category stringclasses 9 values | question stringlengths 17 294 | prompt listlengths 1 1 | ground_truth stringlengths 32 9.64k |
|---|---|---|---|
Mathematics | How is an infinitely small positive number not real? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Infinity is not a number. An infinite small number is zero. The difference between 0.9999 with an infinite amount of nines ... And 1 is zero. There is a simple proof: 1/3 = 0.333... 2/3 = 0.666... 3/3 = 0.999... = 1. That's why we use fractional numbers |
Physics | How do grocery stores prevent their frozen foods from frosting over inside the bags? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | That usually only happens after you open it. As long as the bag remains sealed, there should be any moisture from the air getting in that would settle and freeze on the food. |
Physics | How do theoretical physicists find solutions to the biggest and smallest answers to the universe using math alone? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | They don't. They have centuries of observations to draw upon, they are trying to find math that is consistent with those observations. Sometimes that math takes them beyond what can be shown with experiments, but by no means are they using math alone. |
Physics | Why does the earth have a magnetic field? What makes it and do other planets in our solar system have one? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Why and what: The core of Earth is made of mostly iron and nickel, some of it molten some solid. As this core spins (at a rate of about 1 day per day) within the magnetic field given off by the Sun (directly and indirectly), an electric current is produced which in turn produces a magnetic field along the axis of the spin... Or that's one theory. We can't dig deep enough to look what's really going on, but spinning balls of molten metal produce similar magnetic fields in small scale experiments. Other planets: Some of them do, some of them don't. Jupiter has a vastly more powerful magnetic field believed to be caused by very high pressure hydrogen behaving as a metal, while Mercury's magnetic field is only 1.1% as strong as Earth's and Mars has hardly any at all - but localized magnetic fields that suggest it used to have one. Maybe. Again, we can't really go back in time to look. |
Biology | Why when you use more power you are less precise? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | With more power, any slight error will be amplified. Also, focusing more on power, takes concentration away from accuracy. Obviously this can be improved over time with practice but again, still affected by the amplification of any errors that occur. |
Biology | How can birds see depth (for example, when landing) if they can only see with 1 eye? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Motion. If you move your head from one place to another, you have two images to compare, just like having two eyes. You only need stereo vision to have motionless depth perception. |
Economics | How did Bernie Madoff’s scam work? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | He collected money from investors. They kept their investments with him for decades in most cases. He sent them statements showing what trades he made that month and how much money they made from them. But the trades were all a lie. He had a guy who’s full time job was to look up stocks trading ranges and make fake investment reports to send out every month. Because his investors tended to be very wealthy, very few attempted to withdraw money, and he was able to show they were making “profits”. In 2008, during the financial crash, there were enough people who actually wanted/needed their money that he ran out. He desperately tried to find new investors so that he could pay the people who wanted their cash, but of course, at that time, no one was investing in anything. So he had to confess and say that he was unable to pay them back. It is a very strange case, because he didn’t spend the money he got from them, he just put it in the bank. But he sent out reports showing people they were earning 10% a year and their accounts were growing when they were not. Some banks became suspicious, because he wasn’t moving money around like a guy investing billions normally would. So he just moved money around from various accounts to try to make it look reasonable. No one called him out because he was a very well respected financial guy. |
Earth Science | How do we know Pangea existed? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | We can see which way continental drift is taking the landmasses, and can, from that, surmise where they came from We can also look at all the landmasses of earth, and see how they fit together like a giant puzzle. Combined with geological sampling, sampling of core samples from the poles and across the earth, figure out what was close to each other and connected, and what wasnt |
Other | How is the ink permanantly sticking onto the paper but can be erased from the hand? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | You mean erased or washed off? Pen doesnt wash off easily. The difference is your skin isnt a solid piece like paper. It has different layers of living and out on the outside dead cells. By washing your hands or rubbing hard, you remove all the layers that can in contact with the ink |
Other | If the ocean floor is 90+ % unexplored, how do we know that Marianas trench is truly the deepest crack in the Earth's surface? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Most of the ocean floor is only "unexplored" in that people haven't been there. We have mapped it out fairly thoroughly through sonar, geodesy and satellite imagery. For the most complete map I am aware of and to learn more, go here: URL_0 |
Economics | How do market makers avoid going broke or getting liquidated of their positions if the market price moves up or down too fast for an extremely long period of time? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | That's accounted for with the spread. For a regularly traded stock and thus unlikely to move rapidly the spread will be small. For a smaller more rarely traded stock it will be much higher. |
Chemistry | How does mouthwash work, and why does it foam up in your mouth? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Mouthwash is mainly an antiseptic. In most cases it is alcohol based but this is not essential. Mouthwash foams because the companies that make it add a foaming agent. A foaming agent is added because market research says that people prefer cleaning products that foam up. |
Technology | Europes AC electricity has a frequency of 50hz instead of 60hz. Is it still possible to get 60fps on televisions and monitors? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Back in the days of analogue TV, refresh rates were tied to the frequency of AC power. This is why PAL televisions were based around 25/50 Hz instead of NTSC's 30/60. These days, it's not relevant. Wall current is converted to DC before it feeds into the monitor where it drives a frequency-generating crystal to figure out how everything else works. The adapter on my laptop will run on anything 50-60Hz and 100-240 Volts and still provide a constant 19V output. |
Biology | do MRI’s have any effect on our brain function? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | There's no lasting effects but short term exposure to really strong magnets can cause areas of the brain to act weird and even shut down. Neuroscientists use this to their advantage by using a method called Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS for short. A neuroscientist could want to test a function of an area of the brain to test a hypothesis so instead of finding a test subject and removing that part of their brain (unethical apparently) TMS can shut off that part of the brain for a short time. |
Physics | what physically happens in the first few seconds after the detonation of a nuclear bomb? Both in the bomb core and the physics of the blast? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Let's consider a simple example, the explosion of a 20 kt implosion device. In such a device, the actual nuclear explosion is typically over in less than 600 nanoseconds, by which time the energy produced from all the fissions will have caused the core the expand to the point where a chain reaction can no longer be sustained. Everything after this is an effect of dumping 84 terajoules of energy in a spherical volume roughly 10 cm in diameter. At the end of the chain reaction, the temperature of the core will be around 60 million Kelvin. In a vacuum, particles at the core surface would fly off unimpeded. In a bomb however, the expanding core is surrounded by other material: bomb components, the bomb casing, and of course air. Thus, the expanding core creates a shock wave: it is expanding so fast that surrounding materials cannot get out of the way in time and instead pile up in front of it. This results in a thin shell of high density surrounding an inner, roughly spherical volume of very low density. This, however, is not what we see in photos of very early fireballs. At the temperatures found in a nuclear fireball, most (roughly 80 & #37;) of the energy is present as low- to mid-energy X-rays.\[note 1\] Air is largely opaque to X-rays, so most of the energy radiated from the surface of the fireball is absorbed by a thin layer of air around it, heating it up and eventually ionising it. Ionised air is relatively transparent to X-rays (and being very hot, will itself emit X-rays), so the radiation can penetrate and heat up the air beyond it. Consequently, much of the early fireball expansion is due to radiative transport. Since it takes time to heat up air, radiative transport occurs much slower than the speed of light, but it is still very rapid: much faster than the expansion of the bomb core discussed earlier, and also faster than the expansion of the newly heated plasma itself. The temperature within the fireball at this point is more or less uniform as the energy is distributed quite evenly, showing a slow drop until the edge, whereupon it drops very rapidly to near ambient temperatures. As such, this sphere of plasma created by radiative transport is known as the isothermal sphere. As the fireball expands via radiative transport, it cools. Intuitively this happens because the same amount of energy is being distributed over a larger and larger volume, so the temperature has to drop. As it cools, it emits radiation of longer wavelengths, to which air is more transparent. Growth by radiative transport slows as a result, and eventually expansion of hot plasma takes over as the primary mechanism by which the fireball grows. Since the plasma is expanding faster than the speed of sound in air, a shock wave forms. This is known as hydrodynamic separation, and it occurs roughly 100 microseconds after the initial explosion. We now turn our attention back to the expanding bomb core. Up to this point, what we've seen so far is a product of the bomb core radiating energy into the air around it. However, slowing expansion by radiative transport means that the expanding shell of bomb material has now had time to catch up with the surface of the fireball, and it joins with the hydrodynamic shockwave around the time separation occurs. The surface of the isothermal sphere at this point is still incredibly hot, around 300,000 K. However, the expanding shock wave compresses and heats up the air as it passes, reaching temperatures of around 30,000 K. At these temperatures, air is ionised and incandescent, but since it is much cooler than the isothermal sphere, it appears dimmer. Ionised air is also opaque to visible light, so it obscures the much brighter isothermal sphere behind it. As the fireball expands, the shocked, incandescent air cools and becomes dimmer. This produces the first dip in brightness that you were wondering about, and in our example it happens at around 11 milliseconds. Eventually the air becomes cool enough that it is no longer opaque to visible light, and the isothermal sphere once again becomes visible. Since it is still very hot and emitting a lot of light, the fireball brightens significantly, producing the second, much longer pulse of light. The shock wave, of course, continues travelling outwards and destroying things in its wake. Everything from this point can more or less be treated as a very large conventional explosion however, so I won't explain it here as I don't think it's what you're asking about. The specific timings of events described depends on the yield and construction details of the bomb itself, but the essential features remain unchanged. \[note 1\]: This is a consequence of Planck’s law, from which the internal energy of a photon gas can be derived. This is found to be proportional to the fourth power of temperature, which means that the amount of energy present as photons climbs very rapidly as temperature increases. The rest of the energy is distributed among other degrees of freedom (e.g. translational and electronic). |
Mathematics | What is the Mandelbrot set and why is it important? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | The Mandelbrot set is a kind of map of how multiplication and addition interact with each other in the complex numbers. Complex numbers are, basically, two-dimensional numbers. Whereas real numbers convey the concept of bigness and smallness (magnitude), and forwardness and backwardness (sign), complex numbers expand on this by adding 'sidewaysness'. We represent normal 'real' numbers visually as existing along a number line. Complex numbers exist in a number *plane*. Suppose I give you the instructions: - Pick a number. - Now square that number , i.e. multiply it by itself. - Now take the result, and add your original number to it. - Now take the result, and square it. - Now take the result, and add your original number. - Repeat the last two steps forever. A few different things might happen, depending on the number you picked. If you pick 1, then it goes like: 1 squared is 1, add 1 makes 2, squaring 2 makes 4, adding 1 makes 5, squaring that makes 25... Your number just gets bigger and bigger and grows toward infinity. If you pick 0.1, then squaring that gives 0.01, adding 0.1 gives 0.11, squaring that gives 0.0121, adding 0.1 gives 0.1121... things seem to stay pretty small. If you pick -1, then things are a little weirder! -1 squared is 1, then adding -1 gives 0, squaring that gives 0, adding -1 gives -1, squaring that gives 1, adding -1 gives 0... and we're in a loop. So if you liked, you could count along the entire real number line and check what happens to every single number if you play this square-and-add game with it, and shade it one colour if it remains small or goes into a loop, and shade it another colour if it grows toward infinity. The Mandelbrot set is basically the result of doing this over all the numbers in the complex number plane. Why is it important? For most people, it isn't really. It's just something to marvel at and think "Wow, how amazing that such an intricate shape comes from such a simple rule." But if you're very interested in advanced mathematics, the Mandelbrot set contains hints of a lot of other branches of math. For instance, this add-and-square-and-add-and-square game is closely related to the [logistic map]( URL_0 ), which is used for modelling a lot of natural systems, chaos theory, and even has some connections to the [distribution of the prime numbers.]( URL_2 ) [This Veritasium video]( URL_1 ) is a good overview of some of the different domains of math which are touched by the logistic equation, and its deep connection to the Mandelbrot set. |
Physics | Why does yawning change the pitch of music/audio? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It doesn’t. It just lowers the volume of the higher sounds while mainly leaving the low end the same. I assume this is because high pitches are very “directional” and lose volume “going around corners” and trough objects. Lower pitches tend to go just.. everywhere. This is why you feel the bass in your chest at a concert but not the guitar or anything high pitched. Yawning, I assume, squashes/compresses the ear canal, making a direct path for the higher pitches less available. |
Physics | Why, when filling a water bottle, does the frequency of the sound increase as the water gets higher? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's just like a flute or a slide whistle. You have a tube and a vibration that travels through it caused by all the splashing and as you fill the tube with water, the distance the vibration has to bounce around gets smaller and smaller which means it creates sound of a shorter wavelength, which we perceive as a higher pitch. |
Biology | Why, when drunk, do we not remember certain things? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Think of your brain as a space ship and alcohol as a solar storm the ship has to travel through. As the solar storm intensifies (more alcohol), the ship has to divert power from other components to maintain power on the shield and protect the ship. One of the first changes is that the AI autopilot (smart decision making) gets switched to a basic manual controls (impaired judgement). As the storm intensifies, the captain decides to disable the flight recorder logs to save power. This means that the current flight data (short term memory) is not stored to the archives (long term memory). This is what happens when we drink too much alcohol. It's not that we lost memories but the alcohol prevents us from recording them in the first place. Low to medium amounts may result in patches of time when memory is not recorded but heavy drinking can result in whole sections of time where you have no memory of what occurred. Alcohol does not erase memories as you generally remember all the events that occurred before you started drinking. |
Other | How do bike/car stuntmen learn to do it without dying? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Firstly, they can practice with safety equipment. You can have mats and nets and other things to soften the landing of a failed attempt. Also, they start with smaller, safer types of tricks and work their way up. Lastly, failing isn't necessarily a death sentence. Just broken bones and stuff. So they try - and fail - without dying, but not without injury. Evel Kinevel is reputed as having broken every bone in his body. |
Physics | How did the scientists know when was the big bang? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | We can see back in time by looking further and further away from earth. Eventually there is nothing left to see. As nothing was producing light before a certain point. This is of course a greatly simplified explanation |
Chemistry | why does boiling water make bubbles? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's the steam. When you boil water you are heating it to a state change tempreature (liquid to gas). The bubbles form at the bottom as this is the heat source, where enough energy was given to a small amount of the liquid water to convert it into gas water (steam). You see the bubble because of the volume difference between the two states. Ie. 1 gram of liquid water takes up 1ml of volume. 1 gram gas water takes up about 1.7L of volume. |
Chemistry | If whiskey only ages in wooden barrels, why aren't whiskey bottles made out of wood instead of glass? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I have a small barrel that I've used to age spirits. A wooden whisky bottle is undesirable for many reasons: 1. Cost. Barrels are expensive. You wouldn't want to buy a $20 bottle of whiskey in a $50 barrel when a $0.50 bottle would do the trick. 2. Rate of ageing. Whiskey is aged in barrels that are tens of gallons. It's sold in bottles that are less than half a gallon. That means relatively more barrel surface area per gallon of whiskey. This is important because of point 3... 3. Overageing. More isn't always better. Different flavors come out of the wood at different rates and you want some flavors more than others. If you leave the whiskey in a barrel too long then it'll pick up the wrong flavors. With a tiny barrel this can happen much much faster. 4. Sediment. Some of the barrel flakes off; it's been charred on the inside and then soaked in alcohol. Bottled whiskey has had this removed, either by settling or by filtering. 5. Volume loss. Barrels don't seal tight. They lose some alcohol and water to the air which changes the alcohol content of the contained spirits. When you buy a bottle of whiskey you're paying for the stuff that went into the unaged spirits, the time and space it took to age it, and the expertise of those who aged it, making sure that it picked up the right flavors and made it to the right alcohol content. If you turn around and stuff it into a barrel to sell then that expertise goes right out the window and the price goes through the roof. |
Chemistry | Why do some popcorn kernels not pop but most do? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It is just the wrong water content. You need so much water (14% moisture) to create enough steam to expand and pop the kernel. Some kernels just get too dry during storage and never pop. |
Biology | - Why / how does ginger settle my stomach? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Nausea originates in signals from your Enteric Nerve system, the nerve receptors that line your intestinal tract, to your brain. Ginger is thought to contain a chemical that happens to disrupt those signals. It might be numbing those signals or crowding them out with stronger signals. |
Chemistry | Why does 38 degree weather feel so hot when our body temperature is supposed to be around that temperature? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Unless the environment is below freezing, mammals need to have heat constantly moving out of our cores in order to maintain the core temperature range where our biochemistry works right. In cool environments we don't have to do anything to maintain this heat movement - heat naturally has a net flow from hot to cold. In environments closer to our core temperature, our waste heat doesn't naturally leave (well) because we're not much warmer than the environment. We have to put effort into moving the heat away, mainly by sweating. |
Economics | Why do we compare defence budgets between countries? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's not necessarily the dollar (or other currency) amount that country spends on defense that's significant, but rather the overall percentage of their gross domestic product. Out of all the profit a particular country makes as a whole, how much do they dedicate toward capabilities of war. This is further scrutinized in alliances such as NATO. NATO countries have agreed to spend equally on defense of the community. Understanding that each country is different, of a different size and capable of producing different exports and revenues, instead of assigning a dollar amount for all these nations to spend, they agreed on a percentage of GDP to spend |
Technology | How did "cheater boxes" (cable descramblers) allow you to watch premium TV channels for free? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Way back when, television was an analog signal. More accurately, it was a *series* of analog signals that your 100%-analog color television could use to produce a picture. You have three signals for color (your TV only looked at one if it was black-and-white) and a "timing" signal that indicated when it should start drawing a new line. The "vertical hold" was a sometimes-manual synchronization to that signal. "Scrambling" was really just that. Some of the signals were inverted, some of them were switched. But, fundamentally, you couldn't *add* in junk or actually do significant *math* to obscure the signal, because televisions simply didn't have the ability to un-do that and produce a working picture for your paying consumer. Likewise, before relatively powerful integrated electronics became available, it wasn't economically feasible to give a customer a powerful computerized set-top box just to watch some television. So your "encryption" was a scheme with only a few variables. Throw off the synchronization here, swap a color field here, and it would make the picture "off" enough to be unwatchable. But, likewise, once someone figured out your mechanism, they just had to create a relatively simply "decoder" to bring that signal back. TLDR: Analog encryption wasn't terribly complicated, but it was analog, so it required *hardware* as opposed to something digital, which might be more complex, but also could be done with a wider variety of hardware. Nowadays, everything is digital (because computing power, even for high-definition video, is so cheap) so analog encryption/decryption isn't a thing. |
Biology | What does bug spray do to an insect that makes them writhe around as soon as they’re sprayed? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Many insecticides contain pyrethrins which bind to the sodium channels responsible for nerve transmission. Application of insecticides containing pyrethrins results in initial hyperactivity of the nervous system (inducing the writhing you describe), then blockage of all nerve impulses resulting in death. |
Biology | why do organs like the heart, liver and kidneys work properly from the day you are born but the reproductive organs are inactive until later in life? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Heart, liver and kidneys are essential for living. Reproductive organs ain't. Puberty is when the hormones from your brain "activate" the organs because you've reached the age of maturity that your body determines is able to use your reproductive organs. This happens before anyone is emotionally mature enough to use them, however, because sometimes biology is awful. |
Other | What are the bubbly feeling things inside our lips and cheeks? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Dentist here. The skin in the area has multiple layers, and will change depending on your habits. I see you’re a fellow cheek biter, and I have the same specks you’re talking about. So ELI5 version: You’re repeatedly damaging the skin there by biting it, so your body decides create a “stronger” layer (fibrous tissue). This tissue is just your body’s way of dealing with the chronic biting. A more common presentation is what we call linea alba or traumatic fibroma. Normal skin still dominates and is everywhere because it’s what your DNA codes for. You should have your dentist look into it if: -Any spot starts to hurt, and keeps on hurting for more than three days. -A *significant * increase in the number of them. Or just shoot me a message with a picture. Teledentistry could be helpful here. |
Technology | Regarding the OnePlus5, why does inverting the screen cause the "jelly" scroll effect? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's *probably* a trick of the eye combined with a software behavior. Especially considering some users with phones not made by OnePlus can get the same effect by inverting their phone and scrolling. The screen isn't updating the picture all at once. It updates chunks. If you go frame by frame on that video (protip pressing . and , on YouTube skip one frame) you may notice that certain chunks of the screen start to move before others, and it looks like the chunks near the bottom are the first ones to move. This makes it look stretched for a moment, because one line of text has moved and the one above it has yet to do so. The screen is **supposed** to update from top to bottom. Since your eye is used to reading top to bottom, the effect is hard to notice on most phones since people are looking at the top area, then the bottom area, and by the time they move their eye it's all moved to the proper position. But since OnePlus installed the screen upside down and has the OS flip the image, the graphics driver still does the "top to bottom" behavior. |
Other | What is an easy way to explain the basic concept of music theory ? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | When two different pitches are played at the same time, that's called harmony. Harmonies can be consonant or dissonant. When we look at the mathematical frequencies of the two notes, they make a ratio. If the ratio is nice and easy, like 1/2 or 2/3 or even 3/5, they match up and sound nice. We call that consonance. If the ratio is weird like 9/17 or something, they don't match up very well and sound like they are clashing. We call that dissonance. Generally speaking, people like to hear consonance more than dissonance. But sometimes musicians will deliberately use dissonance (as long as it isn't too bad) that resolves to consonance because it makes tension and then release. It's like how in a movie where the evil guy bad is about to kill the hero but then the hero defeats him at the last minute. If the whole movie were just rainbows and lollipops there's no tension, no conflict. It would be boring. In the same way, musicians will tend move from consonance and dissonance and back again and all around, which makes an interesting piece of harmony. Of course consonance and dissonance are not a black and white thing. There are different varieties and flavors of them. In the same way that an artist will mix reds and blues to make a new shade of purple, a musician can combine notes and harmonies in different ways to make an interesting piece of music. |
Other | I've been seeing alot of stuff about Amazon workers wanting to join a union. What does a union do? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's difficult as one person to make demands from a company because one person is replaceable, but all together, they are less replaceable and can request better pay and treatment. |
Chemistry | Why does water that's been frozen for a long time taste very different when defrosted than it did before it was frozen? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | If you mean frozen in a freezer, then it’s because it absorbs many of the smells that come out of other foods and drinks, gases, etc. in your freezer. If you break off some ice from a pristine stream, or even sea ice in the arctic and melt it it will almost definitely taste like pure water (unless there was some pollutant present in the environment). |
Physics | Why can we see faraway light source (e.g. cars, lamps, stars) clearly when it doesn't seem to illuminate my position? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | The difference is this: For you to see light, the light has to be strong enough to reach your eye and produce a reaction there. For it to illuminate you, it would have to reach you, scatter off you, reach someone else's eye, and produce a reaction there. During the scattering, the light is spread out more, so it becomes fainter. Let's look at the case of a laser pointer. Point the laser at the wall, and the scattered light is comfortably visible. Point it at your eye, and you're looking at serious eye damage. |
Physics | Why do speed wobbles occur in skateboards? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | They happen when you're not planting enough downward force into the board to stabilize it. Depending on how loose your trucks are you need to have a good amount of residual balance in your entire foot + heel to keep the board level while sinking into it. Usually occurs if you think about how fast you're going instead of feeling how fast you're going and end up leaning too far forward or back. |
Biology | How do babies in the womb not get the negative affects of blood rushing to their head while being upside down for so long? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Imagine being upside down in a pool. Not quite the same blood rush to the head, is it? A fetus is basically in a fluid filled sac. |
Technology | how are traffic lights programmed, especially during rush hour? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Someone didn't do their job right, that's why it's not working well. Or...maybe the controller has switched over to a failsafe program to handle that one or more of the detectors are broken. It can be the failsafe program that is poorly written too. Theoretically, it can also be a broken button for pedestrian crossing that constantly demands a time slot, and thus breaks the program. Or, I guess, a clock that thinks it's midnight when it's rush hour, so that what you see is actually the night program where the program makes a lot more sense. Either way, that is not how it's supposed to be. |
Technology | Why do Bluetooth speakers take so long to connect to phones that are regularly connected to the speaker? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It helps to think about the Bluetooth connection like a hose with lots of spurting instead of a nice stream. To make the audio you hear seem smooth, the receiver will usually have some buffer it uses to store the information before playing it. This is kinda like having a bucket with a smaller hole which you run the hose into so that as long as more is going in than out, the stream stays smooth. Once the buffer is full the first time, the audio starts playing and any connection issues get smoothed over. The delay is probably one part the actual connection time and the rest is the buffer filling up so it can start playing. |
Other | Why is more use not made of the lateral pass in American football? For example, when a pass to a teammate would make for an easy touchdown. | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I ask as someone who plays rugby, where a try is essentially the equivalent of a touchdown and lateral passes in a 2on1 situation are a common feature. Though I suppose in rugby it’s not legal for the defender to slap the ball down once it’s in the air after being passed. |
Economics | how do corporations get away with “house brands” such as Walmart having Equate products that are “Head and Shoulders” shampoo even comparing themselves to them on the bottle and are cheaper? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Here's something to blow your mind, since you are already having a hard time understanding it: Many times, those Equate products are made in the same plant that the name brand products are. They just put it in different bottles. You are literally buying the name of the product if you don't want to buy the generic version. |
Physics | How can rain reach the floor without evaporating when waterfalls that get past a certain height do? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Waterfalls aren't evaporating, the flow of water is being pushed apart by air so that it becomes lots of little droplets, just like rain. If the air is turbulent, these droplets become finer and finer until it's just mist. |
Technology | What makes a computer's processing speed "fast", and why? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | The cpu is the brain of the computer and does all the processing and calculations. The reason why it’s fast is because they literally compute millions of data per second. Your question is a little vague so if you want a more thorough answer I’d need a more detailed question. |
Psychology | What is borderline personality disorder? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Personality can usually be thought of as a set of traits (thought patterns, emotional patterns, and interaction style) that people rely on to form a sense of self-identity. Most people's traits are relatively stable, so they have a stable sense of self. People with BPD experience rapidly and unpredictably fluctuating thoughts and emotions, which leads to an unstable interaction style and a poor sense of self-identity. It can be intensely distressing for both the person with BPD and the people in their life. |
Mathematics | What is the calculator trying to do when you divide something by zero? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's not trying to do anything, it simply recognizes that dividing by zero is an undefined operation and gives you an error. Any sane programmer or engineer is going to trap an error condition like this *before* starting to solve the problem and running into issues later. You're looking at: def divide(x, y): if y == 0: RAISE EXCEPTION("can't do that bro") else: do_stuff() |
Technology | How did Disney animate their early animations (e.g. Snow White)? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | So, they were hand-drawn, but perhaps not quite in the way you think. Each frame consisted of many different drawings--you'd have a background, then trees or buildings, then characters, and then sometimes actual faces of the characters--something like that. So then to put it all together there was a device that layered all of these different drawings so that if you're looking at them from the top, they all blend together into one frame (and then if your next frame is the same except that someone is talking, you only have to change out whichever layer is changing the person's mouth). When you have it all set, you then take a picture of the total frame setup, and you have your one movie frame. At that point, it's essentially just like any other picture or part of a movie reel, and can be copied the same way, |
Technology | What are presidential alerts on the phone designed for? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | > Is it for imminent nuclear strikes? Apocalyptic meteors rapidly approaching Earth? Yes, basically. Maximum level threats that every civilian **must** be aware of. It's there so that you know disabling disaster alerts does not disable presidential alerts. |
Other | why do we find it so comfortable to cross our arms or legs? Surely sitting with legs flat and spread and arms at our sides is more natural and comfortable. | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | One limb is allowed to completely relax the muscles on top of the other. If you cross your left leg over your right leg, you're allowing your left leg to be completely at rest, so it feels good. That's why the other limb can get stiff after a while. |
Economics | How does advertisements actually profit? I find it hard to believe that they actually cover the cost that it took to run. | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Yeah they do. There are metrics they run. Some ads work and some don't. That is where an agency comes in. They do all the market research on what should bring new customers in your door. So lets take Holiday Inn for example. Not every ad is big budget. Some are small low cost and some are high dollar budget. Each one serves it purpose. Large expensive campaigns are about brand awareness. So when you think hotel the first name to pop into your head is Holiday Inn. These will be run at regular intervals during high rated prime time shows. They will be shocking usually with humor and will probably avoid the color red and have a lot of bright colors that complement blue but will many be greens and yellow tones. If watching TV in a dark room the commercials usually light up the room with its tones. Each camera angle change creates a dynamic tone change to mimic the effect of a police light. Attention, attention. The blue complimentary tones in such a manner are exciting but somewhat calming. Trusting tones. If its a lawyer ad for a accident lawyer. They will often do the opposite. Complimentary tones to red. Showing power, and dominance. So Holiday Inn is planting a seed in your brain that they are exciting, trustworthy, flashy but safe. Than they have the upkeep ads. Shorter less flashy, hardly any humor. They might be just their logo on billboards, 30 secs calm ads at less watched times on tv where they pay a channel X amount of dollars to show X amount of times in a specific date range of their choosing. That isn't about brand recognition but to just remind you over and over. Holiday Inn express. Holiday Inn Express. The hardest part of a business is getting new customers. New customers are the life blood of any business. And they are worth a lot. You are looking at each potential customer as being only worth their visit. But its considered so much more than that. Im going to give a hypothetical situation of their value. Lets say a company got a large group of people and divided them up in groups. They took the largest group lets just say its 20 total people as the example for ease in that group and tailored an ad that is specific to them. They hit all the marks in the commercial based on predetermined likes and needs of that group. The group wanted a value, but it to look like a nice hotel. The group also travels for work, and breakfast included is a perk. They are ages 35-50 and the humor they like is somewhat goofy not edgy. All 20 watch the commercials and over 90% of them are impressed by Holiday Inn Express's promises. 2 had previously bad experiences with the hotel, but are now reconsidering staying at another sometime to give them a chance. One in the group travels with a team in a company for promotions and is in charge of booking all the stays for everyone. Only one person doesn't think they would choose holiday inn express in the future. Most plan to use in the future if traveling. More than 10 plan to use it with in a year. Most importantly most will think of it now when the topic of getting a hotel room. Also people use company names as examples when suggesting things. Someones mother in law has to head in for a funeral. People part of the ad focus will now say stuff along the lines. Hey are you going to stay in town that weekend? Do you need to stay at the house or are you going to need a reservation at a holiday inn or something. The commercial plants that word to be less proper noun and just be a common noun for something. Like some people refer to soda as Coke even when it is not. Holiday Inn wants their name to be to the word hotel as Coke is to the word soda. Back at those 20 people though. Even only 20 people the possibility of those people being a driving force is endless. Not only does holiday Inn possibly gain their business the first time, but they have a chance for repeat business with those and all the referrals that come after that. Now multiply that by the number of people who watch any given prime time show live on tv, its in the millions. That commercial was designed for the largest group of potentially customers they could faction a commercial for. Of that group of hundreds of thousands of potential first time customers. They have to convince those thousands of customers to come in or come back so they can continue to form a larger and larger loyal customer base. And since their loyal customers die off eventually they have to continue this game until they are no longer profitable and viable as a company. If an ad doesn't bring new customers in the door, the ad company is replaced. |
Biology | How can the brain differentiate the timbre from sounds? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Timbre is when a sound has impure waves. You can go online and find a tool that will generate a simple sine wave, the most basic and pure tone. It sounds artificial because nothing in nature produces pure sine wave sound. If you look at the waveform (wave shape) of an instrument, you'll see a wave that's not a sine wave. A trumpet, for example, has something more akin to a triangle shape than the smooth curves of a sine wave. This is because there are many sine waves of different wavelengths added together in an instrument's overall wave. In your ear, there are a bunch of little hairs that can each detect a specific wavelength. The brain adds the results all up to figure out the overall sound. In short, different timbres are caused by different sound waves, which your ear can tell the difference between. |
Economics | Why have certain wealthy countries managed to reach very high population numbers compared to other equally wealthy ones? Is the GDP not a factor that affects population growth? Which are the biggest factors that affect population growth? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Land area is a big factor. You can't jam as many people into Ireland as you can into the United States. |
Technology | how does overclocking a computer work? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | The system oscillator, a little chip that synchronizes the other chips, is set to run at a higher frequency than the standard that the chips are engineered for. To improve yield, most parts operate perfectly well a little above the standard frequency. The overclocker makes their clock a little faster in steps until their computer starts to have random errors. Then they dial the clock back a little and they know that their computer is running as fast as the slowest part can go. |
Mathematics | How does Math describe Nature so well ? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I disagree with most of the other posters. Math was NOT made to understand or represent nature. It is entirely separate. Mathematics is pure logic. There is nothing in nature we could find to contradict any mathematics, nor is there any possible universe where math could be different. Mathematics is the study of implications. If we know X then Y MUST also be true. There is nothing new we learn in terms of the world. Mathematics is usually understood as starting from a set of unprovable assumptions and then deriving what you can from it. Now the history of mathematics is filled with examples of us studying the type of problems we may see in our lives. How much material do I need to construct a fence around my field. How much stone do I need to build a pyramid. So a lot of the things we study are basically the abstractions of these type of problems, but there is nothing that necessarily makes that so. Now Mathematics is used in science mostly since it is good at showing the implications of structure and our universe has structure. The link to the world is usually grounded in the things which are seen as explaining that structure. Mass and distance are what is important about how an object moves due to gravity. We then know since the world has structure that if we know mass and distance, then we must know the gravity force. It is the same type of things as before. We find the things in nature such that we know some things, then we also MUST know these other things. Math is good at that. In some sense, the world must be predictable and uniform to some extent to even allow things like humans to exist, so predictable and uniform basically means there is structure we can codify in math. |
Chemistry | How is non-dairy yogurt made? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | According to [the first Google . for "[how is non-dairy yogurt made]( URL_0 )," it's pretty much the same as fermenting dairy except you may need a thickener to get it to set and could need to add a little extra sugar to jumpstart the fermentation. |
Other | How does a larger budget equate to a better story? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It doesn't necessarily. But more money does mean you can hiring script doctors to fix problems, and better crew to execute the story to its fullest. But there are lots of high budget movies with bad stories. |
Other | How exactly did OJ Simpson get a not guilty verdict? The evidence seemed insurmountable | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | In fact, the evidence was pretty shaky. The two main items of evidence were the testimony of Det. Furman, who the defense successfully impeached as racist, maybe racist enough to frame Simpson. (Probably Furman was just garden-variety sorta prejudiced, but he was prepared very poorly to field questions about it.) Then there was the DNA, but the defense also showed that the county's tracking and recordkeeping procedures with evidence were lax, so if Furman really were intent on framing Simpson, it would have been possible for him to adulterate the sample. Therefore, both major planks of the prosecution's case were questionable. Then, the prosecution relied on Simpson, an experienced actor, to try on the gloves and surprise, surprise, they didn't fit. (Which is why you never let the other side control one of the main elements of your case.) Normally in L.A. County, when a big black dude was accused of killing a white woman, the prosecutors knew it would be an easy conviction to get, especially from a mostly white jury. And so they did a shitty job of building their case. But this particular big black dude was rich, famous, and charismatic, and so he was able to put them to the test in a way most defendants weren't, and they had no capacity to respond. I would imagine that every single member of the jury in that case thought Simpson had probably done it. But after the defense poked holes you could drive a truck through in all the County's evidence, there is no way the jury could vote to convinct consistent with their oath to find guilt "beyond a reasonable doubt." Because it wasn't likely that Furman manufactured to whole thing, but he was so badly impeached, it was certainly possible. Edit: typos |
Economics | What happens when you deposit cash into an ATM? What does the bank do with the physical cash? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Everything here is correct, but to add. Banks keep accounts with the federal reserve in addition to having vaults. When the bank needs cash, it withdraws money from it's account with the reserve and an armored truck delivers the bills. If it has a surplus of cash, it has an armored truck take some of it's cash back to the fed and is credited with the account. When you give a bank a $20, more often than not that $20 goes to the next guy who goes to withdraw cash. But no, they don't track individual bills to individual accounts. Once you deposit the money, the physical bill goes in to the general cash of the bank. |
Technology | Why is water cooling advertised as silent for computers but the radiator has fans in it? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Marketing is a kind of temporary reality that ceases to exist the minute you buy something. |
Other | Why does the United States always appear on the left side of a map? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | because the maps you're looking at has the US on the left side. Europe centered maps are popular in western countries. other maps don't have the US on left side. example of a Asian centric map. URL_0 in most maps, it's advantageous to have the sides of the map be somewhere insignificant, like middle of the ocean where nobody lives. there are 2 great areas like that, the atlantic ocean and the pacific ocean. most maps you've seen use the pacific ocean as the divide. |
Physics | - If you were in space and had a space suit over your entire body except for your hand, what would it do to you? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | That exact thing happened for Joe Kittinger in 1960. It was in a high altitude balloon flight with a pressure suit. It was at 100 000feet the pressure there is 1% of the pressure at sea level so that is not a significant difference from a perfect vacuum for an exposed human hand. His right glow sprung a leek during ascent. The suit was designed so it would have a pressure seal around the wrist if the glow leaked. He did not tell the ground crew because he suspected that the instruction would be to abort. I am not sure when it started to leak but the ascent took one and a half hour and he then stayed at peak altitude for 12 minutes so the balloon drifted to the landing site. The decent took 4 minutes 36 seconds. So his hand was in practical Vaccum for at least 12 minutes I would guess that half an hour is a better minimum estimation. The result was severe pain and a hand he could not use. It swelled to twice the normal size. The hand returned to normal 3 hours later. I suppose that the has was still in a glow so the swelling was limited to the size of the glow but it was at zero pressure. What would happen to longer time exposure or without any glow is had to know but extreme swelling of a hand for hours would like not to be good for it. [ URL_7 ]( URL_7 ) [ URL_1 ]( URL_1 ) [ URL_3 ]( URL_6 ) [ URL_4 ]( URL_5 ) & #x200B; Humans have even survived full-body exposure to vacuum for a short time. in 1966 a suite failed in a vacuum chamber test and Jim LeBlanc was exposed to vacuum. He remained conscious for 14 seconds and recalled the feeling of his saliva boiling of how to tongue. The vacuum chamber was rapidly pressurized and he was given oxygen 25s after the failure. He recovered immediately with an earache and no permanent damage. [ URL_0 ]( URL_2 ) |
Other | Do companies normally keep a physical copy of their product every time they redesign it? For example, does General Mills have a vault where they keep every different Wheaties cereal box that they designed? If so, what would happen to that collection if the company ever went out of business? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | My company prints plastic bags (potato bags, produce, pet food, fertilizer etc.) and we have a copy of every bag we have ever printed. Including design that have been changed and we will never use again. If we went out of business it would either be destroyed or sold with our other assets. It is “secret” intellectual property. |
Physics | What would happen if you passed the edge of space? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | There is no actual edge to space, there is only a steadily thinning atmosphere and a couple of arbitrary height markers. |
Economics | Why are people in France protesting? | [
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"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It started because the government was raising the gasoline tax when people feel the price of gas is already too high. It has snowballed into a huge "Fuck austerity, and fuck you Macron" protest. The President of France is *stunningly* unpopular. |
Economics | Is Peak Oil still considered a threat? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Yes it is still a threat, fracking, technology and exploration pushed the date back but it is still going to happen or is currently happening. |
Biology | Why (or how?) did mint become the ‘gold standard’ for oral health? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Toothpaste has tin in it, and tin has a bad metallic taste. To overpower that, it takes a strong flavor, like mint or peppermint. Other than cinnamon, there aren't many low cost flavors that will cover the tin taste. |
Technology | Why are bicycles so much more popular than tricycles? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | bikes are faster, handle better, and cheaper; in a generality. They are also easier to store. Bikes are available with multiple gears, which would be much more complex on a trike. |
Mathematics | How do betting odds work? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | 1) teams that are favored have the negative odds 2) Essentially, any negative number is how much you would need to pay out to win $100 if this team wins. So -900 means you would need to pay out $900 on this team to win $100. in this case this team must be the favorite, as you have to lay out *so much* in order to win anything substantial. 3) if something has a positive number, that team is the underdog 4) the + odds mean how much you will win if you lay out $100 on this team. So +145 means you would win $145 if you lay a bet of $100 on this team, and they win Hope this helps, let me know if you have more questions! |
Biology | If people only breathe out of one nostril at any given moment anyway... why are blocked noses so uncomfortable, even when only one nostril is blocked? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Because your body can't switch to that nostril and unblock the damn thing. So your sinus swells up, everything gets backed up, and it's just not a fun time. Horray for spring. |
Economics | Why is it that cars and most other vehicles only ever depreciate in value, whereas homes generally appreciate continuously? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Because 99% of cars are mass produced and generic (meaning in 5 years you'll still be able to see thousands of the same car driving around even though we've maybe gone through one or two model revisions since then), and cars have a limited service life based on age and how much you use and maintain them. Even if you don't use them that much they still have parts in them that wear down with time and need to be replaced. And new cars always have new features that older cars don't have. Houses, on the other hand, don't necessarily go up in value. It's the *property* that goes up in value, because property, unlike cars, cannot be built in a factory, there's a limited amount of it. And because there's a limited amount of it, demand for it can go up pretty high, depending on where you live. Houses *can* go up in value, too, if you're investing in the right projects. But most projects aren't a $1 for $1 return - a $10,000 bathroom renovation might help boost your property by $5,000, for instance. |
Biology | Does watching TV from too close or using mobile phone/PC for too long really cause damage to your eyesight(myopia/hypermetropia)?Why or why not? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | If you spend most of your time focusing your vision on things that are close to your eye, the eye muscles may eventually tend to want to stay in that position, making it more difficult to focus on distant targets. It’s like losing flexibility in your arms and legs if you don’t ever stretch them. |
Technology | How does making a professional song happen? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | From my understanding this is what happens: 1. A producer creates a backing track 2. A ghost writer will write lyrics according to the backing track 3. The producer and ghost writer sell the song to a singer like Ariana Grande or Beyonce. 4. The singer will sing the lyrics to the song at the studio until they achieve an "ideal" take. 5. The producer will then use effects in post-production to make the song sound "perfect" by using things like autotune, and comping (where the producer will comb through different takes and cherry pick certain moments, and take out breaths so the flow of the song is better, but becomes irrepeatable when performed live) |
Other | Why is vaseline/gel applied on MMA fighters' face before they go to fight? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Before they start to sweat their skin is dry. Those first hits without sweat would rip the skin to heck from the friction of a dry face and dry glove. Vaseline is used to allow for some smoothness to avoid major cuts early on |
Economics | Why do gas prices include the extra 9/10 cent on the end? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | That is an ancient consumer marketing technique. A very long time ago, people in marketing figured out that consumers perceive a price of, say, $1.99 to be significantly less than a price of $2.00. Of course, those prices are not actually very different, but people tend to round down to the nearest significant digit rather than rounding up when they are purchasing consumer goods. The same is true for something like refrigerators: buyers will look at a fridge that costs $1199 and one that costs $1200, and they will express a preference for the slightly cheaper one regardless of any benefits the slightly more expensive one may possess. Psychologically, that $1 difference between 1199 and 1200 is very impactful. Now, let's change the prices of those refrigerators to, say, $1286 and $1288. Now people will look at the two refrigerators and perceive them both as being essentially the same price (which they are) because the significant digit - 2 - is the same. For that very same reason, both refrigerators could increase in price to $1289, or even $1299, and nobody would even care. If the price creeps to $1300, the significant digit has changed and people start to think they're being hornswoggled. The 9/10 thing is related to that behavior. Consumers ignore the 9/10 and focus on the pennies because that's the significant digit in a gasoline price. This effectively allows oil companies to charge an extra .9 cents per gallon of gas without you even realizing it. |
Mathematics | A new rampant UK television advert I've noticed points out that '1 in 2 of us will get cancer'... I've Googled around a little bit... So, out of a friend of mine and I for instance, one of us will get cancer?... That sounds a bit much that half of all the people in the UK will get cancer??!! | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Everyone who lives long enough will *eventually* get some form of cancer. If both of you live into your 70s, chances are pretty good that one of you is going to deal with it. |
Biology | Why does your vision turn blurry/weird when you feel overwhelmed or anxious? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Back before you were born, your eyes developed as an offshoot of your brain. And like your brain, your eyes require a large amount of energy transfered by bloodflow. When you are anxious or stressed, your fight or flight response sends hormones through your blood system to divert blood to your muscles. This allows you to act by fighting or fleeing. This diverts blood from elsewhere including your brain (can't think with full capacity) and your eyes (can't see at full capacity). This can result in blurred or weird vision. Nowadays, stress and anxiety are caused by things that often cannot be fought off or completely escaped from. We have to remember we are not at full thinking or seeing capacity when we are stressed or anxious. |
Physics | Why are race cars roughly the same size as consumer passenger cars? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | They’re not built from the ground up for racing, they’re modified production cars as far as I know. A purpose built race car would be a LMP1 race car. GT3, V8 Supercars, WRC, NASCAR etc, all use normal production cars you can buy; that have been modified in order to follow whatever rules that specific racing league has set. |
Other | Where does the term “green” come from to describe someone as new, inexperienced or amateur? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's from lumber - wood that is fresh cut is green and moist and cannot be used, it has to dry out and season before it's strong and good to use as lumber. |
Chemistry | Why does helium and sulfur hexafluoride have opposite impacts on your voice after inhaling, even though they are chemically very different? They're not that chemically similar, but they aren't chemically opposite either, just two very random compounds/gases. | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | They both have their effect because of their density. Helium is much lighter than air, SF6 is much heavier. Their chemistry doesn't matter, neither are reacting in this scenario. *EDIT: Importantly they* ***are*** *chemically similar in that both are non toxic. These are the lightest and heaviest non-toxic, non reactive gases. Hydrogen would make your voice even higher than helium, but you're a spark away from exploding your lungs.* Your voice is produced by your vocal cords vibrating. Literally flaps/folds wiggling back and forth in the air. If you replace that air around them with something relatively thick and heavy (like SF6), then the cords vibrate slower due to the extra resistance. Imagine swimming in a pool of honey or syrup. You'd move slower than swimming in water. It's the same here. Helium is lighter than air so your vocal cords are free to vibrate faster than usual, for the same reason. |
Biology | Why people can get "accumulated tiredness" but not "accumulated rest"? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I assume you're talking about sleep debt? Sleep debt is a little more complicated than "accumulated tiredness." It generally refers to a chain of changes and harms in the body as a result of poor sleep or insufficient sleep: increased risk of obesity, heart problems, stroke, cognitive decline, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, the list goes on. There are a lot of researchers out there who think the idea of sleep debt is bs and that sleep debt is just a silly way to talk about shit sleep habits. Whichever perspective you want to go with, the crux is that you can never really pay back what you've taken out because the damages have already started. You can't bank sleep--it isn't just rest. It's a period of time where the brain and body reset, flush out accumulated stuff that slows you down, reorganize, and basically recalibrate. You need to go through that process every night. On the flip side of too little sleep, sleeping for abnormally long periods of time generally indicates a disorder, not healthy function. Accumulating rest would mean hijacking your circadian rhythm. Ultimately, humans don't do well with inconsistent sleep, whether that means sleeping too little or sleeping too much. |
Other | Why are things measured differently in the US? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Because, like all well-established colonies, Empire. -- When the british colonies of America were on the brink of revolution, the english were about to convert to a new, easier system of measurement. The Metric System. During the revolutionary war, convertion was halted in britain (which is why britain uses both systems). The 13 American colonies stuck with the imperial system to further distance themselves from the brits, and were too lazy to ever change back. You're making more work for yourselves! |
Mathematics | What is Pi? How was it discovered, and why does such a strange number have so many diverse uses? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It’s just a relationship between the diameter and circumference of a circle. It was discovered because people noticed that the ratio never changes, no matter how big or small the circle, and it’s the only way to calculate the surface of one. It has many uses because many things in nature have circular motion. |
Chemistry | What are the chemical reactions happening when food is cooked? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Proteins denaturate. That means the long, complex chains of amino acids begin to unravel. This makes proteins more tender and easier for us to digest. Fats melt and dissolve, which makes food juicier and the fats easier to digest. Starches/carbohydrates break up in to shorter chains of carbohydrates, sometimes even its component sugars. This makes them sweeter and easier to digest. All of the above happens in combination, as most food rarely is pure protein/fat/carb, but a combination. In addition to this, theres the maillard reaction. A complex, not fully understood reaction that "caramelizes" food under direct heat exposure. This makes fried food crispy and delicious. This makes toast toast, and steak steak. This makes fried broccoli sweet and crispy. Among other things... |
Mathematics | How are there "unsolvable" maths equations? And how are some then solved? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Let's distinguish between "unsolved" and "unsolvable" problems. "Unsolved" problems are those for which we simply don't have a solution yet (if there is one). [There are hundreds of those]( URL_0 ). "Unsolvable" problems are those for which there is no solution. For example, the question "what value of x satisfies the equation x=x+1" doesn't have a solution, which makes in "unsolvable". Of course, you could argue that "there is no solution" is a solution in itself, but that's more of a philosophical question. |
Other | Why is Crimea described as essential to Russia’s access to a warm sea port on the Black Sea when there is a ton of Russian coastline just to the East all along the Black Sea? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Well first of all Russia doesn't have that much of a Coastline that would work. Only around 200km. The reason is that they can't put their Navy on a port inside the Sea of Asov. The Straight of Kerch is the only way out of there and that put your fleet in a very weak position. You wouldn't want your whole fleet trap because someone is blocking the strait. It's just an obvious choke point where the water isn't that deep. Second you need a deep water port. Because if the slope of the coast isn't steep enough, the boat can't get close enough to the coast. Which would limit the use of the port to only small vessel. Russian coastline directly on the Black Sea have very few deep water port. Novorossiysk, Tuapse and Taman. Tuapse isn't that deep to begin with. The port is also small and not really easy to increase in size. On both side of the port there is hills that make it hard to build on. There is also a slight slope on the eastern coast. I doubt they can make it into a proper military harbour. Novorossiysk is a deep water port and a rather good one, but most of the installation is already for commercial use. The Russian have a military harbour there, but it's not a big enough, not big enough for the whole fleet of the Black Sea. Even if Novorossiysk have a bigger port than Tuaspe it also have the same issue as hills on both size would make expansion of the port hard. So the military would need to take some portion of the port from commercial use, which wouldn't be good for the economy and highly unpopular for the population. It leave us with Taman which is all new. It was opened in 2009 and it rather small in scale right now, but opposite to the other two it have room to expand. If Crimea couldn't be under the control of Russia it would probably be the only place where the Russian fleet could go. But right now there is no installation for that to happen. It would take decades and a lot of money to build installation equivalent to those of Sevastopol. There is also the issue that there isn't any cities or town close to the port. Think how much more it will cost to build since you gonna have to bring worker from outside the area. Worst you gonna need thousands of sailor to maintain the fleet and those people and their family need a place to live, go to school, buy grocery, etc. You are talking about make a whole new town. It's possible some military base are this way around the world, but it took a long time to make. Finally, another issue is that Taman is 17km from the coast of Crimea. That's dangerously close to a foreign power to put your whole fleet there. It's just easier to have Crimea under your control and use Sevastopol with all the installation and services already there. In addition, Crimea also have a central position on the Black sea, allowing more control over the sea from there, than from the Russian coast. |
Economics | What exactly is happening when a price on Amazon says ( $14.50 - $1750.00 ) ? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I think it’s the used items that people can put their own prices on. And they can put some ridiculous prices on them. |
Economics | Texans were charged billions of dollars more for electricity during the blackouts. Where is that money going? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Primarily energy producers who raised their rates to the maximum they could get when supply was far outstripped by demand |
Other | how does games make money without showing ad? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | In game items sell far more than anything else. The largest game company in the world, EA, as of 2018 made 34% of its entire yearly revenue from only in game purchases in FIFA Alone |
Technology | How does Nagel's Algorithm work, and why does it help lowering the latency while playing real time online video games like League of Legends, DOTA and Rainbow Six Siege? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Nagle's Algorithm works by sending fewer but larger packets instead of flooding the system with small packets over a TCP connection. It's like filling a city with cars vs buses. When everyone has a car people can leave point A whenever they are ready but they move around the city at a slower pace because there's a *lot* of cars on the road. If you instead outlaw cars and only allow buses, people may have to wait around a little bit to leave from point A, but there's fewer vehicles on the road so those vehicles can move around a lot more smoothly. However, most real-time online games, LoL included (I didn't look into the others you named), use UDP which has significantly lower overhead and is preferred when packets are time-sensitive. As such, most real-time online games *do not* use TCP or Nagle's Algorithm. |
Technology | Why is broken glass not recyclable when in the recycling process, it is crushed into cullet? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Short answer, it is. Long answer, it is recyclable, just people don't want to touch it. Picking through recyclables(cardboard, glass, metal, cans, boxes, bathwater) is difficult and time consuming. The material it self is reformed through the manufacturing process, not the recycling process. All in all its a load of shit companies tell you to not break bottles. Its just harder to grab a little sliver of glass than a whole bottle. |
Economics | Why do North American nations display prices in stores without tax? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Taxes vary from state to state. If shops should display incl. taxes, then things would look like they cost more in one store in a chain than another. Shops argue that it's inordinately cumbersome to display them with taxes. Most parts of EU have the same tax across the whole country, making it easier to display prices incl. tax. Hope this helps. |
Biology | Why is raw egg white okay to drink in fancy cocktails but considered dangerous when eating raw cookie dough? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | They put that on cookie dough containers so that those companies aren't liable if you get sick. But, in general, raw egg is pretty safe in moderation. The uncooked flour in the dough is probably more dangerous than the egg. I make ice cream using raw egg all the time. Mayonnaise is also made with raw egg, if you make it at home. |
Technology | How are thatched roofs waterproof? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | > all that water must soak into it and drop through eventually, right? *Eventually* can take a long time. You just have to lay the thatch right, and thick enough, and it's longer than any rainstorm. |
Technology | Can someone explain what people mean by “ticks” when they talk about computers? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | It's often a simulation term. Is you have a game or a simulation, processing can't be continuous, but update rates are variable to maximize response speed. The generic term for the time between frames is a tick. The tick size may need to vary, to maintain real time execution, but this way none of the other code has to change. |
Technology | Why are the front and back cameras on smartphones not the same to begin with? Why do they need to differ in quality? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | cost and size. if all other variables remain constant, a bigger lens allows for better photos, as well as a bigger image sensor (the light sensing chip behind the lens). since they’re intended for different things, they just use different cameras. smaller cameras are also better at taking pictures of things closer to themselves (like a selfie) |
Biology | If nobody emigrated anywhere for the rest of time, would people in North America become more Native American looking, people in Europe become more "European" looking, etc? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Quite possibly. History has several examples of this happening. For example, Australian Aborigines look *very* different from most other people. For another example, Europeans (and their descendants) with their pale coloring look *very* different from nearly all other people (with their brown coloring). |
Economics | How do clothing retailers operate and profit? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | No they sell them at 400% price and then mark it down as 75% off so people buy them. And if someone like it so much they buy it at 400%? That's even better |
Other | On what basis are stores able to request that customers all leave their bags with staff at the counter? what happens if it gets stolen? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | I was at a used bookstore and a customer got very upset because his bookbag got stolen under watch by staff. He said that the staff should have yelled "Thief!" and tried to stop the person from taking his bag. The customer was initially approached by bookstore staff who asked him to leave his bag at the counter. The store also has signs stating "Leave bags at counter" but I ignored it as I saw other people with bags too. He said he will contact the store owner who now owes him a new bag plus value of all the stuff he lost inside such as ID and other possessions. He demanded to know if the cashier has a security license, which the staff did not answer. He quietly said "I don't want to have this conversation", and the customer who got his bag stolen angrily stormed out, saying he will complain to the owner. I had my backpack on and wasn't approached by staff to leave the bag at the counter for whatever reason. I thought of voluntarily leaving my bag there as a good customer, but then decided I didn't need to since I was going to leave soon anyways. After the theft just occured in the store , I was glad that I didn't leave anything with them and quickly left. |
Economics | what is globalism and how is it different from globalization? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Globalism is the overall interconnectedness of the world (and politically, the idea that this interconnectedness exists). Globalization is the rate at which this interconnectedness is progressing. I was going to write more, but this is ELI5. |
Chemistry | Why does water damage circuits, but Alcohol does not? | [
{
"content": "The user asks a question, and the Assistant answers it. The assistant first thinks about the reasoning process in the mind and then provides the user with the answer. The reasoning process and answer are enclosed within <thinking> </thinking> and\n<answer> </answer> tags, respectively, i.e., <thin... | Alcohol evaporates quickly. Water will stay for longer and a drop you miss while drying it can cause a short circuit when turning it back on. |
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