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README.md
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---
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license: apache-2.0
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tags:
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- chess
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- transformer
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- pytorch
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- imitation-learning
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language:
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- en
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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library_name: pytorch
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---
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# Chessformer v0
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A ~50M parameter transformer trained to **imitate human chess play across the full Elo spectrum**, conditioned on player Elo, remaining clock time, and time increment.
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> **44.4% top-1 joint move accuracy** on a held-out, Elo-balanced validation set (predicting the exact human move — from-square and to-square).
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## What it does
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- **Strength is a dial.** Pass `white_elo=1200` and it plays like a 1200. Pass `white_elo=2800` and it plays like a 2800.
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- **No rules, no search.** Legal-move understanding is emergent from training data only.
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- **Clock-aware.** Conditioning on remaining time lets the model represent time-pressure play.
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- **One forward pass per move.** From-square and to-square are predicted autoregressively in a single masked forward, not via tree search.
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## Usage
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```python
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import chess, torch
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from chessformer.model import ChessformerModel, unwrap_state_dict
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from chessformer.tokenizer import build_vocab
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from chessformer.inference import pick_move
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vocab = build_vocab()
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ckpt = torch.load("chessformer_v0.pt", map_location="cpu")
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model = ChessformerModel(vocab=vocab, **ckpt["cfg"]["model"])
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model.load_state_dict(unwrap_state_dict(ckpt["model"]), strict=True)
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model.eval()
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board = chess.Board()
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move = pick_move(model, vocab, torch.device("cpu"), board,
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white_elo=2500, black_elo=2500,
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white_clock_s=120.0, black_clock_s=120.0,
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increment_s=5.0)
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print(move) # e.g. e2e4
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```
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## Architecture
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| Param | Value |
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| --- | --- |
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| Parameters | ~50M |
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| d_model | 512 |
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| n_heads | 8 |
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| n_layers | 12 |
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| FFN | SwiGLU, 4× expansion |
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| Norm | RMSNorm (pre-norm) |
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| Attention | Flash Attention (SDPA) |
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| Max sequence length | 41 tokens |
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Board pieces use **additive embeddings**: `emb[color] + emb[piece_type] + emb[file] + emb[rank]`. No positional encoding needed. Elo, clock, and increment use soft bracket interpolation.
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## Training
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- **Data:** Lichess standard rated games, January 2018 (~100k games, ~6.6M positions)
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- **Val/Test:** December 2017 (different month — no game-level leakage), Elo-balanced across 1000–2900
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- **Steps:** 20,000
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- **Batch size:** 1024 (2× T4 GPU, DDP)
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- **LR:** 3e-4, cosine decay with 1000-step warmup
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- **Optimizer:** AdamW, weight decay 0.01
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## Metrics (val_games, Elo-balanced)
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| Metric | Value |
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| --- | --- |
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| Top-1 joint move accuracy | **44.4%** |
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| Validation loss | **1.785** |
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## Limitations
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- Trained on one month of Lichess — tactical blindspots exist, especially in quiet positions.
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- Puzzle-solving is emergent and not explicitly optimized.
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- Clock conditioning is only as good as the training data's clock annotations.
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## License
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Apache 2.0. Training data from [database.lichess.org](https://database.lichess.org/) (CC0).
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## Citation
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```
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@misc{chessformer2024,
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author = {Albert-Roulhac, Edouard},
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title = {Chessformer: Elo-conditioned human chess imitation via transformer},
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year = {2024},
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url = {https://github.com/edarsem/chessformer},
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}
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```
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