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metadata
language: en
library_name: transformers
tags:
  - memorization
  - capacity
  - gpt2
  - random-data
license: mit

Tiny GPT memorization checkpoint (0p5m, near-capacity / saturation boundary)

From an exploratory tiny-scale replication of How much do language models memorize?.

  • Architecture: GPT-2 (transformers), trained from scratch.
  • Parameters: 481,840 (non-embedding 311,520).
  • Vocab: 2048 data tokens (uniform random) + BOS = 2049 model vocab.
  • Sequence length: 64 (paper S=64).
  • Dataset: 2500 sequences, 160,000 data tokens, dataset entropy 1,760,000 bits (1.760 Mbits).
  • Trained 7463 steps, AdamW, bfloat16, lr 0.002, batch 1024.
  • Result: train loss 4.0047 bits/tok, held loss 16.8499, memorized 1,119,247 bits = 2.323 bits/parameter.

This is the near-capacity (saturation-boundary) run for this model size. Below- and above-capacity checkpoints for the same architecture are published as state.pt files in the results dataset evalstate/tiny-memorization-results.

Load with:

from transformers import GPT2LMHeadModel
model = GPT2LMHeadModel.from_pretrained("evalstate/tiny-gpt-memorization-0p5m")

Findings are scoped as an exploratory tiny-scale check (three architectures), NOT a universal scaling law.