pattonma/AIE4_midterm_tuned_embeddings_2

SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

• Model Type: Sentence Transformer
• Base model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
• Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
• Output Dimensionality: 384 tokens
• Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

• Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
• Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
• Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("pattonma/AIE4_midterm_tuned_embeddings_2")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What are the privacy and civil rights implications of using biometric identification technologies in New York schools?',
    'the privacy, civil rights, and civil liberties implications of the use of such technologies be issued before \nbiometric identification technologies can be used in New York schools. \nFederal law requires employers, and any consultants they may retain, to report the costs \nof surveilling employees in the context of a labor dispute, providing a transparency \nmechanism to help protect worker organizing. Employers engaging in workplace surveillance "where \nan object there-of, directly or indirectly, is […] to obtain information concerning the activities of employees or a \nlabor organization in connection with a labor dispute" must report expenditures relating to this surveillance to',
    'and other data-driven automated systems most directly collect data on, make inferences about, and may cause \nharm to individuals. But the overall magnitude of their impacts may be most readily visible at the level of com-\nmunities. Accordingly, the concept of community is integral to the scope of the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights. \nUnited States law and policy have long employed approaches for protecting the rights of individuals, but exist-\ning frameworks have sometimes struggled to provide protections when effects manifest most clearly at a com-\nmunity level. For these reasons, the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights asserts that the harms of automated',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

• Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.82
cosine_accuracy@3	0.9
cosine_accuracy@5	0.92
cosine_accuracy@10	0.97
cosine_precision@1	0.82
cosine_precision@3	0.3
cosine_precision@5	0.184
cosine_precision@10	0.097
cosine_recall@1	0.82
cosine_recall@3	0.9
cosine_recall@5	0.92
cosine_recall@10	0.97
cosine_ndcg@10	0.8901
cosine_mrr@10	0.8653
cosine_map@100	0.8668
dot_accuracy@1	0.82
dot_accuracy@3	0.9
dot_accuracy@5	0.92
dot_accuracy@10	0.97
dot_precision@1	0.82
dot_precision@3	0.3
dot_precision@5	0.184
dot_precision@10	0.097
dot_recall@1	0.82
dot_recall@3	0.9
dot_recall@5	0.92
dot_recall@10	0.97
dot_ndcg@10	0.8901
dot_mrr@10	0.8653
dot_map@100	0.8668

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

• Size: 600 training samples
• Columns: sentence_0 and sentence_1
• Approximate statistics based on the first 600 samples:

  	sentence_0	sentence_1
  type	string	string
  details	min: 12 tokens mean: 19.98 tokens max: 35 tokens	min: 6 tokens mean: 115.57 tokens max: 223 tokens

• Samples:

  sentence_0	sentence_1
  What is the main purpose of the AI Bill of Rights outlined in the blueprint?	BLUEPRINT FOR AN AI BILL OF RIGHTS MAKING AUTOMATED SYSTEMS WORK FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE OCTOBER 2022
  When was the blueprint for the AI Bill of Rights published?	BLUEPRINT FOR AN AI BILL OF RIGHTS MAKING AUTOMATED SYSTEMS WORK FOR THE AMERICAN PEOPLE OCTOBER 2022
  What was the purpose of the Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy?	About this Document The Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights: Making Automated Systems Work for the American People was published by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy in October 2022. This framework was released one year after OSTP announced the launch of a process to develop “a bill of rights for an AI-powered world.” Its release follows a year of public engagement to inform this initiative. The framework is available online at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights About the Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology

• Loss: MatryoshkaLoss with these parameters:

  {
      "loss": "MultipleNegativesRankingLoss",
      "matryoshka_dims": [
          384,
          256,
          128,
          64
      ],
      "matryoshka_weights": [
          1,
          1,
          1,
          0.5
      ],
      "n_dims_per_step": -1
  }
  

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

• eval_strategy: steps
• per_device_train_batch_size: 12
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 12
• num_train_epochs: 10
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

• overwrite_output_dir: False
• do_predict: False
• eval_strategy: steps
• prediction_loss_only: True
• per_device_train_batch_size: 12
• per_device_eval_batch_size: 12
• per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
• per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
• gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
• eval_accumulation_steps: None
• torch_empty_cache_steps: None
• learning_rate: 5e-05
• weight_decay: 0.0
• adam_beta1: 0.9
• adam_beta2: 0.999
• adam_epsilon: 1e-08
• max_grad_norm: 1
• num_train_epochs: 10
• max_steps: -1
• lr_scheduler_type: linear
• lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
• warmup_ratio: 0.0
• warmup_steps: 0
• log_level: passive
• log_level_replica: warning
• log_on_each_node: True
• logging_nan_inf_filter: True
• save_safetensors: True
• save_on_each_node: False
• save_only_model: False
• restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
• no_cuda: False
• use_cpu: False
• use_mps_device: False
• seed: 42
• data_seed: None
• jit_mode_eval: False
• use_ipex: False
• bf16: False
• fp16: False
• fp16_opt_level: O1
• half_precision_backend: auto
• bf16_full_eval: False
• fp16_full_eval: False
• tf32: None
• local_rank: 0
• ddp_backend: None
• tpu_num_cores: None
• tpu_metrics_debug: False
• debug: []
• dataloader_drop_last: False
• dataloader_num_workers: 0
• dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
• past_index: -1
• disable_tqdm: False
• remove_unused_columns: True
• label_names: None
• load_best_model_at_end: False
• ignore_data_skip: False
• fsdp: []
• fsdp_min_num_params: 0
• fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
• fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
• accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
• deepspeed: None
• label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
• optim: adamw_torch
• optim_args: None
• adafactor: False
• group_by_length: False
• length_column_name: length
• ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
• ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
• ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
• dataloader_pin_memory: True
• dataloader_persistent_workers: False
• skip_memory_metrics: True
• use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
• push_to_hub: False
• resume_from_checkpoint: None
• hub_model_id: None
• hub_strategy: every_save
• hub_private_repo: False
• hub_always_push: False
• gradient_checkpointing: False
• gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
• include_inputs_for_metrics: False
• eval_do_concat_batches: True
• fp16_backend: auto
• push_to_hub_model_id: None
• push_to_hub_organization: None
• mp_parameters:
• auto_find_batch_size: False
• full_determinism: False
• torchdynamo: None
• ray_scope: last
• ddp_timeout: 1800
• torch_compile: False
• torch_compile_backend: None
• torch_compile_mode: None
• dispatch_batches: None
• split_batches: None
• include_tokens_per_second: False
• include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
• neftune_noise_alpha: None
• optim_target_modules: None
• batch_eval_metrics: False
• eval_on_start: False
• eval_use_gather_object: False
• batch_sampler: batch_sampler
• multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	cosine_map@100
1.0	50	-	0.8686
2.0	100	-	0.8691
3.0	150	-	0.8669
4.0	200	-	0.8536
5.0	250	-	0.8641
6.0	300	-	0.8647
7.0	350	-	0.8574
8.0	400	-	0.8619
9.0	450	-	0.8668
10.0	500	0.2413	0.8668

Framework Versions

• Python: 3.10.12
• Sentence Transformers: 3.1.1
• Transformers: 4.44.2
• PyTorch: 2.4.1+cu121
• Accelerate: 0.34.2
• Datasets: 3.0.0
• Tokenizers: 0.19.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

MatryoshkaLoss

@misc{kusupati2024matryoshka,
    title={Matryoshka Representation Learning},
    author={Aditya Kusupati and Gantavya Bhatt and Aniket Rege and Matthew Wallingford and Aditya Sinha and Vivek Ramanujan and William Howard-Snyder and Kaifeng Chen and Sham Kakade and Prateek Jain and Ali Farhadi},
    year={2024},
    eprint={2205.13147},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}

MultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}