Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks
Paper • 1908.10084 • Published • 16
How to use koreankiwi99/distilroberta-dis-01 with sentence-transformers:
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
model = SentenceTransformer("koreankiwi99/distilroberta-dis-01")
sentences = [
"What is the range of numbers that can be printed on each document using the serial number feature?",
"Alle Artikel vom 30. Januar 2018\n22-Jähriger bespuckt Polizisten : Dillinger (22) geht in der Wache auf Polizisten los\nSt. Johann (red) Kurz nach einem Taschendiebstahl in der Bahnhofstraße hat die Festnahme eines Verdächtigen (22) die Polizei in Atem gehalten. Beamte aus der Inspektion Karcherstraße fassten den Mann aus Dillingen gegen 15.15 Uhr und brachten ihn\nAusnahmezustand : Bischmisheimer (30) wirft seine Möbel aus dem Fenster\nIn einem seelischen Ausnahmezustand hat ein 30 Jahre alter Mann aus Bischmisheim am Dienstag gegen 14 Uhr seine Wohnung verwüstet.\nDie Mannschaft der BSG Stahl Vital Dillinger ist saarländischer Betriebssportmeister im Hallenfußball. Im Endspiel besiegte der deutsche Vizemeister in der Ohlenbach-Sporthalle in Wiebelskirchen die Mannschaft von Ford Saarlouis mit 6:5 im Von Heinz Bier\nDer TV Ludweiler hat im Rahmen einer Meisterfeier erfolgreiche Leichtathleten geehrt. Abteilungsleiter René Schwarz sagte: „Das Jahr 2017 war ein sehr erfolgreiches und gutes Jahr für die Ludweiler Leichtathletik.“ Der TV habe sich unter 49\nVon Mirko Reuther Von Mirko Reuther\nHomburg (red) Wer das Kulturamt am kommenden Dienstag aufsuchen möchte, sollte sich auf eine kleine Änderung einstellen. Das Kulturamt der Stadt im Rathaus am Forum ist aufgrund einer Fortbildungsveranstaltung am Dienstag, 6. Februar, in der Zeit Von red\nSechs unterschiedliche Vorhaben werden 2018 in Homburg im Rahmen der Partnerschaft für Demokratie gefördert. vom Theater bis zum gemeinsamen Kochen. Im Sommer kann man sich erneut mit Projekten bewerben. Von Ulrike Stumm\nHOmburg (red) Noch haben die Homburger Schlossberghöhlen und das Römermuseum Winterpause. In dieser Woche werden sie wieder geöffnet, allerdings gelten im Februar und März für beide Sehenswürdigkeiten verkürzte Besichtigungszeiten von 10 bis 16 Uhr.\nNeujahrsempfang am Universitätsklinikum in Homburg mit viel Prominenz. Von Thorsten Wolf\nRegionalverband (red) Am „Fetten Donnerstag“, 8. Februar, ist die Verwaltung des Regionalverbandes Saarbrücken nur bis 12 Uhr geöffnet. Am Freitag, 9. Februar, gilt die übliche Geschäftszeit bis 12 Uhr. Am Rosenmontag, 12. Februar, bleibt die\nIm Saarbrücker Repair Café können am Samstag, 3. Februar, von 11 bis 14 Uhr, im welt:raum am St. Johanner Markt kaputte Textilien und Elektrogeräte wieder flottgemacht werden. Ehrenamtliche stehen dabei helfend zur Seite. In einer Gesellschaft, die\nEnglands Ikone David Beckham erhält den offiziellen Zuschlag der Profiliga MLS. 2020 soll es losgehen.\nEine Sicherheitslücke bedroht das Anti-Doping-System auch in Pyeongchang.\nDie Winterspiele starten in neun Tagen. Die Topathleten fiebern den Wettkämpfen entgegen – wer wird besonders glänzen?\nDer Saarlouiser unterschreibt beim 1. FC Saarbrücken einen Vertrag bis Saisonende mit Option. Dies könnte sich als cleverer Schachzug entpuppen. Von Patric Cordier\nVor dem Ende der Wechselfrist gehen zahlreiche Transfers über die Bühne. Unter anderem verlässt Marc Bartra den BVB.\nMinisterpräsidentin Kramp-Karrenbauer schaltet sich in den Finanzskandal beim Landessportverband für das Saarland LSVS ein. Von Ute Kirch und Tobias Fuchs\nDer saarländische Profiboxer unterschreibt bei einem US-Promoter und kämpft als nächstes in Mexiko. Helfen soll der neue Trainer Karl-Heinz Krüger. Von Stefan Regel\nsaarbrücken (red) Nachwuchsspieler Tomas Polansky rückt beim 1. FC Saarbrücken Tischtennis kommende Saison in die erste Mannschaft auf. Der tschechische Nationalspieler wird nach zwei Jahren in der zweiten Mannschaft des FCS in der 2. Bundesliga\nCalgary (dpa) Eishockey-Star Jaromir Jagr wird seine Karriere in Europa fortführen. Wie die Calgary Flames aus der Profiliga NHL mitteilten, wird der 45-Jährige zu seinem Heimatclub HC Kladno in Tschechien wechseln. Für den zweifachen\nSaarbrücken (red) Rolf Lacour ist tot. Der frühere Weltklasse-Ringer verstarb in der Nacht zu Sonntag in Köllerbach. Er wurde 80 Jahre alt. Lacour war der erfolgreichste Sportler des Saarländischen Ringer-Verbandes. 1965 wurde er Vize-Weltmeister im\nWillingen (sid) Skisprung-Bundestrainer Werner Schuster hat für die Olympia-Generalprobe in Willingen sein stärkstes Aufgebot nominiert. Auf der Mühlenkopfschanze werden die fünf Pyeongchang-Starter Richard Freitag, Andreas Wellinger, Markus\nGemeinderat : Gemeinderat tagt am 2. Februar\n(red) Um den Jahresabschluss der Glückauf-Halle für das Wirtschaftsjahr 2015 geht es unter anderem im öffentlichen Teil der nächsten Gemeinderatssitzzung in Spiesen-Elversberg. Die findet statt am Freitag, 2. Februar, 17.30 Uhr, im Sitzungssaal des\n(red) Nach seinem gefeierten Programm „Freiheit!“ schlägt der Musikkabarettist Lars Reichow ein neues Kapitel auf. Zum 25-jährigen Bühnenjubiläum geht er mit einer gehörigen Portion „Lust“ auf Tournee: Lust auf Wahrheit. Lust auf Musik. Lust auf\nDas Ambulante Hospiz St. Josef Neunkirchen sucht ehrenamtliche Hospizhelfer. „Menschenwürdig leben bis zuletzt“ – unter diesem Tenor steht die Arbeit im ambulanten Hospiz St. Josef Neunkirchen, das ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter braucht. Am Dienstag, 20.\nSeniorenlotsen gesucht : Landkreis sucht weitere Seniorenlotsen\nEhrenamtliche sollen älteren Menschen im Alltag mit Rat und Tat zur Seite stehen.\nKreis sucht Tageseltern : Tagesmütter und Tagesväter werden gesucht\n(red) Für die am 20. Februar beginnende Qualifizierung zur Tagesmutter, beziehungsweise zum Tagesvater beim Kreisjugendamt sind noch Plätze frei. Die Qualifizierung umfasst 160 Unterrichtsstunden und ein Praktikum von 40 Stunden in einer\nNeunkirchen. Am heutigen Mittwoch wird Hannelore Fuchs 94 Jahre alt. Glück und Gesundheit wünschen Verwandte und Bekannte.\nBeim Tag der offenen Tür staunten die Besucher über die Vielfalt in der Erzieherausbildung an der Edith-Stein-Schule in Neunkirchen. Von Jörg Gustav Jacobi-Vogelgesang\nOrtsräte Schiffweiler : Das meiste Geld fließt in den Kita-Neubau\nAn diesem Mittwoch, 17 Uhr, stimmt der Gemeinderat Schiffweiler in seiner Sitzung im Rathaus über den Haushaltssanierungsplan 2011 bis 2021, das Investitionsprogramm 2017 bis 2021 sowie den Haushaltsplan und die Haushaltssatzung für das Jahr 2018 Von Mathias Huckert\nBereits am 20. September, so die Polizeiinspektion Neunkirchen, ereignete sich in einer Neunkircher Spielothek ein Diebstahl. Der Beschuldigte entwendete dem Geschädigten offenbar 70 Euro aus dessen Geldbörse, die kurz unbeaufsichtigt an einem\nMit dem Foto der Überwachungskamera fahndet die Polizei Neunkirchen nach einer Frau, die mit einer gestohlenen EC-Karte Geld am Automaten abgehoben haben soll. Der Vorfall ereignete sich bereits am 26. September. Damals wurde einer Frau beim\nNeunkirchen (red) Am Montag haben sich die Beschäftigten der ZF AG, Werk 5 in Neunkirchen, mit großer Mehrheit dafür entschieden, ihren Forderungen mit einem ganztägigen Warnstreik Ausdruck zu verleihen. Das teilt die IG Metall Neunkirchen mit.\n(red) Der Allgemeine Deutsche Fahrrad Club (ADFC) Neunkirchen lädt für Donnerstag zum Radlerstammtisch ins Turnerheim nach Wellesweiler in die Pestalozzi-Straße ein. Der Stammtisch beginnt um 18.30 Uhr. Besprochen werden sollen das Tourenprogramm für\nE-Mobilität : Mehr E-Autos auf den Straßen im Kreis Neunkirchen\nAber wie umweltverträglich ist der Stromantrieb? Experte erwartet verschiedene Alternativen für die Zukunft. Von Michael Beer\n(red) Imitieren Kinder alles? Um das herauszufinden, suchen Entwicklungspsychologen von der Universität des Saarlandes für eine Studie Jungen und Mädchen, die mindestens drei und höchstens vier Jahre alt sind. Die Forscher wollen herausfinden, ob\nFastnacht in Saarbrücken : So geht’s weiter in den Saarbrücker Narrenhochburgen\nGroßeinsatz : Nächtlicher Stromausfall trifft Püttlinger Klinik\nKurz vor Mitternacht hat am Montag eine Leitung versagt. Feuerwehr und Technisches Hilfswerk eilten zum Krankenhaus, in dem 370 Patienten versorgt werden. Von Matthias Zimmermann\nAm Dienstag, 6. Februar, 18 Uhr, beginnt in der Saarbrücker Stadtbibliothek eine Vortragsreihe über Sicherheit im Internet. Hintergrund ist der internationale Aktionstag Safer Internet Day (SID), der unter dem Motto „Ein besseres Internet beginnt\nIm Bauausschuss wurde die Möglichkeit einer finanziellen Förderung diskutiert.\nAm Montagvormittag, zwischen 9.50 und 11.40 Uhr wurde ein auf dem Marktplatz in St. Ingbert geparkter, roter Renault Scenic mit Kölner Kennzeichen an der vorderen Stoßstange, rechte Seite, beschädigt. Wie die Polizei mitteilt, streifte ein den Von red\nSie wissen, was in Ihrem Ort passiert? Können Ärgerliches, Schönes, Kurioses berichten? Sie haben einen Brand oder Unfall beobachtet oder sogar Fotos gemacht? Dann schicken Sie uns alles als Leser-Reporter. Wir recherchieren Ihre Tipps. Als Von red\nDas Albertus-Magnus-Gymnasium bot seinen Schülern eine Berufs- und Studienvorbereitung an.\nAm Montag, 5. Februar, ab 9.30 Uhr, ist die Heilpraktikerin Helga Wiesmann mit dem Vortrag „Bauch über Kopf“ beim Kultur- und Lesefrühstück in Brebach zu Gast.\nDie Evangelische Familienbildungsstätte der Diakonie Saar lädt mittwochs, 21. und 28. Februar, zu einem Aufbaukurs zum Thema „Mein Smartphone und ich – einfach und sicher“. Der Kurs läuft jeweils von 9.30 bis 11.45 Uhr, in der Mainzer Straße 269.\nUnter dem Motto „Sonntagsschicht“ bietet die Völklinger Hütte im Februar wieder eine sonntägliche Familienführung zur Industriekultur der Völklinger Hütte. Ab 4. Februar erzählt der Experte für Industriekultur und Projektleiter am Weltkulturerbe\nRegionalverbandsdirektor Peter Gillo und VHS-Direktor Wilfried Schmidt haben im Rahmen des Neujahrsempfangs der VHS Regionalverband Saarbrücken erstmals langjährige Dozenten geehrt. Den Anfang machten die Jubilare aus Saarbrücken. Im kommenden Jahr\nWegweisende Anlage : Moderne Galerie in Saarbrücken ist jetzt hörbar besser\nGemeinderat : Rat in Bous beschäftigt sich mit Wirtschaftsplänen\nNicht wie gewohnt im Petri-Hof, sondern im Sitzungssaal des Bouser Rathauses trifft sich der Rat zur ersten Sitzung 2018 am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, 18 Uhr. Auf der Tagesordnung stehen die Einführung und Verpflichtung eines Gemeinderatsmitgliedes Von az\nMontan Wind hat bei Landsweiler das erste von zwei Windrädern fertiggestellt. Von Fred Kiefer\nLebach (kü) Die Aufstellung eines Bebauungsplanes Weiherberg 4 ist Thema im Stadtrat Lebach am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, 18 Uhr, im Rathaus. Außerdem stehen auf der Tagesordnung: der Windpark Lebach-Nord sowie der aktuelle Stand der Umsetzung des\nFaasend : Viel Neues am Greesendaach\nSaarwellingen feiert am 8. Februar mit Narrenbaum, Schlagerparty und Feuerwerk. Von red\nEs war einmal: Shiva Music in Lebach : Eine Ära geht zu Ende\nAlles hat seine Zeit. Das weiß auch Günter Staub, der 40 Jahre in Lebach ansässig war. Er kann einige Anekdoten erzählen und hat die musikalische Entwicklung hautnah erlebt. Vieles in seinem Geschäft erinnert an die guten alten Zeiten, die der Rock- Von Astrid Dörr\nNach 40 Jahren hat Günter Staub, Inhaber von Shiva Music, sein Geschäft am Bitscher Platz in Lebach aufgegeben. Von Astrid Dörr\nkeukenhof : Obstbauer fahren zum Keukenhof\nDer Kreisverband der Obst- und Gartenbauvereine Saarlouis fährt zum Keukenhof (Holland) am 29. und 30. April. Abfahrt ist um 6 Uhr in Rehlingen, P&R-Platz (Zufahrt zur Hessmühle) und um 6.30 Uhr in Lebach am Bahnhof. Im Fahrpreis enthalten sind:\nJörg Kneip bei der Feuerwehr Ensdorf wiedergewählt : Ehrenamtliche Arbeit zum Wohl der Bürger\nEnsdorfer Wehr wählt bei Hauptversammlung Jörg Kneip erneut zu ihrem stellvertretenden Wehrführer.\nenergieberatung : Effiziente Tipps für eine saubere Umwelt\nEnergieberater der Verbraucherzentrale des Saarlandes geben Ratschläge für durchdachte Energiesparmaßnahmen.\nTafeln : Kirchen sammeln wieder Lebensmittel\n(hpf) Am Wochenende vom 3.und 4. Februar stehen in den katholischen Kirchen in Wadgassen, Differten und Friedrichweiler wieder Kisten zum Sammeln von haltbaren Lebensmitteln bereit. Die Lebensmittel sind für die Saarlouiser Tafel bestimmt. Der Von hpf\nWanderverein : Wanderer rufen zur Hauptversammlung\n(rk) Jahreshauptversammlung hat der Heimat- und Wanderverein Edelweiß am Sonntag, 4. Februar, um 17 Uhr im Vereinslokal Kater Carlo in Elm. Auf der Tagesordnung stehen unter anderem Neuwahlen und die Termine 2018.\nBunter Abend : Bunter Abend beim Elisabethenverein\n(rk) Der Elisabethenverein St. Martin Schwalbach lädt für Freitag, 2. Februar, um 19.30 Uhr zum bunten Abend in den Gemeindesaalbau Schwalbach ein. Verzehrbons gibt es bei den Kassiererinnen und an der Abendkasse. Von rk\nBörse : Eine Börse für Spielzeug und Kindersachen\nDer Baseballverein Saarlouis Hornets veranstaltet am Sonntag, 4. März, von 13 Uhr bis 16 Uhr in der Mehrzweckhalle in Picard eine Kinderkleider- und Spielzeugbörse. Kinderkleider ab der Größe 104 bis ins Teeniealter, Spielzeug, Kaffee, Kuchen und\nRegionalverband : Führung durch das Saarbrücker Schloss\nDer Regionalverband Saarbrücken bietet am Samstag, 3. Februar, um 15 Uhr die kostenlose Führung „Das böhmsche Schloss“ an. Die Kunsthistorikerin Nicole Baronsky-Ottmann führt die Teilnehmer auf den Spuren des Architekten Gottfried Böhm durch das\nEs soll schmecken und gesund sein : Kostenlose Kochkurse für Pädagogen\nDie „Initiative für praktische Ernährungsbildung für Kinder im Kita- und Grundschulalter“ bietet für Erzieher, Lehrer und Sozialpädagogen am 21. Februar in Saarbrücken eine kostenlose Schulung an; Titel: „Ich kann kochen!“. Initiatoren sind die\nNKV Elversberg : Wenn Alexa zur Kratzbürste wird, dann fliegen die Raketen\nBei der Kappensitzung der NKV Elversberger Narrenzunft ging’s hoch her. „Zurück in die 80er“ war das Motto dieser Session. Von Mathias Huckert\nDie Furpacher Eulenspiegel haben sich neu aufgestellt. An diesem Samstag ist die zweite Sitzung. Von Elke Jacobi\nSperrung : Umleitung wegen Fastnachtsumzug\nAus Anlass des Fastnachtsumzuges in Spiesen wird am Dienstag, 13. Februar, die Hauptstraße von der Spieser Höhe bis zur Einmündung der Straße Alte Gasse in der Zeit von 14.45 bis etwa 19 Uhr für den Fahrzeugverkehr voll gesperrt.\nFeuerwehr Stennweiler : Feuerwehr spendet an Verein Paulinchen\nStennweiler (red) Bereits zum zweiten Mal nahm der Löschbezirk Stennweiler an der Aktion „Tag des brandverletzten Kindes“ teil und spendete an den Verein Paulinchen, der diesen Tag jährlich veranstaltet, 350 Euro. Das teilt die Gemeinde Schiffweiler\nNach Asien entführten die Daaler bei ihrer Kappensitzung die Besucher mit tollen Tänzen und Büttenreden. Von Andreas Detemple\nLandgericht in Saargemünd bangt um Zuständigkeiten : Justizreform bedroht lothringische Standorte\nDas Landgericht in Saargemünd bangt um seine Zuständigkeiten. Die Kooperation mit dem Saarland könnte ein Rettungsanker sein. Von Hélène Maillasson\nAm Mittwoch, 7. Februar, besucht das „Netzwerk gute Nachbarschaft Unterer Rotenbühl“ die Sonderausstellung „Prominente Menschen aus dem Saarland“ im Historischen Museum Saar. Das kündigt das Netzwerk an.\nWenn der 1. FC Saarbrücken aufsteigt, braucht er schnell ein drittligareifes Stadion. Er hat einen Bauantrag für den Umbau des Hermann-Neuberger-Stadions in Völklingen gestellt. Von Bernhard Geber\nDie Gemeinde Marpingen nimmt am Kommunalen Energieeffizienz-Netzwerk im Landkreis St. Wendel teil. Das haben die Mitglieder des Gemeinderates in ihrer jüngsten Sitzung beschlossen. In drei Jahren kostet das die Gemeinde etwa 25 400 Euro. Von Sarah Konrad\n() In diesem Jahr (und bis auf Weiteres) wird es in St. Wendel weder eine Rathausstürmung, noch eine Anklage des Bürgermeisters geben. Darauf weist der Präsident des Ochsitoriums, Hans Gerecht, hin.\nSt. Wendel (red) Am Fetten Donnerstag, 8. Februar, sind die Agenturen für Arbeit in Neunkirchen, Homburg und St. Wendel in der Zeit von 8 bis 16 Uhr geöffnet. Das Berufsinformationszentrum in Neunkirchen hat von 10 bis 16 Uhr geöffnet. Am\n(se) Im vergangenen Sommer hat ein Blitzschlag die Hauptschaltuhr der Kirche St. Anna in Furschweiler beschädigt. Diese wurde repariert und eine neue Schaltuhr eingebaut (wir berichteten). Doch jetzt gibt es wieder Probleme. Die Hauptschaltuhr ist\nFreisen (him) Zum ersten Mal im neuen Jahr tagt der Freisener Gemeinderat am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, ab 18 Uhr im Rathaus. Unter anderem geht es um den Beginn der vorbereitenden Untersuchungen zur Prüfung der Sanierungsbedürftigkeit in Asweiler,\nNeunkircher Tierschutzverein kämpft weiter um ausreichend Geld für seine Arbeit : Tierheim will sicher planen können\nDer Linxbachhof steht vor hohen Investitionen. Ein neuer Vertrag mit Kreisen und Kommunen ist in Arbeit. Von Michael Beer\nWettbewerb in der Kyllberghalle : Kinder wollen so stark wie Pippi Langstrumpf sein\n152 Turnerinnen aus Deutschland und Luxemburg nehmen am kommenden Samstag in der Kyllberghalle in Köllerbach am Pippi-Langstrumpf-Pokal teil. Ausrichter ist der TV Püttlingen. Die Teilnehmerinnen müssen Übungen zu Kraft und Beweglichkeit\nQuartett in Topform : LAZ-Staffel erfüllt Norm für deutsche Meisterschaft\nSaarbrücken (hg) Die 4 x 200-Meter-Staffel des LAZ Saar 05 Saarbrücken hat bei den rheinland-pfälzischen Leichtathletik-Hallenmeisterschaften in Ludwigshafen die Norm für die deutschen U 20-Jugendmeisterschaften im kommenden Februar in Halle an der\nTore satt und eine Entscheidung im Sieben-Meter-Schießen – das Finale beim Masters-Qualifikationsturnier des SV Hofeld bot alles, was die Herzen von Fußball-Fans höher schlagen lässt. Landesligist SF Güdesweiler und Verbandsligist FFC Dudweiler Von Semmler\nDie Partie beim Tabellenvierten TTC Weinheim entpuppte sich für den abstiegsgefährdeten Tischtennis-Zweitligisten ATSV Saarbrücken am vergangenen Sonntag als zu hohe Hürde. Der Tabellenvorletzte kassierte mit dem 2:6 die zehnte Niederlage im Von David Benedyczuk\nUm den Nachwuchs im saarländischen Volleyball ist es nicht gut bestellt. Deshalb möchte der Verband Talentstütz- punkte einrichten. Von Heiko Lehmann\nZum Frühlingskonzert laden die Musiker der Harmonie Hüttersdorf am Samstag, 17. März, 19 Uhr, ins Hüttersdorfer Kulturhaus. „Die Veranstaltung ist mittlerweile ein fester Bestandteil unseres musikalischen Jahres und erfreut sich stets wachsender\nPuppentheater Gabi Kussani spielt in Elm das Stück „Kasper auf der Pirateninsel“.\nDie Theatergastspiele a.gon München gastieren anlässlich des Theater- und Vortragsringes der Stadt Dillingen mit dem Thriller „Ein brillanter Mord“ von James Cawood am Sonntag, 4. Februar, um 20 Uhr in der Stadthalle Dillingen. Mitwirkende sind\nDie Klamotten waren mit Matsch besudelt, alles tropfte. Die 280 Starter beim 12. Kaltenstein-Crosslauf der LTF Theeltal störte das am Samstag irgendwann nicht mehr. Die Erschöpfung stand den 11 bis 76 Jahre alten Haudegen aber in die Von Roland Schmidt\nFußball-Mannschaft gewinnt Finale der saarländischen Betriebssportmeisterschaft gegen Ford Saarlouis.\nVon Roland Schmidt Von Roland Schmidt\nBorussia Dortmund, Schalke, Mönchengladbach: Viele Ex-Stars aus der Bundesliga zauberten am Samstag beim Legends- Cup in der Saarlandhalle. Und mittendrin: der VfB Tünsdorf. Der zog zwar nicht das Traumlos, ärgerte dafür aber den FCS. Von David Benedyczuk\nKegeln : Wiebelskircher Kegler sichern sich den Zusatzpunkt\nDer TuS Wiebelskirchen sendet in der 2. Kegel-Bundesliga wieder ein Lebenszeichen. Am vorletzten Spieltag unterlagen die Kreisstädter im Derby beim KSC Hüttersdorf II zwar knapp mit 5076:5098 konnten sich aber mit dem Gewinn des Zusatzpunktes Von Benno Weiskircher\nDie Mannschaft von Stahl Vital Dillinger wurde am Samstag in Wiebelskirchen neuer saarländischer Betriebssportmeister im Hallenfußball. Im Endspiel der 33. Betriebsfußball-Saarlandmeisterschaften besiegte der amtierende deutsche Vizemeister in der Von Heinz Bier\nTischtennis : Bietigheim einfach zu stark für den TTC Illingen\nDer Rückrundenauftakt in der Tischtennis-Regionalliga ist dem TTC Kerpen Illingen misslungen. Gegen den TTC Bietigheim-Bissingen konnte der saarländische Klub seinen 9:7-Hinspielerfolg nicht wiederholen und unterlag am Samstag vor 50 Zuschauern mit Von Lucas Jost\nBadminton : Badminton: TuS verliert in Schondorf mit 2:5\nBadminton-Zweitligist TuS Wiebelskirchen ist vom Auswärtsspiel bei der SG Schorndorf mit einer 2:5-Niederlage zurückgekehrt. Ein Punktgewinn bei den Schwaben war am Sonntag durchaus möglich, obwohl die Saarländer erneut auf ihre beiden Von Heinz Bier\nUm den Nachwuchs im saarländischen Volleyball ist es nicht gut bestellt. Deshalb möchte der Verband nun Talentstütz- punkte einrichten. Die Talentschmiede Lebach bleibt aber außen vor. Von Heiko Lehmann\nKöllerbach (red) 152 Turnerinnen aus Deutschland und Luxemburg nehmen am kommenden Samstag in der Kyllberghalle in Köllerbach am Pippi-Langstrumpf-Pokal teil. Ausrichter ist der TV Püttlingen. Die Teilnehmerinnen müssen Übungen zu Kraft und\nDie Volleyballerinnen des TV Lebach gingen am Samstag im Drittliga-Duell gegen Bad Vilbel leer aus. Schuld an der 1:3-Heimschlappe war die hohe Fehlerquote. Von Roland Schmidt\nKoblenz (dpa) Weil eine Frau für ihren gestürzten hochbetagten Vater zu spät den Rettungsdienst gerufen hat, ist sie vom Landgericht Koblenz zu einer Bewährungsstrafe von eineinhalb Jahren verurteilt worden. Die Richter befanden die 62-Jährige des\nWar beim Verkauf des Nürburgring alles rechtens? Ein US-Unternehmen bezweifelt das und hofft immer noch, die Rennstrecke kaufen zu können.\nMallorca : Referent berichtet über unbekannte Seiten von Mallorca\n(se) „Mallorca einmal anders“ ist das Thema der nächsten Vortragsveranstaltung beim Landfrauenverein Wolfersweiler-Nohfelden am Donnerstag, 1. Februar.\n(red) Die St. Wendeler Saarlandfrauen haben ihr Programm für die kommenden Monate bekannt gegeben. Das sieht aus, wie folgt: Am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, bereitet Silvia Wack leckere Gerichte aus der asiatischen Küche zu. Über das natürliche\nIn ein wahres Tollhaus verwandelten die kfd-Frauen aus Alsfassen das Kulturzentrum. Ihre Fastnachtsshows begeisterten die Narren.\nInfotag : Schule für Ergotherapie in Birkenfeld stellt ihre Arbeit vor\nEinen Informationstag veranstaltet die Schule für Ergotherapie an der Elisabeth-Stiftung des Deutschen Roten Kreuzes in Birkenfeld am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, ab 10 Uhr in ihren Werk- und Schulungsräumen. Schulleiterin Christine Tholey-Martens,\nTermine : Vereine in Eisen veröffentlichen ihre Jahrestermine\nÜberroth-Niederhofen (hgn) Die Polizei hat am frühen Dienstagmorgen einen Mann festgenommen, der in Überroth-Niederhofen Autoreifen zerstochen haben soll. Ein Sprecher der St. Wendeler Polizei bestätigte damit SZ-Informationen, wonach ein Opfer um Von Matthias Zimmermann\n(se) Kaffee und Kuchen beim evangelischen Frauenkreis Hirstein gibt es wieder am Mittwoch, 31. Januar. Beginn der Veranstaltung im Gemeindesaal der evangelischen Kirche ist um 15.30 Uhr.\n(red) Dank einer neuen technischen Anlage sind zukünftig auch regelmäßig Führungen im Saarländischen Schulmuseum in Ottweiler mit einem besonderen Hörkomfort möglich. Am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, 14 Uhr, leitet die Museumspädagogin Bettina Heisel eine\nPolizei sucht nach Hinweisen auf Umweltsünder in Nonnweiler. Von Melanie Mai\nWird die Gemeinde Mettlach ihre fristlose Kündigung des Flüchtlingsheimes „Auf Kappelt“ vor Gericht durchsetzen? Von Margit Stark\nDie Merziger Polizei registrierte weitere Delikte in den verganenen Tagen.\nhü : Lebensqualität entsteht dort, wo Menschen füreinander da sind\nWort zum Alltag : Lebensqualiät entsteht dort, wo Menschen füreinander da sind\nEhrlicherweise muss ich zugeben: Den Ruhestand habe ich mir etwas anders vorgestellt. Sogar romantische Bilder tauchten in mir auf; gemütlich lesend im Arbeitszimmer und die Füße auf dem Tisch, daneben eine Tasse Tee. Zeit und Muße, um gründlicher\nGemeinde Losheim und Förderverein sehen „ermutigende Fakten“ für die Zukunft der Losheimer St. Josefs-Klinik.\n(red) Gemeinsam mit dem Amt für Jugend, Senioren und Soziales lädt der Seniorenbeauftragte der Stadt Homburg, Günter Schmidt, zu einer Bildungsreise nach Hamburg ein. Vom 21. bis 26. Juni wird ein abwechslungsreiches Programm mit verschiedenen Von red\nVielseitige Ausstellung im Homburger Kulturzentrum Saalbau öffnet am 5. März. Von Von\nAm Fetten Donnerstag, 8. Februar, geht es im Homburger Saalbau musikalisch wieder rund. Von red\nAutorin Kerstin Rech kommt am 20. Februar wieder zur „Homburger Lesezeit“. Von red\nKonzert : The Scamps spielen am Fastnachtssonntag\nBeckingen (mtn) Die Band The Scamps spielt am Fastnachtssonntag, 11. Februar, um 17 Uhr im Clubhaus Auf den Kiefern (Reitanlage) in Beckingen. Das Konzert schließt damit an den Beckinger Fastnachtsumzugn De Scamps spielen Oldies but Goldies zum Von Martin Trappen\nBeim Kinderfasching in Losheim konnten sich die kleinen Narren richtig austoben. Von eil\nBei der Rissenthaler Fösend im Gasthaus Zur Linde sorgten die Sportler für närrische Gaudi. Von eil\nKappensitzung : Die schönsten Rosen blühen zur Fastnacht\nSchunkeln, Feiern und Mitsingen war angesagt bei der Kappensitzung des Büschfelder Karnevalvereins „De Nawwel der Welt“. Von eb\n„Computerschreiben in vier Stunden“ lautet ein Kurs der Volkshochschule unter Leitung von Martina-Maria Seidel. Durch Lernen mit Assoziationen wird das Schreiben am Computer mit zehn Fingern erlernt. Durch Geschichten und visuelle Hilfestellungen Von red\nOrmesheim (red) Die Katholische Erwachsenenbildung Saarpfalz (KEB) lädt für den morgigen Donnerstag, 1. Februar, um 19.30 Uhr zu dem Informations- und Gesprächsabend „Pflegestützpunkt im Saarpfalz-Kreis“ in den Sitzungssaal im Rathaus, Von red\nDie Versichertenälteste der Deutschen Rentenversicherung, Rosi Müller-Hau, bietet am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, in der Zeit von 15 bis 18 Uhr im Gersheimer Rathaus Sprechstunden an. Terminvereinbarungen sind unter Telefon (0 68 43) 80 11 06 Von red\nIn der Nacht zum Sonntag wurde von einem bisher Unbekannten ein in der Blieskasteler Florianstraße in Höhe des Lidl Marktes geparkter Autotransportanhänger schräg auf die Fahrbahn geschoben und dort stehen gelassen. Fahrzeuge, die den Bereich Von red\nZu einem Klangschalenworkshop mit Meditation lädt die Katholische Erwachsenenbildung Saarpfalz (KEB) am Freitag, 2. Februar, von 16 bis 18 Uhr in die Praxis für Entspannungspädagogik nach Lautzkirchen, Schillerstraße 11 ein. Durch Von red\nAn der Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in Blieskastel wird auch das G9-Abitur angeboten. Zusätzlich gibt es Spiel, Sport und verschiedene Projekte. Von red\n(red) Die Volkshochschule Homburg beginnt nach den närrischen Tagen mit neuen Sprachkursen auf dem Niveau A1 in den Sprachen Arabisch und Russisch. Der Arabischkurs für absolute Anfänger beginnt am Dienstag, 20. Februar, 18 Uhr, Saal 201, in der Von red\n(red) Die protestantische Kirchengemeinde Erbach lädt für kommenden Sonntag, 4. Februar, zu einem Gottesdienst ein, der vom Posaunenchor der Gemeinde musikalisch gestaltet wird. Beginn ist um 10 Uhr. Im Anschluss ist das Kirchencafé im Von red\nEntdeckungstour : Entdeckungstour führt durch die Mainzer Straße\n(red) Die Katholische Erwachsenenbildung Saarpfalz (KEB) lädt für Donnerstag, 8. Februar, 17 bis 19 Uhr, zur Entdeckungstour: „Entdecken, erleben, genießen – Streifzug durch das Quartier Mainzer Straße“ ein. Im Herzen Saarbrückens ist das Quartier Von red\nBerliner Gitarrist Baby Kreuzberg rockt am kommenden Samstag in Mandy’s Lounge in Homburg. Von red\n(red) Die meisten Geheimnisse des Kirkeler Waldes bleiben Besuchern und Spaziergängern in der Regel verborgen. Kaum jemand dürfte beispielsweise die scheuen Wildkatzen zu Gesicht bekommen haben, die inzwischen durch das Unterholz streichen. Wie Von red\nDer Seniorennachmittag der Homburger Narrenzunft wurde zum Jungbrunnen für das ältere Narrenvolk. Von Markus Hagen\n(np) Wer an einem sonnigen Strand eine Handvoll Sand durch die Finger rinnen lässt, macht sich keine Vorstellungen von der Vielfalt des Lebens, das da zu Boden rieselt. Auf diesen Körnern siedeln zig Milliarden Bakterien, haben Forscher des\n(np) Vulkanausbrüche können gewaltigen Einfluss auf das Weltklima haben. Das zeigte der Ausbruch des Tambora in Indonesien im Jahr 1815. Seine Eruption führte zu einer der schlimmsten Hungersnöte des 19. Jahrhunderts, weil es durch die Vulkanasche,\nPestizide lassen die Insekten trotz eines Überangebots an Nahrung verhungern.\nPhysiker der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt denkt über mögliche Reisen zu den nächsten Sonnensystemen in unserer Milchstraße nach.\nRaumfahrt : Aus der Traum vom Weltraum-Taxi\nDie Nasa will die neue Mini-Raumfähre „Dream Chaser“ trotz eines erfolgreichen Tests nur als Lastentransporter nutzen. Von Uwe Seidenfaden\nSpende : Krippenbauer unterstützen Hospiz und Messdiener\nKrippen bauen aus Holz mit Figuren aus Gips – und alles für den guten Zweck: Ein Projekt, das im Sommer mit viel Leidenschaft gestartet ist, fand nun seinen erfreulichen Endpunkt: Gerhard Bohnenberger besuchte mit seiner Ehefrau das St. Barbara\nIntegratibe Kurse : Kreatives Schaffen soll Gemeinschaft fördern\nDie Kreisstadt Saarlouis mit dem Netzwerk „Wir sind einS(aarlouis)“ lädt zu einem kreativen offenen Angebot in das Kinder-, Jugend und Familienhaus, Lisdorfer Straße 16a, ein. Die Treffen finden unter ehrenamtlicher Leitung der Schneiderin Jeanne\nIm Seniorenkino wird am Dienstag, 6. Februar, 17 Uhr, der Film „Paris kann warten“ gezeigt.\nBei der HerzGesund-Kampagne findet am Donnerstag, 22. Februar, ab 16 Uhr im Kulturhaus in Hüttersdorf der Cardio-Day statt. Veranstalter ist der TL Hüttersdorf mit Unterstützung der Gemeinde Schmelz.\nKurs : Fortbildung für Erzieher rund ums Thema Lernen\nDie KEB bietet einen IHK-zertifizierten Qualifizierungskurs an. Anmeldungen sind bis 1. Februar möglich.\nDas Dekanat Saarlouis lädt Paare, die kirchlich heiraten wollen, zu einem Seminar „Unterwegs zur Ehe“. Manchmal überschreiben Brautleute ihre Hochzeitsanzeige in der Zeitung mit dem Satz „Wir trauen uns“. Sie drücken damit aus: Wir wollen unseren\nKappensitzung : Mit dem Surfbrett zu „Fazebuck“\nRiesenspaß hatten die Gäste der Hampitania-Kappensitzung in Bous bei Büttenreden, Schunklern und Tänzen. Von Alexandra Broeren\nLeserbrief : Blitzer bremsen Autofahrer aus\nSPD-Neujahrsempfang : Aufbruchsstimmung beim Neujahrsempfang der SPD\n() Aufbruchsstimmung herrschte beim Neujahrsempfang der SPD Merzig-Mitte. Arndt Oehm, erster Vorsitzender des SPD-Ortsvereins, konnte zahlreiche Gäste zum Neujahrsempfang begrüßen. In seiner Eröffnungsrede ließ Oehm das von Land- und Bundestagswahl\nLeserbrief : Auf den Straßen spielt sich viel ab\nEinen kranken oder hilfebedürftigen Menschen zu Hause zu pflegen, ist eine verantwortungsvolle Aufgabe, die auch nach Ansicht von Pflegeprofis schnell zu einer enormen täglichen Herausforderung werden kann. Deswegen bieten das Deutsche Rote Kreuz Von red\nDer Kneipp-Verein St. Ingbert fährt am Sonntag, 17. Juni, zur Show „Immer wieder sonntags“ im Europapark Rust. Abfahrt ist um 7 Uhr am Rendezvousplatz. Die Reiseleitund haben Josefa und Erich Körner.\nDem Orchesterverein Lautzkirchen blieb es einmal mehr vorbehalten, den Veranstaltungsreigen 2018 per Neujahrskonzert zu eröffnen.\nAm heutigen Mittwoch wird die Künstlerin Anne Kerber persönlich im Rathaus Mandelbachtal in Ormesheim anwesend sein und zwischen 15 und 17.30 Uhr Besucher durch ihre Ausstellung „HistoPopArt – Kunst mit Haut und Haaren“ führen. Sie beantwortet Von red\nTrotz der Verkehrsberuhigung ist laut Ortsvorsteher Schmidt das Sicherheitsgefühl der Fußgänger in der Ottweiler Altstadt noch nicht ausgeprägt. Von Heinz Bier\nDer Kurs „Trittsicher durchs Leben“ beginnt am Montag, 5. Februar. Er findet an sechs Terminen immer von 15 Uhr bis 16.30 Uhr im DRK-Sozialzentrum in Saarbrücken-Dudweiler statt. Ziel ist es, die Teilnehmer für Sturzgefahren zu sensibilisieren und\nFür alle, die Paris und die Schätze der Stadt noch besser kennenlernen möchten, bietet die Volkshochschule des Regionalverbandes Saarbrücken eine dreiteilige Vortragsreihe an. Der dritte und letzte Vortrag dieser Reihe ist am Mittwoch, 31. Januar,\nDeutsch-amerikanisches Freundschaftskomitee wurde am Montag im Rathaus von Baumholder gegründet.\nAm Samstag konnte das Volleyball-Oberligateam des TV 66 Rohrbach mit einem 3:1 (18:25 25:18 25:20 25:23) gegen den TV Holz II drei Punkte einfahren – und Platz vier in der Tabelle zurückerobern. Wegen Fasching musste der TV in Blieskastel im\nFußball : Der SV St. Ingbert in alter Frische\nDie AH-Fußballer des SVI haben am Samstagabend die Stadtmeisterschaften gewonnen. Rohrbach wird Zweiter. Von Stefan Holzhauser\nIn der Fußball-Kreisliga A Bliestal wird die Saison am Sonntag, 25. Februar, fortgesetzt. Dann empfängt unter anderem um 14.30 Uhr der aktuelle Tabellen-14. SV Bexbach den auf Rang zwei platzierten SV Kirkel. Hinter den Bexbachern liegt bislang eine Von Stefan Holzhauser\nArbeiterwohlfahrt : Kaffeenachmittag im Alten Wasserwerk\n(red) Die Arbeiterwohlfahrt, Ortsverein Hassel, veranstaltet ihren nächsten Kaffeenachmittag am morgigen Donnerstag in ihrer Begegnungsstätte „Altes Wasserwerk“. Beginn ist um 14.30 Uhr. Von red\nDie St. Ingberter Pfarrgemeinde St. Konrad lädt für Donnerstag, 1. Februar, zum Kinderfasching ein. Er findet von 15 bis 18 Uhr im Pfarrsaal in der Karl-Custer-Straße statt.\nDer Kneipp-Verein Rohrbach bietet am Dienstag, 6. Februar, eine Thermalbadfahrt nach Bad Schönborn an. Abfahrt ist um 13 Uhr an der Rohrbachhalle. Vorher besteht um 12.45 Uhr Zusteigemöglichkeit am Rendezvous-Platz in St. Ingbert. Nichtmitglieder\nDie große Bierbacher Fastnachtsshow bot auch im 66. Jahr ihres Bestehens ein Feuerwerk der guten Laune.\nDie große Prunksitzung der Blieskasteler Karnevalsgesellschaft (BKG) in der Bliesgau-Festhalle ließ erneut keine Wünsche offen.\nWorkshops, Veranstaltungen und natürlich der Kunsthandwerkermarkt: Der Förderverein bietet wieder viel im ersten Halbjahr 2018. Von Martin Baus\nFalscher Verein : „Smilies and Kids“ im Bild zu sehen\n(red) Bei unserem Bericht über die Kappensitzung der Riegelsberger „mir bleiwe so“ ist ein Fehler passiert. Auf dem Foto zu sehen ist nicht die Aktivengarde aus Kutzhof, sondern „Smilies and Kids“ vom TV Hilschbach. Darauf hingewiesen hat uns Yvonne\nKein Konzert : Soirée der Musikschule am Sonntag fällt aus\n(red) Die für Sonntag, 4. Februar, angekündigte Soirée der Musikschule Püttlingen fällt aus organisatorischen Gründen aus. Das teilt Musikschulleiter Stefan Weber mit.\nChor hat Neuwahlen : Kirchenchor tagt am Freitag\n(red) Die Jahreshauptversammlung des katholischen Kirchenchores St. Josef Holz beginnt am Freitag, 2. Februar, um 19 Uhr. Auf der Tagesordnung stehen auch Neuwahlen des Vorstandes.\nBilanz stimmt : Katholische Frauen blicken zurück\nEiweiler (dg) Auf ein erfolgreiches und arbeitsreiches Jahr blickt die katholische Frauengemeinschaft (KFG) Eiweiler zurück. Die Vorsitzende Anneliese Maier erinnert vor allem an den Jahresausflug nach Kruft und Andernach: „In Kruft haben wir eine Von dg\nTöpfern lernen : Keramikkurse bei Volkshochschule Püttlingen\nDie Volkshochschule (VHS) Püttlingen bietet Keramikkurse für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene an. Es geht um individuelles Arbeiten mit Ton, zum Beispiel Skulpturen, Stelen, Reliefs, Gefäße in verschiedenen Techniken. Ums Glasieren der Werkstücke, um\nPolonäse im Pfarrheim : So selbstbewusst wie der junge Thomas Gottschalk\nBei der Edelweiß-Kappensitzung in Püttlingen heizen 50 Akteure den 120 Besuchern im Pfarrheim St. Sebastian ein. Von Von\nEgal ob zur GPS-Rallye oder zum Kindergeburtstag – die Saarbrücker und ihre Gäste kommen gern in ihren Wildpark. Von Heiko Lehmann\nFastnacht hat Vorfahrt : Rathäuser an Rosenmontag zu\n(red) Das Seniorenbüro der Stadt Püttlingen ist am Donnerstag, 8. Februar, und am Mittwoch, 14. Februar, ab 12 Uhr geschlossen. Am Montag und Dienstag, 12. und 13. Februar, ist das Seniorenbüro im Schlösschen ganztägig zu. Die Rathäuser in Püttlingen\nSpielplätze : SPD: Kinder sollen mitreden bei Spielplatzkonzept\nMit einer Fragebogenaktion will die SPD Riegelsberg Familien in ein geplantes Spielplatzkonzept einbeziehen. Dazu der SPD-Vorsitzende Frank Schmidt: „Riegelsberg ist eine attraktive Gemeinde. Viele Familien mit Kindern leben in unserer Kommune. Von dg\nDas Wandern ist der Hartmanns Lust. Naja, jedenfalls pirsche ich mich ganz allmählich an das Thema heran. Es wird Frühling, und ich buche todesmutig die geführte 14,5 Kilometer-Tour im Ostertal. Natürlich regnet es bisweilen recht nieselig, doch Von Michèle Hartmann\nFürstenhausen (red) Zu einem vermeintlichen Handydiebstahl ist die Polizei am Montagnachmittag nach Fürstenhausen in die Straße Im Wäldchen gerufen worden. Drei Zwölfjährige teilten den Beamten auf dem Bolzplatz mit, dass das Smartphone eines der Von red\nAngebot von Ehrenamtlichen : „Man sieht, dass sie mit Herzblut dabei sind“\nZwölf Ehrenamtliche und jede Menge zu tun: Einblicke in die erfolgreiche Arbeit des Völklinger Repair Café. Von Ulrike Paulmann\nSteuern und Investitionen : Gemeinderat tagt mit vollem Programm\n(red) Der Großrosselner Gemeinderat tagt am Donnerstag, 1. Februar, ab 18 Uhr in der Rosseltalhalle. Auf der Tagesordnung im öffentlichen Teil stehen unter anderem die Themen Hundesteuer, interkommunale Zusammenarbeit, der Jahresabschluss 2016 und\n(red) Am Freitag, 8. Februar, gibt’s beim TV Ski eine bunte Fastnachts-Trainingsstunde. Ab 20 Uhr geht‘s los im Gymnastiksaal der Hans-Netzer-Halle an der Gatterstraße in Völklingen. Leichtes Fastnachts(trainings)-Kostüm und gute Laune sind\nVorbereitung fürs Brunnenfest : Förderkreis hat Mitgliederversammlung\n(red) Albrecht Wagner, Präsident des Förderkreises des SV Karlsbrunn, lädt alle Mitglieder zur Mitgliederversammlung am Mittwoch, 7. Februar, um 18.30 Uhr ins Sportheim Wiesental in Karlsbrunn ein. Auf der Tagesordnung steht neben Berichten und\n(red) Es ist zu einer Tradition geworden: Die Zwölftklässler des Albert-Einstein-Gymnasiums, die sich auf der Zielgeraden zum Abitur befinden, präsentieren die Ergebnisse ihrer Arbeit aus drei Halbjahren im sogenannten Seminarfach. Dieses soll die\nBei einer Hausräumung gefunden : Historische Fahne nun im Stadtarchiv\nDas lange verschwundene Wahrzeichen des einstigen „Sankt Barbara Vereins Wehrden“ ist mindestens 100 Jahre alt.\nVor dem Fatsnachtsumzug : Den Startschuss gibt der Zug-Marschall\nFünf Musikkapellen, 70 Gruppen und über 1500 Teilnehmer werden beim Umzug in Ludweiler erwartet. Zug-Marschall Thomas Laval erläutert die Regeln. Von Andreas Lang\n(red) Die Wanderfreunde Ludweiler und der Singkreis 60 Plus, zwei befreundete Organisationen, haben in nächster Zeit viel vor, zunächst eine Faasendwanderung. Die Wanderfreunde Ludweiler laden zu dieser Wanderung am Dienstag, 13. Februar, ein. Sie\n(red) Das Trainingsangebot „Reha-Sport – Orthopädie“ des Turnvereins Völklingen findet ab sofort auch dienstags statt, und zwar von 17 bis 17.45 Uhr im Gymnastiksaal im ersten Obergeschoss der Hans-Netzer-Halle, Gatterstraße in Völklingen. Das\nWirtschaft brummt : Gewerbegebiet Etzenhofen wieder komplett verplant\nDas Jahr 2004 hatte für Püttlingen und 320 Mitarbeiter der Schwedischen Kugellagerfabrik (SKF) kein schönes Ende. Denn die Leitung des deutschen Konzern-Bereichs in Schweinfurt hatte die Fertigung im Gewerbegebiet Etzenhofen – trotz schwarzer Zahlen Von mr\nEr leitete 17 Jahre lang das Berufsbildungszentrum in Völklingen.\nKurz vor Mitternacht hat am Montag eine Leitung versagt. Feuerwehr und Technisches Hilfswerk eilten zum Püttlinger Krankenhaus, in dem aktuell 370 Patienten versorgt werden. Von Matthias Zimmermann\nHomburg/Ormesheim (red) Die Katholische Erwachsenenbildung Saarpfalz (KEB) lädt für den morgigen Donnerstag, 1. Februar, um 19.30 Uhr zu dem Informations- und Gesprächsabend „Pflegestützpunkt im Saarpfalz-Kreis“ in den Sitzungssaal im Rathaus, Von red\nFastnacht in Höchen : Frauengemeinschaft feiert Fastnacht\n(red) Am kommenden Freitag, 2. Februar, findet in der Unterkirche in Höchen die Fastnachtsveranstaltung der katholischen Frauengemeinschaft statt. Neben flotter Live-Musik mit Stefan Walzer gibt es ein buntes Unterhaltungsprogramm mit Büttenreden. Von red\nPfälzerwaldverein lädt ein : Neuer Termin für Jahreshauptversammlung\n(red) Die im Wanderplan für kommenden Sonntag angekündigte Jahreshauptversammlung des Pfälzerwald-Vereins Höchen muss auf Sonntag, 25. Februar, verschoben werden. Sie beginnt um 15 Uhr im Vereinsheim des Sportvereins Höchen. Zuvor findet ab 14 Uhr Von red\n(red) Der VdK-Ortsverband Kirrberg begrüßt das Frühjahr. Der Empfang für alle Mitglieder und deren Familien findet am Dienstag, 20. Februar, 18 Uhr, im Schützenhaus Kirrberg statt. Serviert werden Sekt, Suppe, Wiener und Baguette. Von red\nWenn Eltern sich trennen, dann ist das für Kinder meistens eine schwierige Situation. Von red\nIm Wald bei Lautzkirchen soll Blieskastels erster Waldkindergarten entstehen. Die finanziellen Voraussetzungen sind bereits geschaffen. Von Joachim Schickert\nIn einigen Jahren verschwinden Nadelbäume gänzlich aus dem Bestand, sagt Revierförster Urban Backes. Von Matthias Zimmermann\n„Applaus, Applaus“ für den scheidenden SPD-Fraktionschef im Saarbrücker Rathaus, Peter Bauer. Den gab es mehrfach am vergangenen Freitag im Festsaal des Rathauses, wohin die SPD-Stadtratsfraktion zum Neujahrsempfang eingeladen hatte. Von Jörg Wingertszahn\n(thf) Um die Haushaltssatzungen der Zweckverbände Musikschule, Naherholungsgebiet Ruhbachtal und Naherholungsgebiet Brennenden Berg geht es heute (31. Januar) im Stadtrat. Dessen Sitzung im Rathaus beginnt um 17 Uhr.\nBildstock (red) Für Sonntag, 4 Februar, lädt der CDU Ortsverband Bildstock und Maybach, im Namen der gesamten CDU Friedrichsthal, alle Mitglieder, Freunde und Interessierte um 11 Uhr zum traditionellen Neujahrsempfang ins DJK-Sportheim in Bildstock\nDie drei Kommunen in unserer Region ziehen eine durchweg positive Bilanz der Einwanderung. Neubürger sollten die deutsche Sprache lernen. Von Patric Cordier\nDas Wandern ist der Hartmanns Lust. Naja, jedenfalls pirsche ich mich ganz allmählich an das Thema heran. Es wird Frühling, und ich buche todesmutig die geführte 14,5 Kilometer-Tour im Ostertal. Natürlich regnet es bisweilen recht nieselig, doch\nKurzmeldungen : NKV lädt ein zur Rosenmontagsparty\nAuch am diesjährigen Rosenmontag, 12. Februar, veranstaltet die Narrenzunft kath. Vereine Friedrichsthal (NKV) ihre beliebte Rosenmontagsparty im Festsaal des Rathauses. Los geht´s um 15:30 Uhr. Alle Faasebooze – ob alt oder jung – sind willkommen,\nSaargold : Die Stimmung wollte gar nicht abebben\nBüttenreden und Tänze überzeugen die Gäste bei der ausverkauften Gala-Kappensitzung des Theatervereins Saargold. Von Stefan Bohlander\nWieder fitness-Tag : „Groß und Klein in Bewegung“\nAm kommenden Donnerstag, 1. Februar, um 10.30 Uhr (Treffpunkt Bürgerhaus) sind wieder Senioren-Fitness-Tage. Nach einem gemeinsamen Aufwärmen stehen folgende Fitnessangebote zur Auswahl: Boule mit Lederkugeln, Muskelaufbau, Bewegung nach Musik und\nAn den Tollen Tagen : Faasendgaudi beim Fanfarenzug\nBuwe unn Määde stecken ihre Gäste mit unbefangener Fröhlichkeit an. Claudia Griebsch mit dem Hausorden gewürdigt. Von Petra Pabst\nWeichenstellung und Zukunftspläne: Der Sport- und Turnverein (STV) Urweiler lädt zu seiner Jahreshauptversammlung für kommenden Sonntag, 4. Februar, ins Gasthaus Rammacher. Ab 17 Uhr präsentiert der STV die Zukunft des Vereins: Bauvorhaben,\nUrweiler (hjl) Ein Höhepunkt in der Arbeit der Heimatfreunde Urweiler war die Einsegnung der neu gestalteten Gedenkstätte für Zwangsarbeiter am Judenfriedhof in Urweiler. Bisher erinnerte nur ein Gedenkstein an die Zwangsarbeiter. Die Heimatfreunde\n(se) Das närrische Frühstück des Landfrauenvereins Furschweiler und Umgebung am Fetten Donnerstag, 8. Februar, im Hiemeshaus ist ausverkauft. Das teilt der Verein in einer Pressemitteilung mit.\n(se) Der Jahrgang 1944 Oberkirchen kommt am Mittwoch, 31. Januar, zusammen. Treffpunkt ist um 17 Uhr an der Alten Schule, heißt es in einer Mitteilung.\nIn den zwanzig Jahren, in denen die Gemeinschaftsschule Marpingen das Abitur anbietet, ist die Zahl der Absolventen, die diesen Abschluss wählten, kontinuierlich angestiegen. Momentan unterrichten die Marpinger Oberstufenlehrer 200 Schüler in den Von red\nDer Landesbetrieb für Straßenbau (LfS) wird auf der Autobahn 1 zwischen den Anschlussstellen Tholey-Hasborn und Tholey Bestandsvermessungen durchführen. Zum Auftakt sind vorbereitende Arbeiten im Bereich der Standspuren geplant, das teilt der LfS\nUrsula Aatz, Kaiserstraße 3, feiert am Mittwoch, 31. Januar ihren 75. Geburtstag.\nInsgesamt 77 Kurse stehen im neuen VHS-Programm. Das Angebot reicht vom Sprachkurs über Typberatung bis zum Segelschein.\nFastnacht : Clowns und Sträflinge Hand in Hand\nMehrere Stunden dauerte die Gala-Prunksitzung des Oberthaler Carneval-Vereins. Vor allem die Tanzbeiträge sorgten für stehende Ovationen.\n(red) Der Ortsrat Limbach trifft sich am kommenden Montag, 5. Februar zu seiner nächsten Sitzung. Im Landhaus am kleinen Sägeweiher geht es ab 18 Uhr unter anderem um die Ausbaupläne der Autobahn A 8 vom Neunkircher Kreuz bis zum Kohlhof. Dazu wird Von red\nAb dem 25. Mai 2018 gilt die Datenschutzgrundverordnung der EU. Rund 300 Interessenten kamen zur Infoveranstaltung. Von red\nDer Januar ist fast vorbei. Bei einer (nicht repräsentativen) Online-Umfrage erklärten SZ-Leser, ob sie bisher auch umsetzen, was sie sich vorgenommen haben.\n() Wieder viel gelernt haben Oberstufenschüler der Peter-Dewes-Gemeinschaftsschule (PDG) Losheim vor kurzem in einem Azubi-Projekt der Volksbank Untere Saar. Das teilt PDG-Schulleiter Gerd Bermann mit. „Es hat wieder Spaß gemacht und wir haben viel Von Martin Trappen\nBilanz : Kompetenz in Sachen Atemschutz\nThomas Forster löst Alfred Schug als Gerätewart der Atemschutzwerkstatt ab, die beim Löschbezirk Noswendel angesiedelt ist. Von Erich Brücker\nFußball : SG Erbach für ihr Engagement ausgezeichnet\nJugendabteilung des Homburger Vereins kümmert sich rührend um die Hinterbliebenen eines verstorbenen Spielers. Von Stefan Holzhauser\nLIMBACH (sho) Die Tischtennis-Spieler des TV Limbach haben am Samstag in der Oberliga durch den 9:7-Heimsieg gegen den Tabellenachten TuS Weitefeld-Langenbach einen großen Schritt in Richtung Klassenverbleib gemacht. Nach den Eröffnungsdoppeln hatten Von Stefan Holzhauser\nDie Fußball-Frauen der SF Güdesweiler sind durch Rang zwei beim Qualifikations-Turnier des SV Hofeld auf einen Masters-Platz geklettert. Dabei hatte Güdesweiler noch Pech: Im Finale unterlagen die SF im Siebenmeterschießen. Von Philipp Semmler\nDas Ergebnis liest sich klarer, als es tatsächlich war: Die Saarlandliga-Handballerinnen der FSG Oberthal/Hirstein haben am Samstag das Spitzenspiel bei Tabellenführer HG Saarlouis mit 22:26 verloren. Bis zur 50. Minute (20:21) hielt die FSG die\nSaarlandmeisterschaft in der Halle : Titelkämpfe ohne die Aushängeschilder\nDer Tennis-Nachwuchs hat seine Saarlandmeister gekürt. Die Top-Spieler Milan Welte und Sarah Müller fehlten allerdings. Von Jonas Grethel\nDie Autorin und Schauspielerin Isabella Archan liest am Donnerstag, 22. Februar, in der Stadt- und Kreisbibliothek St. Wendel aus ihrem Kriminalroman „Anton zaubert wieder“.\nDie Bruche-Jam-Night geht mit dem Duo Vegas/Azzurro am Samstag, 3. Februar, 20.30 Uhr, im Gasthaus Bruche in Berschweiler in die 19. Runde. Vegas/Azzurro, das sind Frank Altpeter und Matthias Koble, bietet alternative Akustik-Gitarrenmusik. Rock-\nIn Zusammenarbeit mit der Gemeinde Tholey entführt der Fotoclub Tele Freisen seine Besucher wieder in faszinierende fremde Welten. Von red\nEine ungewöhnliche Liebesgeschichte hält der bezaubernde Film „Hampstead Park“ bereit. Die Schauspieler überzeugen auf ganzer Linie. Der Film ist gerade auf DVD erschienen.\nGrandiose Gala-Kappensitzung : Hilaritas Holz verspricht eine grandiose Gala-Kappensitzung\nAm Samstag, 3. Februar, ist es endlich soweit. Der Karnevalsverein Hilaritas Holz lädt zur großen Gala-Kappensitzung ein. Diese beginnt um 19 Uhr in der Glück-Auf-Halle. Von bo\nDie Länder wollen der NPD den Geldhahn aus der staatlichen Parteienfinanzierung zudrehen. Am Freitag wird das Saarland diesen Antrag im Bundesrat einbringen. Von Ute Kirch und dpa\nBerlin (dpa) In Unterwäsche, beim Posen am Meer, oder nur das Gesicht mit großen Augen und Schmollmund: Solche Bilder veröffentlichen „Influencer“ regelmäßig von sich selbst. Der Begriff ist gestern von einer Jury um den Sprachwissenschaftler Anatol\nUnion und SPD haben eine Einigung beim Familiennachzug von Flüchtlingen erzielt. Bis zum 31. Juli soll der Nachzug ausgesetzt bleiben, anschließend soll er auf Drängen der CSU auf 1000 Menschen pro Monat begrenzt werden, ergänzt um eine bereits\nRettungsdienste : Retter verfehlen in Teilen des Saarlands Zwölf-Minuten-Ziel\nDie gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Frist, innerhalb derer der Rettungsdienst bei einem Notfall vor Ort sein muss, wird im Saarland nicht überall eingehalten. Obwohl seit 2011 acht neue Rettungswachen gebaut worden waren, könne die Hilfsfrist von zwölf\nHochwasser : Überflutete Straßen rund um Paris\nNur über einen Steg kann diese Frau in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges südlich von Paris ihr Haus erreichen. Die Straßen waren dort auch gestern noch überflutet. Der Pegel der Seine war zuvor dramatisch angestiegen. Im Großraum der französischen Hauptstadt\nDer saarländische Profiboxer Jürgen Doberstein wagt den Schritt über den großen Teich und hat einen Vertrag bei einem Promoter aus den USA unterschrieben. Ende Februar wird er einen Kampf in Mexiko bestreiten. > Seite D 2\nAm vorletzten Tag der Transferperiode II im Profifußball gab es gestern sowohl national als auch international einige prominente Wechsel. Bei Borussia Dortmund verabschiedeten sich Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang und Marc Bartra. > Seite D 1\nWas passiert in den Betten Amerikas? Dieser Frage ist der Biologe und Sexualforscher Alfred Kinsey schon vor 70 Jahren nachgegangen. Sein ausführlicher Bericht darüber sorgt noch heute für kontroverse Diskussionen. > Seite D 6\nSaarland : SPD und Linke streiten um Befristungen\nDie SPD fordert, sachgrundlose Befristungen abzuschaffen. Da in den SPD-geführten Ministerien im Saarland jedoch zahlreiche Arbeitnehmer auf dieser Basis beschäftigt werden, wirft die Saar-Linke ihr Unredlichkeit vor. > Seite B 2\nSaarland/Region : Stromausfall an Püttlinger Klinik\nAm Knappschaftsklinikum in Püttlingen ist in der Nacht zu Dienstag der Strom ausgefallen. Weil das Notstrom-Aggregat nicht funktionierte, war das Krankenhaus knapp eine Stunde lang ohne Elektrizität. Patienten kamen dadurch nicht zu Schaden. > Seite\nBis 2020 soll die Luftqualität auch in den am stärksten belasteten Städten deutlich sinken. Dies versprach die Bundesumweltministerin Barbara Hendricks in Brüssel. Die EU-Kommission droht aber weiter mit einer Klage. > Seite A 9\nImmer wieder werden Patienten in Psychiatrien fixiert. Vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht wird nun verhandelt, ob es in solchen Fällen einen generellen Richtervorbehalt geben soll. > Seite A 5\nWirtschaft > Seite A 7\nBerlin (dpa) Die Deutschen werden nach Einschätzung der Sparkassen in diesem Jahr wieder mehr Geld zurücklegen. Vom verfügbaren Einkommen werden demnach 9,8 Prozent gespart – also knapp jeder zehnte Euro. Trotz niedriger Zinsen bleibe der „Sparfleiß“\nParis (dpa) Frankreichs Wirtschaft ist im vergangenen Jahr so stark gewachsen wie seit sechs Jahren nicht mehr. Das Bruttoinlandsprodukt legte 2017 um 1,9 Prozent zu, wie das Statistikamt Insee nach einer ersten Schätzung mitteilte. Damit kann die\nDas Netzwerk Steuergerechtigkeit nennt die Bundesrepublik eine „Geheimnis-Oase für ausländisches Vermögen“.\nLeserbrief Kommunalreform/Ämterhäufung : Finger in die Wunden gelegt\nLeserbrief Kommunalreform : Bin auf Reaktionen sehr gespannt\nLeserbrief „Bomben auf Kurden in Syrien“ : Wenn alle so agieren, gibt’s Krieg\nBomben auf Kurden in Syrien\nLeserbrief „Deutsche Behörden schieben Gefährder ab“ : Die deutschen Grenzen sind offen\nAbgas-Tests und SPD : Presseschau\nZu den Abgas-Experimenten deutscher Autobauer mit Menschen und Tieren schreibt die italienische Zeitung „La Repubblica“:\nKaiserslautern streitet über „FCK-Steuer“ : Rund um den Betzenberg regiert die Wut\nKAISERSLAUTERN (dpa) Wenn Kaiserslauterns Oberbürgermeister Klaus Weichel (SPD) derzeit seine Facebook-Seite aufruft, hat er keinen Grund zur Freude. Man möge ihn mit der Mistgabel aus der Stadt treiben, kann er dort lesen, oder: „Ab ins Endlager“.\nSilvio Berlusconi steht erneut im Zentrum von Italiens Politik. Auch wenn er derzeit keine Ämter übernehmen darf, kann er nach der Wahl am 4. März zum entscheidenden Machtfaktor werden.\nIsrael befürchtet, Warschau wolle mit seiner geplanten Verordnung belegte Verbrechen seiner Bürger an jüdischen Nachbarn vertuschen.\nFlüchtling Zahredin lebt seit 2015 im Saarland. Frau und Kinder darf er nicht zu sich holen. Der gestern erzielte Groko-Konsens ändert daran wenig. Von Pascal Becher\nBeinahe wären am morgigen Donnerstag zwei Züge aufeinander zugefahren, die nach dem Willen ihrer Lokomotivführer demnächst gekoppelt werden sollen: Union und SPD. Doch dann erreichten die Verhandlungspartner in letzter Minute einen Kompromiss, den\nDesignierter Vorsitzender des Haushaltsausschusses : Peter Boehringer kämpft für deutsches Gold und gegen den Euro\nHeute konstituiert sich der Haushaltsausschuss des Bundestages. Der designierte Vorsitzende kommt aus den Reihen der AfD.\nBerlin (dpa) Bus- und Bahnfahren dürfte nach Angaben der Betreiber auch in diesem Jahr in vielen Gemeinden teurer werden. Die Ticketpreise für den öffentlichen Nahverkehr könnten im Durchschnitt um 1,5 bis 2,0 Prozent steigen, sagte der Präsident des\n„Wir brauchen einen Pakt für den Mittelstand.“ Das forderte der Landesvorsitzende der CDU-Sozialausschüsse (CDA), Marc Speicher, anlässlich des Betriebs- und Personalräte-Empfangs der CDA und der CDU-Landtagsfraktion gestern in Saarbrücken. Dazu Von Lothar Warscheid\nDer Präsident der Saar-Universität kündigt neue Leuchtturm-Projekte an, darunter den Bau eines Innovationszentrums.\nVerbraucher haben im Saarland für Produkte und Dienstleistungen im Januar im Durchschnitt 1,3 Prozent mehr bezahlen müssen als noch ein Jahr zuvor, wie das Statistische Amt in Saarbrücken mitteilte. Im Dezember hatte die Inflationsrate noch 1,4\nDie französischen Gewerkschaften bei Alstom haben sich gegen den geplanten Zusammenschluss des Zugherstellers mit Siemens ausgesprochen. „Siemens realisiert eine sehr schöne Operation: die Kontrolle über den Alstom-Konzern übernehmen, ohne Geld\nBerlin (dpa) Der langjährige Ford-Deutschlandchef Bernhard Mattes wird am 1. März Präsident des Verbands der Automobilindustrie (VDA). Das habe der Vorstand gestern einstimmig beschlossen, teilte der Verband mit. Der 61-Jährige löst damit Matthias\nIm Tarifkonflikt der Metall- und Elektroindustrie erhöht die IG Metall mit ihren neuartigen Tages-Warnstreiks den Druck. Bereits mit Beginn der Nachtschicht am späten Dienstagabend sollten unter anderem in Baden-Württemberg, Nordrhein-Westfalen und\nWolfsburg (dpa) Die Debatte um umstrittene Abgastests an Affen hat erste personelle Folgen bei Volkswagen: Cheflobbyist Thomas Steg wurde beurlaubt. Der Vorstand habe ein entsprechendes Angebot des Generalbevollmächtigten für Konzern-Außenbeziehungen\nFür Barbara Hendricks war es die Stunde der Wahrheit. Denn die Bundesumweltministerin musste in Brüssel erfahren, dass der Preis für ständiges Wegducken und Verschlafen hoch sein kann. Die EU-Kommission ist fest entschlossen, die Ignoranz der Von Detlef Drewes\nDiesel-Abgase : Hendricks verspricht bis 2020 bessere Luft\nDie EU-Kommission bleibt skeptisch und droht Deutschland weiterhin mit einer Klage wegen zu hoher Stickoxid-Belastung. Von Detlef Drewes\nBungee-Springen im Namen der Wissenschaft : Hirnforscher lassen Menschen 30 Mal von Brücke springen\nZwei Bungee-Jumper haben sich im Namen der Hirnforschung insgesamt 30 Mal von der 192 Meter hohen Europabrücke bei Innsbruck gestürzt. Bei dem Experiment gelang es Wissenschaftlern um Surjo Soekadar vom Universitätsklinikum Tübingen erstmals, das\nProzess : Staatsanwalt hält Entführer von Bus für psychisch krank\nWegen der Entführung eines Linienbusses hat sich ein 34-Jähriger vor dem Landgericht Halle verantworten müssen. Der Angeklagte hatte angegeben, Stimmen zu hören. Diese hätten ihm im Juli des vergangenen Jahres dazu aufgefordert, den Bus samt Fahrer\nWetter-Bilanz : Januar in Deutschland war zu warm und düster\nOffenbach (dpa) 35 Stunden Sonnenschein hat es im Schnitt im Januar gegeben – neun Stunden zu wenig, um das Mittel von 44 Stunden zu erreichen, wie der Deutsche Wetterdienst gestern mitteilte. Am seltensten ließ sich die Sonne demnach vom Frankenwald\nNicht genehmigter Tanz : Strafe nach Bikini-Show an Bord eines Flugzeugs\nHanoi (dpa) Die vietnamesische Billigfluggesellschaft Viet-Jet muss wegen eines nicht genehmigten Tanzes von Bikini-Models auf einem Flug eine Strafe von umgerechnet 1400 Euro zahlen. Das teilte Vietnams zivile Luftfahrtbehörde mit. Auf dem Rückflug\nSeltener Fall : Starkoch Bras darf auf Sterne verzichten\nParis (dpa) Der südfranzösische Starkoch Sébastien Bras darf auf seine drei Sterne im neuen Michelin-Gastronomieführer verzichten. Knapp eine Woche vor Erscheinen der Frankreich-Ausgabe 2018 bestätigte Michelin entsprechende Medienberichte. Ein\nBesondere Schwere der Schuld : Lebenslange Haft für Dreifach-Mörderin\nGießen (dpa) Für die Morde an drei Menschen in Hessen und Nordrhein-Westfalen ist eine 36-jährige Frau in Gießen zu einer lebenslangen Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt worden. Das Landgericht sprach sie gestern schuldig, im April 2016 in Gießen einen\n70 Jahre Kinsey-Report : Wie „Dr. Sex“ einst Amerika erregte\nVor 70 Jahren sorgte ein Bericht in Amerika für Aufsehen: Der Sexualforscher Alfred Kinsey legte erstmals dar, was im Bett passiert.\nSport- und Landtagspräsident Klaus Meiser (CDU) war bis gestern der mächtigste Strippenzieher im Saarland. Mit Ämterhäufung und der Beschäftigung seiner Lebensgefährtin für beide Aufgaben verfing er sich immer mehr im eigenen Netzwerk. Von Peter Stefan Herbst\nPuigdemont bleibt einziger Kandidat : Wahl in Katalonien verschoben\nBarcelona (afp) Konfrontation vertagt: Das katalanische Parlament hat seine für gestern geplante Sitzung zur Wahl des künftigen Regionalpräsidenten auf unbestimmte Zeit verschoben, hält aber an der Kandidatur des im Brüsseler Exil lebenden\nWien (dpa) Österreich und Ungarn wollen sich angesichts der illegalen Zuwanderung vieler Migranten gemeinsam für einen starken Schutz der EU-Außengrenzen einsetzen. Das bekräftigten der ungarische Ministerpräsident Viktor Orban und Österreichs\nBundesverfassungsgericht : Dürfen Patienten gefesselt werden?\nDas Bundesverfassungsgericht entscheidet darüber, ob und wann ein richterlicher Beschluss notwendig ist.\nSelbstoptimierung : Profit im Wartezimmer\nWer für das Wartezimmer zu schwach ist, sollte den Arzt gar nicht erst behelligen. Von Pia Rolfs\nParis (afp) Forscher haben in Ägypten einen bislang unbekannten pflanzenfressenden Dinosaurier entdeckt, der zu der größten bekannten Art, den Sauropoden, gehört. Das Fossil des Mansourasaurus shahinae wurde in der Sahara gefunden, so das\nAuf der Fotoplattform Instagram findet man viele arrivierte Künstler. Manche von ihnen fügen ihrem Werk dort einen neuen Aspekt hinzu, andere stellen sich einfach einem jüngeren Publikum vor. Ein virtueller Rundgang.\nSaarlouis (SZ) Im Saarlouiser Theater am Ring diskutieren heute um 19.30 Uhr in der Reihe „Kulturstreit“ auf Einladung von SR2-Kulturradio und der Saarländischen Gesellschaft für Kulturpolitik der Saarbrücker Verleger Charly Lehnert und\nSaarbrücken (red) Der Filmemacher Philipp Hartmann zeigt heute ab 20 Uhr im Kino Achteinhalb seinen Film „66 Kinos“ – eine Dokumentation über einige der 66 Filmtheater, die er bei einer Kinotour zu einem früheren Film gedreht hat. Nach der Vorführung\n(dpa) Die Auswahl des Berliner Theatertreffens steht. Mit gleich zwei Produktionen reisen die Münchner Kammerspiele zu dem renommierten Festival (5. bis 21. Mai) an: Anta Helena Recke zeigt ihre Neuinszenierung von Anna-Sophie Mahlers Roman-Adaption\nFrankfurt (epd) Die geschäftsführende Familienministerin Katarina Barley (SPD) fordert Konsequenzen aus den Missbrauchsvorwürfen gegen Regisseur Dieter Wedel. „Bestätigen sich die Anschuldigungen, dann ist das ein Skandal, von dem sehr viele gewusst\nWien (SZ) Der zweifache Cannes-Gewinner Michael Haneke dreht seine erste Fernsehserie. Für die Produktionsfirma UFA Fiction wird der österreichische Filmemacher die zehnteilige englischsprachige Serie „Kelwins Buch\" entwickeln. Sie spielt in einer\nBerlin (dpa) Marie Sophie Hingst, Autorin des Blogs „Read on my Dear, read on“, ist bei der Verleihung der „Goldenen Blogger“ zur Bloggerin des Jahres gekürt worden. Der Journalist Richard Gutjahr wurde für seinen Kampf gegen Hass im Netz mit einem\nParis (afp) In der französischen Filmbranche wird über einen Hilfsfonds für Opfer sexueller Gewalt nach dem Vorbild der Initiative „Time’s Up“ (Die Zeit ist reif) in den USA nachgedacht. „Alle Frauen sind Belästigung ausgesetzt“, sagte die\nBerlin (dpa) Die Filmfrauen in Deutschland schließen sich zusammen, um mehr Gleichberechtigung in der Branche durchzusetzen. Aus dem seit 2014 bestehenden Bündnis „Pro Quote Regie“ werde „Pro Quote Film“, teilten die Organisatorinnen mit. Die\nDie aus Luxemburg stammende Schauspielerin über ihre Hollywood-Karriere und ihre Rolle in „Der seidende Faden“. Von Martin Schwickert\nDer US-Präsident wird die Russland-Ermittlungen nicht los. Die Republikaner verschärfen jetzt ihre Kampagne gegen die Untersuchungen des FBI – mit einem heiklen Memorandum.\nDie saarländische CDU-Bundestagsabgeordnete Nadine Schön wurde im Rahmen der gestrigen Sitzung der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion mit überwältigender Mehrheit als stellvertretende Vorsitzende bestätigt. Damit bleibt die 34-jährige Saarländerin für die\nMinisterpräsidenten-Konferenz : Regierungschefs beraten mit Bund über Flüchtlingskosten\nParallel zu den Koalitionsverhandlungen findet am Donnerstag in Berlin die Ministerpräsidentenkonferenz statt. Themen sollen dabei unter anderem eine mögliche Reform des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks, der Glücksspielstaatsvertrag, die Flüchtlingskosten sowie die deutsche Dieselfahrzeugflotte sein. Von Ute Kirch\nSachgrundlose Befristungen : SPD und Linke streiten über Glaubwürdigkeit\nDie SPD will sachgrundlose Befristungen abschaffen. Doch in Saar-Behörden gibt es über 200 solcher Jobs. Wie passt das zusammen? Von Daniel Kirch\nTodbringender Brand in Saarbrücken : Feuerkatastrophe am Saarufer: Hat Vermieter Brandschutz eingehalten?\nAuch knapp zwei Monate nach der Brandkatastrophe in einem Mietshaus in der Saarbrücker Innenstadt sind die Ermittlungen seitens der Staatsanwaltschaft noch nicht abgeschlossen. Wie deren Sprecher Christoph Rebmann jetzt auf SZ-Anfrage sagte, stehen Von Matthias Zimmermann\nGeschwindigkeitskontrollen : Achtung, hier blitzt heute im Saarland die Polizei\nSaarbrücken (red) Auf diesen Strecken ist heute mit Radarkontrollen zu rechnen: Homburg, L 126 zwischen Quierschied und St. Ingbert, B 10 zwischen Eppelborn und Neububach, A 8 zwischen dem Dreieck Saarlouis und der Ausfahrt Heusweiler, A 62 zwischen\nAusnahmezustand im Knappschaftsklinikum Saar : Notstrom-Aggregat in Klinik versagt nach Stromausfall\nEin Stromausfall in Püttlingen hat für einen Großeinsatz von Feuerwehr und Technischem Hilfswerk (THW) am Knappschafts-Klinikum Saar gesorgt. Denn das Notstrom-Aggregrat, das bei einem Blackout einspringen und die Versorgung lebenswichtiger Geräte Von Matthias Zimmermann\nRettungsdienst : Hilfsfrist wird noch nicht überall eingehalten\nZwölf Minuten bis zum Einsatzort – dieses Ziel schafft der Rettungsdienst nicht überall, trotz acht neuer Rettungswachen. Wie geht es jetzt weiter? Von Daniel Kirch\nRettungsdienst : Das Problem nicht aussitzen\nDer Rettungsdienst im Saarland ist im Vergleich zu anderen Flächenländern gut aufgestellt, die im Gesetz vorgeschriebene Hilfsfrist von zwölf Minuten ist ambitioniert. Wenn sie nicht eingehalten wird, gibt es nur zwei Möglichkeiten: Entweder man Von Daniel Kirch\nEinbrüche : Täter brechen in Schulen im Kreis Merzig ein\nIm Raum Merzig ist in den vergangenen Tagen in zwei Schulen und einen Kindergarten eingebrochen worden. Wie die Polizei mitteilt, traf es in der Nacht zu Montag zunächst die Förderschule in Merzig-Bietzen. Dort hebelten die Täter ein Fenster auf und\nPolizei : Zwölf berauschte Fahrer erwischt\nSaarbrücken (red) Zwölf Autofahrer hat die saarländische Polizei bei Kontrollen in der vergangenen Woche aus dem Verkehr gezogen. Jetzt, da landesweit Karnevalsveranstaltungen stattfinden, kontrolliert die Polizei nach eigenen Angaben besonders\nWer an Fastnacht auf witzige Kostüme setzt, liegt nicht mehr im Trend – so lautet jedenfalls die Grundtendenz im Verkauf und Kostümverleih im Saarland.\nDiskussion über Hallengebühren : Mehr Geld für Vereins-Jugendarbeit?\nDer Stadtrat hatte beschlossen, die Gebühren um rund zwölf Prozent zum 1. März zu erhöhen und begründete das mit gestiegenen Personal- und Energiekosten. Die Gebührenerhöhung könnte nun um einen weiteren Monat verschoben werden. Von Markus Saeftel\nDie Polizei sucht Zeugen einer Unfallflucht in Habkirchen. Von red\nPolizei sucht Fahrer : Polizei sucht einen Unfall-Beteiligten\nDie Polizei sucht einen Autofahrer. Am Sonntag gegen 18.50 Uhr kam es in der Kuchenbergstraße zu einem Verkehrsunfall. Ein grauer Audi A 3 kam leicht nach links von seiner Fahrspur ab und kollidierte mit einem entgegenkommenden Auto am Außenspiegel,\nEinbruch in Neunkirchen : Einbrecher knacken Spielautomaten\nUnbekannte sind in der Zeit zwischen Freitagabend vergangener Woche und Montagmorgen in eine Gaststätte in der Neunkircher Max-Braun-Straße eingebrochen. Die Täter verschafften sich zunächst über die Eingangstür des Ladenlokals gewaltsam Zutritt, so\nDie LSVS-Affäre hat nun personelle Konsequenzen: Verbands-Chef und Landtagspräsident Klaus Meiser muss mehrere Aufsichts-Gremien verlassen. Von Daniel Kirch\nBeim Streitthema Familiennachzug von Flüchtlingen haben Union und SPD eine Einigung gefunden. Von Stefan Vetter\nUnbekannte haben die Wochenend-Einnahmen des Schaumbergbades Tholey gestohlen. Laut Polizei ist der Sachschaden „bedeutend“. Von Christine Kloth\nSaar-Ministerpräsidentin Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (CDU) glaubt an einen Abschluss der Verhandlungen über die Neuauflage einer großen Koalition im Bund in wenigen Tagen.\nDas Saarland war im Januar das wärmste und nasseste Bundesland mit den wenigsten Sonnenschein. Die Sonne ließ sich hier weniger als 25 Stunden blicken, wie der Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) in Offenbach am Dienstag mitteilte. In Rheinland-Pfalz schien\nZwölf Autofahrer, die durch Alkohol oder sonstige berauschende Mittel in ihrer Fahrtüchtigkeit beeinträchtigt waren, zog die saarländische Polizei bei ihren Kontrollen in der letzten Woche aus dem Verkehr. Das hat die Polizei mitgeteilt.\nBei einem Wohnhausbrand in Püttlingen sind am Montagnachmittag ein Hausbewohner und ein Feuerwehrmann leicht verletzt worden. Von Christine Kloth\nDer 49-jährige Lkw-Fahrer, der in der Nacht zum Montag auf der A 8 verunglückt ist, war offenbar alles andere als gesund. Von Jan Althoff\nAlkohol und Autofahren passt nicht gut zusammen. Doch das weiß längst noch nicht jeder. In den vergangenen Tagen hatte die Illinger Polizeiinspektion gleich mehrere Fälle, die das belegen. Einen 20-Jährigen aus Merchweiler erwarten gleich mehrere Von Michael Beer\nSt. Johann (red). Die Freien Demokraten im Saarbrücker Stadtrat fordern ein neues Konzept für den Neujahrsempfangs der Oberbürgermeisterin Charlotte Britz.\nFür den Geschäftsführer der Stadtwerke Bliestal, Bernhard Wendel, gehört das Blieskasteler Kombibad zu den wichtigsten „Baustellen“. Von Erich Schwarz\nOb wichtige Personendaten oder Schriftstücke mit hohem emotionalen Wert: Jeder Mensch hat bestimmte Dokumente, die er sicher verwahrt wissen möchte. Doch wie geht man am besten vor, wenn man diese wichtigen Dokumente effizient vor öffentlichem\nEin tödlicher Lastwagen-Unfall auf der A 8 hatte am Montag weitreichende Folgen. Noch unklar war bislang, was die Ursache des Unglücks war. Nun gibt es erste Hinweise darauf, dass der 49-jährige Fahrer des Lkw, der in der Nacht zum Montag auf der A Von red\nDas Fahrzeug eines Beschäftigten ist am Montagmorgen wurde auf dem Mitarbeiterparkplatz einer großen Bäckerei in Bliesen beschädigt worden. Die Polizei grenzt die Zeit auf zwischen 4.30 und 8.45 Uhr ein. Der Mann stellte seinen blauen Toyota Avensis\nEinbrecher haben in der Nacht auf Montag das Schaumbergbad in Tholey heimgesucht. Nach den bislang vorliegenden Erkenntnissen der Polizei geschah die Tat zwischen 21.45 Uhr am Sonntagabend und 6.25 Uhr am Montagmorgen, als die erste Reinigungskraft\nDie Yoga-Einheit nach der Arbeit oder morgens nach dem Aufstehen gehört mittlerweile für viele Menschen zum Alltag. Dass Yoga positive Auswirkungen auf die körperliche und geistige Gesundheit hat, ist längst kein Geheimnis mehr. Wie die uralte\nIn der Erbacher Rubensstraße ist aus dem Vorgarten des Hauses mit der Nummer 6 ein Deko-Fahrrad gestohlen worden. Von Ulrike Stumm\nNahe des Kindergartens in Überroth-Niederhofen soll es ein 57-Jähriger auf geparkte Autos abgesehen haben. Von Matthias Zimmermann\nErbach (ust) Ein 23-Jähriger aus der Nachbarschaft hat im Erbacher Hügelweg einen Ford beschädigt. Von Ulrike Stumm\nSt. Wendel (him) Die CDU-Bundestagsabgeordnete Nadine Schön aus Tholey wurde während der Sitzung der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion am Montag mit überwältigender Mehrheit als stellvertretende Vorsitzende bestätigt. Damit bleibt die 34-jährige Von Melanie Mai\nSeit einem halben Jahr müssen Mobilfunk- und Festnetzanbieter ihre Kunden besser über ihre Angebote informieren. Wie ein Test der Stiftung Warentest zeigt, setzen viele die neuen Regeln jedoch nicht angemessen um. Von Nina Scheid\nAltreifen hat ein Unbekannter illegal auf einem Wiesengelände im Buchenweg in Nonnweiler entsorgt. Am Montagvormittag erstattete die 59-Jährige Anwohnerin Strafanzeige. Sie teilte mit, dass während der vergangenen Wochen etwa 40 Altreifen auf dem Von Melanie Mai\nIn einen Rohbau in der Primstaler Straße in Selbach sind Unbekannte in der Zeit zwischen Dienstag, 23. Januar, 19 Uhr, und Mittwoch, 24. Januar, 8 Uhr, eingebrochen. Wie die Polizei erst jetzt mitteilte, entwendeten sie folgende Arbeitsgeräte: eine Von Melanie Mai\nAuf dem Spielplatz in der Kraftwerkstraße im Homburger Stadtteil Beeden, im Bereich zu den Gartengrundstücken Kraftwerkstraße 21 bis 25, müssen sieben Großsträucher gefällt werden. Die zu fällenden Steinweichseln sind in ihrer Bruchsicherheit stark Von red\nFeuerwehr-Großeinsatz : Stromausfall in Püttlinger Klinik trifft auch Intensivstation\nRund eine Dreiviertelstunde haben Pfleger, Ärzte und Patienten im Knappschaftskrankenhaus im Dunkeln getappt. Die Feuerwehr war vor Ort, um Notleitungen zu legen. Von Matthias Zimmermann",
"IBM designed, manufactured and sold optical mark and character readers from 1960 until 1984. The IBM 1287 is notable as being the first commercially sold scanner capable of reading handwritten numbers.\n\nInitial development work \nIBM Poughkeepsie studied machine character recognition from 1950 till 1954, developing an experimental machine that used a cathode-ray-tube attached an IBM 701 which performed the character analysis. They pursued a technique known as lakes and bays which examined different areas of dark and light where the lakes were white areas enclosed by black and the bays were partially enclosed areas. Their machine and mission was moved to IBM Endicott in 1954, where research continued. From 1955 to 1956 they then worked on the VIDOR (Visual Document Reader) program, but they could not get agreement on acceptable reject rate. The developers felt 80% recognition was acceptable (meaning 20% of documents would need to be manually processed), while product planners and IBM Marketing felt that compared to punched card reject rates, the reject rate was unacceptably high. This led to no new products being released.\n\nIn 1956 the American Bankers Association chose to use Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) to automate check handling, rejecting a proposed solution generated by an IBM Poughkeepsie banking project that used optical characters formed by vertical bars and digits. IBM developed a magnetic read head to handle the new standard, releasing the IBM 1210 MICR reader/sorter in 1959. The development work for this product both with read heads and document handling, helped move optical character recognition forward, with development focusing on reading one or two lines of print from a paper document larger than an IBM punched card. The first product to be released was the IBM 1418.\n\nIBM 123x Optical Mark Readers \nThe IBM 1230, IBM 1231, and IBM 1232 were optical mark readers used to input the contents of data sources such as questionnaires, test results, surveys as well as historical data that could be easily entered as marks on sheets. Educational institutes used them to score test results and they were effectively a replacement for the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine that used electrical resistance and a mark sense pencil to score a test, rather than optical mark detection. They were developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester.\n\nThey have the following features:\n\n A pneumatic input hopper that can hold approximately 600 sheets\n Two output stackers: the normal stacker that holds 600 sheets and the select (or reject) stacker which holds 50 sheets.\n Pluggable SMS printed circuit cards\n They can read positional marks made by a lead pencil using an optical read head that consists of photovoltaic(solar) cells and lamps\n The 1230 has 21 photovoltaic cells, 20 for reading the pencil marks and one to read timing marks on the right hand border of the sheet.\n The 1231 and 1232 have 22 photovoltaic cells, 20 to read data, one to read timing marks and one to read a special feature called a master mark.\n Input size is a sheet called a data sheet that can have up to 1000 marked or printed positions per side.\n Uses electromechanical devices known as sonic delay lines to store results.\n\nIBM 1230 Optical Mark Scoring Reader \nThe IBM 1230 is an offline optical mark reader that can read and score 1,200 test answer sheets per hour.\n\n It uses a wire matrix to printer to print the test results on the right margin of the answer sheet as the sheet is being processed.\n It can optionally send output to an IBM 534 Model 3 Card Punch. Throughput of 750 sheets an hour is achieved when punching 80 columns of data.\n The operator needs to enter two master sheets, one with the correct answers to the test being scored and the other for the 1230 to record run information.\n\nIBM 1231 Optical Mark Page Reader \nThe IBM 1231 is an online optical mark reader that can read and score 2000 test answer sheets per hour, depending on downstream operations.\nThe correct answers for the test can either be entered using a master sheet (like the 1230) or sent to the 1231 using the optional master-mark special feature.\n\nIBM 1232 Optical Mark Page Reader \nThe IBM 1232 is an offline optical mark reader that can read up to 2000 marked sheets per hour.\n\n Documents can be read at up to 2000 sheets per hour, but this depends on the number of characters that need to be punched from each sheet.\n The IBM 1232 reads the marks and then punches them into cards using a IBM 534 Model 3 Card Punch. Together they can read up to 64,000 characters per hour or 800 fully punched cards.\n\nExample customers \n\n The California Test Bureau (CTB) that provided standardised achievement tests for educational institutes across the USA, began replacing their IBM 805s with IBM 1230s in 1963. They then installed two IBM 1232s in 1964. Being able to use a full answer sheet rather than a mark sense card, eliminated the need to use multiple answer cards per test per student, as well as dramatically increased the marking speed for test answers.\n Credit Bureau Services of Dallas used an IBM 1232 in 1966 as part of their first computerisation project. They marked credit history data onto optical scanning sheets that were fed into their IBM 1232. The attached IBM 534 then punched this data onto punched cards, which were then fed into their IBM System/360 Model 30.\n In 1968 the US Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC) began using special log books for their coastal surveyors to record coastal survey data, which was then converted to punched cards by an IBM 1232.\n\nIBM 2956 Optical Mark/Hole Reader \n\nThe IBM 2956 Models 2 and 3 are custom build optical mark/hole readers designed to be attached to an IBM 2740 Communications Terminal.\n\n The IBM 2956-2 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. The cards can be fed by hand or from the 400 card hopper. It has a 400 card stacker. The 2956-2 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843086.\n The IBM 2956-3 can read cards that have either been hand or machine marked or that have been punched. It can also read marked sheets up to in size, although only a band along the side of the sheet can be read (the width of a punched card). It does not have a hopper or a stacker, so each card or sheet must be manually fed into the machine. The 2956-3 could be ordered by request for price quotation (RPQ) 843106. The 2956-3 could be attached to an IBM 3276 or IBM 3278 display station with RPQ UB9001.\n\nOne use case for the IBM 2956 is to grade school tests. On completion of a learning module a student can use an optical scan-type card to record answers to up to 27 questions, with up to 5 choices per question. They are scanned by the reader and the results are then transmitted to an IBM System/360 in remote job entry mode and can also be printed on the IBM 2740. The reader can also be attached to an IBM 3735 which transmits results to an IBM System/370 and which prints results on an IBM 3286 printer. They can also be attached to an IBM System/3.\n\nNote that the IBM 2956 Model 5 (2956-5) was a banking reader/sorter.\n\nIBM 1282 Optical Reader Card Punch \nThe IBM 1282 is an offline optical reader that is used to read embossed credit card receipts, a mark read field or machine printed characters in three different fonts. It then outputs this data onto a punched card. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott. It proved popular and within two years of announcement 100 machines were installed or on order.\n\nExample customer \n\n The New York Department of Motor Vehicles reported that from 1964 until 1968 they were using an IBM 1282 to read machine printed license renewal slips that had been mailed back as part of the renewal process. They would scan the slip and then process the resulting punched card. This worked well until the DMV decided to request renewals include the drivers Social Security Number (SSN), which meant a handwritten number needed to be either manually keyed or a new scanning device procured. They switched to the IBM 1287 in 1968.\n\nIBM 1285 Optical Reader \nThe IBM 1285 is an online optical reader that is used to read printed paper tapes from cash registers or adding machines. It was developed by IBM Endicott and manufactured by IBM Rochester. The IBM 1285 attaches to an IBM 1401, 1440, 1460 or System/360. It has a small round screen to display characters being read and it has a keyboard to enter header information and to optionally enter character corrections for rejected characters. It can read a roll or paper tape in three-and-a half minutes, reading data at speeds of up to 3000 lines per minute. It can mark the tape with a dot to indicate unreadable characters, so they can be rekeyed later. It users System/360 SLT circuitry and scans with an electronic beam of light called a \"flying spot\".\n\nIBM 1287 Optical Reader \nThe IBM 1287 is an online reader that can optically scan cut form documents to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading machine printed data as well as handprinted numbers and optical marks (based on installed model and features). IBM claim it is the first commercial scanner that can read hand written numbers written in pencil. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in January 1968.\n\nAn engineering model was famously demonstrated at the IBM Pavilion of the 1964-1965 World Fair in New York. IBM representatives at the stand invited visitors to write a date on a card (as far back as September 18, 1851) which was then scanned by the machine and a headline from The New York Times newspaper for the matching date was then printed on a souvenir card. The attached IBM 1460 had nearly 40,000 headlines in storage. This promotional exercise also gave IBM handwriting samples to test with.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n An input hopper that holds an stack of documents. \nThree output stackers that can each hold a stack of documents. \n Documents to be scanned can range from to in size. \n Based on document size, throughput ranges from 665 documents per minute for a document with one field of 20 machine printed characters to less than 100 documents per minute for a document with 50 fields of handprinted characters.\n Has a CRT to display unrecognised characters (after 10 attempted scans) and a keyboard for the operator to enter a correction.\nA serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.\nEach model has different default recognition capabilities, but additional capabilities can be added as part of the machine order. For instance numeric handwriting recognition can be plant installed on Models 1-4 by ordering a feature code.\n Model 1: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards. \n Model 2: Reads numeric printed data from cut sheet paper or cards or a continuous roll of paper (such as a journal tape). \n Model 3: Same as Model 1 but also can read OCR A front. \n Model 4: Same as Model 2 but also can read OCR A front.\n Model 5: Reads numeric handprinted digits and certain alphabetic characters. Feature code 2987 added a \"Multifont Preprocessor\".\n\nExample customers \n\n The New York Department of Motor Vehicles reported in 1968 they started using an IBM 1287 after the DMV decided to request driver license renewals include the drivers Social Security Number (SSN). The IBM 1287 could read both the machine printed data on the renewal slip as well as the drivers hand written SSN. Around two thirds of returned renewals could be scanned with this system.\n\nIBM 1288 Optical Page Reader \nThe IBM 1288 is an online reader that can optically scan cut sheet pages to generate input data for an IBM System/360 or System/370 host, reading the OCR-A font, handprinted numbers (with an optional feature) and/or optical marks (with an optional feature). It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester and first shipped in July 1969. The use of the word \"Page\" in the product name reflects the ability of the IBM 1288 to scan full size pages, nearly twice as large as the IBM 1287.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n An input hopper that can hold a stack of documents.\n Two output stackers that can each hold either a stack of short documents or a stack of long documents. One output stacker is reserved for documents with unrecognisable characters.\nDocuments to be scanned can range from to in size. \n A serial number feature to print a number from 00000 to 99999 on each document.\nIBM did not publish a maximum throughput value, stating it would vary based on a variety of factors such as document size and the number and type of fields to be read.\n\nIt is composed of three frames:\n\nExample customers \n The City of Baltimore used an IBM 1288 to prepare such things as property tax bills, water meter bills, income tax forms, and to control food stamps. \n The State of Maryland used an IBM 1288 for scanning hand-marked income tax documents sent in by employers. They reported an 85% acceptance rate.\n\nIBM 14x8 Optical Readers \nThe first optical reader released by IBM was the IBM 1418 which could read numbers and vertical bars and which used the same transport as the IBM 1419 cheque sorter. The IBM 1428 was physically very similar to the IBM 1418 (except it did not have a CRT mounted on top), but it was able to read both letters as well as numbers.\n\nIBM 1418 Optical Character Reader \n\nThe IBM 1418 is able to read a standard numerical font used by the IBM 407 in one of two sizes. It can also read vertical markings made with a pencil. IBM claimed it is suitable for cash-accounting applications where small payment stubs need to be processed. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n It uses a device IBM call a \"mechanical image dissector\" that reads the characters in multiple vertical bands, that are then combined and tested. \n Is cable connected to either an IBM 1401 or IBM 1410. \n Reading speed is 480 characters per second, up to 400 documents per minute.\n The IBM 1418 features a CRT on the top of the unit that adds to the height of the machine.\n The Model 3 is similar to a Model 1 but can handle broader paper size ranges.\n\nExample customers \n\n The Pennsylvania Power & Light Company claims to have installed the first commercially available IBM 1418. It was used to scan bill stubs returned by their customers including power meter information.\n\nIBM 1428 Alphanumeric Reader \nThe IBM 1428 can read alphabetic and numeric scan data from printed documents like payment stubs, but is limited to reading a special font. IBM claimed it is suitable to scan documents such as: \"insurance premium notices, charge sales invoices, operations and route slips, payroll and dividend checks and mail orders\". It was developed and manufactured by IBM Endicott.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n It uses a device IBM call a \"mechanical image dissector\" that reads the characters in multiple vertical bands, that are then combined and tested. \n Is cable connected to either an IBM 1401 or IBM 1410. \n Reading speed is 480 characters per second, up to 400 documents per minute.\n The Model 3 is similar to a Model 1 but can handle broader paper size ranges.\n\nIBM 1975 Optical Page Reader \nIn October 1961 the US Social Security Administration (SSA) requested proposals for OCR equipment to help them reduce the 57 million lines of information they had to manually enter by keyboard each quarter. IBM responded to the SSA in February 1962 using the work of an IBM engineer called Evon Greanias who had developed a curve-follower method that used a CRT flying-spot scanner which not dependent on fixed fonts and in fact had the potential to be used to read handwriting. IBM was requested to provide a more detailed response in May 1963, by which time IBM Research and IBM Rochester (who were now responsible for the project) had developed detailed statistical decision techniques. The one-of-a-kind IBM 1975 was delivered to the SSA in late 1965.\n\nIt was used to read a form known as a #941 that contains on average 22 lines per page (to a maximum of 44 lines). It was able to read at a 52 to 55% acceptance rate. It was taken out of service in 1977.\n\nIBM 388x Optical Readers \nReleased in 1972 and withdrawn in 1984, the IBM 3881 and IBM 3886 are the last family of optical readers released by IBM.\n\nIBM 3881 Optical Mark Reader \nThe IBM 3881 is an optical mark reader, meaning it reads machine or hand printed marks, but not OCR fonts or handprinted numbers. It was developed and manufactured by IBM Rochester. There are three models.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n Documents to be scanned can range from to in size. \n Throughput is affected by document length. When reading documents it can read 4,000 per hour.\n A vacuum cleaner is built into the machine.\n The IBM 3881-2 sends scanned data to a directly attached IBM 3410-1 Magnetic Tape Drive. The tape-drive that weighed is not included in the physical statistics shown below.\n\nThe last IBM 3881 manufactured by IBM Rochester was shipped to a customer in Puerto Rico in January 1980.\n\nIBM 3886 Optical Character Reader \nThe IBM 3886 is an optical page reader, meaning it reads OCR fonts or handprinted numbers. It was developed by IBM Rochester and manufactured by both IBM Rochester and IBM Greenock Scotland. There are two models.\n\nIt has the following features:\n\n Documents to be scanned can range from to in size.\n The input hopper holds a stack of documents\n By default it can read the OCR-A font, but OCR-B and numeric hand printing support can be added.\nThe IBM 3886-2 sends scanned data to a directly attached IBM 3410-1 Magnetic Tape Drive. The tape-drive that weighed is not included in the physical statistics shown below.\nOn July 17, 1974, IBM announced a feature which became known as \"Video collect\" which allowed an operator to display and re-key characters that could not be recognised. It requires an IBM 3277 console to display the characters in question.\n\nProcessing speed ranges from:\n\n 4.4 documents per minute for a sheet with 29 lines per sheet and 78 characters per line (2260 characters)\n 94 documents per minute for a sheet with 1 lines per sheet and 8 characters per line\n\nExample customers \n In 1974 the City and County of Honolulu, Hawaii reported they were using an IBM 3886 to process motor vehicle and bicycle registration renewals, of which they received 400,000 annually. The 3886 scans the renewal forms at up to 5,000 forms an hour, storing them on tape, which is later played-back on their mainframe. They thus avoided the need to manually enter these details onto punched cards.\n In 1975 Union Mutual, a health care provider, reported they were using an IBM 3886 to scan Medicare claims and benefit documents, allowing them to handle a 50% growth in Medicare transactions over two years. They scanned documents to tape, running them later on their System/370. Rejected documents (which averaged 20% for Medicare claims) were re-run using the \"video collect\" capability that allowed them to key in the correct value and avoid the need to manually key in the whole document. This allowed them to always process documents the same day.\n In 1976 Milgrims Food Stores in Kansas City, Mo, reported they were using an IBM 3886 to scan store delivery forms, resolving a major issue they had tracking vendor deliveries to their stores.\n\nAdvanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service \nOn October 26, 1970, the U.S. Postal Service awarded IBM a US$6.7 million contract to develop the Advanced Optical Character Reader Postal Service. Development was carried out by both IBM Rochester and the IBM Federal Systems Division in IBM Gaithersburg. The goal was to sort 1 million letters in a 24-hour operating period.\n\nIn June 1972 the Postal Program group shipped its Advanced Optical Character Reader (AOCR) to the New York City General Post Office in Manhattan. It can scan and sort 24 machine-addressed envelopes per second.\n\nIBM was one of three vendors to deliver a machine in the program. The total cost of the program was US$28.9 million and none of the machines were considered suitable for full-scale production. The IBM contract had a cost over-run of over US$6million dollars.\n\nIBM OCR reader/sorters \nIBM released several OCR reader/sorter products mainly for the European finance industry. These are detailed in the IBM document processors article, including the following:\n\n IBM 1270 \n IBM 1275\n IBM 3890 Models C and D\n IBM 3890 XP1 with OCR feature\nIBM also released an inscriber that could optically read handwritten amounts to avoid the need to proof a check:\nIBM 3895\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n IBM 1287 Brochure\n IBM at the Worlds Fair\n\nOptical mark and character readers\nOptical character recognition",
"The determination of the day of the week for any date may be performed with a variety of algorithms. In addition, perpetual calendars require no calculation by the user, and are essentially lookup tables.\nA typical application is to calculate the day of the week on which someone was born or a specific event occurred.\n\nConcepts\nIn numerical calculation, the days of the week are represented as weekday numbers. If Monday is the first day of the week, the days may be coded 1 to 7, for Monday through Sunday, as is practiced in ISO 8601. The day designated with 7 may also be counted as 0, by applying the arithmetic modulo 7, which calculates the remainder of a number after division by 7. Thus, the number 7 is treated as 0, 8 as 1, 9 as 2, 18 as 4 and so on. If Sunday is counted as day 1, then 7 days later (i.e. day 8) is also a Sunday, and day 18 is the same as day 4, which is a Wednesday since this falls three days after Sunday.\n\nThe basic approach of nearly all of the methods to calculate the day of the week begins by starting from an 'anchor date': a known pair (such as 1 January 1800 as a Wednesday), determining the number of days between the known day and the day that you are trying to determine, and using arithmetic modulo 7 to find a new numerical day of the week.\n\nOne standard approach is to look up (or calculate, using a known rule) the value of the first day of the week of a given century, look up (or calculate, using a method of congruence) an adjustment for the month, calculate the number of leap years since the start of the century, and then add these together along with the number of years since the start of the century, and the day number of the month. Eventually, one ends up with a day-count to which one applies modulo 7 to determine the day of the week of the date.\n\nSome methods do all the additions first and then cast out sevens, whereas others cast them out at each step, as in Lewis Carroll's method. Either way is quite viable: the former is easier for calculators and computer programs, the latter for mental calculation (it is quite possible to do all the calculations in one's head with a little practice). None of the methods given here perform range checks, so unreasonable dates will produce erroneous results.\n\nCorresponding days\nEvery seventh day in a month has the same name as the previous:\n\nCorresponding months\n\"Corresponding months\" are those months within the calendar year that start on the same day of the week. For example, September and December correspond, because 1 September falls on the same day as 1 December (as there are precisely thirteen 7-day weeks between the two dates). Months can only correspond if the number of days between their first days is divisible by 7, or in other words, if their first days are a whole number of weeks apart. For example, February of a common year corresponds to March because February has 28 days, a number divisible by 7, 28 days being exactly four weeks.\nIn a leap year, January and February correspond to different months than in a common year, since adding 29 February means each subsequent month starts a day later.\n\nJanuary corresponds to October in common years and April and July in leap years. February corresponds to March and November in common years and August in leap years. March always corresponds to November, April always corresponds to July, and September always corresponds to December. August does not correspond to any other month in a common year. October doesn't correspond to any other month in a leap year. May and June never correspond to any other month.\n\nIn the months table below, corresponding months have the same number, a fact which follows directly from the definition.\n\nCorresponding years \n\nThere are seven possible days that a year can start on, and leap years will alter the day of the week after 29 February. This means that there are 14 configurations that a year can have. All the configurations can be referenced by a dominical letter, but as 29 February has no letter allocated to it, a leap year has two dominical letters, one for January and February and the other (one step back in the alphabetical sequence) for March to December.\n\n2021 is a common year starting on Friday, which means that it corresponds to the 2010 calendar year. The first two months of 2021 correspond to the first two months of 2016. 2022 is a common year starting on Saturday, which means that it corresponds to the 2011 calendar year. The last ten months of 2022 correspond to the last ten months of 2016. 2023 is a common year starting on Sunday, which means that it corresponds to the 2017 calendar year. 2024 is a leap year starting on Monday, which means that it corresponds to the 1996 calendar year. The first two months of 2024 correspond to the first two months of 2018. The last ten months of 2024 correspond to the last ten months of 2019. \n\nEach leap year repeats once every 28 years, and every common year repeats once every 6 years and twice every 11 years. For instance, the last occurrence of a leap year starting on Wednesday was 2020 and the next occurrence will be 2048. Likewise, the next common years starting on Friday will be 2027, 2038, and then 2049. Both of these statements are true unless a leap year is skipped, but that will not happen until 2100. \n\nFor details see the table below.\n\nNotes:\n\n Black means all the months of Common Year\n Red means the first 2 months of Leap Year\n Blue means the last 10 months of Leap Year\n\nCorresponding centuries\n\n\"Year 000\" is, in normal chronology, the year 1 BC (which precedes AD 1). In astronomical year numbering the year 0 comes between 1 BC and AD 1. In the proleptic Julian calendar, (that is, the Julian calendar as it would have been if it had been operated correctly from the start), 1 BC starts on Thursday. In the proleptic Gregorian calendar, (so called because it wasn't devised until 1582), 1 BC starts on Saturday.\n\nTabular methods to calculate the day of the week\n\nComplete table: Julian and Gregorian calendars\nFor Julian dates before 1300 and after 1999 the year in the table which differs by an exact multiple of 700 years should be used. For Gregorian dates after 2299, the year in the table which differs by an exact multiple of 400 years should be used. The values \"\" through \"\" indicate the remainder when the Hundreds value is divided by 7 and 4 respectively, indicating how the series extend in either direction. Both Julian and Gregorian values are shown 1500-1999 for convenience. Bold figures (e.g., 04) denote leap year. If a year ends in 00 and its hundreds are in bold it is a leap year. Thus 19 indicates that 1900 is not a Gregorian leap year, (but 19 in the Julian column indicates that it is a Julian leap year, as are all Julian x00 years). 20 indicates that 2000 is a leap year. Use Jan and Feb only in leap years.\n\nFor determination of the day of the week (1 January 2000, Saturday)\nthe day of the month: 1 ~ 31 (1)\nthe month: (6)\nthe year: (0)\nthe century mod 4 for the Gregorian calendar and mod 7 for the Julian calendar (0).\nadding 1+6+0+0=7. Dividing by 7 leaves a remainder of 0, so the day of the week is Saturday.\n\nThe formula is w = (d + m + y + c) mod 7.\n\nRevised Julian calendar\nNote that the date (and hence the day of the week) in the Revised Julian and Gregorian calendars is the same from 14 October 1923 to 28 February AD 2800 inclusive and that for large years it may be possible to subtract 6300 or a multiple thereof before starting so as to reach a year which is within or closer to the table.\n\nTo look up the weekday of any date for any year using the table, subtract 100 from the year, divide the difference by 100, multiply the resulting quotient (omitting fractions) by seven and divide the product by nine. Note the quotient (omitting fractions). Enter the table with the Julian year, and just before the final division add 50 and subtract the quotient noted above.\n\nExample: What is the day of the week of 27 January 8315?\n\n8315−6300=2015, 2015−100=1915, 1915/100=19 remainder 15, 19×7=133, 133/9=14 remainder 7. 2015 is 700 years ahead of 1315, so 1315 is used. From table: for hundreds (13): 6. For remaining digits (15): 4. For month (January): 0. For date (27): 27. . 73/7=10 remainder 3. Day of week = Tuesday.\n\nDominical Letter\nTo find the Dominical Letter, calculate the day of the week for either 1 January or 1 October. If it is Sunday, the Dominical Letter is A, if Saturday B, and similarly backwards through the week and forwards through the alphabet to Monday, which is G.\n\nLeap years have two Sunday Letters, so for January and February calculate the day of the week for 1 January and for March to December calculate the day of the week for 1 October.\n\nLeap years are all years which divide exactly by four with the following exceptions:\n\nIn the Gregorian calendar - all years which divide exactly by 100 (other than those which divide exactly by 400).\n\nIn the Revised Julian calendar - all years which divide exactly by 100 (other than those which give remainder 200 or 600 when divided by 900).\n\nThe \"doomsday\" \n\nThis is an artefact of recreational mathematics. See doomsday rule for an explanation.\n\nCheck the result \nUse this table for finding the day of the week without any calculations.\n\nExamples:\nFor common method\n26 December 1893 (GD)\nDecember is in row F and 26 is in column E, so the letter for the date is C located in row F and column E. 93 (year mod 100) is in row D (year row) and the letter C in the year row is located in column G. 18 ([year/100] in the Gregorian century column) is in row C (century row) and the letter in the century row and column G is B, so the day of the week is Tuesday.\n13 October 1307 (JD)\nOctober 13 is a F day. The letter F in the year row (07) is located in column G. The letter in the century row (13) and column G is E, so the day of the week is Friday.\n1 January 2000 (GD)\nJanuary 1 corresponds to G, G in the year row (00) corresponds to F in the century row (20), and F corresponds to Saturday.\n\nA pithy formula for the method: \"Date letter (G), letter (G) is in year row (00) for the letter (F) in century row (20), and for the day, the letter (F) become weekday (Saturday)\".\n\nThe Sunday Letter method\n\nEach day of the year (other than 29 February) has a letter allocated to it in the recurring sequence ABCDEFG. The series begins with A on 1 January and continues to A again on 31 December. The Sunday letter is the one which stands against all the Sundays in the year. Since 29 February has no letter, this means that the Sunday Letter for March to December is one step back in the sequence compared to that for January and February. The letter for any date will be found where the row containing the month (in black) at the left of the \"Latin square\" meets the column containing the date above the \"Latin square\". The Sunday letter will be found where the column containing the century (below the \"Latin square\") meets the row containing the year's last two digits to the right of the \"Latin square\". For a leap year, the Sunday letter thus found is the one which applies to March to December.\n\nSo, for example, to find the weekday of 16 June 2020:\n\nColumn \"20\" meets row \"20\" at \"D\". Row \"June\" meets column \"16\" at \"F\". As F is two letters on from D, so the weekday is two days on from Sunday, i.e. Tuesday.\n\nMathematical algorithms\n\nRata Die\nThe trivial Rata Die method works by adding up the number of days that has passed since a date of known day of the week . The day of-the-week is then given by , conforming to whatever convention was used to encode .\n\nThis method is more expensive than needed, and is not practical for human calculation. IBM has used a Rata Die method in its REXX programming language, using the known base date of 1 January, AD 1, a Monday.\n\nFor example, the date of 13 August 2009 is 733632 days from January AD 1. Dividing the number by 7 yields 4, hence a Thursday.\n\nGauss's algorithm\nCarl Friedrich Gauss described a method for calculating the day of the week for 1 January in any given year in a handwritten note in a collection of astronomical tables. He never published it. It was finally included in his collected works in 1927. Compared to Rata Die, the result helps simplify the counting of years.\n\nGauss' method was applicable to the Gregorian calendar. He numbered the weekdays from 0 to 6 starting with Sunday. He defined the following operation.\n\n Inputs\n Year number , month number , day number .\n Output\n Day of year.\n Procedure\n First determine the day-of-week of 1 January.\n For a Gregorian calendar, the weekday is . Alternatively, set , , and the value is .\n For a Julian calendar, the weekday is or .\n Now determine the month-related offset by using the lookup table with .\n Return .\n\nThe above procedure can be condensed into a single expression for the Gregorian case:\n\nWorked example \nFor year number 2000, , and , the weekday of 1 January is\n\nThe weekdays for 30 April 1777 and 23 February 1855 are\n\nand\n\nExplanation and notes \nThe algorithm for the day-of-week of 1 Jan can be proven using modulo arithmetic. The main point is that because , each year adds 1 day to the progression. The rest is adjustment for leap year. The century-based versions have .\n\nThe table of month offsets show a divergence in February due to the leap year. A common technique (later used by Zeller) is to shift the month to start with March, so that the leap day is at the tail of the counting. In addition, as later shown by Zeller, the table can be replaced with an arithmetic expression.\n\nThis formula was also converted into graphical and tabular methods for calculating any day of the week by Kraitchik and Schwerdtfeger.\n\nDisparate variation \n\nThe following formula is an example of a version without a lookup table and with a transposed month. The formula is\n\n \nwhere\n is the year minus 1 for January or February, and the year for any other month\n is the last 2 digits of Y\n is the first 2 digits of Y\n is the day of the month (1 to 31)\n is the shifted month (March=1,…,February=12)\n is the day of week (0=Sunday,…,6=Saturday). If w is negative you have to add 7 to it.\n\nZeller's algorithm \n\nIn Zeller's algorithm, the months are numbered from 3 for March to 14 for February. The year is assumed to begin in March; this means, for example, that January 1995 is to be treated as month 13 of 1994. \nThe formula for the Gregorian calendar is \n\nwhere\n is the year minus 1 for January or February, and the year for any other month\n is the last 2 digits of \n is the first 2 digits of \n is the day of the month (1 to 31)\n is the shifted month (March=3,...January = 13, February=14)\n is the day of week (1=Sunday,..0=Saturday)\nThe only difference is one between Zeller's algorithm () and the Disparate Gaussian algorithm (), that is .\n\n \n (March = 3 in but March = 1 in )\n\nWang's algorithm \nWang's algorithm for human calculation of the Gregorian calendar is (the formula should be subtracted by 1 if m is 1 or 2 if the year is a leap year)\n\nwhere\n is the last digit of the year\n is the last second digit of the year\n is the first 2 digits of the year\n is the day of the month (1 to 31)\n is the month (January=1,…,December=12)\n is the day of the week (0=Sunday,…,6=Saturday)\n is the null-days function (month offset) with values listed in the following table\n\nAn algorithm for the Julian calendar can be derived from the algorithm above\n\nwhere is a doomsday.\n\nOther algorithms\n\nSchwerdtfeger's method \nIn a partly tabular method by Schwerdtfeger, the year is split into the century and the two digit year within the century. The approach depends on the month. For ,\n\nso is between 0 and 99. For ,\n\nThe formula for the day of the week is\n\nwhere the positive modulus is chosen.\n\nThe value of is obtained from the following table:\n\nThe value of is obtained from the following table, which depends on the calendar. For the Gregorian calendar,\n\nFor the Julian calendar,\n\nLewis Carroll's method\n\nCharles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) devised a method resembling a puzzle, yet partly tabular in using the same index numbers for the months as in the \"Complete table: Julian and Gregorian calendars\" above. He lists the same three adjustments for the first three months of non-leap years, one 7 higher for the last, and gives cryptic instructions for finding the rest; his adjustments for centuries are to be determined using formulas similar to those for the centuries table. Although explicit in asserting that his method also works for Old Style dates, his example reproduced below to determine that \"1676, February 23\" is a Wednesday only works on a Julian calendar which starts the year on January 1, instead of March 25 as on the \"Old Style\" Julian calendar.\n\nAlgorithm:\nTake the given date in 4 portions, viz. the number of centuries, the number of years over, the month, the day of the month.\n\nCompute the following 4 items, adding each, when found, to the total of the previous items. When an item or total exceeds 7, divide by 7, and keep the remainder only.\n\nCentury-item: For 'Old Style' (which ended 2 September 1752) subtract from 18. For 'New Style' (which began 14 September 1752) divide by 4, take overplus from 3, multiply remainder by 2.\n\nYear-item: Add together the number of dozens, the overplus, and the number of 4s in the overplus.\n\nMonth-item: If it begins or ends with a vowel, subtract the number, denoting its place in the year, from 10. This, plus its number of days, gives the item for the following month. The item for January is \"0\"; for February or March, \"3\"; for December, \"12\".\n\nDay-item: The total, thus reached, must be corrected, by deducting \"1\" (first adding 7, if the total be \"0\"), if the date be January or February in a leap year, remembering that every year, divisible by 4, is a Leap Year, excepting only the century-years, in `New Style', when the number of centuries is not so divisible (e.g. 1800).\n\nThe final result gives the day of the week, \"0\" meaning Sunday, \"1\" Monday, and so on.\n\nExamples:\n\n1783, September 18\n17, divided by 4, leaves \"1\" over; 1 from 3 gives \"2\"; twice 2 is \"4\".\n83 is 6 dozen and 11, giving 17; plus 2 gives 19, i.e. (dividing by 7) \"5\". Total 9, i.e. \"2\"\nThe item for August is \"8 from 10\", i.e. \"2\"; so, for September, it is \"2 plus 31\", i.e. \"5\" Total 7, i.e. \"0\", which goes out.\n18 gives \"4\". Answer, \"Thursday\".\n\n1676, February 23\n16 from 18 gives \"2\"\n76 is 6 dozen and 4, giving 10; plus 1 gives 11, i.e. \"4\".\nTotal \"6\"\nThe item for February is \"3\". Total 9, i.e. \"2\"\n23 gives \"2\". Total \"4\"\nCorrection for Leap Year gives \"3\". Answer, \"Wednesday\".\n\nSince 23 February 1676 (counting February as the second month) is, for Carroll, the same day as Gregorian 4 March 1676, he fails to arrive at the correct answer, namely \"Friday,\" for an Old Style date that on the Gregorian calendar is the same day as 5 March 1677. Had he correctly assumed the year to begin on the 25th of March, his method would have accounted for differing year numbers - just like George Washington's birthday differs - between the two calendars.\n\nIt is noteworthy that those who have republished Carroll's method have failed to point out his error, most notably Martin Gardner.\n\nIn 1752, the British Empire abandoned its use of the Old Style Julian calendar upon adopting the Gregorian calendar, which has become today's standard in most countries of the world. For more background, see Old Style and New Style dates.\n\nMethods in computer code\n\nKeith \nIn the C language expressions below, y, m and d are, respectively, integer variables representing the year (e.g., 1988), month (1-12) and day of the month (1-31). \n(d+=m<3?y--:y-2,23*m/9+d+4+y/4-y/100+y/400)%7 \nIn 1990, Michael Keith and Tom Craver published the foregoing expression that seeks to minimize the number of keystrokes needed to enter a self-contained function for converting a Gregorian date into a numerical day of the week. It returns 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, etc. This expression uses a less cumbersome month component than does Zeller's algorithm.\n\nShortly afterwards, Hans Lachman streamlined their algorithm for ease of use on low-end devices. As designed originally for four-function calculators, his method needs fewer keypad entries by limiting its range either to A.D. 1905–2099, or to historical Julian dates. It was later modified to convert any Gregorian date, even on an abacus. On Motorola 68000-based devices, there is similarly less need of either processor registers or opcodes, depending on the intended design objective.\n\nSakamoto's methods\nThe tabular forerunner to Tøndering's algorithm is embodied in the following K&R C function. With minor changes, it was adapted for other high level programming languages such as APL2. Posted by Tomohiko Sakamoto on the comp.lang.c Usenet newsgroup in 1992, it is accurate for any Gregorian date.\ndayofweek(y, m, d)\t/* 1 <= m <= 12, y > 1752 (in the U.K.) */\n{\n static int t[] = {0, 3, 2, 5, 0, 3, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 4};\n if ( m < 3 )\n {\n y -= 1;\n }\n return (y + y/4 - y/100 + y/400 + t[m-1] + d) % 7;\n}\nIt returns 0 = Sunday, 1 = Monday, etc.\n\nSakamoto also simultaneously posted a more obfuscated version:\ndow(m,d,y) { y-=m<3; return(y+y/4-y/100+y/400+\"-bed=pen+mad.\"[m]+d)%7; }\n\nThis version encodes the month offsets in the string and as a result requires a computer that uses standard ASCII to run the algorithm correctly, reducing its portability. In addition, both algorithms omit type declarations, which is allowed in the original K&R C but not allowed in ANSI C.\n\n(Tøndering's algorithm is, again, similar in structure to Zeller's congruence and Keith's short code, except that the month-related component is . Sakamoto's is somewhere between the Disparate Gaussian and the Schwerdtfeger's algorithm, apparently unaware of the expression form.)\n\nSee also\n\n Doomsday rule\n Julian day\n Mental Calculation World Cup (Has a calendar calculation contest)\n Perpetual calendar\n Buddhist calendar\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Tøndering's algorithm for both Gregorian and Julian calendars\n \"Key Day\" method used so as to reduce computation & memorization\n Compact tabular method for memorisation, also for the Julian calendar\n When countries changed from the Julian calendar\n World records for mentally calculating the day of the week in the Gregorian Calendar \n National records for finding Calendar Dates\n World Ranking of Memoriad Mental Calendar Dates (all competitions combined)\n Identify the year by given month, day, day of week.\n\ndetermination\nGregorian calendar\nJulian calendar\nCalendar algorithms\nArticles with example C code"
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [4, 4]This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from distilbert/distilroberta-base. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: RobertaModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("kiwi1229/distilroberta-dis-01")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'What was the outcome of the War of the Sixth Coalition?',
'In the War of the Sixth Coalition (March 1813 – May 1814), sometimes known in Germany as the War of Liberation, a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German States defeated France and drove Napoleon into exile on Elba. After the disastrous French invasion of Russia of 1812 in which they had been forced to support France, Prussia and Austria joined Russia, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Portugal and the rebels in Spain who were already at war with France.\n\nThe War of the Sixth Coalition saw major battles at Lützen, Bautzen, and Dresden. The even larger Battle of Leipzig (also known as the Battle of Nations) was the largest battle in European history before World War I. Ultimately, Napoleon\'s earlier setbacks in Portugal, Spain, and Russia proved to be the seeds of his undoing. With their armies reorganized, the allies drove Napoleon out of Germany in 1813 and invaded France in 1814. The Allies defeated the remaining French armies, occupied Paris, and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile. The French monarchy was revived by the allies, who handed rule to the heir of the House of Bourbon in the Bourbon Restoration.\n\nThe "Hundred Days" War of the Seventh Coalition was triggered in 1815 when Napoleon escaped from his captivity on Elba and returned to power in France. He was defeated again for the final time at Waterloo, ending the Napoleonic Wars.\n\nBackground: Invasion of Russia\n\nIn June 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia to compel Emperor Alexander I to remain in the Continental System. The Grande Armée, consisting of as many as 650,000 men (roughly half of whom were French, with the remainder coming from allies or subject areas), crossed the Neman River on 23 June 1812. Russia proclaimed a Patriotic War, while Napoleon proclaimed a "Second Polish War". But against the expectations of the Poles, who supplied almost 100,000 troops for the invasion force, and having in mind further negotiations with Russia, he avoided any concessions toward Poland. Russian forces fell back, destroying everything potentially of use to the invaders until giving battle at Borodino (7 September) where the two armies fought a devastating battle. Despite the fact that France won a tactical victory, the battle was inconclusive. Following the battle the Russians withdrew, thus opening the road to Moscow. By 14 September, the French had occupied Moscow but found the city practically empty. Alexander I (despite having almost lost the war by Western European standards) refused to capitulate, leaving the French in the abandoned city of Moscow with little food or shelter (large parts of Moscow had burned down) and winter approaching. In these circumstances, and with no clear path to victory, Napoleon was forced to withdraw from Moscow.\n\nSo began the disastrous Great Retreat, during which the retreating army came under increasing pressure due to lack of food, desertions, and increasingly harsh winter weather, all while under continual attack by the Russian army led by Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Kutuzov, and other militias. Total losses of the Grand Army were at least 370,000 casualties as a result of fighting, starvation and the freezing weather conditions, and 200,000 captured. By November, only 27,000 fit soldiers re-crossed the Berezina River. Napoleon now left his army to return to Paris and prepare a defence of Poland against the advancing Russians. The situation was not as dire as it might at first have seemed; the Russians had also lost around 400,000 men, and their army was similarly depleted. However, they had the advantage of shorter supply lines and were able to replenish their armies with greater speed than the French, especially because Napoleon\'s losses of cavalry and wagons were irreplaceable.\n\nFormation of the Sixth Coalition\n\nRussia, Britain and Sweden form an alliance \n\nAt the beginning of 1812 Britain had already been at war with France for eight years, and had been fighting alongside the Portuguese and Spanish in the Peninsular War for more than three years.\nRussia and Sweden, which had opposed Napoleon up to 1807 and 1810 respectively, had been forced to join his Continental System against Britain, but continued to trade secretly with her.\nOn 9 January 1812, French troops occupied Swedish Pomerania to end the illegal trade with the United Kingdom from Sweden, which was in violation of the Continental System. Swedish estates were confiscated and Swedish officers and soldiers were taken as prisoners. In response, Sweden declared neutrality and signed the secret Treaty of Saint Petersburg with Russia against France and Denmark–Norway on 5 April. On 18 July, the Treaty of Örebro formally ended the wars between Britain and Sweden and Britain and Russia, forming an alliance between Russia, Britain, and Sweden. When Napoleon marched on Moscow in June 1812, neither Britain nor Sweden was able to give direct military support to Russia, though that same month the British and Spanish armies had advanced into central Spain, defeating the French at Salamanca and capturing Madrid, tying down a French army of 230,000. Britain also helped subsidize the Russian war effort while Swedish Crown Prince Charles John, formerly French Marshal Jean Baptiste Bernadotte, had struck up a friendship with Alexander, and gave him moral support, strategic and tactical advice on how to defeat the French, as well as valuable insights on Napoleon himself (having had much contact with Napoleon as a member of the extended Imperial Family). However Russia bore the brunt of the French onslaught on her territory alone.\n\nAfter the French Grande Armée retreated from Moscow on 18/19 October 1812 and suffered heavy casualties due to extreme cold, food shortages and repeated Russian attacks, Napoleon did not seem to be as invincible as before. On 14 December, the last French troops had left Russian soil, and Paris\' allies were seriously considering rebellion and joining the Tsar\'s side.\n\nDefection of Prussia \nThe Convention of Tauroggen was a truce signed 30 December 1812 at Tauroggen (now Tauragė, Lithuania), between Generalleutnant Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg on behalf of his Prussian troops (who had been compelled to augment the Grande Armée during the invasion of Russia), and by General Hans Karl von Diebitsch of the Russian Army. According to the Treaty of Tilsit (9 July 1807), Prussia had to support Napoleon\'s invasion of Russia. This resulted in some Prussians leaving their army to avoid serving the French, like Carl von Clausewitz, who joined Russian service. When Yorck\'s immediate French superior Marshal MacDonald, retreated before the corps of Diebitsch, Yorck found himself isolated. As a soldier his duty was to break through, but as a Prussian patriot his position was more difficult. He had to judge whether the moment was favorable for starting a war of liberation; and, whatever might be the enthusiasm of his junior staff-officers, Yorck had no illusions as to the safety of his own head, and negotiated with Clausewitz. The Convention of Tauroggen armistice, signed by Diebitsch and Yorck, "neutralized" the Prussian corps without consent of their king. The news was received with the wildest enthusiasm in Prussia, but the Prussian Court dared not yet throw off the mask, and an order was despatched suspending Yorck from his command pending a court-martial. Diebitsch refused to let the bearer pass through his lines, and the general was finally absolved when the Treaty of Kalisch (28 February 1813) definitely ranged Prussia on the side of the Allies.\n\nMeanwhile, Austria\'s alliance with France ended in February 1813, and Austria then moved to a position of armed neutrality. It would not declare war on France until half a year later, in August 1813.\n\nDeclarations of war \nOn 3 March 1813, after the United Kingdom agreed to Swedish claims to Norway, Sweden entered an alliance with the United Kingdom and declared war against France, liberating Swedish Pomerania shortly thereafter. On 17 March, King Frederick William III of Prussia published a call to arms to his subjects, An Mein Volk, and declared war on France as well. The first armed conflict occurred on 5 April in the Battle of Möckern, where combined Prusso-Russian forces defeated French troops.\n\nMeanwhile, Napoleon withdrew some 20,000 troops from the ongoing Peninsular War to reinforce his position in Central Europe, which left his Iberian forces weakened and vulnerable to Anglo–Spanish–Portuguese attacks. On 17 March 1813, his brother King Joseph Bonaparte of Spain withdrew from Madrid, a clear sign of losing control. Wellington led a 123,000-strong army across northern Spain, taking Burgos in late May, and decisively defeating Jourdan at the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June. Marshal Soult failed to turn the tide in his large-scale Battle of the Pyrenees (25 July to 2 August).\n\nIn June, the United Kingdom formally entered the coalition. Initially, Austria remained loyal to France, and foreign minister Metternich aimed to mediate in good faith a peace between France and its continental enemies, but it became apparent that the price was to be the dismantling of the Confederation of the Rhine, the Napoleon-controlled union of all German states aside from Prussia and Austria, and the return to France\'s pre-Revolutionary borders. Napoleon was not interested in any such compromise that would in effect end his empire, so Austria joined the allies and declared war on France in August 1813.\n\nWar in Germany\n\nSpring campaign of 1813 \n\nNapoleon vowed that he would create a new army as large as that he had sent into Russia, and quickly built up his forces in the east from 30,000 to 130,000 and eventually to 400,000. Napoleon inflicted 40,000 casualties on the Allies at Lützen (near Leipzig, 2 May) and Bautzen (20–21 May 1813) but his army lost about the same number of men during those encounters. Both battles involved total forces of over 250,000 – making them among the largest battles of the Napoleonic Wars to that point in time. The lack of horses for Napoleon\'s cavalry did not allow him to follow-up his victories with a vigorous pursuit, robbing him of decisive results.\n\nDespite losing as many men as the Allies, Napoleon\'s victories had greatly demoralized the Prussians and Russians. Losses were heavy, and the Russian and Prussian forces were in shambles. Both Allied armies were in dire need of substantial reinforcements en route from the east and from Prussian recruiting depots. Many Russian officers yearned to return to Russia having achieved their goal of ridding Russia of the French. Frederick William of Prussia had always viewed a renewed war with France as dubious, and the two defeats at Lützen and Bautzen had led him to reconsider peace. Moreover, the Prussians and the Russians were hopeful of bringing the Austrians into the war and a break in the fighting would give them time to negotiate with Vienna. Another victory by Napoleon may very well have led to a favorable peace as not only were the Russians and Prussians at their nadir, but the Austrians, with their 150,000 troops would have seen a decisive French victory as ample proof that another war with France would be most undesirable.\n\nHowever, despite the two victories over the Prussians and Russians, French losses had been heavy and a chronic lack of horses for his cavalry meant that Napoleon could not fully exploit his victories and inflict a decisive defeat in the same vein as Austerlitz or Friedland. Napoleon\'s new army was filled with fresh conscripts, lacked many necessities and was exhausted from their long march from France and Napoleon\'s rapid maneuvering. The French were "in dire need of a period of reconstruction and recuperation" and Napoleon needed time to acquire horses for his depleted cavalry and bring up more reinforcements. Therefore, Napoleon was amiable to the armistice offered by the Allies despite the Allies being in a grave condition. During the armistice, a disastrous interview with Austrian Chancellor Metternich, in which Napoleon heaped recriminations on the Austrians and threw his hat to the ground and stamped it with his foot, ensured that Austria would join the coalition against France. Napoleon did not know it at the time, but the armistice would turn out to be a grave mistake as the Allies gained far more from the suspension of hostilities than he did.\n\nMeanwhile, on 19 May 1813, a Swedish corps of 15,000 occupied Hamburg without orders from Bernadotte, following a Danish declaration that they would hold the city for Napoleon, irrevocably binding Denmark to France, an action that would guarantee full Swedish cooperation in North Germany. The Swedish occupation of Hamburg came as welcome news to the Allies, insofar as holding a wealthy center of finance was a blow against Napoleon. However, Bernadotte\'s initial misgivings at extending his troops so far from the Allied lines were validated when Marshal Davout approached Hamburg with a large French force, intent on retaking the city. The Swedes quietly withdrew on 26 May and Davout would occupy the city until after Napoleon\'s abdication in 1814. It would be the last major action of the Spring before the Armistice of Pläswitz.\n\nArmistice of Pläswitz; Austria joins the coalition \n\nThe belligerents declared an armistice from 4 June 1813 which lasted until 13 August, during which time both sides attempted to recover from approximately a quarter of a million losses since April. During this time Allied negotiations finally brought Austria out in open opposition to France (like Prussia, Austria had moved from nominal ally of France in 1812 to armed neutral in 1813). Two principal Austrian armies deployed in Bohemia and Northern Italy, adding 300,000 troops to the Allied armies. In total the Allies now had around 800,000 frontline troops in the German theatre, with a strategic reserve of 350,000. As a consequence of the armistice, the French lost their initial advantage in numbers as the Austrians, and Russia\'s huge manpower reserves, were brought to the front.\n\nNapoleon succeeded in bringing the total imperial forces in the region up to around 650,000 (although only 250,000 were under his direct command, with another 120,000 under Nicolas Charles Oudinot and 30,000 under Davout). The Confederation of the Rhine furnished Napoleon with the bulk of the remainder of the forces, with Saxony and Bavaria as principal contributors. In addition, to the south, Murat\'s Kingdom of Naples and Eugène de Beauharnais\'s Kingdom of Italy had a combined total of 100,000 men under arms. In Spain an additional 150–200,000 French troops were being steadily beaten back by Spanish and British forces numbering around 150,000. Thus in total around 900,000 French troops were opposed in all theatres by somewhere around a million Allied troops (not including the strategic reserve being formed in Germany).\n\nDuring the armistice, three Allied sovereigns, Alexander of Russia, Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia, and Bernadotte of Sweden (by then Regent of the Kingdom due to his adoptive father\'s illness) met at Trachenberg Castle in Silesia to coordinate the war effort. Allied staffs began creating a plan for the campaign wherein Bernadotte once again put to use his fifteen years of experience as a French general as well as his familiarity with Napoleon. The result was the Trachenberg Plan, authored primarily by Bernadotte and the Austrian Chief of Staff, Field-Marshal Lieutenant Joseph Radetzky, that sought to wear down the French using a Fabian Strategy, avoiding direct combat with Napoleon, engaging and defeating his marshals whenever possible and slowly encircling the French with three independent armies until the French Emperor could be cornered and brought to battle against vastly superior numbers.\n\nFollowing the conference, the Allies stood up their three armies: The Army of Silesia, with 95,000 Prussians and Russians, commanded by Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher; the Army of the North, 120,000 Swedes, Russians, Prussians, and German troops from Mecklenburg, the Hanseatic region and North Germany, under the independent command of Sweden\'s Crown Prince Bernadotte; and the Army of Bohemia, the primary Allied force in the field, with which the Allied sovereigns Alexander, Francis and Frederick William oversaw the Campaign, numbering 225,000 Austrians, Russians, and Prussians commanded by Prince Karl von Schwarzenberg.\n\nRenewal of hostilities; French losses and defecting allies \n\nFollowing the end of the armistice, Napoleon seemed to have regained the initiative at Dresden (26–27 August 1813), where he inflicted one of the most lop-sided losses of the era on the Prussian-Russian-Austrian forces. On 26 August, the Allies under Prince von Schwarzenberg attacked the French garrison in Dresden. Napoleon arrived on the battlefield in the early hours of 27 August with the Guard and other reinforcements and despite being severely outnumbered having only 135,000 men to the Coalition\'s 215,000, Napoleon chose to attack the Allies. Napoleon turned the Allied Left Flank, and in skillful use of terrain, pinned it against the flooded Weißeritz River and isolated it from the rest of the Coalition Army. He then gave his famed cavalry commander, and King of Naples, Joachim Murat leave to destroy the surrounded Austrians. The day\'s torrential rain had dampened gunpowder, rendering the Austrians\' muskets and cannon useless against the sabers and lances of Murat\'s Cuirassiers and Lancers who tore the Austrians to shreds, capturing 15 standards and forcing the balance of three divisions, 13,000 men, to surrender.\n\nThe Allies were forced to retreat in some disorder having lost nearly 40,000 men to only 10,000 French. However, Napoleon\'s forces were also hampered by the weather and unable to close the encirclement the Emperor had planned before the Allies narrowly slipped the noose. So while Napoleon had struck a heavy blow against the Allies, several tactical errors had allowed the Allies to withdraw, thus ruining Napoleon\'s best chance at ending the war in a single battle. Nonetheless, Napoleon had once again inflicted a heavy loss on the primary Allied Army despite being outnumbered and for some weeks after Dresden Schwarzenberg declined to take offensive action.\n\nHowever at about the same time the French sustained several serious defeats, first at the hands of Bernadotte\'s Army of the North on 23 August, with Oudinot\'s thrust towards Berlin beaten back by the Prussians, at Großbeeren. At the Katzbach the Prussians, commanded by Blücher, took advantage of Napoleon\'s march toward Dresden to attack Marshal MacDonald\'s Army of the Bober. During a torrential rainstorm on 26 August, and due to conflicting orders and a breakdown of communications, MacDonald\'s several corps found themselves isolated from one another with many bridges over the Katzback and Neisse rivers destroyed by surging waters. 200,000 Prussians and French collided in a confused battle that degenerated into hand-to-hand combat. However, Blucher and the Prussians rallied their scattered units and attacked an isolated French corps and pinned it against the Katzbach, annihilating it; forcing the French into the raging waters where many drowned. The French suffered 13,000 killed and wounded and 20,000 captured. The Prussians lost but 4,000 men.\n\nNapoleon himself, lacking reliable and numerous cavalry, was unable to prevent the destruction of a whole army corps, which had isolated itself pursuing the enemy following the Battle of Dresden without support, at the Battle of Kulm (29–30 August 1813), losing 13,000 men further weakening his army. Realizing that the Allies would continue to defeat his subordinates, Napoleon began to consolidate his troops to force a decisive battle.\n\nThe French then suffered another grievous loss at the hands of Bernadotte\'s army on 6 September at Dennewitz where Ney was now in command, with Oudinot now as his deputy. The French were once again attempting to capture Berlin, the loss of which Napoleon believed would knock Prussia out of the War. However, Ney blundered into a trap set by Bernadotte and was stopped cold by the Prussians, and then routed when the Crown Prince arrived with his Swedes and a Russian corps on their open flank. This second defeat at the hands of Napoleon\'s ex-Marshal was catastrophic for the French, with them losing 50 cannon, four Eagles and over 20,000 men. Further losses occurred during the pursuit that evening, and into the following day, as the Swedish and Prussian cavalry took a further 13,000–14,000 French prisoners. Ney retreated to Wittenberg with the remains of his command and made no further attempt at capturing Berlin. Napoleon\'s bid to knock Prussia out of the War had failed; as had his operational plan to fight the battle of the central position. Having lost the initiative, he was now forced to concentrate his army and seek a decisive battle at Leipzig.\n\nCompounding the heavy military losses suffered at Dennewitz, the French were now losing the support of their German vassal states as well. News of Bernadotte\'s victory at Dennewitz sent shock waves across Germany, where French rule had become unpopular, inducing Tyrol to rise in rebellion and was the signal for the King of Bavaria to proclaim neutrality and begin negotiations with the Austrians (on the basis of territorial guarantees and Maximillian\'s retention of his crown) in preparation of joining the Allied cause. A body of Saxon troops had defected to Bernadotte\'s Army during the battle and Westphalian troops were now deserting King Jerome\'s army in large numbers. Following a proclamation by the Swedish Crown Prince urging the Saxon Army (Bernadotte had commanded the Saxon Army at the Battle of Wagram and was well liked by them) to come over to the Allied cause, Saxon generals could no longer answer for the fidelity of their troops and the French now considered their remaining German allies unreliable. Later, on 8 October 1813, Bavaria officially ranged itself against Napoleon as a member of the Coalition.\n\nBattle of Nations and the Frankfurt peace proposals \n\nNapoleon withdrew with around 175,000 troops to Leipzig in Saxony where he thought he could fight a defensive action against the Allied armies converging on him. There, at the so-called Battle of Nations (16–19 October 1813) a French army, ultimately reinforced to 191,000, found itself faced by three Allied armies converging on it, ultimately totalling more than 430,000 troops. Over the following days the battle resulted in a defeat for Napoleon, who however was still able to manage a relatively orderly retreat westwards. However, as the French forces were pulling across the White Elster, the bridge was prematurely blown and 30,000 troops were stranded to be taken prisoner by the Allied forces.\n\nNapoleon defeated an army of his former ally Bavaria at the Battle of Hanau (30–31 October 1813) before pulling what was left of his forces back into France. Meanwhile, Davout\'s corps continued to hold out in its siege of Hamburg, where it became the last Imperial force east of the Rhine.\n\nThe Allies offered peace terms in the Frankfurt proposals in November 1813. Napoleon would remain as Emperor of France, but it would be reduced to its "natural frontiers". That meant that France could retain control of Belgium, Savoy and the Rhineland (the west bank of the Rhine River), while giving up control of all the rest, including all of Poland, Spain and the Netherlands, and most of Italy and Germany. Metternich told Napoleon these were the best terms the Allies were likely to offer; after further victories, the terms would be harsher and harsher. Metternich aimed to maintain France as a balance against Russian threats, while ending the highly destabilizing series of wars.\n\nNapoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium and the Rhineland (in Germany). Napoleon adamantly refused.\n\nWar in Denmark and Norway\nFollowing the Battle of Leipzig, Bernadotte and his Army of the North parted ways with the rest of the Coalition armies, determined to see the guarantees over the Danish cession of Norway to Sweden enforced. In December 1813, Bernadotte\'s Army, now some 65,000, composed only of Swedish and Russian troops following the secondment of the Prussian troops to Blücher\'s army, attacked the Danish Army in Holstein. In a lightning campaign of only two weeks the Swedes subdued the Danes. General Anders Skjöldebrand defeated the Danes at Bornhöved on 7 December 1813. Three days later, the Danish Auxiliary Corps scored a minor victory at Sehested.\n\nHowever, while the Danish victory managed to ensure the retreat of the main Danish army from immediate destruction, and brought about a three-week armistice, it could not change the course of war. Following a break-down of negotiations, the armistice concluded and on 14 January 1814 Bernadotte invaded Schleswig, swiftly invested and reduced its fortresses and occupied the entire province. The Danes, heavily outnumbered, could not prevent an Allied advance on Jutland or Copenhagen, and sued for peace. It would be the final chapter in the long and bloody history of conflicts between Sweden and Denmark with the former definitively victorious.\n\nOn 14 January 1814, the Treaty of Kiel was concluded between Sweden and Denmark–Norway. By the terms of the treaty, the Kingdom of Norway was to be ceded to the King of Sweden. However, the Norwegians rejected this, declaring independence and adopting their own constitution on 17 May. On 27 July, Bernadotte and his Swedish forces (the Russians parted ways after the Danish Campaign) invaded Norway with 70,000 well-trained, well-equipped men, many of whom were veterans of the Leipzig Campaign. Facing them were 30,000 Norwegian militia, who were short on equipment and training but full of patriotic ardor and acquitted themselves well in the face of overwhelming odds. Following a short war, where the Norwegians fought well, winning battles at Lier and Matrand, but could not stop the Swedes from advancing, an armistice (the Convention of Moss) was concluded on 14 August. The terms of Union were generous to the Norwegians as Bernadotte and the Swedes had no wish to inaugurate the union of Sweden and Norway with further bloodshed. Norway agreed to enter into a personal union with Sweden as a separate state with its own constitution and institutions, except for the common king and foreign service. The Union between Sweden and Norway was formally established on 4 November 1814, when the Parliament of Norway adopted the necessary constitutional amendments, and elected Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway.\n\nWith his primary goal of detaching Norway from Denmark and binding it with Sweden achieved, Bernadotte and his Army of the North played no further major role in the war against the French beyond occupying the Low Countries and masking the French forces still garrisoned in fortresses throughout northern Germany.\n\nPeninsular War\n\nWhile events unfolded in the East, the Peninsular War in Iberia continued to be Napoleon\'s "Spanish ulcer" tying down hundreds of thousands of French soldiers. In 1813, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington, finally broke the French power in Spain and forced the French to retreat. In a strategic move, Wellington planned to move his supply base from Lisbon to Santander. The Anglo-Portuguese forces swept northwards in late May and seized Burgos; they then outflanked the French army, forcing Joseph Bonaparte into the valley of the River Zadorra. At the Battle of Vitoria, 21 June, the 65,000 French under Joseph were routed by 53,000 British, 27,000 Portuguese and 19,000 Spaniards. Wellington pursued and dislodged the French from San Sebastián, which was sacked and burnt.\n\nThe allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July. Marshal Soult was given command of the French forces and began a counter-offensive, dealing the allied generals two sharp defeats at the Battle of Maya and the Battle of Roncesvalles. Yet, he was put again onto the defensive by the British army and its Portuguese allies, lost momentum, and finally fled after the allied victory at the Battle of Sorauren (28 and 30 July).\n\nIn the Battle of the Pyrenees Wellington fought far from his supply line but won with a mixture of manoeuvre, shock and persistent hounding of the French forces.\n\nOn 7 October, after Wellington received news of the reopening of hostilities in Germany, the Coalition allies finally crossed into France, fording the Bidasoa river. On 11 December, a beleaguered and desperate Napoleon agreed to a separate peace with Spain under the Treaty of Valençay, under which he would release and recognize Ferdinand VII as King of Spain in exchange for a complete cessation of hostilities. But the Spanish had no intention of trusting Napoleon, and the fighting continued on into France.\n\nWar in France\n\nDuring the last months of 1813 and into 1814 Wellington led the Peninsular army into south-west France and fought a number of battles against Marshals Soult and Suchet. The Peninsular army gained victories at Vera pass, the Battle of Nivelle, the Battle of Nive near Bayonne (10–14 December 1813), the Battle of Orthez (27 February 1814) and the Battle of Toulouse (10 April).\n\nAfter retreating from Germany, Napoleon fought a series of battles, including the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, in France, but was steadily forced back against overwhelming odds. During the campaign he had issued a decree for 900,000 fresh conscripts, but only a fraction of these were ever raised. In early February Napoleon fought his Six Days\' Campaign, in which he won multiple battles against numerically superior enemy forces marching on Paris. However, he fielded less than 80,000 soldiers during this entire campaign against a Coalition force of between 370,000 and 405,000 engaged in the campaign. At the Treaty of Chaumont (9 March) the Allies agreed to preserve the Coalition until Napoleon\'s total defeat. After defeating the French on the outskirts of Paris, on 31 March the Coalition armies entered the city with Tsar Alexander I at the head of the army followed by the King of Prussia and Prince Schwarzenberg. On 2 April the French Senate passed the Acte de déchéance de l\'Empereur, which declared Napoleon deposed.\n\nAbdication and peace\nNapoleon was determined to fight on, proposing to march on Paris. His soldiers and regimental officers were eager to fight on. But Napoleon\'s marshals and senior officers mutinied. On 4 April, Napoleon was confronted by his marshals and senior officers, led by Ney. They told the Emperor that they refused to march. Napoleon asserted that the army would follow him. Ney replied, "The army will follow its chiefs".\n\nNapoleon abdicated on 11 April 1814 and the war officially ended soon after, although some fighting continued until May. The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 11 April 1814 between the continental powers and Napoleon, followed by the Treaty of Paris on 30 May 1814 between France and the Great Powers including Britain. The victors exiled Napoleon to the island of Elba, and restored the Bourbon monarchy in the person of Louis XVIII. The Allied leaders attended Peace Celebrations in England in June, before progressing to the Congress of Vienna (between September 1814 and June 1815), which was held to redraw the map of Europe.\n\nSee also \n Napoleonic Wars\n Peninsular War\n War of the Fifth Coalition\n The Hundred Days or the War of the Seventh Coalition\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n Napoleon, His Armies and Tactics\n Collection of historical eBooks about the War of the Sixth Coalition \n\nCoalition, 6th\n1810s in France\n1810s in Europe\nConflicts in 1813\nConflicts in 1814\nCoalition Wars',
'The 2nd Armoured Division was a division of the British Army that was active during the early stages of the Second World War. The division\'s creation had been discussed since the beginning of 1939, with the intent to form it by splitting the 1st Armoured Division. A lack of tanks delayed this until December 1939. For a short period after its creation, the division had no assigned units until the 1st Light Armoured Brigade was assigned to it from the 1st Armoured Division, and the 22nd Heavy Armoured Brigade from Southern Command.\n\nIn early 1940, 1st Armoured Division was given priority for equipment, leaving the 2nd Armoured Division understrength and equipped largely with light tanks. After the Battle of France, with the threat of a German invasion of the United Kingdom, priority for equipment shifted to the 2nd Armoured Division, which was brought up to strength. The plan was to use the division to counter-attack the flanks of a feared German invasion force. In August 1940, an armoured regiment from the division was transported to Egypt and transferred to the 7th Armoured Division, but it was replaced by another. In October, it was decided to transfer the rest of the division to Egypt, as reinforcements for Middle East Command.\n\nBefore leaving for Egypt, the division exchanged brigades with the 1st Armoured Division. Since the brigade received in exchange consisted of only one armoured regiment, division strength was reduced to three armoured regiments. Upon arriving in Egypt in December 1940, the division was further reduced in order to provide support for Operation Lustre, an expeditionary force to Greece. The detached units included two-thirds of the division\'s tanks, a battalion of infantry, and artillery support. The remnants of the division then moved to the province of Cyrenaica in Italian Libya, which had been conquered during Operation Compass. The division\'s remaining tanks were worn-out; they were supplemented by captured Italian models that were equally decrepit. In March, a German-Italian counter-attack led to the destruction of the division, and the ejection of the British from Cyrenaica, except for Tobruk. The consensus of historians is that there was little the division could have done to prevent this, given the circumstances of its being under equipped, poorly supplied, lacking proper training, and having inadequate communications and an unclear chain of command.\n\nBackground\nDuring the interwar period, the British Army examined the lessons learnt from the First World War; and a need was seen for experimentation with and development of theories of manoeuvre and armoured warfare, as well as the creation of the short-lived Experimental Mechanized Force. The long-term impact was for the army to start to move towards mechanisation, to enhance battlefield mobility. By the 1930s, the army had established three types of divisions: the infantry division, the mobile division (later called an armoured division), and the motor division (a motorised infantry division). The primary role of the infantry division was to penetrate the enemy\'s defensive line, with the support of infantry tanks. Any gap created would then be exploited by mobile divisions, and the territory thus captured would be secured by the fast-moving motor divisions. These tactics would transform the attack into a break-through, while maintaining mobility.\n\nThe Mobile Division was created in October 1937; it included six light tank regiments, three medium tank regiments, two motorized infantry battalions, and two artillery regiments. The light-tank units were intended for reconnaissance only. General John Burnett-Stuart, who was responsible for training the Mobile Division, stated that the infantry were not "to be put on to a position by tanks and told to hold it, and they are not meant to fight side by side with your tanks in the forefront"; the infantry\'s role was simply to protect the tanks when they were stationary. Burnett-Stuart\'s tactics did not conform with British doctrine, which promoted combined-arms co-operation to win battles, as did German armoured warfare doctrine, which held that tanks by themselves would not be a decisive weapon. However, Burnett-Stuart\'s thinking predominated within the British armoured forces until the doctrine was reformed in 1942.\n\nIn the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom. During 1937 and 1938, German demands for the annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. This was resolved in September 1938 by the Munich Agreement, which allowed for German annexation. Tensions did not subside, and the British government debated how best to prepare the army for war. In January 1939, the Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha proposed splitting the Mobile Division into two smaller formations but found no support for this move. The issue was broached again a month later, and was accepted in principle by the cabinet. Shortly after, the French were informed of a preliminary timetable for the arrival of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in the event of war: "One Regular Armoured Division will become available about the middle of 1940, the second would not be available \'till a later date. The formation of a second division during this period was complicated by the slow pace of British tank production.\n\nFormation and home service\n\nThe 2nd Armoured Division was activated on 15 December 1939, with Major-General Frederick Hotblack as the first general officer commanding (GOC). Hotblack had joined the Royal Tank Corps in 1916, and by 1918 he had become the army\'s expert on German tanks. During the 1930s, he had been posted to Germany, where he witnessed and reported on the development of German armoured forces. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, in September 1939, he was the BEF\'s senior advisor on armoured vehicles. \n\nThe division had no assigned fighting sub-units until the following month, when the 1st Light Armoured Brigade was transferred from the 1st Armoured Division (previously the Mobile Division), and the 22nd Heavy Armoured Brigade was transferred from Southern Command. On assignment to the division, the 1st Light Armoured Brigade comprised three armoured regiments: the 1st King\'s Dragoon Guards (KDG), the 3rd The King\'s Own Hussars (3H), and the 4th Queen\'s Own Hussars (4H). The 22nd Heavy Brigade consisted of the Royal Gloucestershire Hussars, and the 3rd and the 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters).\n\nThe 2nd Support Group, which would comprise the division\'s supporting arms, was formed in February. It did not have sub-units allocated until March; it was then composed of the 3rd Field Squadron, Royal Engineers; the 12th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (12 RHA); the 102nd (Northumberland Hussars) Light-Anti-aircraft/Anti-tank Regiment; and two motorised infantry units – the 1st Battalion, The Rangers, King\'s Royal Rifle Corps, and the 1st Battalion, Tower Hamlets Rifles, Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort\'s Own).\n\nThe war establishment – the nominal full wartime strength – for a light armoured brigade was 108 light tanks and 66 cruiser tanks. A heavy armoured brigade\'s war establishment was 157 cruiser tanks. British doctrine defined light tanks as reconnaissance vehicles armed only with machine guns. Cruiser tanks were swift moving, more heavily armoured, and equipped with both a machine gun and an anti-tank gun. The primary role of the cruiser tank was to engage and destroy opposing armoured forces. Its main weapon, a 2-pounder anti-tank gun, was only supplied with armour-piecing rounds. This meant that cruiser tanks were ineffective against entrenched infantry, or in suppressing hostile artillery. Despite its war establishment, the division comprised a total of only 77 Vickers light tanks in January 1940.\n\nIn early 1940, to bring it up to full strength, the 1st Armoured Division was given priority for equipment, to ensure it would be operationally effective when deployed to France. However, the 2nd Armoured Division strength only increased slowly; and it was not immediately issued with cruiser tanks. On 14 April, the 1st Light Armoured Brigade became the 1st Armoured Brigade, and the 22nd Heavy Armoured Brigade was renamed the 22nd Armoured Brigade. The renaming followed a change in the war establishment of an armoured regiment. The armament of regiments and brigades was to be homogeneous, with each brigade having 166 cruiser tanks. In total, including tanks assigned to headquarter units, an armoured division now had an establishment of 340 tanks, sixteen 25-pounder field gun-howitzers, and twenty-four 2-pounder anti-tank guns. By May, the division had 31 light tanks in the 1st Armoured Brigade. The 22nd Armoured Brigade had no serviceable tanks, and made do with lorries in lieu of tanks. The division had two 25-pounders, supplemented by four First World War–vintage 18-pounder field guns, four QF howitzers of similar vintage, and two anti-tank guns.\n\nOn 10 May, Major-General Justice Tilly took command after Hotblack was removed following an apparent stroke. Tilly had been an armoured warfare instructor and commander of the 1st Tank Brigade prior to the outbreak of the war.\n\nDuring this period, the division was held in reserve in the Lincolnshire area. In June, the number of serviceable tanks fluctuated between 178 and 197. After the Battle of France, the division was moved to a position between Northampton, Northamptonshire, and Newmarket, Suffolk. The division\'s role was to strike into the flanks or the rear of any potential German landing in East Anglia or north of The Wash. During July, the division was given equipment priority and received new 25-pounders. By 4 August, the division had 17 new cruiser tanks, and the number of light tanks had increased to 226. During August, despite the threat of invasion, the War Office decided to reinforce Middle East Command. The 3H was transferred to Egypt to reinforce the 7th Armoured Division; it was replaced by the 3rd Royal Tank Regiment (3RTR). The division had a steady increase in tank strength, and at the end of September it had 256 light tanks and 54 cruisers.\n\nBy October, the threat of a German invasion had receded. The British could now spare additional forces for the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre, including the 2nd Armoured Division. Prior to being dispatched, the 22nd Armoured Brigade was exchanged for the 3rd Armoured Brigade of the 1st Armoured Division. The 3rd Armoured Brigade consisted of only one regiment, the 5th Royal Tank Regiment (5RTR). The division departed Liverpool in late October, on Convoy W.S. 4a.\n\nOverseas service\n\nArrival in the Middle East\nThe convoy sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and arrived at Suez at the end of December. The division arrived in Egypt with just three armoured regiments: the 4H, the 3RTR, and the 5RTR. The KDG, which had previously been equipped with light tanks, had been made the division\'s armoured-car regiment. This had been intended as a stop-gap measure while the 1st The Royal Dragoons, based in Palestine, was mechanised to take on the role. In January 1941, after the division\'s arrival in Egypt, the KDG were outfitted with Marmon-Herrington Armoured Cars. On arrival, Tilly reported to General Archibald Wavell (in command of Middle East Command and all British land forces in the Middle East) that "the mechanical state of his two Cruiser regiments" was in question, with "the tracks ... practically worn out" and "engines [that] had already done a considerable mileage" without overhaul before being transported. The intention had been to replace the tracks once the tanks arrived in Egypt, but the available spare parts were found to be useless.\n\nOn 5 January, Tilly died following an air crash. He was replaced by Major-General Michael Gambier-Parry on 12 February 1941. Gambier-Parry had served in the infantry during the First World War, transferred to the Royal Tank Corps in the 1920s, and commanded an infantry brigade in the 1930s. Prior to his appointment as GOC, he was part of a diplomatic mission to Greece.\n\nWhile the division was en route to Egypt, Operation Compass had been launched. This was a counter-attack against the Italian invasion of Egypt. The initial objective was limited: to destroy forward Italian forces and advance as far as Sollum, near the Libyan border, if the situation allowed. By the time the division had arrived, Compass was on the verge of defeating the Italian 10th Army. By February, the offensive had captured the Italian Libyan province of Cyrenaica. Further prosecution of the offensive was discussed, but it was believed that the province of Tripolitania would be too hard to defend or supply if captured and that the occupation of Cyrenaica would provide sufficient security for Egypt. The British believed that there would not be an Axis threat to their gains until at least May, by which time additional Allied forces would be available to reinforce the Cyrenaica garrison.\n\nBritish strategy shifted to supporting Greece, and to maintaining the status-quo in the Balkans, to prevent additional countries from being occupied by Germany or Italy. After discussions with the Greek government, it was decided to dispatch a substantial expeditionary force. This was partly made up by reducing the garrison in Cyrenaica. The transportation of this force was codenamed Operation Lustre. On 27 February, as a result, the 1st Armoured Brigade was detached from the division and assigned to the expeditionary force. On 18 March, it arrived in Greece with two armoured regiments, which included 52 cruisers and 52 light tanks. The division also lost the 1st Battalion, The Rangers, the 12RHA, and the 102nd (Northumberland Hussars) Regiment to the expeditionary force. These units subsequently fought in the Battle of Greece.\n\nMove to Libya\n\nIn March, the remnants of the 2nd Armoured Division departed Egypt and travelled to Libya, suffering many breakdowns en route. The 5RTR began the journey with 58 cruisers, but arrived with 23. Once in Libya, the division consisted of the KDG, the 3H, the 5RTR, the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifles, and the 104th RHA. The 6th Royal Tank Regiment (6RTR), based in Cyrenaica, was assigned to the division. The 6RTR had been involved in Operation Compass, and towards the end of the operation had been stripped of its remaining serviceable tanks to reinforce other British units. It was then re-equipped with captured Italian Fiat M13/40 tanks. Although equipped with a good 47mm anti-tank gun, the M13 was slow, uncomfortable, and mechanically unreliable. The British tanks were also unreliable, having exceeded their engine lives. Other division deficiencies included a lack of transport, understaffed workshops, a lack of spare parts, and radios that lacked the required equipment to remain functional. By the end of March, the division had 102 tanks: 3H had 26 MK VI light tanks and 12 M13s; 5RTR, 25 Cruiser Mk IVs; 6RTR, 36 M13s; 3rd Armoured Brigade HQ, 3 MK VI light tanks.\n\nBenghazi was the port closest to the frontline. However, Axis bombing had rendered it unusable for landing supplies. The 2nd Armoured Division therefore had to rely on overland routes from Tobruk, which was about away via the coastal road, or via desert tracks. A lack of transport meant the British Army created a series of static stockpiles to supply their forward area. This made it impossible to supply a garrison west of El Agheila, which was the most favourable defensive position. It also restricted the mobility of the 2nd Armoured Division, which could not move beyond the range of their supply dumps.\n\nThe terrain between El Agheila and Benghazi was optimal for armoured warfare, and no easily defensible infantry position existed. Lieutenant-General Philip Neame, GOC Cyrenaica Command, believed his position was untenable without a fully equipped armoured division supported by two complete infantry divisions and adequate air support. The only other major formation available to Neame was the 9th Australian Division. It was under-equipped, under-trained, and lacked direct communication with the 2nd Armoured Division. One of the 9th Australian Division\'s brigades remained at Tobruk. The other two were positioned north of Benghazi to hold the high ground of the Jebel Akhdar. The 3rd Armoured Brigade was based southeast of Mersa Brega, where the 2nd Support Group was located. Neame was ordered to give ground if attacked, as the conservation of his force was important. The 2nd Armoured Division had the conflicting objectives of avoiding tank losses while having to be ready to operate offensively against the flanks of any attacking Axis armoured force. Neame also predicted that once operations got underway, the 2nd Armoured Division\'s tank numbers would rapidly dwindle due to breakdowns.\n\nAxis offensive\n\nMarch\n\nAfter the destruction of the 10th Army, Italy dispatched reinforcements to its frontline. This included four infantry divisions, the 102 Motorised Division "Trento" and the 132nd Armoured Division "Ariete". Germany supplemented this effort with the two-division strong ( Erwin Rommel). At the end of March, the German 5th Light Division (147 tanks) and the "Ariete" Division (46 M13/40s) were on the border of Cyrenaica. The British underestimated the size of the Axis effort, believing that only four divisions would be available to them until the end of May, of which only two could be used in offensive operations due to supply constraints. Royal Air Force (RAF) aerial reconnaissance observed Axis troop movements towards Cyrenaica, and on 25 February spotted German armoured cars that were superior in speed and armament to those used by the 2nd Armoured Division. The reconnaissance elements of the latter avoided contact with their German counterparts to minimise losses.\n\nThe British forward area was patrolled by one platoon from the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifles, supported by an anti-tank gun from the 9th Australian Division, and elements of the KDG. On 23 March, the division had its first action when a German reconnaissance patrol was engaged and forced to withdraw, near El Agheila, the Australians claiming three German vehicles knocked out. Axis forces took up position in an abandoned colonial fort near El Agheila and ambushed a patrol from the 1st Tower Hamlets Rifles the following day. German armoured cars also attacked and one was knocked out by the Australian gun crew, which also suffered casualties. The British screening force then withdrew to Mersa Brega, ceding El Agheila to the Axis. German tanks followed, and one or two were lost to anti-tank mines (possibly left over Italian mines, which had not been cleared).\n\nOn 31 March, the Axis resumed their advance, and engaged just after dawn. Sources describe either one engagement from both the British and German perspectives or two clashes. The German 5th Light Division reported engaging up to five British tanks, in two inconclusive engagements with no losses on either side. While observing the Axis advance, the 5RTR reported a patrol of four enemy tanks, which they engaged, claiming three Italian tanks possibly destroyed, with one British tank damaged in return. By 09:00, the 3rd Armoured Brigade started a planned withdrawal. After 10:00, German forces attacked the 2nd Support Group. Fighting lasted through the day, with the British fending off several assaults, including attacks by German Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers. The 2nd Armoured Division claimed two aircraft destroyed and the Germans recorded their own tanks being subjected to friendly fire. A request for the 3rd Armoured Brigade to be deployed to reinforce the 2nd Support Group was denied. Gambier-Parry reported that there was "insufficient time to get them into action from their present position before dark". After dark, the 2nd Support Group withdrew to Agedabia. The Germans captured Mersa Brega the next morning, without further incident. The fighting cost the division 59 men, one tank, eight universal carriers and numerous other vehicles.\n\nApril\n\nThe Germans followed, and attacked the 2nd Support Group on 2 April. The latter withdrew a further , and lost men in rearguard actions or to being surrounded. On the desert flank, the 3rd Armoured Brigade continued to withdraw, although only at in order to match the slowest vehicles, which were towing artillery. For most of the day, their movements were shadowed by armoured vehicles they were unable to identify. During the afternoon, the withdrawal was further slowed by breakdowns, conflicting orders, and the need to rest and refuel. This allowed the shadowing armoured vehicles to gain ground. Nine tanks from the 5RTR were ordered to conduct a rearguard action and took up hull-down positions. The 5RTR believed the shadowing tanks were Italian, although they were actually German. The German tanks advanced in an arrowhead formation towards the 5RTR. When the range was between , both sides opened fire. The 5RTR suffered five tank losses and 24 casualties. The 5RTR\'s after action report claimed at least eight enemy tanks in return, although German records indicate that only three German tanks were destroyed, "along with an unrecorded number damaged". The remaining British tanks withdrew to friendly positions, and the regiment regrouped further back. The brigade then resumed its retreat, with no German vehicles following. During the day, Gambier-Parry, Neame, and Wavell all issued contradictory orders and queries to the division. These concerned the feasibility of withdrawal, the division\'s capacity to block the coastal road, and whether the division should remain concentrated or split up. The discussions were hampered by ignorance of events, and notably included Neame informing Gambier-Parry that the 3rd Armoured Brigade was not to be committed en masse without his permission.\n\nEarly on 3 April, the 3rd Armoured Brigade reached Antelat (~ northeast of Agedabia, and half way to Msus), and had been located by German aerial reconnaissance. Unknown to the division, the bulk of the German 5th Light Division had halted near Bir el Ageradt and was focused on resupplying, although German and Italian detachments were ordered to probe the southern flank of the 2nd Armoured Division and reconnoitre towards Msus. In the afternoon, the movements of the 3H and the 6RTR caused alarm and confusion within the 5RTR, which at first believed them to be German. The RAF then reported Axis forces approaching Msus, the site of the main divisional supply dump. The 3rd Armoured Brigade, along with some elements of the Support Group, were ordered to move to Msus to deal with the hostile force. However, the division was crippled by a breakdown in communication, resulting in conflicting, late, and missed orders. None of the division arrived at Msus during the day. It was established late in the afternoon that the RAF had mistakenly identified friendly vehicles in the area as the enemy. By the end of the day, the 3rd Armoured Brigade had been reduced to 18 light tanks, 26 M13s, and 12 cruisers.\n\nOn 4 April, Axis forces entered Benghazi, which had been abandoned by the Allies. During the day, divisional artillery fire halted German reconnaissance forces near Charruba. At midday, Lieutenant-General Richard O\'Connor (GOC British Troops in Egypt) arrived at the front and held a meeting with the senior commanders in Cyrenaica, including Gambier-Parry, who opined that the Axis forces would not attempt a further advance now that Benghazi had been taken. However, the decision was made to withdraw from the Jebel Achdar, and for the 2nd Armoured Division to concentrate at Mechili to protect the withdrawal of the Australian infantry. Brigadier Edward Vaughan\'s recently arrived 3rd Indian Motor Brigade was ordered to secure Mechili, an old Italian stone-and-mud colonial fort ringed by trenches, to ensure it was in Allied hands when the division arrived. Communication failures impeded the division\'s withdrawal during the day, and further tanks were lost from breakdowns. A supply convoy dispatched for the division was attacked by 18 Axis aircraft, and destroyed with the loss of of fuel. By the end of the day, the 5RTR had nine cruiser tanks, and the 6RTR had nine M13s. The following day, alarmist reports suggested Axis armoured forces had passed Msus; but the KDG, and other Allied units, verified that this was not the case. The tank sightings turned out to be the 2nd Armoured Division. In reality, the nearest Axis unit was from Msus.\n\nGeneral withdrawal\n\nOn 6 April, Axis forces moved towards Mechili, with the intention of advancing toward the coast, and thereby encircling the retreating Allied forces. This move was reported by the KDG and the RAF. The division started the day with 8 cruiser tanks, 14 light tanks, and 2 M13s. During the day, the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade was attached to the division. Mechili was subjected to Axis artillery fire, and Indian patrols took numerous Axis prisoners around the perminter throughout the day. Neame, unaware of these events, set off into the desert to locate Gambier-Parry to deliver new instructions. At the same time, the attack on the fort prompted O\'Connor to order a general withdrawal of all Allied forces towards Gazala, via Derna.\n\nConflicting and confusing orders to withdraw were issued, which fragmented the division, the withdrawal orders failing entirely to reach the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. At first, the division moved east towards Mechili. Following its instructions, the 2nd Support Group turned north towards the coastal road. The divisional headquarters, including Gambier-Parry and a battery of artillery, continued towards Mechili. The 3rd Armoured Brigade, which had run low on fuel, moved north to Maraura, but found little petrol there. The brigade then moved towards Derna, via Giovanni Berta. At the same time, the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade escorted a fuel convoy from Mechili towards where they expected the division to be. In the afternoon, a patrol of the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade, based at El Adem, intercepted advanced Italian troops at Acroma, near Tobruk, and took 18 prisoners. A buildup of Axis forces took place near Mechili. Towards dusk, a German officer demanded the garrison\'s surrender and was refused. Near Derna, German troops briefly managed to block some desert tracks, before moving to a position near the coastal road east of the town. German patrols intercepted and disrupted some Allied convoys, and captured Neame and O\'Connor, but the route east remained open until the following day.\n\nEarly on 7 April, Brigadier Reginald Rimington, GOC 3rd Armoured Brigade, was mortally wounded and captured after an ambush on a desert track en route to Derna. By dawn, the 2nd Support Group and the 3rd Armoured Brigade were stretched out, stuck in traffic west of Derna; Gambier-Parry and the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade had been surrounded at Mechili; and other elements of the division were positioned near Derna to control the road and desert tracks, fighting with Axis forces intermittently throughout the day. At Timimi, near Gazala, Axis armoured cars ambushed retreating Australian forces, but were repulsed by a lone cruiser tank from the 5RTR, whose remaining tanks arrived at Derna in the afternoon. By 14:30, the majority of the division had moved through Derna. To the south of Derna, German forces had captured the town\'s airfield and established a blocking position. The division\'s rearguard, now separated from the rest of the division, fought an afternoon-long battle with this German force. Several German attacks were fended off, with eight German armoured cars claimed as destroyed. Around 17:15, the 5RTR attacked the German position and lost their remaining tanks but successfully covered the withdrawal of the remainder of the rearguard. Barton Maughan, author of the Australian official history for this period of the fighting, wrote "by coincidence ... the 5th Royal Tanks ... [were] where they were most needed and could be most effectively employed that day". The British official history recorded "the action cleared the road also for any troops that remained in Derna" as well as allowing the rearguard to get away.\n\nDemise\nAt Mechili, on 7 April, the Germans continued to build up their forces surrounding the British position. The garrison was subjected to intermittent artillery fire, and skirmishing took place around the perimeter. Two separate German envoys demanded the garrison surrender, and both demands were refused by Gambier-Parry. Around 22:00, Gambier-Parry re-established communication with Cyrenaica Command. He was informed that neither the rest of his division nor any other force would be joining him, and was ordered to break out at first light, with El Adem his destination.\n\nThe planned break-out was to be led by a single cruiser tank, with infantry support from the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. The intent was to use a small force to punch a hole through the Axis defensive positions prior to dawn, to negate the Axis anti-tank gun advantage; that would then be followed by the rest of the force east into the desert. Maughan wrote, "If the original plan had been adhered to, if it had been boldly executed, a great measure of success might have been achieved. But the operation miscarried badly". On 8 April, the tank was delayed and the cover of dark lost. Despite this, the 18th King Edward\'s Own Cavalry (18th Cavalry) achieved surprise when they attacked and scattered the personnel of an Italian battery. Instead of exploiting this success, the rest of the escape column waited for the cruiser tank to advance. A second attack was launched by the 11th Prince Albert Victor\'s Own Cavalry (Frontier Force), which likewise broke through the Axis defenses. However, the cruiser tank was destroyed when it advanced towards the battery silenced by the 18th Cavalry; the Italians had returned to their guns.\n\nFollowing this Allied failure, the Axis forces attacked the garrison. Gambier-Parry decided to surrender, to spare further casualties, and fighting ceased by 08:00. Roughly 3,000 Allied troops were captured at Mechili, including Gambier-Parry and Vaughan. A force of at least 150 men, from the 3rd RHA and the 2nd Lancers (Gardner\'s Horse), refused to capitulate. They charged, unmolested, through Axis positions in non-armoured vehicles. The majority of this small force made it to Tobruk, taking prisoners en route. Elements of the 6RTR, which had failed to reach Derna prior to the Axis arrival, moved south into the desert to avoid contact. They continued east, before meeting British reconnaissance forces near El Adem on 10 April, and reached Tobruk just prior to midnight. On 10 May 1941, the 2nd Armoured Division was disbanded. The units that constituted the division continued the war with other formations. In October 1941, XXX Corps was formed with officers largely from the remnants of the 2nd Armoured Division HQ staff.\n\nAssessment\n"This division [has not] had an opportunity for adequate training... It was a collection of units, three of which had only [just] joined... rather than a trained formation. The breakdown in control and administration was largely due to this fact". – From a contemporary after action report, by 2nd Armoured Division senior officers.\n\nAn unnamed officer from the division later blamed the division\'s fate on Gambier-Parry, whom he called "a conventional and slow minded soldier who couldn\'t cope with the unexpected". The historian David French wrote that some critics, such as Major-General David Belchem, blamed the poor performance of British armoured formations in the desert on officers who had cavalry backgrounds and knew little of armoured warfare. French wrote "such strictures are exaggerated", highlighted that Gambier-Parry started his career in the infantry before he transferred to the Royal Tank Corps, and stated that singling him out for blame is harsh.\n\nSeveral factors have been identified as key reasons for the division\'s rapid decline in tank strength and ineffectiveness in the face of Axis forces: tanks that were not serviceable, an inadequate logistical support system, a lack of training, a burdensome chain of command, and ineffective communications. The 5RTR lost 38 tanks in Libya, but only nine were lost to enemy action. With the exception of one that was destroyed when it hit a thermos bomb, the rest had broken down. The lack of a forward port or railhead meant that supplies had to be moved at least , but there was insufficient transport to build up a sufficient stockpile of supplies for the division. The division\'s staff were undertrained for the task they were asked to perform. While brave, the tank crews were inflexible and failed to follow their tactical training. British tactical doctrine encouraged ambush counter-attacks, but the formation failed to undertake any. At the squadron and regimental level, the chain of command impeded mobility, as permission was needed to move a single tank from an assigned position. This resulted in rapid tank losses once combat was underway. At the higher level, the division received instructions from Gambier-Parry, Neame, Wavell, and O\'Connor. This overlapping chain of command resulted in delayed, misunderstood, mixed, and changed orders that severely impeded the division\'s capability.\n\nDue to these factors, the general and historian David Fraser wrote, once "the Germans chose to drive across the chord of the Cyrenaican arc there was little to stop them". At no point during the Axis advance, did the division offer a threat or hindrance. However, when they did engage, both sides lacked flexibility and acted against their own doctrines. Furthermore, the German lack of understanding of what the 2nd Armoured Division was doing resulted in their 5th Light Division having to send 83 tanks to workshops for repairs after they had chased the 2nd Armoured Division through the desert.\n\nGeneral officer commanding\n\nOrders of battle\n\nDecember 1939 – October 1940\n\n1st Light Armoured Brigade (assigned 19 January 1940, and renamed the 1st Armoured Brigade on 14 April)\n 3rd (The King\'s Own) Hussars (until 14 August 1940)\n 4th Queen\'s Own Hussars\n 1st King\'s Dragoon Guards\n 3rd Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment (from 11 August 1940)\n\n22nd Heavy Armoured Brigade (assigned 15 January 1940, and renamed the 22nd Armoured Brigade on 14 April)\n 2nd Royal Gloucestershire Hussars\n 3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)\n 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)\n\n3rd Armoured Brigade (assigned 5 October 1940)\n 5th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment\n\n2nd Support Group (assigned 5 February 1940)\n 1st Battalion The Rangers, The King\'s Royal Rifle Corps\n 1st Battalion, Tower Hamlets Rifles, Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort\'s Own)\n 102nd (Northumberland Hussars) Light Anti-Aircraft/Anti-Tank Regiment\n 12th Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (until 7 August 1940)\n 2nd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery (from 11 July 1940)\n 3rd Field Squadron, Royal Engineers (until 9 June 1940)\n 142nd Field Park Troop (from 30 March 1940 until 9 June)\n\nDivisional troops\n 2nd Armoured Divisional Signals, Royal Corps of Signals\n Royal Engineers\n 3rd Field Squadron (assigned 10 June 1940)\n 142nd Field Park Troop (assigned 10 June 1940)\n\nLibya, 1941\n\n3rd Armoured Brigade\n 3rd (The King\'s Own) Hussars\n 5th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment\n 6th Battalion, Royal Tank Regiment\n\n3rd Indian Motor Brigade (6–8 April 1941)\n 2nd Lancers (Gardner\'s Horse)\n 11th Prince Albert Victor\'s Own Cavalry (Frontier Force)\n 18th King Edward\'s Own Cavalry\n\n2nd Support Group\n 1st Battalion, Tower Hamlets Rifles, Rifle Brigade (The Prince Consort\'s Own) (also known as the 9th Battalion, the Rifle Brigade (Tower Hamlets Rifles)\n 1st Company, Free French 1st Motor Marine Infantry Battalion (attached)\n 102nd (Northumberland Hussars) Anti-Tank Regiment\n 104th (Essex Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery\n\nDivisional troops\n 1st King\'s Dragoon Guards (Armoured Car, divisional reconnaissance regiment until 22 March 1941)\n 2nd Armoured Divisional Signals\n\nSee also\n\n British Army during the Second World War\n British Armoured formations of World War II\n List of British divisions in World War II\n\nNotes\n Footnotes\n\n Citations\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nArmoured divisions of the British Army in World War II\nBritish armoured divisions\nMilitary units and formations established in 1939\nMilitary units and formations disestablished in 1941\nMilitary units and formations of the British Empire in World War II',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
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낮 12시에 발달한 순환 중심이 발생한 이후에 멕시코 만사니요 남서쪽 약 200해리 부근 해상에 위치한 열대폭풍 존은 어떻게 형성되고 발전하는 것인가요? |
독도()는 동해의 남서부, 울릉도와 오키 제도 사이에 위치한 동도와 서도를 포함해 총 91개의 크고 작은 섬들로 이루어져 있는 대한민국의 섬이다. 울릉도에서 뱃길로 200여 리나 떨어져 있다. 서양권에서는 1849년에 독도를 발견한 프랑스 선박인 '리앙쿠르 호'의 이름을 따서 리앙쿠르 암초(, )라고 부른다. |
그래핀()은 탄소의 동소체 중 하나이며 탄소 원자들이 모여 2차원 평면을 이루고 있는 구조이다. 각 탄소 원자들은 육각형의 격자를 이루며 육각형의 꼭짓점에 탄소 원자가 위치하고 있는 모양이다. 이 모양을 벌집구조(honeycomb structure) 또는 벌집격자(honeycomb lattice)라고 부르기도 한다. 원자 1개의 두께로 이루어진 얇은 막으로, 두께는 0.2 nm(1nm은 10억 분의 1m) 즉 100억 분의 2m 정도로 엄청나게 얇으면서 물리적·화학적 안정성도 높다. |
Ocaña. ¿Cuál fue el resultado de la guerra entre los Querandíes y los soldados de Ruiz de Ocaña? |
Reserva natural integral y mixta Laguna de Rocha |
Puerto Real |
من هو القس الكويتي الذي يرتدي زي الكنيسة والكوفية خلال أداء الطقوس الدينية؟ |
تُعد المسيحية في الكويت ثاني أكثر الديانات انتشاراً بين السكان بعد الإسلام؛ حيث تبلغ أعداد الطائفة المسيحية بين الوافدين والأجانب وفقًا لإحصائية مركز بيو للأبحاث عام 2010 حوالي 400,000 مسيحي أي حوالي 14.3% من مجمل السكان. تشهد أعداد المسيحيين نمواً وازدياداً في البلاد، في يونيو من عام 2018 قدرت الهيئة العامة للمعلومات المدنية الكويتية أعداد الوافدين والمواطنين المسيحيين بحوالي 832,475 نسمة، أي حوالي 18.2% من مجمل سكان الكويت. وتتراوح أعداد المواطنين المسيحيين ممن يحملون الجنسيّة الكويتيّة بين 290 إلى 400 شخص. |
إقليم البحرين أو الخُط هي منطقة تاريخية كانت تقع في شرق شبه الجزيرة العربية. امتدت من جنوب البصرة على طول ساحل الخليج العربي وقد شملت دولة الكويت والأحساء والقطيف ودولة قطر بالإضافة إلى أوال (مملكة البحرين حالياً). |
TripletLoss with these parameters:{
"distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
"triplet_margin": 5
}
per_device_train_batch_size: 32per_device_eval_batch_size: 32num_train_epochs: 10multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robinoverwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: noprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 32per_device_eval_batch_size: 32per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 1eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 5e-05weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1num_train_epochs: 10max_steps: -1lr_scheduler_type: linearlr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.0warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Falsefp16: Falsefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Nonelocal_rank: 0ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Falsedataloader_num_workers: 0dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Falseignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}deepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torchoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Noneddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Falsehub_always_push: Falsegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseeval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters: auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Falsetorch_compile_backend: Nonetorch_compile_mode: Nonedispatch_batches: Nonesplit_batches: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Falseeval_use_gather_object: Falsebatch_sampler: batch_samplermulti_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin| Epoch | Step | Training Loss |
|---|---|---|
| 0.7310 | 500 | 4.0811 |
| 1.4620 | 1000 | 2.913 |
| 2.1930 | 1500 | 2.4054 |
| 2.9240 | 2000 | 1.9957 |
| 3.6550 | 2500 | 1.6322 |
| 4.3860 | 3000 | 1.3726 |
| 5.1170 | 3500 | 1.1151 |
| 5.8480 | 4000 | 0.9456 |
| 6.5789 | 4500 | 0.796 |
| 7.3099 | 5000 | 0.693 |
| 8.0409 | 5500 | 0.5843 |
| 8.7719 | 6000 | 0.5416 |
| 9.5029 | 6500 | 0.4952 |
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
@misc{hermans2017defense,
title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
year={2017},
eprint={1703.07737},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
Base model
distilbert/distilroberta-base