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@@ -788,6 +788,161 @@
     "page_type": "source-summary",
     "layer": "wiki"
   },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (2021)]\n**Full title:** The Kenya Cereals Enhancement Programme – Climate Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods (KCEP-CRAL) Window: Farmers' Extension Handbook – Cereals and Pulses\n\n**Published:** April 2021 by KALRO\n\n**Funded by:** European Union (EU) and Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP) via IFAD\n\n**Scope:** Practical field-level extension guide covering maize, sorghum, millet, common beans, green grams, pigeon peas, and cowpeas; with chapters on climate-smart agriculture, soil fertility, water management, and farming as a business.\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (2021)",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — Overview]\nAgriculture contributes 33% of Kenya's GDP directly, 27% indirectly, and 65% of export earnings. The handbook addresses climate change adaptation for smallholder farmers in KCEP-CRAL counties, emphasising climate-smart agriculture (CSA) across all value chains.\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "Overview",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 1.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)]\nThree pillars (Table 1.1):\n\n| Pillar | Practices |\n|---|---|\n| **Productivity** | Improved crop varieties, crop rotation, intercropping, relay cropping, IPM |\n| **Adaptation** | Mulching, improved fallows, water harvesting, drip irrigation, agroforestry |\n| **Mitigation** | Conservation tillage, reduced burning, improved manure handling |",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "1.2 Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 1.4 Conservation Agriculture (CA) Principles]\n- **Minimum soil disturbance** — improves water infiltration, builds organic matter, reduces costs\n- **Permanent soil cover** — crop residues, cover crops (cowpeas), tree biomass\n- **Crop rotation/diversification** — breaks pest/disease cycles",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "1.4 Conservation Agriculture (CA) Principles",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 1.5 Soil and Water Conservation]\n- Water conservation vs. rainwater harvesting (RWH): SWC retains water in situ; RWH diverts runoff to another location\n- Techniques: retention ditches, grass strips (Napier/natural grasses), check dams, terraces, zai pits, bunds\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "1.5 Soil and Water Conservation",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 2.5 Plant Nutrients and Roles]\n17 elements required; key ones from soil:\n\n| Nutrient | Key Functions | Deficiency Symptoms |\n|---|---|---|\n| Nitrogen (N) | Vegetative growth, protein, chlorophyll | Yellowing of lower leaves; stunted growth |\n| Phosphorus (P) | Root development, energy transfer | Purple/reddish discolouration; poor root growth |\n| Potassium (K) | Moisture stress tolerance, grain quality, disease resistance | Edge necrosis on leaves; lodging |\n| Zinc (Zn) | Enzyme activation | White/bleached bands along leaf midrib (maize) |",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "2.5 Plant Nutrients and Roles",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 2.8 Chemical vs. Organic Fertilizers]\nChemical fertilizers: quick-release, rich in NPK, tend to cake, nitrate-based types explosive if mishandled.\n\nOrganic: slower release, improve soil structure and moisture retention; recommended at 15–20 tons/ha FYM.",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "2.8 Chemical vs. Organic Fertilizers",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 2.12 Soil Moisture Conservation Methods]\n- Manure/compost spreading, mulching, conservation tillage, crop rotation\n- Zai pits and bunds for water harvesting in ASALs\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "2.12 Soil Moisture Conservation Methods",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 4.1 Maize]\n**Agro-ecological requirements:**\n- Soil: loamy, pH 5.0–7.0\n- Temperature: optimum 30°C\n- Rainfall: as per zone (highland to dryland)\n\n**Variety table (Table 4.2) — abridged:**\n\n| Variety | Source | AEZ | Maturity (days) | Yield (90 kg bags/acre) |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| PAN4M-19 | PANNAR | Dry lands | 90–110 | 25 |\n| PH4 | Kenya Seed Company | Coastal Lowlands | 100–120 | 24 |\n| PH1 | Kenya Seed Company | Coastal Lowlands | 95–110 | 22 |\n| SY594 | Syngenta | Coastal Lowlands | 110–120 | 24 |\n| DH04 | Kenya Seed Company | Moist Mid-Altitude | 110–120 | 16 |\n| TOSHEKA | East Africa Seed | Moist Mid-Altitude | 100–110 | 24 |\n| DK8033 | BAYER | Moist Mid-Altitude | 120–130 | 38 |\n| DK777 | BAYER | Moist Mid-Altitude | 120–180 | 40 |\n| KH500-43A | East Africa Seed | Moist Mid-Altitude | 100–130 | — |\n| TSAVO3106 | Gicheha Farm Limited | Moist Mid-Altitude | 100–150 | 32 |\n\n**Planting spacing (Table 4.5):**\n\n| Region | Spacing | Density (plants/acre) |\n|---|---|---|\n| Highland | 75×25 cm, 1 plant/hill (pure stand) | 21,333 |\n| Highland | 75×50 cm, 2 plants/hill (intercrop) | 21,333 |\n| Medium | 75×30 cm, 1 plant/hill (pure stand) | 17,778 |\n| Medium | 75×60 cm, 2 plants/hill (intercrop) | 11,778 |\n| Dry land | 90×30 cm, 1 plant/hill",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "page": 0,
+    "layer": "wiki",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "4.1 Maize",
+    "page_type": "source-summary"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "ill (pure stand) | 17,778 |\n| Medium | 75×60 cm, 2 plants/hill (intercrop) | 11,778 |\n| Dry land | 90×30 cm, 1 plant/hill (pure stand) | 15,140 |\n| Dry land | 90×60 cm, 2 plants/hill (intercrop) | 15,140 |\n\n**Land preparation (Table 4.3):**\n- Conventional (virgin land): plough twice + harrow; or plough once ≥3 months before planting + 2 harrows\n- Conservation Agriculture: spray recommended herbicide + crop residue retention\n\n**Weed management:** First weeding 2–3 weeks after emergence; herbicides as pre-emergent option.\n\n**Crop rotation:** Rotate with pulses (beans, cowpeas, peas); avoid rotating with other cereals (sorghum, millet).\n\n#### 4.1.3 Crop Protection — Maize Pests and Diseases\n\n**Key pests:**\n\n| Pest | Symptom | Management |\n|---|---|---|\n| Fall Armyworm (FAW) | Inverted Y on caterpillar forehead; grey-black larvae | Neembicidine (100 ml/20 l); Belt (flubendazole); Voliam Targo (chlorantraniliprole, 5 ml/20 l); Engeo (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin, 20 ml/20 l) |\n| Maize stem borers | Dead hearts; tunneling in stems | Intercrop with desmodium; trap crops; insecticides |\n| Maize leafhoppers | Transmit maize streak virus | Insecticides; resistant varieties |\n\n**Key diseases:**\n\n| Disease | Symptom | Management |\n|---|---|---|\n| Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) | Multiple chlorotic mottle patterns; plant death | Resistant varieties; rogue infected plants; spray Alpha-cypermethrin (20–30 ml/20 l) starting 1 month after planting |\n| Common smut (*Ustilago*) | Galls on tassels/ears/stalks | Crop rotation; field hygiene; resistant varieties |\n| Fusarium ear rot | White streaks on grain; mycotoxin risk | Control stem borers; early harvest; avoid mechanical injury |\n\n**Yield",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "page": 0,
+    "layer": "wiki",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "4.1 Maize",
+    "page_type": "source-summary"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "assels/ears/stalks | Crop rotation; field hygiene; resistant varieties |\n| Fusarium ear rot | White streaks on grain; mycotoxin risk | Control stem borers; early harvest; avoid mechanical injury |\n\n**Yield losses:** 30–100% reported from MLND and insect pests (p. 36).\n\n#### 4.1.4 Post-Harvest Management\n\n- **Green maize:** Harvest when grain hardens or silky flowering turns black\n- **Dried maize:** Harvest at physiological maturity; stook 2–4 weeks for further drying\n- **Shelling:** Immediately after harvest; manual or mechanical\n- **Moisture test (salt test):** Fill 750 ml bottle 1/3 with grain + 20–30 g dry salt; shake 1 min; leave 15 min. Salt sticking → >15% moisture (not safe). Salt not sticking → <15% (safe for storage).\n- **Storage:** Metallic silos or hermetic bags (Agro-Z bags). Target moisture content: 13%.\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "page": 0,
+    "layer": "wiki",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "4.1 Maize",
+    "page_type": "source-summary"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 4.2 Sorghum]\n**Agro-ecological requirements:** Clay-loamy soils, pH 5.0–8.5, 15–35°C, 250–900 mm rainfall, 500–2,500 masl altitude.\n\n**Soil fertility:** NPK (20:20:0, 23:23:0, or 17:17:17) — 50 kg/acre at planting; top-dress with CAN 50 kg/acre after first weeding.\n\n**Ratooning:** Cut plants 3 inches above ground immediately after harvest; well-established roots allow second season crop from regrowth.\n\n**Key diseases:** Long smut (seed-borne), covered smut, downy mildew, anthracnose.\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "4.2 Sorghum",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 4.3 Millet]\n**Types covered:** Pearl millet, finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet.\n\n**Agro-ecological requirements:** Clay-loamy, pH 5.0–8.5, 15–30°C, 200–500 mm rainfall.\n\n**Varieties (Table 4.13 – finger millet):**\n\n| Variety | Maturity (months) | Grain colour | Yield (90 kg bags/acre) |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| P224 | 4 | Brown | 10–12 |\n| Gulu E | 4 | Brown | 8 |\n| KAT/FM-1 | 3 | Brown | 6–8 |\n| LANET FM-1 | 4 | Brown | 7–10 |\n\n**Proso:** KAT/PRO-1 (2.5 months, cream, 6–8 bags/acre)\n**Fox millet:** KAT/FOX-1 (4 months, cream-yellow, 8–10 bags/acre)\n\n**Soil fertility:** NPK (20:20:0 or 23:23:0) 50 kg/acre at planting; top-dress with CAN 50 kg/acre if rainfall extends beyond 30 days.\n\n**Intercropping:** Millet + pigeon peas or green grams; row arrangement: single alternate or two rows of millet : two rows of pulses (60 cm spacing).\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "4.3 Millet",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 5.1 Common Beans]\n**Agro-ecological requirements:** Silt loamy, pH 5.8–7.0, 18–30°C, 500–1,500 mm rainfall, 900–2,100 masl.\n\n**Varieties (Table 5.2):**\n\n| Variety | Source | Altitude (masl) | Maturity (months) | Yield (bags/acre) | Special Attributes |\n|---|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Mwitemania (GLP 92) | KALRO/KSC | 900–1,600 | 2–3 | 6–8 | Drought tolerant |\n| Rosecoco (GLP 2) | KALRO/KSC | 1,500–2,000 | 2–3 | 8–10 | High yield; wide adaptation |\n| Red Haricot (Wairimu) | KALRO/KSC | 1,500–1,800 | 2–3 | 6–8 | Susceptible to root rot |\n| KK 8 | KALRO | 1,500–1,800 | 2–3 | 8–10 | Tolerant to root rot |\n| Chelalang' | Egerton University | 500–1,... | — | — | — |\n\n**Soil fertility:** 15–20 tons/ha FYM; or 80 kg DAP/23:23:0/Mavuno per acre; thoroughly mix with soil before covering seed.",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "5.1 Common Beans",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 5.2 Green Grams]\n**Varieties:** N22/KVR22 (dryland); KS20 (improved, larger seeds, uniform ripening).\n\n**Storage moisture:** 12%.",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "5.2 Green Grams",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 5.3 Pigeon Peas]\n**Varieties:**\n\n| Variety | Maturity (days) | Yield (kg/acre) | Notes |\n|---|---|---|---|\n| Mbaazi 1 (ICPL 87091) | 105–120 | 400 (1 season); 800 (2 seasons) | Determinate; flowers in 55–70 days |\n| KAT 60/8 | — | — | Resistant to Fusarium wilt |\n| Peacock | — | — | — |\n| Mbaazi 2 | — | — | — |\n\n**County selections for semi-arid areas (2016–2020):** Kitui, Embu (Mbeere), Tharaka Nithi → Mbaazi 1 + KAT 60/8 (lower zone); Peacock/Mbaazi 2 (upper zone).\n\n**Storage:** Dry to 13% moisture; store with neem leaves, wood ash (4–6 kg/90 kg bag), or Actellic (50 g/90 kg bag); hermetic bags or airtight drums.",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "5.3 Pigeon Peas",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — 5.4 Cowpeas]\n**Varieties (Table 5.14):**\n\n| Variety | Altitude (masl) | Maturity (days) | Yield (90 kg bags/acre) | Attributes |\n|---|---|---|---|---|\n| Machakos 66 (M66) | 1,200–... | — | — | Drought tolerant |\n\n**Spacing (sole crop):** 60×20 cm.\n\n**Storage moisture:** 10%.\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "5.4 Cowpeas",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — Chapter 6: Farming as a Business]\n- Farming is a business requiring records of production, labour, cash flow, home consumption, and fixed assets\n- Market linkages, collective selling, and value addition are key for commercialisation\n- Risk management includes agricultural insurance (crop/livestock)\n\n---",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "Chapter 6: Farming as a Business",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
+  {
+    "text": "[\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\" — Key Takeaways for Chatbot]\n- Authoritative 2021 KCEP-CRAL field-level reference for multiple crops in ASAL/semi-arid Kenya\n- Contains the most comprehensive spacing tables (highland, medium, dryland) in the knowledge base\n- Covers Fall Armyworm (FAW) management with specific chemical recommendations — not covered in other sources\n- Includes sorghum, millet, beans, green grams, pigeon peas, cowpeas — complements maize-focused documents\n- Salt test moisture method and hermetic bag storage (Agro-Z bags) are practical post-harvest innovations\n- Pigeon pea county-level variety recommendations (Kitui, Embu, Tharaka Nithi) are unique to this document\n- Complements [[kcep-maize-training-manual-2016]] (2016 Western Kenya focus), [[kcsap-training-manual]] (KCSAP 2021), and [[maize-timps-volume1]] (TIMPs inventory)",
+    "source": "wiki/sources/kcep-cral-farmers-extension-handbook-2021.md",
+    "title": "\"KCEP-CRAL Farmers' Extension Handbook: Cereals and Pulses (KALRO/KCEP-CRAL, 2021)\"",
+    "section": "Key Takeaways for Chatbot",
+    "page_type": "source-summary",
+    "layer": "wiki"
+  },
   {
     "text": "[\"Combining Ability of KALRO Muguga Inbred Lines (Kariuki, 2015)\" — Combining Ability of KALRO Muguga Inbred Lines]\n**Citation:** Kariuki, J. M. (2015). *Combining ability of inbred lines of maize (Zea mays L.) developed at KALRO Muguga.* MSc thesis, Kenyatta University.",
     "source": "wiki/sources/combining-ability-kalro-muguga-thesis.md",