| { |
| "referenceYear": 2025, |
| "metaSource": "IEA, OPEC, EIA, national energy ministries, ISPRL, JOGMEC, KNOC", |
| "policies": { |
| "US": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "DOE Strategic Petroleum Reserve", |
| "capacityMb": 714, |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "source": "DOE SPR Distribution Brochure 2025", |
| "asOf": "2025-03" |
| }, |
| "CN": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "CNPC/Sinopec (state-directed)", |
| "capacityMb": 476, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Capacity from 3-phase construction program; fill levels not publicly disclosed", |
| "source": "EIA Today in Energy (2025), Wikipedia SPR China", |
| "asOf": "2025-10" |
| }, |
| "IN": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "ISPRL (Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd)", |
| "capacityMb": 39, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Phase 2 expansion to 87Mb planned (Chandikhol + Padur)", |
| "source": "ISPRL, PIB India", |
| "asOf": "2026-03" |
| }, |
| "JP": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "JOGMEC + private sector", |
| "capacityMb": 260, |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Japan Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "KR": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "KNOC + private sector", |
| "capacityMb": 146, |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Korea Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "DE": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "EBV (Erdolbevorratungsverband)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Germany Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "FR": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "SAGESS + private sector", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA France Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "GB": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "BEIS (industry obligation)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA United Kingdom Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "IT": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "OCSIT + industry", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Italy Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "SA": { |
| "regime": "spare_capacity", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "No formal SPR; maintains spare production capacity as world's swing producer", |
| "source": "OPEC, Aramco Annual Report 2025", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "SG": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "Ministry of Trade and Industry", |
| "capacityMb": 32, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Strategic reserves at Jurong Island facilities", |
| "source": "MTI Singapore Energy Security", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "ZA": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "CEF SOC (Saldanha Bay)", |
| "capacityMb": 10, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Saldanha Bay tank farm; partially leased to traders", |
| "source": "CEF SOC South Africa, EIA", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "BR": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "source": "ANP Brazil", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "AU": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "NESA (ticketed abroad)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "Mostly ticketed stocks held abroad (US, EU); domestic reserves are small", |
| "source": "IEA Australia Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CA": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "NEB (net exporter exemption)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Canada Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "NO": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE (net exporter exemption)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Norway Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "MX": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "Pemex commercial stocks only; no formal government reserve program", |
| "source": "SENER Mexico", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "NZ": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MBIE (ticketed abroad)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "Mostly ticketed stocks held abroad", |
| "source": "IEA New Zealand Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "AT": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "ELG (Erdol-Lagergesellschaft)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Austria Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "BE": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "APETRA", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Belgium Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CZ": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "SSHR (Administration of State Material Reserves)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "source": "IEA Czech Republic Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "DK": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "FDO (Foreningen Danske Olieberedskabslagre)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Denmark Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "EE": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoECA (ticketed EU stocks)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Estonia Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "FI": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "NESA (National Emergency Supply Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "source": "IEA Finland Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "GR": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE + industry obligation", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Greece Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "HU": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "HUSA (Hungarian Hydrocarbon Stockpiling Association)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Hungary Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "IE": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "NORA (National Oil Reserves Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Ireland Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "LU": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Luxembourg Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "NL": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "COVA (Centraal Orgaan Voorraadvorming Aardolieproducten)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Netherlands Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "PL": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "ARM (Material Reserves Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Poland Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "PT": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "ENMC (Entidade Nacional para o Mercado de Combustiveis)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Portugal Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "SK": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "EOSA (Emergency Oil Stocks Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Slovakia Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "ES": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "CORES (Corporacion de Reservas Estrategicas)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Spain Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "SE": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "SEA (Swedish Energy Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "source": "IEA Sweden Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CH": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "Carbura (industry stockpiling org)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Switzerland Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "TR": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "EPDK (industry obligation)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Turkey Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CL": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "CNE (National Energy Commission)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Chile Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CO": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MME (Ministry of Mines and Energy)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Colombia Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "IL": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE + industry obligation", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Israel Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "LV": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Latvia Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "LT": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "LITGAS (industry obligation)", |
| "ieaMember": true, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "source": "IEA Lithuania Oil Security Policy", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "AE": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "ADNOC (state-directed)", |
| "capacityMb": 15, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Underground Ruwais reserve; integrated with refinery operations", |
| "source": "ADNOC Annual Report, EIA", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "KW": { |
| "regime": "spare_capacity", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "KPC maintains spare production capacity; no formal SPR", |
| "source": "KPC, OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "ID": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "SKK Migas / Pertamina (pilot phase)", |
| "capacityMb": 6, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "Pilot reserve at Tuban; 6Mb initial capacity, expansion planned", |
| "source": "MEMR Indonesia, Jakarta Post", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "RU": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "Rosneft/Transneft commercial stocks; no government SPR program", |
| "source": "EIA Russia Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "IR": { |
| "regime": "spare_capacity", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "NIOC maintains production flexibility; no publicly documented SPR", |
| "source": "OPEC, EIA Iran Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "IQ": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "SOMO commercial stocks at Basra; no formal government SPR", |
| "source": "EIA Iraq Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "NG": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "NNPCL commercial stocks; no strategic reserve mandate", |
| "source": "NNPCL Nigeria, EIA", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "VE": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "source": "EIA Venezuela Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "QA": { |
| "regime": "spare_capacity", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "QatarEnergy LNG-focused; spare gas capacity, not oil stockpile", |
| "source": "QatarEnergy, OPEC", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "TH": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "DOEB (industry obligation)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "IEA Association Country; 90-day voluntary stockholding obligation", |
| "source": "DOEB Thailand, IEA Association Countries", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "PH": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "DOE Philippines (industry mandate)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "30-day industry stockholding obligation", |
| "source": "DOE Philippines Oil Contingency Plan", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "MY": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "Petronas commercial stocks; no government SPR", |
| "source": "Petronas, EIA Malaysia Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "TW": { |
| "regime": "government_spr", |
| "operator": "CPC Corporation + MOEA", |
| "capacityMb": 30, |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "note": "Government + industry 90-day strategic stocks mandate", |
| "source": "MOEA Taiwan, CPC Corporation", |
| "asOf": "2025-06" |
| }, |
| "PK": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "No SPR program; relies on 20-day commercial stocks", |
| "source": "OGRA Pakistan, EIA", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "EG": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "EGPC commercial stocks; no government SPR", |
| "source": "EGPC, EIA Egypt Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "DZ": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "Sonatrach commercial stocks; no formal SPR", |
| "source": "Sonatrach, EIA Algeria Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "LY": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "source": "EIA Libya Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "AO": { |
| "regime": "none", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "source": "EIA Angola Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "KZ": { |
| "regime": "commercial_only", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "stockholdingModel": "none", |
| "note": "KazMunayGas commercial stocks; no government SPR", |
| "source": "EIA Kazakhstan Country Analysis", |
| "asOf": "2025-01" |
| }, |
| "HR": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "HANDA (Croatian Hydrocarbon Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive; IEA candidate country", |
| "source": "HANDA Croatia, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "BG": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "SSRA (State Agency for Strategic Reserves)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "government", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive compliance", |
| "source": "SSRA Bulgaria, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "RO": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "ANRM (National Agency for Mineral Resources)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive compliance", |
| "source": "ANRM Romania, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "CY": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MoE (ticketed EU stocks)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive; small island economy, relies on ticketed stocks", |
| "source": "MoE Cyprus, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "MT": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "MRA (Malta Resources Authority)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "industry", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive; minimal domestic storage", |
| "source": "MRA Malta, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| }, |
| "SI": { |
| "regime": "mandatory_stockholding", |
| "operator": "ZODS (Commodity Reserves Agency)", |
| "ieaMember": false, |
| "ieaNetImporterObligation": true, |
| "stockholdingModel": "mixed_public_private", |
| "note": "EU stockholding directive compliance", |
| "source": "ZODS Slovenia, EU Oil Stocks Directive", |
| "asOf": "2025-12" |
| } |
| } |
| } |
|
|
