga
- **Explanation**: Base numeral values are assigned specific lexical items.
2. **Transformation Rules for Numerals**
- **Rule**: Conversion of base structures with multipliers, `kampwɔhii ×400`, `ŋkwuu ×80`, `be- ×20`
... |
2024 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Here are some verb forms in r0020r0050r0053r0060r0036r0046 and their English translations:
1. r0055r0151r0045r0040r0046r0048r0044r0120r0121r0151r0049r0040r0055 — I will catch them (du)
2. r0046r0040r0046r0048r0044r0120r0121r0151r0049r0040r0058 — you (sg) catch them (pl)
3. r0048r0151r0055... | Problem 1:
(a) Translate into English:
19. r0046r0056r0047r0047r0040r0121r0151r0049 — r0060r0050r0056(r0054r0042) lead him
20. r0045r0044r0049r0040r0045r0042r0056r0121r0055r0151r0046 — r0060r0050r0056(r0039r0056) will bite me
21. r0055r0040r0046r0048r0044r0049r0049r0040r0058 — I caught r0055r0043r0040r0048(r0051r0047)
... | ### Problem 1
#### Morphological Patterns
1. **Type**: Person/Number Markers
**Rule**: subject (t- 1st person sg, mət- 1st person du/1st person pl, ∅- 2nd person sg, ne- 3rd person du=3rd person pl)
**Explanation**: Markers indicating the subject's person and number.
2. **Type**: Morphological
**Rule**... |
2024 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Here are some word combinations in r0017r0036r0039r0061r0036 and their English translations.
1. r0038r0043r0056r0055r0044r0054r0036 r0061r0061r0050r0046r0058r0036r0049r0036r0046r0050 — the giraffe’s neck
2. r0036r0055r0043r0056r0044r0055r0038r0043r0036 r0054r0047r0044r0048r0044r0037r0044r00... | Problem 2:
(a) Correct correspondences:
19. r0058r0044r0053r0044r0046r0050 — D. short, thick root
20. r0053r0050r0050r0037r0040r0040 — C. horns (r0040.r0042., of r0039r0044r0046-r0039r0044r0046r0054)
21. r0048r0056'r0036 — B. thin twig
22. r0061r0061r0036r0043r0056r0037r0044r0044 — A. tails (r0040.r0042., of leopards)
... | ### Problem 2
#### Morphological Patterns
1. **Type**: Possessor Markers
**Rule**: POSS (possessor) -ma (sg), -itcha* (pl)
**Explanation**: Morphological markers for singular and plural possessors.
2. **Type**: Possessed Markers
**Rule**: sfx (suffix for possessed) -∅ (sg), -bii* (pl)
**Explanatio... |
2024 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
You are given the family tree of a r0020r0050r0048r0049r0061r0050-r0054r0051r0040r0036r0046r0044r0049r0042 family and statements describing the family members’ relation to each other. Siblings are displayed in descending age order from left to right. The position of one family member, r0029r00... | Problem 1:
(a) Translate into English:
19. r0046r0056r0047r0047r0040r0121r0151r0049 — r0060r0050r0056(r0054r0042) lead him
20. r0045r0044r0049r0040r0045r0042r0056r0121r0055r0151r0046 — r0060r0050r0056(r0039r0056) will bite me
21. r0055r0040r0046r0048r0044r0049r0049r0040r0058 — I caught r0055r0043r0040r0048(r0051r0047)
... | ### Problem 3
#### Dictionaries/Vocabularies
1. **Type**: Kinship Terms
**Rule**:
- ŋafe: father
- ŋame: mother
- nge: child
- zath: grandfather, grandson
- nane: elder sibling
**Explanation**: Vocabulary for kinship identification. |
2024 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
Here are some word combinations in r0013r0077r0058 and their English translations in arbitrary order:
1. r0081r0175r0048 ’aa’
2. r0039r0077r0058 r0081r0175r0175r0048
3. r0039r0077r0058 r0049r0095r0053
4. r0039r0077r0058 r0049r0095r0053 r0046r0040r0040r0055
5. r0039r0077r0058 r0055r009... | Problem 4:
(a) Correct correspondences:
1. r0081r0175r0048 'aa' (foot — receptacle): C. r0041r0047r0044r0051-r0041r0047r0050r0051r0054
2. r0039r0077r0058 r0081r0175r0175r0048 (person — foot): I. foot
3. r0039r0077r0058 r0049r0095r0053 (person — mouth): B. mouth
4. r0039r0077r0058 r0049r0095r0053 r0046r0040r0040r0055 (p... | ### Problem 4
#### Dictionaries/Vocabularies
1. **Type**: Compound Nouns and Meanings
**Rule**:
- çʉm’aa’: foot—receptacle, C.flip-flops
- dâwnõr: person—mouth, B.mouth
- dâwçʉʉm: person—foot, I.foot
**Explanation**: Compound noun structures and their meanings combine basic linguistic constructs li... |
2024 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
In r0034r0036r0049r0060r0056r0058r0036, men and women have some differences in how they speak. Here are some sentences in the women’s dialect of r0034r0036r0049r0060r0056r0058r0036 and their English translations:
1. r0049r0060r0036-r0036r0053r0039r0056 r0046r0044r0058r0036-r0058r0036r0049r004... | Problem 5:
(a) Translate into English:
15. r0048r0044r0053r0049r0044r0049r0042r0044r0060r0036 r0046r0036-r0058r0056r0047r0056r0048r0036r0047r0036 — The man will run.
16. r0049r0060r0056-r0048r0056r0049r0036r0049r0042r0036r0047r0056 r0046r0036r0047r0044r0047r0056-r0058r0056r0039r0056r0053r0053r0056r0048r0036 r0047r0044-... | ### Problem 5
#### Syntactic Rules
1. **Type**: Word Order
**Rule**: SV (S = subject of an intransitive verb; V = verb), A-luVP (A = subject of a transitive verb; P = direct object)
**Explanation**: Structure of subject and verb in intransitive and transitive sentences.
#### Morphological Patterns
1. **Type... |
2025 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Here are some numbers in r0013r0061r0050r0049r0042r0046r0043r0036 and their numerical values:
- 1 — ci
- 3 — sum
- 8 — ge
- 12 — r0038r0056r0165r0044
- 17 — r0038r0056r0051r0039r0060r0049
- 19 — r0038r0060r0042r0056
For higher numbers, r0013r0061r0050r0049r0042r0046r0043r0036 uses two differ... | Problem 1:
(a) Fill in blanks r0033–r0035:
[X] = 60 = r0149r0056r0046r0038r0056
[Y] = 62 = ke sum da r0165r0044
[Z] = 885 = r0165r0044r0148r0056 r0165r0044 da ke r0177r0044 da r0121r0036
(b) Write with digits:
(1) 13 + 70 = 83
(2) 800 = 20 r0074 40
(3) 469 = 50 r0074 9 + 19
(4) 600 + 110 = 500 + 210
(5) 2 r0074 3/4 + ... | Problem 1:**
- **Numeral Systems**
- **Type:** System A
- **Rule:** β × 20(+α) = ke β (da α)
- **Explanation:** Represents a numeral calculus rule where a base (β) is multiplied by 20 and optionally an addition of α.
- **Rule:** β × 20 + 10 → kepɟe-da β +1
- **Explanation:** Adjusts the numeral by ad... |
2025 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Here are some phrases in r0016r0036r0036r0043r0048r0042 and their English translations in arbitrary order:
r0016r0036r0036r0043r0048r0042 phrases (numbered)
1. r0104 r0041r0151r0203r0049r0039r0151r0200r0042
2. r0076 r0048r0076r0076r0048r0075r0075r0039
3. r0076 r0055r0076r0076r0090r0075
4. r00... | Problem 2:
(a) Correct correspondences:
1–J, 2–A, 3–D, 4–T, 5–E, 6–S, 7–F, 8–B, 9–P, 10–L, 11–H, 12–N, 13–G, 14–M, 15–Q, 16–K, 17–O, 18–I, 19–C, 20–R
(b) Explanation:
his grandmother; his grandfather — r0152 does not have high tone before kinship terms.
(c) Translate to English:
21. r0104r0042 r0037r0147r0199r0147r01... | Problem 2:**
- **Syntactic Rules**
- **Word Order:**
- **Rule:** inalienable possession: possessor + noun
- **Rule:** alienable possession: noun + possessor
- **Explanation:** Demonstrates different constructions based on possession type.
- **Morphological Patterns**
- **Type:** Possessive Pronouns
... |
2025 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
Here are some sentences in r0020r0056r0053r0044r0036 and their English translations:
1. r0036r0036r0043r0036 — He has given (something).
2. r0036r0036r0361r0044r0049r0141 — He has sung (something).
3. r0036r0054r0076r0076r0048r0037r0036 — He burns (something).
4. r0049r0049r0036r0036r00... | Problem 3:
(a) Mark correct tones:
20. r0036r0043r0083r0083r0055r0093r0046r0036
(b) Translate to English:
21. r0361r0036r0036r0054r0056r0046r0056r0053r0076 — They have rubbed (something).
22. r0055r0050r0050r0054r0060r0036 r0044r0183r0087r0087r0048r0037r0083r0156r0050 — We have ground the seeds.
23. r0049r0039r0093r00... | Problem 3:**
- **Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Word Order
- **Rule:** verb(object)
- **Explanation:** Specifies that verb precedes the object in the sentence.
- **Morphological Patterns**
- **Verb Morphology:**
- **Rule:** ‘indeed’: n-, subject: -n-1st person sg, -to-1st person pl, -a-3rd person ... |
2025 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
Here are some phrases in r0020r0040r0058r0036 and their English translations:
Given data (numbered)
1. r0053r0040r0051r0040r0049r0036-r0044r0049r0044 — coals of a fire
2. r0048r0040r0049r0036-r0044r0053r0044 — tough grass
3. ora r0036r0039r0036r0036 r0051r0050r0053r0044r0051r0056 — tempes... | Problem 4:
(a) Match 15-39 with r0010-r0034:
15–D, 16–N, 17–T, 18–L, 19–W, 20–O, 21–Y, 22–H, 23–I, 24–G, 25–A, 26–Q, 27–C, 28–V, 29–P, 30–K, 31–U, 32–F, 33–M, 34–E, 35–J, 36–X, 37–S, 38–R, 39–B
(b) Translate to English:
40. r0053r0040r0051r0040r0049r0036 — tree; fire
41. r0036r0042r0036r0036 — mouth; speech
42. r0044r... | |
2025 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
In one psycholinguistics study, native speakers of r0020r0036r0052r0038r0043r0044r0046r0040r0047 undertook a task in which they repeatedly had to judge whether a sentence they heard accurately described a picture they saw. While participants were listening to the sentences, their brain activit... | Problem 5:
(a) Fill in blanks r0010-r0018:
A = r0052'r0085r0052, B = ri, C = r0033r0040r0053r0050r0060r0050r0045, D = ri r0055r0036r0052 r0059r0036r0053, E = r0033r0046r0044r0049r0089r0048 ri r0055r0036r0052 r0046r0079r0052, F = ri r0059r0036r0053 ri r0055r0036r0052 r0054r0079r0052, G = Ri r0055r0036r0052 r0059r0036r00... | Problem 5:**
- **Syntactic Rules**
- **Type:** Word Order
- **Rule:** VXY, XVY ({X, Y} = {S, O}; V = verb, S = subject, O = object)
- **Explanation:** Describes possible orders of words in relation to their grammatical function.
- **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule:** Noun: ri (pl: taq) NO S
- **Explan... |
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