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#
# Copyright (c) 2025 Horizon Robotics. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
# implied. See the License for the specific language governing
# permissions and limitations under the License.
import json
import os
from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass, field
from typing import Optional
import imageio
import numpy as np
import sapien.core as sapien
import torch
import trimesh
import tyro
from embodied_gen.utils.log import logger
from embodied_gen.utils.simulation import (
FrankaPandaGrasper,
SapienSceneManager,
capture_frame,
create_panda_agent,
create_recording_camera,
estimate_grasp_width,
get_actor_bottom_z,
get_actor_mesh,
load_actor_from_urdf,
load_collision_mesh_from_urdf,
quat_from_yaw,
set_ground_base_color,
)
GROUND_BASE_COLOR = [0.78, 0.90, 0.72, 1.0]
SETTLE_CHECK_INTERVAL = 10
SETTLE_STABLE_WINDOWS = 3
SETTLE_BOTTOM_Z_TOL = 5e-4
MAX_EXTRA_SETTLE_STEPS = 120
@dataclass
class TrialResult:
"""Stores per-trial evaluation results."""
yaw_deg: float
success: bool
scale_factor: float
object_width_before_scale: float
object_width_after_scale: float
settled_bottom_z: float
final_bottom_z: float
lift_delta: float
peak_bottom_z: float | None = None
peak_lift_delta: float | None = None
lift_success_threshold: float | None = None
tcp_object_offset_range: float | None = None
sync_tol: float | None = None
final_lift_pass: bool | None = None
sync_pass: bool | None = None
video_path: str | None = None
note: str = ""
@dataclass
class EvalCollisionConfig:
urdf_path: str
output_path: Optional[str] = None
num_trials: int = 4
max_gripper_width: float = 0.075
gripper_clearance_ratio: float = 0.9
sim_freq: int = 200
control_freq: int = 20
settle_steps: int = 240
post_grasp_steps: int = 80
lift_success_height: Optional[float] = None
lift_success_ratio: float = 0.01
min_lift_success_height: float = 0.001
max_lift_success_height: float = 0.003
sync_tol: float = 0.02
approach_offset: float = 0.06
grasp_clearance: float = 0.004
grasp_height_ratio: float = 0.45
max_descent_from_top: float = 0.03
hover_offset: float = 0.12
hover_open_steps: int = 10
descent_stage_count: int = 4
descent_n_max_step: int = 25
lift_distance: float = 0.10
close_steps: int = 20
object_x: float = 0.55
object_y: float = 0.0
z_offset: float = 0.005
sim_backend: str = "cpu"
render_backend: str = "gpu"
ray_tracing: bool = False
save_video: bool = True
video_path: Optional[str] = None
video_fps: int = 20
render_interval: int = 4
image_hw: tuple[int, int] = (512, 512)
def __post_init__(self) -> None:
output_dir = os.path.join(
os.path.dirname(self.urdf_path), "grasp_trial"
)
if self.output_path is None:
self.output_path = os.path.join(
output_dir, "collision_success_eval.json"
)
if self.video_path is None:
self.video_path = os.path.join(
output_dir, "collision_success_eval.mp4"
)
def _compute_scale_factor(
urdf_path: str,
max_gripper_width: float,
clearance_ratio: float,
) -> tuple[float, float]:
"""Compute a scale that fits the asset within the gripper width."""
mesh = load_collision_mesh_from_urdf(urdf_path)
grasp_width = estimate_grasp_width(mesh)
target_width = max_gripper_width * clearance_ratio
if grasp_width <= 1e-6:
raise ValueError(f"Invalid grasp width estimated from {urdf_path}")
scale = min(1.0, target_width / grasp_width)
return float(scale), float(grasp_width)
def _compute_spawn_center_z(
mesh: trimesh.Trimesh,
scale_factor: float,
z_offset: float,
) -> float:
"""Compute actor-center z so the scaled mesh bottom is z_offset above z=0."""
local_bottom_z = float(mesh.bounds[0, 2] * scale_factor)
return z_offset - local_bottom_z
def _compute_adaptive_lift_threshold(
actor: sapien.Entity,
ratio: float,
min_height: float,
max_height: float,
absolute_override: float | None = None,
) -> float:
"""Compute a robust lift threshold from the settled object height."""
if absolute_override is not None:
return float(absolute_override)
mesh = get_actor_mesh(actor)
object_height = float(mesh.bounds[1, 2] - mesh.bounds[0, 2])
adaptive_height = object_height * ratio
return float(np.clip(adaptive_height, min_height, max_height))
def _build_trial_video_path(
video_path: str,
trial_idx: int,
yaw_deg: float,
) -> str:
"""Build a unique per-trial video path from the base output path."""
root, ext = os.path.splitext(video_path)
if not ext:
ext = ".mp4"
return f"{root}_trial{trial_idx:02d}_yaw{int(round(yaw_deg)):03d}{ext}"
@dataclass
class _GraspTracker:
"""Tracks gripper-object sync metrics during the grasp/lift phase.
The lift_delta of the object alone is fragile: a bounced-away object can
momentarily rise high before falling back. By logging the per-step offset
between the object bottom and the gripper TCP, we can also verify that the
object actually moves together with the gripper after closing.
"""
actor: sapien.Entity
grasper: FrankaPandaGrasper
peak_bottom_z: float | None = None
tcp_object_offsets: list[float] = field(default_factory=list)
def update(self) -> None:
bottom_z = get_actor_bottom_z(self.actor)
tcp_z = float(self.grasper.agent.tcp.pose[0].sp.p[2])
self.peak_bottom_z = (
bottom_z
if self.peak_bottom_z is None
else max(self.peak_bottom_z, bottom_z)
)
self.tcp_object_offsets.append(bottom_z - tcp_z)
@property
def offset_range(self) -> float:
if not self.tcp_object_offsets:
return 0.0
return float(
max(self.tcp_object_offsets) - min(self.tcp_object_offsets)
)
def _execute_actions(
scene_manager: SapienSceneManager,
agent: object,
actions: np.ndarray,
control_freq: int,
camera: sapien.render.RenderCameraComponent | None = None,
render_interval: int = 1,
video_frames: list[np.ndarray] | None = None,
tracker: _GraspTracker | None = None,
) -> None:
"""Run a sequence of robot actions."""
sim_steps = max(1, scene_manager.sim_freq // control_freq)
cameras = [] if camera is None else [camera]
render_keys = [] if camera is None else ["Color"]
for idx, action in enumerate(actions):
frames = scene_manager.step_action(
agent,
torch.tensor(action[None, ...], dtype=torch.float32),
cameras=cameras,
render_keys=render_keys,
sim_steps_per_control=sim_steps,
)
if (
camera is not None
and video_frames is not None
and idx % max(1, render_interval) == 0
):
video_frames.append(np.array(frames[camera.name][0]["Color"]))
if tracker is not None:
tracker.update()
def _hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager: SapienSceneManager,
grasper: FrankaPandaGrasper,
gripper_state: int,
control_freq: int,
n_step: int,
camera: sapien.render.RenderCameraComponent | None = None,
render_interval: int = 1,
video_frames: list[np.ndarray] | None = None,
tracker: _GraspTracker | None = None,
) -> None:
"""Hold gripper open/close while stepping the scene."""
hold_actions = grasper.control_gripper(
gripper_state=gripper_state,
n_step=n_step,
)
_execute_actions(
scene_manager,
grasper.agent,
hold_actions,
control_freq,
camera=camera,
render_interval=render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
tracker=tracker,
)
def _wait_until_actor_settled(
scene_manager: SapienSceneManager,
grasper: FrankaPandaGrasper,
actor: sapien.Entity,
control_freq: int,
initial_bottom_z: float,
max_extra_steps: int = MAX_EXTRA_SETTLE_STEPS,
check_interval: int = SETTLE_CHECK_INTERVAL,
stable_windows: int = SETTLE_STABLE_WINDOWS,
bottom_z_tol: float = SETTLE_BOTTOM_Z_TOL,
camera: sapien.render.RenderCameraComponent | None = None,
render_interval: int = 1,
video_frames: list[np.ndarray] | None = None,
) -> float:
"""Wait until the dropped object is visually settled on the ground."""
remaining_steps = max(0, max_extra_steps)
previous_bottom_z = initial_bottom_z
stable_count = 0
while remaining_steps > 0 and stable_count < stable_windows:
n_step = min(check_interval, remaining_steps)
_hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager,
grasper,
gripper_state=1,
control_freq=control_freq,
n_step=n_step,
camera=camera,
render_interval=render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
current_bottom_z = get_actor_bottom_z(actor)
if abs(current_bottom_z - previous_bottom_z) <= bottom_z_tol:
stable_count += 1
else:
stable_count = 0
previous_bottom_z = current_bottom_z
remaining_steps -= n_step
return previous_bottom_z
def _plan_scripted_grasp_stages(
grasper: FrankaPandaGrasper,
actor: sapien.Entity,
grasp_height_ratio: float,
grasp_clearance: float,
approach_offset: float,
lift_distance: float,
max_descent_from_top: float | None = None,
) -> tuple[sapien.Pose, sapien.Pose, sapien.Pose]:
"""Plan a simple top-down scripted grasp."""
mesh = get_actor_mesh(actor)
bounds = mesh.bounds
approaching = np.array([0.0, 0.0, -1.0])
center = bounds.mean(axis=0)
extents_xy = bounds[1, :2] - bounds[0, :2]
closing = (
np.array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0])
if extents_xy[0] <= extents_xy[1]
else np.array([0.0, 1.0, 0.0])
)
object_height = bounds[1, 2] - bounds[0, 2]
grasp_z = bounds[0, 2] + object_height * grasp_height_ratio
if max_descent_from_top is not None:
grasp_z = max(grasp_z, bounds[1, 2] - max_descent_from_top)
grasp_z = float(
np.clip(
grasp_z,
bounds[0, 2] + 0.015,
bounds[1, 2] - 0.005,
)
)
center = np.array([center[0], center[1], grasp_z + grasp_clearance])
grasp_pose = grasper.agent.build_grasp_pose(approaching, closing, center)
pre_grasp_pose = sapien.Pose(
p=grasp_pose.p + np.array([0.0, 0.0, approach_offset]),
q=grasp_pose.q,
)
lift_pose = sapien.Pose(
p=grasp_pose.p + np.array([0.0, 0.0, lift_distance]),
q=grasp_pose.q,
)
return pre_grasp_pose, grasp_pose, lift_pose
def _build_grasp_stage_candidates(
grasper: FrankaPandaGrasper,
actor: sapien.Entity,
grasp_height_ratio: float,
grasp_clearance: float,
approach_offset: float,
lift_distance: float,
max_descent_from_top: float | None = None,
) -> list[tuple[float, float, sapien.Pose, sapien.Pose, sapien.Pose]]:
"""Build fallback grasp-stage candidates for tapered objects like bottles."""
ratio_candidates = [
grasp_height_ratio,
min(0.95, grasp_height_ratio + 0.08),
min(0.95, grasp_height_ratio + 0.16),
]
clearance_candidates = [
grasp_clearance,
grasp_clearance + 0.004,
grasp_clearance + 0.008,
]
candidates = []
seen_keys = set()
for ratio, clearance in zip(ratio_candidates, clearance_candidates):
key = (round(ratio, 4), round(clearance, 4))
if key in seen_keys:
continue
seen_keys.add(key)
pre_grasp_pose, grasp_pose, lift_pose = _plan_scripted_grasp_stages(
grasper,
actor,
grasp_height_ratio=ratio,
grasp_clearance=clearance,
approach_offset=approach_offset,
lift_distance=lift_distance,
max_descent_from_top=max_descent_from_top,
)
candidates.append(
(ratio, clearance, pre_grasp_pose, grasp_pose, lift_pose)
)
return candidates
def _build_hover_pose(
actor: sapien.Entity,
grasp_pose: sapien.Pose,
hover_offset: float,
) -> sapien.Pose:
"""Build a hover pose at a fixed offset above the object top surface."""
mesh = get_actor_mesh(actor)
top_z = float(mesh.bounds[1, 2])
return sapien.Pose(
p=np.array([grasp_pose.p[0], grasp_pose.p[1], top_z + hover_offset]),
q=grasp_pose.q,
)
def _build_descent_stage_poses(
grasp_pose: sapien.Pose,
hover_offset: float,
num_stages: int,
) -> list[sapien.Pose]:
"""Split the downward approach into multiple slow open-gripper stages."""
if num_stages <= 0:
return [grasp_pose]
stage_offsets = np.linspace(hover_offset, 0.0, num_stages + 1)[1:]
return [
sapien.Pose(
p=grasp_pose.p + np.array([0.0, 0.0, float(offset)]),
q=grasp_pose.q,
)
for offset in stage_offsets
]
def run_single_trial(
args: EvalCollisionConfig,
yaw_deg: float,
scale_factor: float,
grasp_width: float,
record_video: bool = False,
video_path: str | None = None,
) -> TrialResult:
"""Run one grasp trial with a fixed yaw."""
scene_manager = SapienSceneManager(
sim_freq=args.sim_freq,
ray_tracing=args.ray_tracing,
device=args.sim_backend,
)
scene = scene_manager.scene
set_ground_base_color(scene, GROUND_BASE_COLOR)
agent = create_panda_agent(
scene,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
sim_backend=args.sim_backend,
render_backend=args.render_backend,
)
video_frames: list[np.ndarray] | None = None
camera = None
if record_video:
video_frames = []
camera = create_recording_camera(
scene_manager,
eye_pos=[args.object_x - 0.32, args.object_y - 0.52, 0.56],
target_pt=[args.object_x - 0.01, args.object_y, 0.27],
image_hw=tuple(args.image_hw),
fovy_deg=60.0,
)
collision_mesh = load_collision_mesh_from_urdf(args.urdf_path)
spawn_center_z = _compute_spawn_center_z(
collision_mesh,
scale_factor=scale_factor,
z_offset=args.z_offset,
)
spawn_pose = sapien.Pose(
p=[
args.object_x,
args.object_y,
spawn_center_z,
],
q=quat_from_yaw(yaw_deg),
)
actor = load_actor_from_urdf(
scene,
args.urdf_path,
pose=spawn_pose,
use_static=False,
update_mass=True,
scale=scale_factor,
)
if video_frames is not None and camera is not None:
video_frames.append(capture_frame(scene, camera))
grasper = FrankaPandaGrasper(agent, control_freq=args.control_freq)
_hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager,
grasper,
gripper_state=1,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
n_step=max(
1,
args.settle_steps
// max(1, scene_manager.sim_freq // args.control_freq),
),
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
settled_bottom_z = get_actor_bottom_z(actor)
settled_bottom_z = _wait_until_actor_settled(
scene_manager,
grasper,
actor,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
initial_bottom_z=settled_bottom_z,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
grasp_candidates = _build_grasp_stage_candidates(
grasper,
actor,
grasp_height_ratio=args.grasp_height_ratio,
grasp_clearance=args.grasp_clearance,
approach_offset=args.approach_offset,
lift_distance=args.lift_distance,
max_descent_from_top=args.max_descent_from_top,
)
selected_lift_pose = None
selected_candidate_note = ""
grasp_stage_failure_note = "failed to reach pre-grasp pose"
for candidate_idx, candidate in enumerate(grasp_candidates):
(
candidate_ratio,
candidate_clearance,
_pre_grasp_pose,
grasp_pose,
lift_pose,
) = candidate
hover_pose = _build_hover_pose(
actor, grasp_pose, hover_offset=args.hover_offset
)
hover_actions = grasper.move_to_pose(
hover_pose,
grasper.control_timestep,
gripper_state=1,
n_max_step=80,
)
if hover_actions is None:
grasp_stage_failure_note = "failed to reach hover pose"
continue
_execute_actions(
scene_manager,
agent,
hover_actions,
args.control_freq,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
_hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager,
grasper,
gripper_state=1,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
n_step=args.hover_open_steps,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
descent_failed = False
for descent_pose in _build_descent_stage_poses(
grasp_pose,
hover_offset=args.hover_offset,
num_stages=args.descent_stage_count,
):
descent_actions = grasper.move_to_pose(
descent_pose,
grasper.control_timestep,
gripper_state=1,
n_max_step=args.descent_n_max_step,
)
if descent_actions is None:
descent_failed = True
grasp_stage_failure_note = (
"failed during slow descent to grasp pose"
)
break
_execute_actions(
scene_manager,
agent,
descent_actions,
args.control_freq,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
if descent_failed:
continue
_hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager,
grasper,
gripper_state=1,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
n_step=2,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
)
selected_lift_pose = lift_pose
selected_candidate_note = (
""
if candidate_idx == 0
else (
f"fallback grasp candidate ratio={candidate_ratio:.2f}, "
f"clearance={candidate_clearance:.3f}"
)
)
break
if selected_lift_pose is None:
if video_frames is not None and video_path is not None:
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(video_path), exist_ok=True)
imageio.mimsave(video_path, video_frames, fps=args.video_fps)
return TrialResult(
yaw_deg=yaw_deg,
success=False,
scale_factor=scale_factor,
object_width_before_scale=grasp_width,
object_width_after_scale=grasp_width * scale_factor,
settled_bottom_z=settled_bottom_z,
final_bottom_z=settled_bottom_z,
lift_delta=0.0,
video_path=video_path,
note=grasp_stage_failure_note,
)
lift_success_threshold = _compute_adaptive_lift_threshold(
actor,
ratio=args.lift_success_ratio,
min_height=args.min_lift_success_height,
max_height=args.max_lift_success_height,
absolute_override=args.lift_success_height,
)
tracker = _GraspTracker(actor=actor, grasper=grasper)
close_actions = grasper.control_gripper(
gripper_state=-1,
n_step=args.close_steps,
)
_execute_actions(
scene_manager,
agent,
close_actions,
args.control_freq,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
tracker=tracker,
)
stage_note = "ok"
lift_actions = grasper.move_to_pose(
selected_lift_pose,
grasper.control_timestep,
gripper_state=-1,
n_max_step=50,
)
if lift_actions is not None:
_execute_actions(
scene_manager,
agent,
lift_actions,
args.control_freq,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
tracker=tracker,
)
else:
stage_note = "failed to lift after closing"
_hold_gripper_state(
scene_manager,
grasper,
gripper_state=-1,
control_freq=args.control_freq,
n_step=args.post_grasp_steps,
camera=camera,
render_interval=args.render_interval,
video_frames=video_frames,
tracker=tracker,
)
final_bottom_z = get_actor_bottom_z(actor)
lift_delta = final_bottom_z - settled_bottom_z
peak_bottom_z = (
final_bottom_z
if tracker.peak_bottom_z is None
else tracker.peak_bottom_z
)
peak_lift_delta = peak_bottom_z - settled_bottom_z
offset_range = tracker.offset_range
final_lift_pass = bool(lift_delta >= lift_success_threshold)
sync_pass = bool(offset_range <= args.sync_tol)
success = bool(final_lift_pass and sync_pass)
if video_frames is not None and camera is not None:
video_frames.append(capture_frame(scene, camera))
if video_frames is not None and video_path is not None:
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(video_path), exist_ok=True)
imageio.mimsave(video_path, video_frames, fps=args.video_fps)
if stage_note != "ok":
note = stage_note
elif success:
note = selected_candidate_note or "ok"
elif not final_lift_pass and not sync_pass:
note = "object dropped and decoupled from gripper"
elif not final_lift_pass:
note = "object did not stay lifted (likely bounced or dropped)"
else:
note = "object did not move synchronously with gripper"
return TrialResult(
yaw_deg=yaw_deg,
success=success,
scale_factor=scale_factor,
object_width_before_scale=grasp_width,
object_width_after_scale=grasp_width * scale_factor,
settled_bottom_z=settled_bottom_z,
final_bottom_z=final_bottom_z,
lift_delta=lift_delta,
peak_bottom_z=peak_bottom_z,
peak_lift_delta=peak_lift_delta,
lift_success_threshold=lift_success_threshold,
tcp_object_offset_range=offset_range,
sync_tol=args.sync_tol,
final_lift_pass=final_lift_pass,
sync_pass=sync_pass,
video_path=video_path,
note=note,
)
def entrypoint(**kwargs) -> dict:
"""Run collision-success evaluation for a URDF asset."""
if kwargs:
kwargs.setdefault("urdf_path", "__dummy__.urdf")
args = EvalCollisionConfig(**kwargs)
else:
args = tyro.cli(EvalCollisionConfig)
if not os.path.exists(args.urdf_path):
raise FileNotFoundError(f"URDF file not found: {args.urdf_path}")
logger.info(
f"Start collision-success eval: urdf={args.urdf_path}, "
f"num_trials={args.num_trials}, sync_tol={args.sync_tol}, "
f"output={args.output_path}"
)
scale_factor, grasp_width = _compute_scale_factor(
args.urdf_path,
max_gripper_width=args.max_gripper_width,
clearance_ratio=args.gripper_clearance_ratio,
)
yaw_values = np.linspace(0, 360, args.num_trials, endpoint=False)
trials = [
run_single_trial(
args,
float(yaw_deg),
scale_factor,
grasp_width,
record_video=args.save_video,
video_path=(
_build_trial_video_path(args.video_path, idx, float(yaw_deg))
if args.save_video
else None
),
)
for idx, yaw_deg in enumerate(yaw_values)
]
success_count = sum(int(trial.success) for trial in trials)
result = {
"urdf_path": args.urdf_path,
"num_trials": args.num_trials,
"num_success": success_count,
"collision_success_rate": success_count / max(1, args.num_trials),
"scale_factor": scale_factor,
"estimated_grasp_width_before_scale": grasp_width,
"estimated_grasp_width_after_scale": grasp_width * scale_factor,
"video_path": args.video_path if args.save_video else None,
"trial_video_paths": [
trial.video_path
for trial in trials
if trial.video_path is not None
],
"trials": [asdict(trial) for trial in trials],
}
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(args.output_path), exist_ok=True)
with open(args.output_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
json.dump(result, f, indent=2)
logger.info(f"Collision success report saved to {args.output_path}")
return result
if __name__ == "__main__":
entrypoint()
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