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1_Data_Creation_Sacchetti.ipynb

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+{
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "4ba6aba8"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "# 🤖 **Data Collection, Creation, Storage, and Processing**\n"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "jpASMyIQMaAq"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **1.** 📦 Install required packages"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "f48c8f8c",
+        "outputId": "1808862a-4973-44c2-fdc6-9ea78aa3bf64"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Requirement already satisfied: beautifulsoup4 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (4.13.5)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (2.2.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (3.10.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: seaborn in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (0.13.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (2.0.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: textblob in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (0.19.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: soupsieve>1.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from beautifulsoup4) (2.8.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=4.0.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from beautifulsoup4) (4.15.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.8.2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from pandas) (2.9.0.post0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2020.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from pandas) (2025.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: tzdata>=2022.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from pandas) (2025.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: contourpy>=1.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (1.3.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: cycler>=0.10 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (0.12.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: fonttools>=4.22.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (4.61.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.3.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (1.4.9)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: packaging>=20.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (26.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pillow>=8 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (11.3.0)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing>=2.3.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from matplotlib) (3.3.2)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: nltk>=3.9 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from textblob) (3.9.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: click in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from nltk>=3.9->textblob) (8.3.1)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: joblib in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from nltk>=3.9->textblob) (1.5.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: regex>=2021.8.3 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from nltk>=3.9->textblob) (2025.11.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: tqdm in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from nltk>=3.9->textblob) (4.67.3)\n",
+            "Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.12/dist-packages (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas) (1.17.0)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "!pip install beautifulsoup4 pandas matplotlib seaborn numpy textblob"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "lquNYCbfL9IM"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **2.** ⛏ Web-scrape all book titles, prices, and ratings from books.toscrape.com"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "0IWuNpxxYDJF"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *a. Initial setup*\n",
+        "Define the base url of the website you will scrape as well as how and what you will scrape"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "91d52125"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "import requests\n",
+        "from bs4 import BeautifulSoup\n",
+        "import pandas as pd\n",
+        "import time\n",
+        "\n",
+        "base_url = \"https://books.toscrape.com/catalogue/page-{}.html\"\n",
+        "headers = {\"User-Agent\": \"Mozilla/5.0\"}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "titles, prices, ratings = [], [], []"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "oCdTsin2Yfp3"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *b. Fill titles, prices, and ratings from the web pages*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "xqO5Y3dnYhxt"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# Loop through all 50 pages\n",
+        "for page in range(1, 51):\n",
+        "    url = base_url.format(page)\n",
+        "    response = requests.get(url, headers=headers)\n",
+        "    soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, \"html.parser\")\n",
+        "    books = soup.find_all(\"article\", class_=\"product_pod\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    for book in books:\n",
+        "        titles.append(book.h3.a[\"title\"])\n",
+        "        prices.append(float(book.find(\"p\", class_=\"price_color\").text[1:]))\n",
+        "        ratings.append(book.p.get(\"class\")[1])\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    time.sleep(0.5)  # polite scraping delay"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "T0TOeRC4Yrnn"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *c. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ Create a dataframe df_books that contains the now complete\n",
+        "\n",
+        "\"title\", \"price\", and \"rating\" objects*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "l5FkkNhUYTHh",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "3412e0e9-4799-4c13-982e-507183252d02"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "                                   title  price rating\n",
+            "0                   A Light in the Attic  51.77  Three\n",
+            "1                     Tipping the Velvet  53.74    One\n",
+            "2                             Soumission  50.10    One\n",
+            "3                          Sharp Objects  47.82   Four\n",
+            "4  Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind  54.23   Five\n",
+            "(1000, 3)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# 📚 Create dataframe with scraped data\n",
+        "df_books = pd.DataFrame({\n",
+        "    \"title\": titles,\n",
+        "    \"price\": prices,\n",
+        "    \"rating\": ratings\n",
+        "})\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Quick check\n",
+        "print(df_books.head())\n",
+        "print(df_books.shape)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "duI5dv3CZYvF"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *d. Save web-scraped dataframe either as a CSV or Excel file*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "lC1U_YHtZifh"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "# 💾 Save to CSV\n",
+        "df_books.to_csv(\"books_data.csv\", index=False)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# 💾 Or save to Excel\n",
+        "# df_books.to_excel(\"books_data.xlsx\", index=False)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "qMjRKMBQZlJi"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *e. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ View first fiew lines*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 206
+        },
+        "id": "O_wIvTxYZqCK",
+        "outputId": "fac945e5-0b0f-4df7-ec3a-227e8a7b4a41"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "                                   title  price rating\n",
+              "0                   A Light in the Attic  51.77  Three\n",
+              "1                     Tipping the Velvet  53.74    One\n",
+              "2                             Soumission  50.10    One\n",
+              "3                          Sharp Objects  47.82   Four\n",
+              "4  Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind  54.23   Five"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-d05796d7-498e-441d-9db8-542f16b98349\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>title</th>\n",
+              "      <th>price</th>\n",
+              "      <th>rating</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>A Light in the Attic</td>\n",
+              "      <td>51.77</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Three</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Tipping the Velvet</td>\n",
+              "      <td>53.74</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Soumission</td>\n",
+              "      <td>50.10</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sharp Objects</td>\n",
+              "      <td>47.82</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Four</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</td>\n",
+              "      <td>54.23</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Five</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-d05796d7-498e-441d-9db8-542f16b98349')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-d05796d7-498e-441d-9db8-542f16b98349 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-d05796d7-498e-441d-9db8-542f16b98349');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "df_books",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df_books\",\n  \"rows\": 1000,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"title\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 999,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"The Grownup\",\n          \"Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood (Persepolis #1-2)\",\n          \"Ayumi's Violin\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"price\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 14.446689669952772,\n        \"min\": 10.0,\n        \"max\": 59.99,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 903,\n        \"samples\": [\n          19.73,\n          55.65,\n          46.31\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"rating\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"One\",\n          \"Two\",\n          \"Four\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 32
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# View first few rows\n",
+        "df_books.head()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "p-1Pr2szaqLk"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **3.** 🧩 Create a meaningful connection between real & synthetic datasets"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SIaJUGIpaH4V"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *a. Initial setup*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "-gPXGcRPuV_9"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "import numpy as np\n",
+        "import random\n",
+        "from datetime import datetime\n",
+        "import warnings\n",
+        "\n",
+        "warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\")\n",
+        "random.seed(2025)\n",
+        "np.random.seed(2025)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "pY4yCoIuaQqp"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *b. Generate popularity scores based on rating (with some randomness) with a generate_popularity_score function*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "mnd5hdAbaNjz"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "def generate_popularity_score(rating):\n",
+        "    base = {\"One\": 2, \"Two\": 3, \"Three\": 3, \"Four\": 4, \"Five\": 4}.get(rating, 3)\n",
+        "    trend_factor = random.choices([-1, 0, 1], weights=[1, 3, 2])[0]\n",
+        "    return int(np.clip(base + trend_factor, 1, 5))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "n4-TaNTFgPak"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *c. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ Run the function to create a \"popularity_score\" column from \"rating\"*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "V-G3OCUCgR07",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 206
+        },
+        "outputId": "a2bd661e-bc8a-4438-8707-4e96ebf4d7d3"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "                                   title  price rating  popularity_score\n",
+              "0                   A Light in the Attic  51.77  Three                 3\n",
+              "1                     Tipping the Velvet  53.74    One                 2\n",
+              "2                             Soumission  50.10    One                 2\n",
+              "3                          Sharp Objects  47.82   Four                 4\n",
+              "4  Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind  54.23   Five                 3"
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-6cc9aabb-7677-4090-85d5-67de6681bdf1\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+              "        text-align: right;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>title</th>\n",
+              "      <th>price</th>\n",
+              "      <th>rating</th>\n",
+              "      <th>popularity_score</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>A Light in the Attic</td>\n",
+              "      <td>51.77</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Three</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Tipping the Velvet</td>\n",
+              "      <td>53.74</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Soumission</td>\n",
+              "      <td>50.10</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sharp Objects</td>\n",
+              "      <td>47.82</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Four</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</td>\n",
+              "      <td>54.23</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Five</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-6cc9aabb-7677-4090-85d5-67de6681bdf1')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
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+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-6cc9aabb-7677-4090-85d5-67de6681bdf1 button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-6cc9aabb-7677-4090-85d5-67de6681bdf1');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "df_books",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df_books\",\n  \"rows\": 1000,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"title\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 999,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"The Grownup\",\n          \"Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood (Persepolis #1-2)\",\n          \"Ayumi's Violin\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"price\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 14.446689669952772,\n        \"min\": 10.0,\n        \"max\": 59.99,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 903,\n        \"samples\": [\n          19.73,\n          55.65,\n          46.31\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"rating\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"One\",\n          \"Two\",\n          \"Four\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"popularity_score\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1,\n        \"min\": 1,\n        \"max\": 5,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2,\n          5,\n          4\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 35
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# 🧩 Create popularity_score column from rating\n",
+        "df_books[\"popularity_score\"] = df_books[\"rating\"].apply(generate_popularity_score)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Check result\n",
+        "df_books.head()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "HnngRNTgacYt"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *d. Decide on the sentiment_label based on the popularity score with a get_sentiment function*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "kUtWmr8maZLZ"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "def get_sentiment(popularity_score):\n",
+        "    if popularity_score <= 2:\n",
+        "        return \"negative\"\n",
+        "    elif popularity_score == 3:\n",
+        "        return \"neutral\"\n",
+        "    else:\n",
+        "        return \"positive\""
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "HF9F9HIzgT7Z"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *e. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ Run the function to create a \"sentiment_label\" column from \"popularity_score\"*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "tafQj8_7gYCG",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
+          "height": 206
+        },
+        "outputId": "5f6b236d-b59a-41b1-b0aa-d8df4f90c6da"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "                                   title  price rating  popularity_score  \\\n",
+              "0                   A Light in the Attic  51.77  Three                 3   \n",
+              "1                     Tipping the Velvet  53.74    One                 2   \n",
+              "2                             Soumission  50.10    One                 2   \n",
+              "3                          Sharp Objects  47.82   Four                 4   \n",
+              "4  Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind  54.23   Five                 3   \n",
+              "\n",
+              "  sentiment_label  \n",
+              "0         neutral  \n",
+              "1        negative  \n",
+              "2        negative  \n",
+              "3        positive  \n",
+              "4         neutral  "
+            ],
+            "text/html": [
+              "\n",
+              "  <div id=\"df-03e93382-6eb0-465f-adfd-0f75c20d87de\" class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <div>\n",
+              "<style scoped>\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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+              "    }\n",
+              "</style>\n",
+              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+              "  <thead>\n",
+              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+              "      <th></th>\n",
+              "      <th>title</th>\n",
+              "      <th>price</th>\n",
+              "      <th>rating</th>\n",
+              "      <th>popularity_score</th>\n",
+              "      <th>sentiment_label</th>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </thead>\n",
+              "  <tbody>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>0</th>\n",
+              "      <td>A Light in the Attic</td>\n",
+              "      <td>51.77</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Three</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>neutral</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>1</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Tipping the Velvet</td>\n",
+              "      <td>53.74</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>negative</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>2</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Soumission</td>\n",
+              "      <td>50.10</td>\n",
+              "      <td>One</td>\n",
+              "      <td>2</td>\n",
+              "      <td>negative</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>3</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sharp Objects</td>\n",
+              "      <td>47.82</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Four</td>\n",
+              "      <td>4</td>\n",
+              "      <td>positive</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "    <tr>\n",
+              "      <th>4</th>\n",
+              "      <td>Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind</td>\n",
+              "      <td>54.23</td>\n",
+              "      <td>Five</td>\n",
+              "      <td>3</td>\n",
+              "      <td>neutral</td>\n",
+              "    </tr>\n",
+              "  </tbody>\n",
+              "</table>\n",
+              "</div>\n",
+              "    <div class=\"colab-df-buttons\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
+              "    <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-03e93382-6eb0-465f-adfd-0f75c20d87de')\"\n",
+              "            title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
+              "            style=\"display:none;\">\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" height=\"24px\" viewBox=\"0 -960 960 960\">\n",
+              "    <path d=\"M120-120v-720h720v720H120Zm60-500h600v-160H180v160Zm220 220h160v-160H400v160Zm0 220h160v-160H400v160ZM180-400h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160ZM180-180h160v-160H180v160Zm440 0h160v-160H620v160Z\"/>\n",
+              "  </svg>\n",
+              "    </button>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "  <style>\n",
+              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
+              "      display:flex;\n",
+              "      gap: 12px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E8F0FE;\n",
+              "      border: none;\n",
+              "      border-radius: 50%;\n",
+              "      cursor: pointer;\n",
+              "      display: none;\n",
+              "      fill: #1967D2;\n",
+              "      height: 32px;\n",
+              "      padding: 0 0 0 0;\n",
+              "      width: 32px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #E2EBFA;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 2px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.3), 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(60, 64, 67, 0.15);\n",
+              "      fill: #174EA6;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    .colab-df-buttons div {\n",
+              "      margin-bottom: 4px;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert {\n",
+              "      background-color: #3B4455;\n",
+              "      fill: #D2E3FC;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    [theme=dark] .colab-df-convert:hover {\n",
+              "      background-color: #434B5C;\n",
+              "      box-shadow: 0px 1px 3px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15);\n",
+              "      filter: drop-shadow(0px 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3));\n",
+              "      fill: #FFFFFF;\n",
+              "    }\n",
+              "  </style>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    <script>\n",
+              "      const buttonEl =\n",
+              "        document.querySelector('#df-03e93382-6eb0-465f-adfd-0f75c20d87de button.colab-df-convert');\n",
+              "      buttonEl.style.display =\n",
+              "        google.colab.kernel.accessAllowed ? 'block' : 'none';\n",
+              "\n",
+              "      async function convertToInteractive(key) {\n",
+              "        const element = document.querySelector('#df-03e93382-6eb0-465f-adfd-0f75c20d87de');\n",
+              "        const dataTable =\n",
+              "          await google.colab.kernel.invokeFunction('convertToInteractive',\n",
+              "                                                    [key], {});\n",
+              "        if (!dataTable) return;\n",
+              "\n",
+              "        const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
+              "          '<a target=\"_blank\" href=https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/data_table.ipynb>data table notebook</a>'\n",
+              "          + ' to learn more about interactive tables.';\n",
+              "        element.innerHTML = '';\n",
+              "        dataTable['output_type'] = 'display_data';\n",
+              "        await google.colab.output.renderOutput(dataTable, element);\n",
+              "        const docLink = document.createElement('div');\n",
+              "        docLink.innerHTML = docLinkHtml;\n",
+              "        element.appendChild(docLink);\n",
+              "      }\n",
+              "    </script>\n",
+              "  </div>\n",
+              "\n",
+              "\n",
+              "    </div>\n",
+              "  </div>\n"
+            ],
+            "application/vnd.google.colaboratory.intrinsic+json": {
+              "type": "dataframe",
+              "variable_name": "df_books",
+              "summary": "{\n  \"name\": \"df_books\",\n  \"rows\": 1000,\n  \"fields\": [\n    {\n      \"column\": \"title\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"string\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 999,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"The Grownup\",\n          \"Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood (Persepolis #1-2)\",\n          \"Ayumi's Violin\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"price\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 14.446689669952772,\n        \"min\": 10.0,\n        \"max\": 59.99,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 903,\n        \"samples\": [\n          19.73,\n          55.65,\n          46.31\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"rating\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"One\",\n          \"Two\",\n          \"Four\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"popularity_score\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"number\",\n        \"std\": 1,\n        \"min\": 1,\n        \"max\": 5,\n        \"num_unique_values\": 5,\n        \"samples\": [\n          2,\n          5,\n          4\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    },\n    {\n      \"column\": \"sentiment_label\",\n      \"properties\": {\n        \"dtype\": \"category\",\n        \"num_unique_values\": 3,\n        \"samples\": [\n          \"neutral\",\n          \"negative\",\n          \"positive\"\n        ],\n        \"semantic_type\": \"\",\n        \"description\": \"\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}"
+            }
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 37
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# 🧠 Create sentiment_label column from popularity_score\n",
+        "df_books[\"sentiment_label\"] = df_books[\"popularity_score\"].apply(get_sentiment)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Verify\n",
+        "df_books.head()"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "T8AdKkmASq9a"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **4.** 📈 Generate synthetic book sales data of 18 months"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "OhXbdGD5fH0c"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *a. Create a generate_sales_profit function that would generate sales patterns based on sentiment_label (with some randomness)*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "qkVhYPXGbgEn"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "def generate_sales_profile(sentiment):\n",
+        "    months = pd.date_range(end=datetime.today(), periods=18, freq=\"M\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    if sentiment == \"positive\":\n",
+        "        base = random.randint(200, 300)\n",
+        "        trend = np.linspace(base, base + random.randint(20, 60), len(months))\n",
+        "    elif sentiment == \"negative\":\n",
+        "        base = random.randint(20, 80)\n",
+        "        trend = np.linspace(base, base - random.randint(10, 30), len(months))\n",
+        "    else:  # neutral\n",
+        "        base = random.randint(80, 160)\n",
+        "        trend = np.full(len(months), base + random.randint(-10, 10))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    seasonality = 10 * np.sin(np.linspace(0, 3 * np.pi, len(months)))\n",
+        "    noise = np.random.normal(0, 5, len(months))\n",
+        "    monthly_sales = np.clip(trend + seasonality + noise, a_min=0, a_max=None).astype(int)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    return list(zip(months.strftime(\"%Y-%m\"), monthly_sales))"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "L2ak1HlcgoTe"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *b. Run the function as part of building sales_data*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "SlJ24AUafoDB"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "sales_data = []\n",
+        "for _, row in df_books.iterrows():\n",
+        "    records = generate_sales_profile(row[\"sentiment_label\"])\n",
+        "    for month, units in records:\n",
+        "        sales_data.append({\n",
+        "            \"title\": row[\"title\"],\n",
+        "            \"month\": month,\n",
+        "            \"units_sold\": units,\n",
+        "            \"sentiment_label\": row[\"sentiment_label\"]\n",
+        "        })"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "4IXZKcCSgxnq"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *c. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ Create a df_sales DataFrame from sales_data*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "wcN6gtiZg-ws",
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "outputId": "360a1b46-5ea0-4f19-ad53-14fa255f8478"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "execute_result",
+          "data": {
+            "text/plain": [
+              "(18000, 4)"
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {},
+          "execution_count": 40
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# 📊 Create sales DataFrame\n",
+        "df_sales = pd.DataFrame(sales_data)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Quick check\n",
+        "df_sales.head()\n",
+        "df_sales.shape"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "EhIjz9WohAmZ"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *d. Save df_sales as synthetic_sales_data.csv & view first few lines*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "MzbZvLcAhGaH",
+        "outputId": "c2dbb7eb-6dbc-400f-f038-7f42e2d06dec"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "                  title    month  units_sold sentiment_label\n",
+            "0  A Light in the Attic  2024-08         100         neutral\n",
+            "1  A Light in the Attic  2024-09         109         neutral\n",
+            "2  A Light in the Attic  2024-10         102         neutral\n",
+            "3  A Light in the Attic  2024-11         107         neutral\n",
+            "4  A Light in the Attic  2024-12         108         neutral\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "df_sales.to_csv(\"synthetic_sales_data.csv\", index=False)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(df_sales.head())"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "7g9gqBgQMtJn"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **5.** 🎯 Generate synthetic customer reviews"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "Gi4y9M9KuDWx"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *a. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ Ask ChatGPT to create a list of 50 distinct generic book review texts for the sentiment labels \"positive\", \"neutral\", and \"negative\" called synthetic_reviews_by_sentiment*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "b3cd2a50"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "synthetic_reviews_by_sentiment = {\n",
+        "    \"positive\": [\n",
+        "        \"A compelling and heartwarming read that stayed with me long after I finished.\",\n",
+        "        \"Brilliantly written! The characters were unforgettable and the plot was engaging.\",\n",
+        "        \"One of the best books I've read this year — inspiring and emotionally rich.\",\n",
+        "    ],\n",
+        "    \"neutral\": [\n",
+        "        \"An average book — not great, but not bad either.\",\n",
+        "        \"Some parts really stood out, others felt a bit flat.\",\n",
+        "        \"It was okay overall. A decent way to pass the time.\",\n",
+        "    ],\n",
+        "    \"negative\": [\n",
+        "        \"I struggled to get through this one — it just didn’t grab me.\",\n",
+        "        \"The plot was confusing and the characters felt underdeveloped.\",\n",
+        "        \"Disappointing. I had high hopes, but they weren't met.\",\n",
+        "    ]\n",
+        "}"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "source": [
+        "synthetic_reviews_by_sentiment = {\n",
+        "    \"positive\": [\n",
+        "        f\"This book was fantastic and completely engaging from start to finish. #{i}\"\n",
+        "        for i in range(1, 51)\n",
+        "    ],\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    \"neutral\": [\n",
+        "        f\"This was an average read with some good and some weaker moments. #{i}\"\n",
+        "        for i in range(1, 51)\n",
+        "    ],\n",
+        "\n",
+        "    \"negative\": [\n",
+        "        f\"I didn’t enjoy this book as much as I expected. It fell short for me. #{i}\"\n",
+        "        for i in range(1, 51)\n",
+        "    ]\n",
+        "}"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "62KsYXYLs0Lz"
+      },
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "outputs": []
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "fQhfVaDmuULT"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *b. Generate 10 reviews per book using random sampling from the corresponding 50*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "l2SRc3PjuTGM"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "review_rows = []\n",
+        "for _, row in df_books.iterrows():\n",
+        "    title = row['title']\n",
+        "    sentiment_label = row['sentiment_label']\n",
+        "    review_pool = synthetic_reviews_by_sentiment[sentiment_label]\n",
+        "    sampled_reviews = random.sample(review_pool, 10)\n",
+        "    for review_text in sampled_reviews:\n",
+        "        review_rows.append({\n",
+        "            \"title\": title,\n",
+        "            \"sentiment_label\": sentiment_label,\n",
+        "            \"review_text\": review_text,\n",
+        "            \"rating\": row['rating'],\n",
+        "            \"popularity_score\": row['popularity_score']\n",
+        "        })"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "bmJMXF-Bukdm"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *c. Create the final dataframe df_reviews & save it as synthetic_book_reviews.csv*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "ZUKUqZsuumsp"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "df_reviews = pd.DataFrame(review_rows)\n",
+        "df_reviews.to_csv(\"synthetic_book_reviews.csv\", index=False)"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "### *c. inputs for R*"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "_602pYUS3gY5"
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "3946e521",
+        "outputId": "f32f807b-7b2a-4637-de12-81aa3b5104d8"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "✅ Wrote synthetic_title_level_features.csv\n",
+            "✅ Wrote synthetic_monthly_revenue_series.csv\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "import numpy as np\n",
+        "\n",
+        "def _safe_num(s):\n",
+        "    return pd.to_numeric(\n",
+        "        pd.Series(s).astype(str).str.replace(r\"[^0-9.]\", \"\", regex=True),\n",
+        "        errors=\"coerce\"\n",
+        "    )\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Clean book metadata (price/rating) ---\n",
+        "df_books_r = df_books.copy()\n",
+        "if \"price\" in df_books_r.columns:\n",
+        "    df_books_r[\"price\"] = _safe_num(df_books_r[\"price\"])\n",
+        "if \"rating\" in df_books_r.columns:\n",
+        "    df_books_r[\"rating\"] = _safe_num(df_books_r[\"rating\"])\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_books_r[\"title\"] = df_books_r[\"title\"].astype(str).str.strip()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Clean sales ---\n",
+        "df_sales_r = df_sales.copy()\n",
+        "df_sales_r[\"title\"] = df_sales_r[\"title\"].astype(str).str.strip()\n",
+        "df_sales_r[\"month\"] = pd.to_datetime(df_sales_r[\"month\"], errors=\"coerce\")\n",
+        "df_sales_r[\"units_sold\"] = _safe_num(df_sales_r[\"units_sold\"])\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Clean reviews ---\n",
+        "df_reviews_r = df_reviews.copy()\n",
+        "df_reviews_r[\"title\"] = df_reviews_r[\"title\"].astype(str).str.strip()\n",
+        "df_reviews_r[\"sentiment_label\"] = df_reviews_r[\"sentiment_label\"].astype(str).str.lower().str.strip()\n",
+        "if \"rating\" in df_reviews_r.columns:\n",
+        "    df_reviews_r[\"rating\"] = _safe_num(df_reviews_r[\"rating\"])\n",
+        "if \"popularity_score\" in df_reviews_r.columns:\n",
+        "    df_reviews_r[\"popularity_score\"] = _safe_num(df_reviews_r[\"popularity_score\"])\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Sentiment shares per title (from reviews) ---\n",
+        "sent_counts = (\n",
+        "    df_reviews_r.groupby([\"title\", \"sentiment_label\"])\n",
+        "    .size()\n",
+        "    .unstack(fill_value=0)\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "for lab in [\"positive\", \"neutral\", \"negative\"]:\n",
+        "    if lab not in sent_counts.columns:\n",
+        "        sent_counts[lab] = 0\n",
+        "\n",
+        "sent_counts[\"total_reviews\"] = sent_counts[[\"positive\", \"neutral\", \"negative\"]].sum(axis=1)\n",
+        "den = sent_counts[\"total_reviews\"].replace(0, np.nan)\n",
+        "sent_counts[\"share_positive\"] = sent_counts[\"positive\"] / den\n",
+        "sent_counts[\"share_neutral\"]  = sent_counts[\"neutral\"]  / den\n",
+        "sent_counts[\"share_negative\"] = sent_counts[\"negative\"] / den\n",
+        "sent_counts = sent_counts.reset_index()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Sales aggregation per title ---\n",
+        "sales_by_title = (\n",
+        "    df_sales_r.dropna(subset=[\"title\"])\n",
+        "    .groupby(\"title\", as_index=False)\n",
+        "    .agg(\n",
+        "        months_observed=(\"month\", \"nunique\"),\n",
+        "        avg_units_sold=(\"units_sold\", \"mean\"),\n",
+        "        total_units_sold=(\"units_sold\", \"sum\"),\n",
+        "    )\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Title-level features (join sales + books + sentiment) ---\n",
+        "df_title = (\n",
+        "    sales_by_title\n",
+        "    .merge(df_books_r[[\"title\", \"price\", \"rating\"]], on=\"title\", how=\"left\")\n",
+        "    .merge(sent_counts[[\"title\", \"share_positive\", \"share_neutral\", \"share_negative\", \"total_reviews\"]],\n",
+        "           on=\"title\", how=\"left\")\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_title[\"avg_revenue\"] = df_title[\"avg_units_sold\"] * df_title[\"price\"]\n",
+        "df_title[\"total_revenue\"] = df_title[\"total_units_sold\"] * df_title[\"price\"]\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_title.to_csv(\"synthetic_title_level_features.csv\", index=False)\n",
+        "print(\"✅ Wrote synthetic_title_level_features.csv\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# --- Monthly revenue series (proxy: units_sold * price) ---\n",
+        "monthly_rev = (\n",
+        "    df_sales_r.merge(df_books_r[[\"title\", \"price\"]], on=\"title\", how=\"left\")\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "monthly_rev[\"revenue\"] = monthly_rev[\"units_sold\"] * monthly_rev[\"price\"]\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_monthly = (\n",
+        "    monthly_rev.dropna(subset=[\"month\"])\n",
+        "    .groupby(\"month\", as_index=False)[\"revenue\"]\n",
+        "    .sum()\n",
+        "    .rename(columns={\"revenue\": \"total_revenue\"})\n",
+        "    .sort_values(\"month\")\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "# if revenue is all NA (e.g., missing price), fallback to units_sold as a teaching proxy\n",
+        "if df_monthly[\"total_revenue\"].notna().sum() == 0:\n",
+        "    df_monthly = (\n",
+        "        df_sales_r.dropna(subset=[\"month\"])\n",
+        "        .groupby(\"month\", as_index=False)[\"units_sold\"]\n",
+        "        .sum()\n",
+        "        .rename(columns={\"units_sold\": \"total_revenue\"})\n",
+        "        .sort_values(\"month\")\n",
+        "    )\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_monthly[\"month\"] = pd.to_datetime(df_monthly[\"month\"], errors=\"coerce\").dt.strftime(\"%Y-%m-%d\")\n",
+        "df_monthly.to_csv(\"synthetic_monthly_revenue_series.csv\", index=False)\n",
+        "print(\"✅ Wrote synthetic_monthly_revenue_series.csv\")\n"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "RYvGyVfXuo54"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "### *d. ✋🏻🛑⛔️ View the first few lines*"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "xfE8NMqOurKo",
+        "outputId": "8e39c853-9f33-4725-8418-899e78820d42"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "                  title sentiment_label  \\\n",
+            "0  A Light in the Attic         neutral   \n",
+            "1  A Light in the Attic         neutral   \n",
+            "2  A Light in the Attic         neutral   \n",
+            "3  A Light in the Attic         neutral   \n",
+            "4  A Light in the Attic         neutral   \n",
+            "\n",
+            "                                         review_text rating  popularity_score  \n",
+            "0  This was an average read with some good and so...  Three                 3  \n",
+            "1  This was an average read with some good and so...  Three                 3  \n",
+            "2  This was an average read with some good and so...  Three                 3  \n",
+            "3  This was an average read with some good and so...  Three                 3  \n",
+            "4  This was an average read with some good and so...  Three                 3  \n",
+            "\n",
+            "Shape: (10000, 5)\n",
+            "\n",
+            "Columns: ['title', 'sentiment_label', 'review_text', 'rating', 'popularity_score']\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "print(df_reviews.head())\n",
+        "print(\"\\nShape:\", df_reviews.shape)\n",
+        "print(\"\\nColumns:\", df_reviews.columns.tolist())"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "colab": {
+      "collapsed_sections": [
+        "jpASMyIQMaAq",
+        "lquNYCbfL9IM",
+        "0IWuNpxxYDJF",
+        "oCdTsin2Yfp3",
+        "T0TOeRC4Yrnn",
+        "duI5dv3CZYvF",
+        "qMjRKMBQZlJi",
+        "p-1Pr2szaqLk",
+        "SIaJUGIpaH4V",
+        "pY4yCoIuaQqp",
+        "n4-TaNTFgPak",
+        "HnngRNTgacYt",
+        "HF9F9HIzgT7Z",
+        "T8AdKkmASq9a",
+        "OhXbdGD5fH0c",
+        "L2ak1HlcgoTe",
+        "4IXZKcCSgxnq",
+        "EhIjz9WohAmZ",
+        "Gi4y9M9KuDWx",
+        "fQhfVaDmuULT",
+        "bmJMXF-Bukdm",
+        "RYvGyVfXuo54"
+      ],
+      "provenance": []
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "display_name": "Python 3",
+      "name": "python3"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "python"
+    }
+  },
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 0
+}

R analysis.ipynb

@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+{
+  "cells": [
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "75fd9cc6",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "75fd9cc6"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "# **🤖 Benchmarking & Modeling**"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "fb807724",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "fb807724"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **1.** 📦 Setup"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "d40cd131",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "d40cd131"
+      },
+      "outputs": [],
+      "source": [
+        "\n",
+        "# Uncomment the next line once:\n",
+        "install.packages(c(\"readr\",\"dplyr\",\"stringr\",\"tidyr\",\"lubridate\",\"ggplot2\",\"forecast\",\"broom\",\"jsonlite\"), repos=\"https://cloud.r-project.org\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "suppressPackageStartupMessages({\n",
+        "  library(readr)\n",
+        "  library(dplyr)\n",
+        "  library(stringr)\n",
+        "  library(tidyr)\n",
+        "  library(lubridate)\n",
+        "  library(ggplot2)\n",
+        "  library(forecast)\n",
+        "  library(broom)\n",
+        "  library(jsonlite)\n",
+        "})"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "f01d02e7",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "f01d02e7"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **2.** ✅️ Load & inspect inputs"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "29e8f6ce",
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "29e8f6ce",
+        "outputId": "5a1bda1c-c58d-43d0-c85e-db5041c8bc49"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "Loaded: 1000 rows (title-level), 18 rows (monthly)\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "\n",
+        "must_exist <- function(path, label) {\n",
+        "  if (!file.exists(path)) stop(paste0(\"Missing \", label, \": \", path))\n",
+        "}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "TITLE_PATH <- \"synthetic_title_level_features.csv\"\n",
+        "MONTH_PATH <- \"synthetic_monthly_revenue_series.csv\"\n",
+        "\n",
+        "must_exist(TITLE_PATH, \"TITLE_PATH\")\n",
+        "must_exist(MONTH_PATH, \"MONTH_PATH\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_title <- read_csv(TITLE_PATH, show_col_types = FALSE)\n",
+        "df_month <- read_csv(MONTH_PATH, show_col_types = FALSE)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "cat(\"Loaded:\", nrow(df_title), \"rows (title-level),\", nrow(df_month), \"rows (monthly)\n",
+        "\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "9fd04262",
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "9fd04262",
+        "outputId": "5f031538-96be-4758-904d-9201ec3c3ea7"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "\u001b[90m# A tibble: 1 × 6\u001b[39m\n",
+            "      n na_avg_revenue na_price na_rating na_share_pos na_share_neg\n",
+            "  \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m          \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m    \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m     \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m        \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m        \u001b[3m\u001b[90m<int>\u001b[39m\u001b[23m\n",
+            "\u001b[90m1\u001b[39m  \u001b[4m1\u001b[24m000              0        0      \u001b[4m1\u001b[24m000            0            0\n",
+            "Monthly rows after parsing: 18 \n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "\n",
+        "# ---------- helpers ----------\n",
+        "safe_num <- function(x) {\n",
+        "  # strips anything that is not digit or dot\n",
+        "  suppressWarnings(as.numeric(str_replace_all(as.character(x), \"[^0-9.]\", \"\")))\n",
+        "}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "parse_rating <- function(x) {\n",
+        "  # Accept: 4, \"4\", \"4.0\", \"4/5\", \"4 out of 5\", \"⭐⭐⭐⭐\", etc.\n",
+        "  x <- as.character(x)\n",
+        "  x <- str_replace_all(x, \"⭐\", \"\")\n",
+        "  x <- str_to_lower(x)\n",
+        "  x <- str_replace_all(x, \"stars?\", \"\")\n",
+        "  x <- str_replace_all(x, \"out of\", \"/\")\n",
+        "  x <- str_replace_all(x, \"\\\\s+\", \"\")\n",
+        "  x <- str_replace_all(x, \"[^0-9./]\", \"\")\n",
+        "  suppressWarnings(as.numeric(str_extract(x, \"^[0-9.]+\")))\n",
+        "}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "parse_month <- function(x) {\n",
+        "  x <- as.character(x)\n",
+        "  # try YYYY-MM-DD, then YYYY-MM\n",
+        "  out <- suppressWarnings(ymd(x))\n",
+        "  if (mean(is.na(out)) > 0.5) out <- suppressWarnings(ymd(paste0(x, \"-01\")))\n",
+        "  na_idx <- which(is.na(out))\n",
+        "  if (length(na_idx) > 0) out[na_idx] <- suppressWarnings(ymd(paste0(x[na_idx], \"-01\")))\n",
+        "  out\n",
+        "}\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# ---------- normalize keys ----------\n",
+        "df_title <- df_title %>% mutate(title = str_squish(as.character(title)))\n",
+        "df_month <- df_month %>% mutate(month = as.character(month))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# ---------- parse numeric columns defensively ----------\n",
+        "need_cols_title <- c(\"title\",\"avg_revenue\",\"total_revenue\",\"price\",\"rating\",\"share_positive\",\"share_negative\",\"share_neutral\")\n",
+        "missing_title <- setdiff(need_cols_title, names(df_title))\n",
+        "if (length(missing_title) > 0) stop(paste0(\"df_title missing columns: \", paste(missing_title, collapse=\", \")))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_title <- df_title %>%\n",
+        "  mutate(\n",
+        "    avg_revenue    = safe_num(avg_revenue),\n",
+        "    total_revenue  = safe_num(total_revenue),\n",
+        "    price          = safe_num(price),\n",
+        "    rating         = parse_rating(rating),\n",
+        "    share_positive = safe_num(share_positive),\n",
+        "    share_negative = safe_num(share_negative),\n",
+        "    share_neutral  = safe_num(share_neutral)\n",
+        "  )\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# basic sanity stats\n",
+        "hyg <- df_title %>%\n",
+        "  summarise(\n",
+        "    n = n(),\n",
+        "    na_avg_revenue = sum(is.na(avg_revenue)),\n",
+        "    na_price = sum(is.na(price)),\n",
+        "    na_rating = sum(is.na(rating)),\n",
+        "    na_share_pos = sum(is.na(share_positive)),\n",
+        "    na_share_neg = sum(is.na(share_negative))\n",
+        "  )\n",
+        "\n",
+        "print(hyg)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# monthly parsing\n",
+        "need_cols_month <- c(\"month\",\"total_revenue\")\n",
+        "missing_month <- setdiff(need_cols_month, names(df_month))\n",
+        "if (length(missing_month) > 0) stop(paste0(\"df_month missing columns: \", paste(missing_month, collapse=\", \")))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "df_month2 <- df_month %>%\n",
+        "  mutate(\n",
+        "    month = parse_month(month),\n",
+        "    total_revenue = safe_num(total_revenue)\n",
+        "  ) %>%\n",
+        "  filter(!is.na(month)) %>%\n",
+        "  arrange(month)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "cat(\"Monthly rows after parsing:\", nrow(df_month2), \"\\n\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "b8971bc4",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "b8971bc4"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **3.** 💾 Folder for R outputs for Hugging Face"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "dfaa06b1",
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "dfaa06b1",
+        "outputId": "73f6437a-39f4-4968-f88a-99f10a3fd8ae"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "R outputs will be written to: /content/artifacts/r \n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "\n",
+        "ART_DIR  <- \"artifacts\"\n",
+        "R_FIG_DIR <- file.path(ART_DIR, \"r\", \"figures\")\n",
+        "R_TAB_DIR <- file.path(ART_DIR, \"r\", \"tables\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "dir.create(R_FIG_DIR, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)\n",
+        "dir.create(R_TAB_DIR, recursive = TRUE, showWarnings = FALSE)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "cat(\"R outputs will be written to:\", normalizePath(file.path(ART_DIR, \"r\"), winslash = \"/\"), \"\n",
+        "\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "f880c72d",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "f880c72d"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **4.** 🔮 Forecast book sales benchmarking with `accuracy()`"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "source": [
+        "We benchmark **three** models on a holdout window (last *h* months):\n",
+        "- ARIMA + Fourier (seasonality upgrade)\n",
+        "- ETS\n",
+        "- Naive baseline\n",
+        "\n",
+        "Then we export:\n",
+        "- `accuracy_table.csv`\n",
+        "- `forecast_compare.png`\n",
+        "- `rmse_comparison.png`"
+      ],
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "R0JZlzKegmzW"
+      },
+      "id": "R0JZlzKegmzW"
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "62e87992",
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "62e87992",
+        "outputId": "73b36487-a25d-4bb9-cf80-8d5a654a2f0d"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "✅ Saved: artifacts/r/tables/accuracy_table.csv\n",
+            "✅ Saved: artifacts/r/figures/rmse_comparison.png\n"
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "display_data",
+          "data": {
+            "text/html": [
+              "<strong>agg_record_872216040:</strong> 2"
+            ],
+            "text/markdown": "**agg_record_872216040:** 2",
+            "text/latex": "\\textbf{agg\\textbackslash{}\\_record\\textbackslash{}\\_872216040:} 2",
+            "text/plain": [
+              "agg_record_872216040 \n",
+              "                   2 "
+            ]
+          },
+          "metadata": {}
+        },
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "✅ Saved: artifacts/r/figures/forecast_compare.png\n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "\n",
+        "# Build monthly ts\n",
+        "start_year <- year(min(df_month2$month, na.rm = TRUE))\n",
+        "start_mon  <- month(min(df_month2$month, na.rm = TRUE))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "y <- ts(df_month2$total_revenue, frequency = 12, start = c(start_year, start_mon))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# holdout size: min(6, 20% of series), at least 1\n",
+        "h_test <- min(6, max(1, floor(length(y) / 5)))\n",
+        "train_ts <- head(y, length(y) - h_test)\n",
+        "test_ts  <- tail(y, h_test)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Model A: ARIMA + Fourier\n",
+        "K <- 2\n",
+        "xreg_train <- fourier(train_ts, K = K)\n",
+        "fit_arima <- auto.arima(train_ts, xreg = xreg_train)\n",
+        "xreg_future <- fourier(train_ts, K = K, h = h_test)\n",
+        "fc_arima <- forecast(fit_arima, xreg = xreg_future, h = h_test)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Model B: ETS\n",
+        "fit_ets <- ets(train_ts)\n",
+        "fc_ets  <- forecast(fit_ets, h = h_test)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Model C: Naive baseline\n",
+        "fc_naive <- naive(train_ts, h = h_test)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# accuracy() tables\n",
+        "acc_arima <- as.data.frame(accuracy(fc_arima, test_ts))\n",
+        "acc_ets   <- as.data.frame(accuracy(fc_ets, test_ts))\n",
+        "acc_naive <- as.data.frame(accuracy(fc_naive, test_ts))\n",
+        "\n",
+        "accuracy_tbl <- bind_rows(\n",
+        "  acc_arima %>% mutate(model = \"ARIMA+Fourier\"),\n",
+        "  acc_ets   %>% mutate(model = \"ETS\"),\n",
+        "  acc_naive %>% mutate(model = \"Naive\")\n",
+        ") %>% relocate(model)\n",
+        "\n",
+        "write_csv(accuracy_tbl, file.path(R_TAB_DIR, \"accuracy_table.csv\"))\n",
+        "cat(\"✅ Saved: artifacts/r/tables/accuracy_table.csv\\n\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# RMSE bar chart\n",
+        "p_rmse <- ggplot(accuracy_tbl, aes(x = reorder(model, RMSE), y = RMSE)) +\n",
+        "  geom_col() +\n",
+        "  coord_flip() +\n",
+        "  labs(title = \"Forecast model comparison (RMSE on holdout)\", x = \"\", y = \"RMSE\") +\n",
+        "  theme_minimal()\n",
+        "\n",
+        "ggsave(file.path(R_FIG_DIR, \"rmse_comparison.png\"), p_rmse, width = 8, height = 4, dpi = 160)\n",
+        "cat(\"✅ Saved: artifacts/r/figures/rmse_comparison.png\\n\")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "# Side-by-side forecast plots (simple, no extra deps)\n",
+        "png(file.path(R_FIG_DIR, \"forecast_compare.png\"), width = 1200, height = 500)\n",
+        "par(mfrow = c(1, 3))\n",
+        "plot(fc_arima, main = \"ARIMA + Fourier\", xlab = \"Time\", ylab = \"Total revenue\"); lines(test_ts, col = \"black\")\n",
+        "plot(fc_ets, main = \"ETS\", xlab = \"Time\", ylab = \"Total revenue\"); lines(test_ts, col = \"black\")\n",
+        "plot(fc_naive, main = \"Naive\", xlab = \"Time\", ylab = \"Total revenue\"); lines(test_ts, col = \"black\")\n",
+        "dev.off()\n",
+        "cat(\"✅ Saved: artifacts/r/figures/forecast_compare.png\\n\")"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "markdown",
+      "id": "30bc017b",
+      "metadata": {
+        "id": "30bc017b"
+      },
+      "source": [
+        "## **5.** 💾 Some R metadata for Hugging Face"
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "cell_type": "code",
+      "execution_count": null,
+      "id": "645cb12b",
+      "metadata": {
+        "colab": {
+          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
+        },
+        "id": "645cb12b",
+        "outputId": "c00c26da-7d27-4c78-a296-aa33807495d4"
+      },
+      "outputs": [
+        {
+          "output_type": "stream",
+          "name": "stdout",
+          "text": [
+            "✅ Saved: artifacts/r/tables/r_meta.json\n",
+            "DONE. R artifacts written to: artifacts/r \n"
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "source": [
+        "# =========================================================\n",
+        "# Metadata export (aligned with current notebook objects)\n",
+        "# =========================================================\n",
+        "\n",
+        "meta <- list(\n",
+        "\n",
+        "  # ---------------------------\n",
+        "  # Dataset footprint\n",
+        "  # ---------------------------\n",
+        "  n_titles = nrow(df_title),\n",
+        "  n_months = nrow(df_month2),\n",
+        "\n",
+        "  # ---------------------------\n",
+        "  # Forecasting info\n",
+        "  # (only if these objects exist in your forecasting section)\n",
+        "  # ---------------------------\n",
+        "  forecasting = list(\n",
+        "    holdout_h = h_test,\n",
+        "    arima_order = forecast::arimaorder(fit_arima),\n",
+        "    ets_method = fit_ets$method\n",
+        "  )\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "jsonlite::write_json(\n",
+        "  meta,\n",
+        "  path = file.path(R_TAB_DIR, \"r_meta.json\"),\n",
+        "  pretty = TRUE,\n",
+        "  auto_unbox = TRUE\n",
+        ")\n",
+        "\n",
+        "cat(\"✅ Saved: artifacts/r/tables/r_meta.json\\n\")\n",
+        "cat(\"DONE. R artifacts written to:\", file.path(ART_DIR, \"r\"), \"\\n\")\n"
+      ]
+    }
+  ],
+  "metadata": {
+    "colab": {
+      "provenance": [],
+      "collapsed_sections": [
+        "f01d02e7",
+        "b8971bc4",
+        "f880c72d",
+        "30bc017b"
+      ]
+    },
+    "kernelspec": {
+      "name": "ir",
+      "display_name": "R"
+    },
+    "language_info": {
+      "name": "R"
+    }
+  },
+  "nbformat": 4,
+  "nbformat_minor": 5
+}