year stringdate 2004-01-01 00:00:00 2025-01-01 00:00:00 | problem_number int64 1 5 | problem_text stringlengths 1.04k 7k | solution stringlengths 104 7.22k | solution_rules stringlengths 0 2.35k |
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2004 | 1 | ### Problem No.1 (10 points)
Consider the following sentences in r0020r0036r0060r0036r0051r0050r0071 language (printed in Latin transliteration) and their English translations:
r0010r0055r0050r0053r0050 r0046r0084r0055 You are not dancing
Ba r0048r0262 r0048r0262 r0036r0049r0043r0084 We are de... | ### Problem 1
#### Assignment a: Translate into English
1. **r0010r0045r0040 r0044r0046r0056r0053r0056 r0046r0084r0055**
*You are not devouring us.*
2. **Ba m! r0036r0046r0056**
*We are devouring you or I am devouring you guys.*
3. **r0018r0053r0084r0053r0084 r0046r0084r0055**
*We are not swimming.*
#... | **Problem No. 1**
1. **Morphological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Direct object is expressed by a verb prefix (i - for first person, a - for second person).
- **Explanation:** Indicates how direct objects are marked on verbs.
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** In affi... |
2004 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem No.2 (10 points)
A translator at the Swift News agency, which regularly receives lots of material in English, tries to work as fast and efficiently as possible, and therefore first translates titles of articles and only then some of the articles. Because of this technique, however, some of the titl... | ### Problem 2
#### Correct Corresponding Titles:
1. **Title 4: New Crisis in r0011r0047r0040r0041r0056r0054r0038r0056 Threatens Collapse of Peace Talks**
*Correct Translation: "New crisis in r0011r0047r0040r0041r0056r0054r0038r0056 threatens to destroy peace talks."*
2. **Title 8: Suspension of Talks Threatens Pe... | |
2004 | 3 | ### Problem No.3 (10 points)
Consider fourteen Latin words and their English translations:
r0037r0036r0053r0037r0036 "beard" r0057r0044r0039r0056r0036 "widow"
r0039r0114r0057r0044r0039r0044r0055 "he divides" r0048r0050r0053r0039r0104r0059 "biting"
r0041r0132r0048r0056r0054 "smoke" r004... | ### Problem 3
#### Assignment 1: Identify the word that never contained the "dh" sound
1. **Answer: "r0041r0056r0048r0050" (smoke)**
*Explanation: In Latin, the transition of the "dh" sound typically involved changes like "dh" -> "f". This word did not undergo this transition.*
#### Assignment 2: Identify words tha... | **Problem No. 3**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** At the beginning of a word, dh was replaced by f.
- **Explanation:** Specifies sound change at the word-initial position.
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** After or before r, dh was replaced by b.
- *... |
2004 | 4 | ### Problem No.4 (10 points)
Consider some words of r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036r0067 language (in Latin transliteration):
r0046r0113r0061r0036 a single r0043r0044r0042r0043-r0051r0044r0055r0038r0043r0040r0039 tone sounds
r0136r0036r0055r0036 it *(r0040.r0042. a road)* forks into two parts
r0130r... | ### Problem 4
#### Assignment a: Matching r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 Words with Translations
1. **r0046'r0040**)
*It sparks.*
2. **r0046'r0040r0061)**
*It is fractured.*
3. **r0051r0043r0040r0130r0049r0044r0136r0036**
*The surface is in a scratched condition.*
4. **r0054r0056r0061r0036**
... | **Problem No. 4**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** Fricative consonants may transition among sibilants (s, z), hushes (ʃ, ʒ), or velars (x, ɣ), with voiceless consonants corresponding to their voiced variants.
- **Explanation:** Describes how fricative sounds change while... |
2004 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem No.5 (10 points)
The table below contains r0012r0043r0056r0057r0036r0054r0043r0068 verbs (in Latin transliteration) and their English translations. Some of the data has been left out.
| Chuvash | English | Chuvash | English |
|... | ### Problem 5
#### Fill in the Gaps for Chuvash Verbs:
| Word | Translation |
| | **Problem No. 5**
1. **Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** When the intransitive verb is derived from the transitive, use -an/-én suffix if ending in a consonant or -v if in a vowel.
- **Explanation:** Describes suffix pattern for deriving intransitive verbs.
- **Rule T... |
2005 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 marks)
Below you see sentences in the r0029r0061r0050r0055r0061r0044r0047 language (in the dialect of San Lorenzo r0035r0044r0049r0036r0038r0036r0049r0055r0083r0049) and their English translations:
1. **“Oy ‘ox r0267r0044r0059r0044r0048 ta ana r0049r0036r0059.**
You had corn at home today.
2. ... | Problem 1: r0029r0061r0050r0055r0061r0044r0047
Assignment 1: Translate into English
16. r0012r0043r0268r0036r0037r0036r0047 r0036r0047r0040r0046r0044r0047 r0267r0044r0059r0044r0048.
There is no good corn.
17. Mi ‘oy ‘ox r0057r0050r0037 ta r0046r0268r0044r0049?
Will there be music at the party?
18. r0020r0268r0056r... | ### Problem 1
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule**: Affirmative sentences (declarative and interrogative) contain the word ‘oy’ ‘be, exist’. Declarative sentences begin with this word.
- **Explanation**: This rule explains the starting structure of declarative sentences in the language.
- **Rule**: General questions be... |
2005 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 marks)
Several r0021r0036r0049r0042r0050 words and phrases are given with their unordered translations:
- **r0039r0060r0083 ot**
- **r0039r0060r0083 r0055r0060r0083r0049**
- **gin**
- **gin r0058r0044r0038**
- **fig**
- **fig r0058r0083r0042**
- **ot r0038r0040r0048**
- **r0058r0044r0038 ot**
**Tra... | Problem 2: r0021r0036r0049r0042r0050
Assignment 1: Pair up the words with their correct translations.
r0271 r0039r0060r0083 ot — eyeball
r0271 r0039r0060r0083 r0055r0060r0083r0049 — grain
r0271 gin — garment
r0271 gin r0058r0044r0038 — hat
r0271 fig — sole of foot
r0271 fig r0058r0083r0042 — floor
r0271 ot r00... | ### Problem 2
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule**: The order of the words in the Lango phrases: possessed+possessor (e.g., hat = 'gin wic' ‘garment of the head’ but roof = 'wic Ot' ‘head of the house’).
- **Explanation**: Describes possessive structure in phrases.
#### Dictionaries/Vocabularies
- **Rule**: Meaning ‘h... |
2005 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 marks)
Consider the following r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 numerals (transcribed in Roman letters):
1. **8** — r0049r0050r0047r0047r0050r0058
2. **15** — r0036r0055r0059r0056r0045r0051r0047r0050r0058
3. **49** — r0036r0055r0047r0050r0058 r0049r0050r0051r0054r0047 r0050r0049r0055r0054r0047r0047r0050... | Problem 3: r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 Numerals
Assignment 1: Determine the values of the following r0022r0036r0049r0054r0044 numerals:
r0271 r0036r0055r0054r0036r0055r0049 at — 155
r0271 r0119r0050r0047r0054r0036r0055 r0049r0050r0051r0054r0047 r0059r0050r0055 — 408
r0271 r0050r0049r0055r0037r0047r0047r0050r0058r005... | ### Problem 3
#### Numeral Systems
- **Rule**: Mansi numerals are exemplified:
- 5 = 'at', 50 = 'atlow', 6 = 'xot', 60 = 'xotlow', 8 = 'nollow', 80 = 'nolsat', 9 = 'ontbllow', 90 = 'ontplsat'
- **Explanation**: Shows the system of forming numerals in Mansi, including base numbers and combinations.
- **Rule**: F... |
2005 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 marks)
Below you see phrases in the Yoruba language (in phonetic transcription) and their literal English translations:
1. **[r0036r0045r0050 r0050r0046r0050]** — the husband’s dog
2. **[r0044r0047r0083 r0082r0047r0099]** — the stranger’s city
3. **[r0044r0042r0044 r0086r0060r0076]** — the mothe... | Problem 4: Yoruba
Assignment 1: Translate into English
14. [r0092r0058r0076 r0075r0046r0082]
The arrival of the axe.
15. [r0082r0037r0082 r0082r0047r0099]
The city’s vicinity.
16. [r0092r0046r0092 r0050r0060r0036]
The witch’s husband.
17. [r0036r0045r0083 r0082r0047r0099]
The city’s witch.
Assignment 2: Translat... | ### Problem 4
#### Phonological Rules
- **Rule**: If the second word begins with 'i', this sound assimilates to the final vowel of the first word; if it begins with another vowel (a, €, @, o, 0), the final vowel of the first word assimilates to this sound.
- **Explanation**: Details vowel assimilation between words... |
2005 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 marks)
In Lithuanian nouns, the accent may move according to the number and the case of the nouns, r0044.r0040., different syllables may be accented in different forms of the same word. The pattern of accent movement is called the accent paradigm of the noun.
There are two types of syllables in Lith... | Problem 5: Lithuanian Accent Paradigms
Assignment 1: Determine which accent paradigms originally belonged together.
r0271 Paradigm 1 and Paradigm 3
r0271 Paradigm 2 and Paradigm 4
Assignment 2: Determine what the initial accent paradigms looked like.
r0271 Paradigm 1/3: Accents were on the root syllables for sin... | ### Problem 5 (Implicit from Paradigm Analysis)
#### Phonological Rules
- **Rule**: The syllable type always remains the same within the same root or ending; e.g., roots have falling intonation in certain paradigms.
- **Explanation**: Intonation consistency within morphological forms.
#### Morphological Patterns
... |
2006 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Below you see r0053r0050r0048r0036r0049r0044r0054r0040r0039 sentences in the r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 language and their English translations:
| r0021r0036r0046r0043r0050r0055r0036 | English |
|---------------------------------... | ### Problem 1: Verb Morphology and Syntax
#### Rules:
1. **Word Order:** r0028r0056r0037r0045r0040r0038r0055-r0024r0037r0045r0040r0038r0055-r0031r0040r0053r0037 (r0028r0024r0031).
2. **Article:** `ki` (used after nouns).
3. **Interrogative Marker:** Sentences end in `he` to indicate a question.
4. **Subject and Object ... | ### Problem #1
**Syntactic Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** The word order is SOV.
- **Explanation:** Subject-Object-Verb is the fixed sequence for sentences.
2. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Nouns are followed by ki.
- **Explanation:** The article "ki" follows nouns.
**Morphologi... |
2006 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
The plural of Catalan nouns is usually formed by adding the ending -s. But if the noun ends in one of the letters s, x, or r0081, more complex rules apply.
Here are the singular and the plural forms of some Catalan nouns (in simplified spelling) and their English translations. Some forms are ... | ### Problem 2: Stress and Article Usage
#### Observations:
1. **Articles:**
- `el` (masculine), `els` (plural masculine)
- `la` (feminine), `les` (plural feminine)
2. **Stress Marking:**
- `\`` on `e`, `o`, `a`.
- `r0069` on `i`, `u`.
- If a word ends in `-s` and the stress is not penultimate, it is ... | ### Problem #2
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Articles used: el (masculine), la (feminine), and their plurals els, les.
- **Explanation:** Article selection depends on gender of the noun.
2. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Stress marks: ` for e, o, a; ´ for i,... |
2006 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
Here are several Khmer words written in a special variety of the traditional Khmer alphabet (the r0054r0050-r0038r0036r0047r0047r0040r0039 ‘Round Script’), their
English translations, as well as Roman transcriptions of these words in arbitrary order:
| Khmer Round Script | English ... | ### Problem 3: Character Encoding and Vowel Length
#### Rules:
1. **Characters:**
- The hook in the character marks a vowel.
- The circle on top indicates brevity.
2. **Directions:**
- The script is read left to right.
- The 'rare character' represents `k`.
3. **Assignment 1:** Vowel length and consonant ... | ### Problem #3
**Phonological Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** Vowel marked by hook; brevity by circle on top.
- **Explanation:** The script includes a visual cue indicating vowel length.
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Vowel choice depends on surround... |
2006 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
Here you see phrases in the Southern (r0011r0044r0046r0044r0049) dialect of the r0030r0039r0044r0043r0040 language in Roman transcription and their translations:
| r0030r0039r0044r0043r0040 | English |
|-------------------------|-------------------------|
| r... | ### Problem 4: Possession and Pronouns
#### Pronouns and Possession:
Assignment a.
su r0037r0268r0036r0055r0036r0121r0044r0056 r0061r0079:r0121r0044r0049r0044 - your son’s money
si r0055r0040r0121r0046r0056 r0037r0056r0042r0039r0044r0121r0044: - thy stool leg
si r0055r0040r0121r0046r0056r0121r0044: r0037r0056r0042r003... | ### Problem #4
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Suffixes -i, -ni, -u indicate possessor’s person and number.
- **Explanation:** The possessee noun receives suffixes based on the possessor.
2. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Suffix -ŋi indicates alienable possess... |
2006 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Below you see sentences in English and their translations into the r0023r0042r0050r0049r0044 language. In fact, each English sentence can be translated into r0023r0042r0050r0049r0044 in more than one way, but only one variant is given here.
| English | r0023r0042r00... | ### Problem 5: Verb Structure and Sentence Order
#### Verb Construction:
1. **Prefixes:**
- First prefix denotes the number of the subject.
- Second prefix denotes the number of the indirect object.
- The number of the direct object is not marked.
2. **Word Orders:**
- (1) S V DO IO
- (2) S V IO DO
3. ... | ### Problem #5
**Syntactic Rules**
1. **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Two possible word orders:
1) S V DO IO
2) S V IO DO
- **Explanation:** While the orders differ, they permit some flexibility in direct/indirect object handling.
**Morphological Patterns**
1. **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **... |
2007 | 1 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0001 (20 marks)
The braille system, devised in 1821 by Louis Braille from France, is a method that allows blind people to read and write. The system was primarily meant for the French language, but is currently used for many languages of the world.
The basic idea of the system is to produce ... | ### Problem 2: Negative Form Construction
#### Rules:
1. **Marker Placement:**
- Insert the marker `-(r0046)r0036r0268-` after the first syllable if it is either closed (ends in a consonant) or long (contains a long vowel).
- Otherwise, insert the marker after the second syllable.
2. **Vowel Length:**
- If th... | |
2007 | 2 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0002 (20 marks)
Given below are words of the r0022r0050r0057r0044r0048r0036[r0001] language in two forms: the base form and the negative form. Some forms have been left out:
| base form | translation | negative form |
|---------------|-------------|-----------------------|
| r004... | ### Problem 2: Negative Form Construction
#### Rules:
1. **Marker Placement:**
- Insert the marker `-(r0046)r0036r0268-` after the first syllable if it is either closed (ends in a consonant) or long (contains a long vowel).
- Otherwise, insert the marker after the second syllable.
2. **Vowel Length:**
- If th... | ### Problem #2 - Morphological Rules
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** The marker -(k)a’- is inserted after the first syllable if it's closed or long; otherwise, after the second syllable.
**Explanation:** This rule describes how to position the negative marker based on syllable structure.
**Type:** Phonological... |
2007 | 3 | ```markdown
**Problem r0294r0003** (20 marks)
Given below are verb forms of the r0016r0040r0050r0053r0042r0044r0036r0049r0067 language (in Roman transcription) and their English translations in arbitrary order:
r0057r0055r0046r0057r0044, r0046r0040r0049r0044r0055, r0044r0049r0036r0039r0044r0053r0040r0055, r0044r0055r... | ### Problem 3: Georgian Verb Structure
#### Analysis:
1. **Components Identification:**
- Suffixes: `-e`, `-ob`, `-eb`.
- Prefixes: `v-`, `i-`.
2. **r0025r0040r0053r0054r0050r0049/r0023r0056r0048r0037r0040r0053 Markers:**
- Prefix and suffix combinations mark person and number:
- `v+0`, `0+0`, `r0057+r00... | ### Problem #3 - Morphological Patterns and Syntactic Rules
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Prefix `i-` indicates future tense; suffix `-ob` indicates present tense for weak verbs.
**Explanation:** These morphological markers distinguish tense in Georgian verbs.
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Prefixes `v-`... |
2007 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0004 (20 marks)
The squares of the numbers 1 to 10 are spelt out in the r0023r0039r0050r0048 language, in arbitrary order:
r0049r0044r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0048r0040r0053 an r0055r0043r0040r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0054r0036r0054
r0049r0044r0041 r0055r0043r0040r0041 r0036r0037r0050 r0055r0050... | ### Problem 4: Numerical System Analysis
#### Rules:
1. **Base 6 System:**
- Numbers are expressed in base 6.
- `36` (base) is marked by the word `r0049r0044r0041`.
2. **Multiplication and Addition:**
- `an` marks multiplication by 6.
- `r0036r0037r0050` marks addition.
#### a. Number Translations:
1. `r0... | ### Problem #4 - Numeral Systems
**Type:** Numeral System
**Rule:** Base is 6; 36 and 18 have special terms, operations include addition and multiplication by 2.
**Explanation:** Describes the numeric base and operations within this numeral system.
**Type:** Dictionary/Vocabulary
**Rule:** "nif" = 36, "tondor" ... |
2007 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem r0294r0005 (20 marks)
Given are pairs of cognate words of two closely related r0047r0036r0049r0042r0056r0036r0042r0040r0054—r0029r0056r0053r0046r0044r0054r0043 and Tatar. Some words have been left out:
| Turkish | Tatar | translation |
|-----------|-----------|---------------------|
... | ### Problem 5: Turkish and Tatar Sound Correspondences
#### Observations:
1. **Vowel Correspondences:**
- `a ~ a`, `i` (1st syllable) ~ `i`, `e` (r0049r0050r0049-r0001r0054r0055 syllable) ~ `r0079`.
- `o ~ u`, `r0096 ~ r0101`.
- `r0116` (r0049r0050r0049-r0001r0054r0055 syllable) ~ `r0116`.
2. **Consonant Corr... | ### Problem #5 - Phonological and Morphological Patterns
**Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** Vowel alteration as given in “Turkish ~ Tatar” table; e.g., a ~ a, o ~ u
**Explanation:** This table describes vowel transformation patterns between Turkish and Tatar.
**Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Consonant alternatio... |
2008 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
The following are words of the Micmac language written in the r0054r0050-r0038r0036r0047r0047r0040r0039 r0021r0044r0054r0055r0056r0042r0056r0045 orthography, their phonetic transcriptions, and English translations:
| r0021r0044r0054r0055r0056r0042r0056r0045 | Phonetic |... | ### Problem 1: Phonological Rules
#### Rules:
1. **Apostrophe (`'`):**
- Follows a vowel: indicates length.
- Follows a consonant: read as [r0151].
2. **Letter 'w':**
- After a consonant: rounding of the lips.
- Otherwise: [w].
3. **[r0151] Pronunciation:**
- Between any consonant and a following sonor... | ### Problem #1: Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** The apostrophe indicates length if it follows a vowel, and is read as [ə] if it follows a consonant.
**Explanation:** Provides the phonetic role of the apostrophe, depending on its position relative to vowels and consonants.
2. **Type:** Pho... |
2008 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
The following are four excerpts from Old Norse poems composed around 900 r0012.r0014. All of them are written using the meter named r0039r0053r0093r0055r0055r0046r0057r0080r0055r0055 (lit. ‘court meter’):
**I**
1. r0093r0046 at r0087r0054r0036r0053r0049r0047r0040r0044r0046r0044
2. r0019r0036r... | ### Problem 2: Old Norse Poetic Structure
#### (a) Rules:
1. **Number of Syllables:** Each line contains 6 syllables.
2. **Alliteration:** As stated in the problem.
3. **Internal Rhyme:**
- Let V1, V2, ..., V6 represent the vowels in each line.
- At least one consonant immediately following V5 must immediately f... | ### Problem #2: Syntactic and Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Morphological/Syntactic
**Rule:** Number of syllables: Each line contains 6 syllables.
**Explanation:** Sets a structural requirement for poetic lines.
2. **Type:** Phonological
**Rule:** Alliteration. Internal rhyme requires consonants immediatel... |
2008 | 3 | ### Problem 3 (20 points)
The following are words and compounds in two languages of New Caledonia – r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 and r0012r0040r0048r0056r0043r0088 – and their English translations given out of order:
**r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056**
- r0039r0053r0036r0044-r0043r0048r0044r0055r0053r0096r0055r0053
- r0042r003... | ### Problem 3: r0022r0050r0039r0044r0041r0044r0040r0053-r0017r0040r0036r0039 Relations
#### (a) Structure:
1. `jun bone` — bone
2. `r0044-r0045r0056r0049` — skeleton (multitude of bones)
3. `r0044-r0058r0036r0043r0049r0036r0058r0036` — bunch of bananas (multitude of bananas)
4. `r0039r0053r0036r0044-r0043r0048r0044r005... | ### Problem #3: Word Order and Morphological Patterns
1. **Type:** Syntactic
**Rule:** The modifier follows its head in both languages.
**Explanation:** Describes the post-nominal modifier placement.
2. **Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Formation of complex nouns through affixation and compounding (e.g., i-j... |
2008 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
The following are words in r0012r0050r0051r0036r0044r0049r0036r0047r0076 r0035r0050r0052r0056r0040 and their English translations:
| r0012r0050r0051r0036r0044r0049r0036r0047r0076 r0035r0050r0052r0056r0040 | English |
|----------------------|------------------------|
| r004... | ### Problem 4: Noun Suffixes
#### (a) Suffixes and Forms:
1. **Noun Suffixes:**
- `-k2sm2` — above, overhead.
- `-r0046r0050r0055r0050r0060r0036` — for.
- `-pit` — with.
2. **Morphological Changes:**
- After nasal consonants (m, n, N), stops p, t, k become voiced (b, d, g respectively).
- If k comes aft... | ### Problem #4: Morphological Patterns and Phonological Rules
1. **Type:** Morphological
**Rule:** Noun suffixes: -k2sm2 ‘above, overhead’, -kotoya ‘for’, -pit ‘with’; -ˇseh ‘like, as if’; -taPm plural; -tih ‘only’.
**Explanation:** Specifies meanings for different suffix-based noun modifications.
2. **Type:** ... |
2008 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
The following are sentences in Inuktitut and their English translations:
| Inuktitut | English |
|-------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| 1. r0026r0044r0049r0042r0048r0044r0057r0044r0055... | ### Problem 5: Inuktitut Sentence Structure
#### (a) Sentence Patterns:
1. **General Structure:**
- `r0033-(r0052) V–` — `X V (himself).`
- `r0033-(r0052) r0034-(r0053)r0048r0044r0046 r0031-r0054r0044–` — `X V a Y.`
- `r0033-r0056r0051 r0034-(r0052) V–` — `X V the Y.`
2. **Noun Endings:**
- `-q` for defini... | ### Problem #5: Morphosyntactic Patterns
1. **Type:** Morphosyntactic
**Rule:** General sentence structures for transitive and reflexive sentences X-(q) V–, X-(q) Y-(r)mik V-si–, X-up Y-(q) V–.
**Explanation:** Defines the use of noun and verb modifications to indicate sentence roles and relationships.
2. **Typ... |
2009 | 1 | ### Problem #1 (20 points)
The following are phrases in English and their translations into the r0028r0056r0047r0046r0036 language:
1 betel nut a r0057r0043r0050r0044 a r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042
1 yam a tu a r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042
2 betel nuts a lo r0057r0043r0050r0044 a r... | ## Problem 1
Here are the words from which the r0028r0056r0047r0046r0036 language constructs its numerals:
- r0055r0042r0044r0036r0049r0042 1, r0047r0050r0048r0044r0049 2, r0046r0050r0053r0047r0050r0055r0042r0040 3, r0046r0050r0053r0047r0050r0047r0050 4, r0046r0055r0044r0040r0206r0046 5, r0048r0043r0040r0047r0050r004... | ### Problem #1
#### Numeral System Rules
- **Rule Type:** Numeral System
- **Rule:**
- tgiang 1, lomin 2, korlotge 3, korlolo 4, kti¨ek 5, mhelom 20
- hori orom: addition
- lo: doubling
- Nouns have different forms for two numbers: (tu, sngu; vhoi, vuo)
- **Explanation:** The Sulka language constructs its num... |
2009 | 2 | Problem #2 (20 points). The following are words of the r0022r0036r0049r0044r0049r0046r0036 and r0011r0036r0048r0036r0049r0036 languages written in the r0023'r0020r0050 and the Roman script and their English translations:
(a)
| r0023'r0020r0050 | Roman | English ... | ## Problem 2
The r0023'r0020r0050 script is written and read from right to left. The script is an alphabet: each letter stands for a consonant or a vowel. The letters within a word are joined.
(a) A tilde above a vowel letter means low tone, its absence means high tone. But a vowel has middle tone if it is marked in ... | ### Problem #2
#### Phonological and Tonal Rules
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:**
- A tilde above a vowel means low tone; its absence means high tone. Middle tone occurs if it matches the preceding vowel in terms of tilde presence.
- If two adjacent syllables have the same vowel and both should or should... |
2009 | 3 | ### Problem #3 (20 points)
Here are the names of 24 Burmese children and their dates of birth:
| boys | date of birth | girls | date of birth |
|------------------|---------------|---------------|---------------|
| r0046r0036r0056r0049r0179 r0048r0060r0036r0179 | 06/01/2009 | r0051r0036r0... | ## Problem 3
We can see that the names of the children born on the same day of the week have similar first sounds:
- Monday: r0046r0036r0056r0167 r0048r0060r0036r0179, r0046r0043r0044r0167 le r0049r0058r0040, r0046r0043r0036r0044r0167 r0048r0044r0167 r0055r0043r0056r0167, r0046r0040r0103r0044 r0055r0043r0056r0167
- T... | ### Problem #3
#### Phonological Patterns
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:**
- Names of children born on the same day of the week have similar first sounds.
- **Explanation:** In this language, personal names exhibit a phonological pattern related to the days of the week, where names for children born on the... |
2009 | 4 | ```markdown
Problem #4 (20 points). Given are Old Indic word stems which are thought to preserve the most ancient (r0018r0049r0039r0050-r0014r0056r0053r0050r0051r0040r0036r0049) position of the stress. They are divided into root and suffix by a hyphen. The stressed vowel bears the mark r0195.
| r0057r0125r0046-r0036- ... | ## Problem 4
| If the stop consonant in the root | and the vowel in the suffix is a | and the vowel in the suffix is i, |
|-----------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| is voiced | the stress is on the suffix. | the stress is on... | ### Problem #4
#### Table of Grammatical Categories
- **Rule Type:** Morphological and Phonological
- **Table:** Stress assignment table
- | Stop consonant in root | Vowel in suffix is a | Vowel in suffix is i |
- |------------------------|----------------------|---------------------|
- | is voiced ... |
2009 | 5 | ```markdown
Problem #5 (20 points). The following are sentences in Nahuatl and their English r0055r0053r0036r0049r0054r0047r0036-
r0055r0044r0050r0049r0054:
1. r0049r0044r0048r0044r0055r0061r0055r0047r0036r0061r0050r0043r0055r0047r0036 I love you
2. r0055r0044r0046r0048r0036r0046r0036 in r0104r0048r0050r0059r0213r0055... | ## Problem 5
The Nahuatl sentences begin with the predicate. The subject and object (or objects) follow in any order, preceded by *in* (a definite article).
The verb receives the following prefixes:
- subject: *ni-* 1st person sg, *ti-* 2nd person sg, —— 3rd person sg;
- object: *r0049r0108r0038r0043-* 1st person sg... | ### Problem #5
#### Syntactic Rules
- **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:**
- Sentences begin with the predicate, followed by the subject and object(s) in any order but preceded by "in" (definite article).
- **Explanation:** The syntax structure in Nahuatl dictates that predicates lead sentences, and the order of su... |
2010 | 1 | ### Problem 1 (20 points)
Given are verbs of the r0011r0056r0039r0056r0046r0043 language in three forms:
| Form 1: prohibitive mood | Form 2: future tense | Form 3: future tense, | Translation |
| class I (masculine) | class II (feminine) | class r0018r0018r0018 (neuter) | |
|-----... | ### Problem 1: Morphological Rules
#### Rules:
1. **Form 1:** `-mV-` after the first vowel, where:
- `V` depends on the vowel in the following syllable:
- `a` before `a`
- `o` before `o` or `u`
- `e` before `i`
- `r0096` before `r0101`
2. **Form 2:**
- `-a` if the stem ends in `-aR` or `-oR`
... | Problem #1**
1. **Morphological Rule**
- **Type**: Morphological
- **Rule**: "-mV- after the first vowel, whereby V depends on the vowel in the following syllable (a before a, o before o or u, e before i, ö before ü)"
- **Explanation**: Inserts an -mV- sequence depending on the vowel context after the first v... |
2010 | 2 | ### Problem 2 (20 points)
Given are r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 numerals in alphabetical order and their values in ascending order:
| r0013r0053r0040r0043r0056 | Value |
|----------------------------------|-------|
| r0038r0036r0036r0055r0053 r0049r0042r0040 r0038r0036r0036r0046r0050 ... | ### Problem 2: Numeral System
#### Rules:
1. **Numbers 1–4:** `r0038r0036r0036 1, r0047r0056r0040 2, r0046r0096r0049r0044 3, eke 4`
2. **Multiples of 5, 10, 15:** `r0218-r0051r0044 = r0005r0218` (1 r0308 r0218 r0308 3)
3. **Numbers 6–9, 11–14, 16–19:** `r0217-r0049r0042r0096r0048r0040r0049 = 5 + r0217`, `r0217-r0046r00... | Problem #2**
1. **Numeral System Rule**
- **Type**: Numeral System
- **Rule**: "caa 1, lue 2, köni 3, eke 4;"
- **Explanation**: Establishes base values for numerals from 1 to 4.
2. **Numeral System Rule**
- **Type**: Numeral System
- **Rule**: "5, 10, 15: β-pi = 5β (1 ≤ β ≤ 3);"
- **Explanation**: ... |
2010 | 4 | ### Problem 4 (20 points)
One of the major achievements in genetics was the decipherment of the genetic r0038r0050r0039r0040—r0055r0043r0040 creation of an r0048r0027r0023r0010–r0051r0050r0047r0060r0051r0040r0051r0055r0044r0039r0040 dictionary. Polypeptides (proteins) are building blocks of all living organisms. Polype... | ### Problem 4: r0048r0027r0023r0010 and Amino Acid Sequence
#### (a) r0048r0027r0023r0010 Sequence:
1. `AUG` — Met
2. `r0030r0030r0010` — Leu
3. `r0010r0012r0016` — r0029r0043r0053
4. `r0030r0030r0012` — r0025r0043r0040
5. `r0030r0010r0010` — stop
1. `AUG` — Met
2. `r0030r0016r0016` — r0029r0053r0051
3. `r0016r0016r00... | Problem #4**
1. **Transformation Rules**
- **Type**: Transformation
- **Rule**: Presented using nucleotide codons mapped to amino acids (e.g., UUU → Phe, UUA → Leu, UGA → stop, etc.)
- **Explanation**: Explains genetic code conversion from nucleotide triplets (codons) to amino acids using mRNA sequences.
2. ... |
2010 | 5 | ### Problem 5 (20 points)
Given are words of two dialects of the Romansh language and their English translations. Some cells have been left blank:
| r0028r0056r0053r0054r0044r0047r0057r0036r0049 | Engadine | English |
|---------------|--------------|----------------------|
| tut | r0055r... | ### Problem 5: Dialectal Variations in Vowel Usage
#### (a) Translations:
1. `uo` before a cluster of `l` or `r` and another consonant.
2. `u` before `l` or `r` without another consonant.
3. `u` r0296 `o` before `m`.
4. `u` r0296 `uo` before another consonant.
| **r0028r0056r0053r0054r0044r0047r0057r0036r0049** | **E... | Problem #5**
1. **Phonological Rules**
- **Type**: Phonological
- **Rule**: "uo before a cluster of l or r and another consonant; u before l or r without another consonant; u o before m; u uo before another consonant"
- **Explanation**: Describes vowel changes depending on consonant context in Engadine and Su... |
2011 | 1 | ```markdown
**Problem #1 (20 points).** Given are verb forms of the Menominee language as well as their English translations:
| Menominee | English Translation |
|-----------------|----------------------------------------------------------|
| r0046r0040r0058r0104r0051r0040r00... | ## Problem 1
The Menominee verb forms have the following structure:
| | r0046r0036r0058 | down |
|-------|------|-------|
| | r0046r0040r0055 | out |
| | r0046r0108r0054r0046 | through |
| | r0051r0036r0043r0046 | off |
| | r0051r0104r0043r0046 | open |
| | r0051r0114r0055 ... | ### Problem #1
**Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** Intransitive Verb Structure: kaw down, -¯ahpe laughing, -m I, ket out, -¯anæhkæ digging, -q we, k¯esk through 1+2, -eqta, -w he, ne- I pahk off, -ohnæ walking, ke- we p¯ahk open 1+2
- **Explanation:** This describes the parts of a... |
2011 | 2 | Problem #2 (20 points). The following are words of the r0015r0036r0053r0050r0040r0054r0040 language written in the regular orthography and in phonetic transcription as well as their English translations:
| r0037r0093r0042r0036 | ? | hen bird |
| r0039r0040r0060r0090r0044 | ... | ## Problem 2
(a)
| Word | Phonetic Transcription | Translation |
|--------|------------------------|--------------------------------------|
| r0037r0097r0042r0036 | [r0037r0097r0057r0036] | hen bird |
| r0046r0049r0050r0090r0036r0053 | [r0046r00... | ### Problem #2
**Phonological Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Phonological
- **Rule:** 1. ð/g [w] | [u(:)] ; 2. ð/g [j] | [i(:)] or [i(:)]; 3. ð/g [v] | [u(:)]; 4. ð/g [v] in a noun, [∅] in a verb.
- **Explanation:** These rules describe how the sound ð/g changes depending on the surrounding vowels and whether it appears... |
2011 | 3 | ```markdown
Problem #3 (20 points). Given are phrases in the r0031r0036r0044 language as well as their English translations:
| r0031r0036r0044 Phrase | English Translation |
|-----------------------------|--------------------------------|
| r0046r0036r0087r0152r0200 r0076 r0047r0152r0199r00... | ## Problem 3
Rules:
1. Adjectives follow their nouns.
2. A noun (or the adjective if there is one) gets the marker -r0014r0207, unless it is inalienably possessed (body part, kinship term); in the latter case it is preceded by the possessor.
3. Alienable possession is expressed by r0036r0200 between the possessor and ... | ### Problem #3
**Syntactic Rules**
- **Rule Type:** Syntactic
- **Rule:** Adjectives follow their nouns.
- **Explanation:** This specifies the word order for adjectives and nouns.
**Morphological Patterns**
- **Rule Type:** Morphological
- **Rule:** A noun (or the adjective if there is one) gets the marker -ˇE,... |
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