| { |
| "about": "Plain language definitions of the words this page uses. Alphabetical. Also available in the page as window.unrollView.glossary.", |
| "terms": [ |
| {"id": "auc", "term": "AUC and score", "aliases": ["AUC", "AP", "score", "median AP"], "def": "A number from 0 to 1 that says how well an ink map matches a reference map. 1 is a perfect match; a random guess scores low. The Ink Bench reports average precision (AP), a close cousin of AUC that rewards finding the real ink without marking blank papyrus."}, |
| {"id": "carbonized", "term": "Carbonized", "aliases": ["carbonised", "charred"], "def": "Turned to charcoal by heat. The eruption baked the scrolls into fragile black lumps that crumble if you try to open them by hand."}, |
| {"id": "crumble", "term": "Crumble", "aliases": [], "def": "A Destroy action that breaks the whole scroll up from its edges into a heap of dust. Reset brings it back. For fun only."}, |
| {"id": "crush", "term": "Crush", "aliases": [], "def": "A Destroy tool: press to crumble the papyrus where you point; hold to press deeper into the roll. For fun only."}, |
| {"id": "ct", "term": "CT scan (X-ray scan, micro-CT)", "aliases": ["micro-CT", "microCT", "X-ray CT", "CT", "X-ray scan", "X-ray", "scan"], "def": "Thousands of X-ray pictures taken from all around the scroll, combined by a computer into a 3D picture of its inside. Micro means the detail is very fine, a few thousandths of a millimeter. The X-ray layer shows this brightness with no ink detection."}, |
| {"id": "ctvolume", "term": "CT volume", "aliases": ["CT cube", "volume view", "raw CT"], "def": "A cube of the raw X-ray scan, up to 256 voxels on a side, around a point you pick on the papyrus. Shown beside the scroll as a MIP inside a slab, read straight from the public scan."}, |
| {"id": "destroy", "term": "Destroy tools", "aliases": ["Destroy"], "def": "A toy mode that lets you tear, crush, burn or soak the 3D scroll. It is not a real unrolling and changes nothing in the data."}, |
| {"id": "fiber", "term": "Fiber", "aliases": ["fibre", "fibers", "fibres"], "def": "The thin strands of the papyrus plant. A sheet is made of two layers of strips laid crosswise, so the fibers form a fine grid."}, |
| {"id": "fragment", "term": "Fragment and scroll", "aliases": ["fragment", "fragments"], "def": "A fragment is a loose flake that broke off a scroll. A scroll is a whole roll that is still closed. Fragments can be photographed directly; closed scrolls can only be read by scanning."}, |
| {"id": "herculaneum", "term": "Herculaneum", "aliases": [], "def": "A Roman town near Naples buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. A library of papyrus scrolls was found there in a buried villa, charred but preserved."}, |
| {"id": "inkbench", "term": "Ink Bench", "aliases": ["Bench"], "def": "A tool on this page that scores your own ink map against the published ink map for one winding. It runs in your browser and uploads nothing."}, |
| {"id": "inkdetection", "term": "Ink detection model", "aliases": ["ink model", "ink detection", "model", "neural network", "neural networks"], "def": "A computer program trained on examples where the ink is known. Given the scan of a piece of papyrus, it estimates where ink is, even when the ink is nearly invisible to the eye in X-rays."}, |
| {"id": "ink9um", "term": "ink_9um", "aliases": ["INK_9UM", "ink_9um (9 µm)"], "def": "A public ink detection model trained by the Vesuvius Challenge to work on coarser 9 µm scans. On this page Chase Hendrick ran it on the 9.4 µm scan (9.362 µm voxels) as a comparison layer, shown in cyan."}, |
| {"id": "inklayer", "term": "Ink layer", "aliases": ["layer", "layers", "Published ink"], "def": "A picture laid over the 3D sheet. X-ray shows raw scan brightness; Published ink shows the Vesuvius Challenge ink map on the 2.4 µm scan; ink_9um shows the comparison map from the coarser scan."}, |
| {"id": "install", "term": "Install app", "aliases": ["PWA", "progressive web app", "offline", "install"], "def": "Adds Unroll to your computer or phone as its own app, with an icon and a window. It keeps the page and the default scroll on your device, so it opens with no network connection. Other scrolls are kept after you view them once. Find it in View or Settings, or call window.unrollView.action('install')."}, |
| {"id": "labels", "term": "Labeled segments", "aliases": ["label volume", "segment labels"], "def": "In the CT volume view, every traced segment that passes through the cube is drawn into the cube in its own color over the raw scan, so you can see which bright sheet belongs to which segment. Click one to highlight it."}, |
| {"id": "mesh", "term": "Mesh", "aliases": ["meshes", "OBJ", "PLY"], "def": "A 3D surface made of many small triangles. Each winding here is a mesh that follows the papyrus through the scan."}, |
| {"id": "mip", "term": "MIP (maximum intensity projection)", "aliases": ["MIP", "maximum intensity projection"], "def": "A way to draw a 3D scan on a flat screen: for each pixel, look along a line through the volume and keep only the brightest voxel. Dense papyrus and ink residue stand out; empty air stays black."}, |
| {"id": "papyrus", "term": "Papyrus", "aliases": [], "def": "Writing material made from the papyrus plant: strips pressed into sheets, glued end to end and rolled into a scroll."}, |
| {"id": "patch", "term": "Patch (piece)", "aliases": ["patch", "patches", "pieces read", "small square pieces"], "def": "A small square of the flattened papyrus, here 128 by 128 pixels. An ink model looks at one patch at a time and the results are stitched together. Where patches do not overlap enough, faint square seams show."}, |
| {"id": "percentile", "term": "Percentile auto contrast", "aliases": ["auto contrast", "percentile", "percentiles"], "def": "An automatic window: it sorts every X-ray brightness on the page and stretches the range between, say, the 1st and the 99th percentile to black and white, so a few very dark or very bright points do not wash the picture out."}, |
| {"id": "pherc", "term": "PHerc number", "aliases": ["PHerc", "PHerc."], "def": "The catalog number of a Herculaneum papyrus, for example PHerc. 139. It is a label, not a title."}, |
| {"id": "pixelratio", "term": "Pixel ratio", "aliases": ["render resolution", "drag resolution"], "def": "How many screen pixels the 3D view draws for each CSS pixel. While you drag the camera Unroll can draw at a lower pixel ratio (Settings: Lower resolution while dragging), so the view keeps up, then returns to full sharpness when you let go."}, |
| {"id": "prize", "term": "Prize eligible", "aliases": ["prize eligible", "eligible"], "def": "A scroll for which the Vesuvius Challenge offers prizes for new readings. The badge links to the current prize rules."}, |
| {"id": "raymarching", "term": "Raymarching", "aliases": ["raymarch", "ray marching"], "def": "How the CT volume is drawn: the graphics card steps along a line from your eye through the cube, sampling the scan every voxel or so, and combines the samples (here it keeps the brightest)."}, |
| {"id": "resolution", "term": "Resolution (2.4 µm and 9 µm)", "aliases": ["2.4 µm", "9 µm", "9.362 µm", "9.4 µm", "µm", "micron", "resolution"], "def": "How small a detail the scan can show. µm is a micrometer, a thousandth of a millimeter. A 2.4 µm scan has voxels 2.4 µm wide; a 9 µm scan is about four times coarser, so it is cheaper and faster but blurrier."}, |
| {"id": "segment", "term": "Segment", "aliases": ["segments", "segmentation"], "def": "One stretch of papyrus surface traced through the scan and saved as a mesh. Several segments can make up a winding."}, |
| {"id": "sheet", "term": "Sheet", "aliases": ["sheets", "strip"], "def": "The papyrus surface as shown in 3D. Each sheet on screen is one winding, which you can click to read flat."}, |
| {"id": "slab", "term": "Slab", "aliases": ["slab clip", "slab thickness"], "def": "A thin flat slice of the 3D scan, a few voxels thick. The CT volume view only projects what lies inside the slab, so one layer of papyrus can be seen without the layers in front of and behind it. It starts square to the papyrus at the point you picked and can be tilted and moved."}, |
| {"id": "surfacevolume", "term": "Surface volume", "aliases": ["surface volumes"], "def": "A thin slab of the scan cut out along a segment and flattened, like peeling the layer off and laying it on a table. Ink models read these slabs."}, |
| {"id": "tear", "term": "Tear, Burn and Water", "aliases": ["Tear", "Burn", "Water", "Sandbox"], "def": "Destroy tools. Tear rips the papyrus where you drag, Burn lights slow embers, Water darkens and softens it. Sandbox lays the strip flat with full fracture physics. For fun only."}, |
| {"id": "tile", "term": "Tile", "aliases": ["tiles"], "def": "Another word for a patch: one square of a larger image processed or shown separately."}, |
| {"id": "unrolling", "term": "Virtual unrolling", "aliases": ["unroll", "unrolling", "unrolled", "virtual unrolling"], "def": "Opening a scroll on the computer instead of by hand: trace each turn in the scan, flatten it and look for ink. The real scroll is never touched."}, |
| {"id": "voxel", "term": "Voxel", "aliases": ["voxels", "voxel size"], "def": "A 3D pixel: the smallest cube a CT scan measures. Voxel size says how wide each cube is, for example 2.4 µm."}, |
| {"id": "winding", "term": "Winding (wrap)", "aliases": ["winding", "windings", "wrap", "wraps", "turn"], "def": "One full turn of the rolled papyrus around the scroll's center. Labels like w046 number them; the outermost is rolled off first."}, |
| {"id": "windowlevel", "term": "Window and level", "aliases": ["window/level", "window", "level", "contrast"], "def": "Two numbers that pick which slice of the X-ray brightness range fills the screen from black to white. The window is how wide that slice is (narrower means more contrast); the level is the brightness at its middle. Doctors use the same control to read CT scans."}, |
| {"id": "zarr", "term": "Zarr", "aliases": ["zarr", "OME-Zarr"], "def": "A file format for very large 3D images, split into many small chunks so a program can fetch just the part it needs over the internet. OME-Zarr adds a pyramid of coarser copies (levels 0, 1, 2 ...). The CT volume view streams the public scans this way, straight from the Vesuvius Challenge open data bucket on Amazon S3."} |
| ] |
| } |
|
|
