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Glossary

Musical Terms

Notation Basics

Staff - Five horizontal lines on which music notation is written. Notes are placed on lines or in spaces between lines.

Clef - Symbol at the beginning of a staff indicating the pitch range:

Treble Clef (G clef): Higher pitches (typically right hand for piano, melody instruments)
Bass Clef (F clef): Lower pitches (typically left hand for piano, bass instruments)

Grand Staff - Two staves connected by a brace, used for piano (treble + bass clefs).

Measure (Bar) - Segment of music separated by vertical bar lines, containing a specific number of beats.

Time Signature - Indicates beats per measure and beat value:

4/4 (Common time): 4 beats per measure, quarter note gets one beat
3/4 (Waltz time): 3 beats per measure
6/8: 6 eighth notes per measure

Key Signature - Sharps or flats at the start of the staff indicating the key:

C Major: No sharps or flats
G Major: One sharp (F#)
D Minor: One flat (Bb)

Tempo - Speed of music, measured in BPM (beats per minute). Common tempos:

60 BPM: Slow (largo)
120 BPM: Moderate (moderato)
180 BPM: Fast (presto)

Notes & Durations

Pitch - The frequency of a note, designated by letter (A-G) and octave number:

C4: Middle C (261.6 Hz)
A4: Concert A (440 Hz)

Octave - Interval between one pitch and another with double or half its frequency. Piano has ~7 octaves (A0-C8).

Duration - How long a note is held:

Whole Note: 4 beats (in 4/4 time)
Half Note: 2 beats
Quarter Note: 1 beat
Eighth Note: 0.5 beats
Sixteenth Note: 0.25 beats

Dotted Note - Note with a dot after it, increasing duration by 50%:

Dotted half note: 3 beats (2 + 1)
Dotted quarter: 1.5 beats

Rest - Symbol indicating silence for a specific duration (whole rest, half rest, etc.).

Accidentals & Alterations

Sharp (♯) - Raises pitch by one semitone (half step).

Flat (♭) - Lowers pitch by one semitone.

Natural (♮) - Cancels a sharp or flat.

Semitone - Smallest interval in Western music (e.g., C to C#, E to F).

Performance Markings

Articulation - How a note is played:

Staccato: Short, detached
Legato: Smooth, connected
Accent: Emphasized

Dynamics - Volume markings:

pp (pianissimo): Very soft
p (piano): Soft
mf (mezzo forte): Moderately loud
f (forte): Loud
ff (fortissimo): Very loud

Slur - Curved line connecting notes to be played smoothly (legato).

Tie - Curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, combining their durations.

Technical Terms

Audio Processing

Sample Rate - Number of audio samples per second (Hz). Standard: 44,100 Hz (44.1 kHz).

Bit Depth - Number of bits per audio sample. CD quality: 16-bit.

WAV - Uncompressed audio format. Large files but lossless quality.

MP3/M4A - Compressed audio formats. Smaller files but lossy quality.

Frequency - Pitch of a sound, measured in Hertz (Hz). Middle C = 261.6 Hz.

Amplitude - Volume/loudness of a sound.

Music Information Retrieval (MIR)

Source Separation - Separating a mixed audio recording into individual instrument tracks (stems).

Stem - Isolated audio track for a single instrument (e.g., drums stem, bass stem, vocals stem).

Transcription - Converting audio into musical notation (MIDI or sheet music).

Onset Detection - Identifying the start time of each note in audio.

Pitch Detection - Identifying the frequency/pitch of a sound.

Polyphonic - Multiple notes sounding simultaneously (e.g., piano chord).

Monophonic - Single note at a time (e.g., flute melody, voice).

Quantization - Snapping note timings to a grid (e.g., 16th note grid) for cleaner notation.

Machine Learning

Model - Trained neural network that performs a task (e.g., Demucs for source separation).

Inference - Running a model on new data to get predictions.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) - Specialized hardware for parallel computation, used to accelerate ML models.

VRAM - GPU memory. Demucs requires ~4-8GB VRAM.

PyTorch - Python ML framework, used by Demucs and basic-pitch.

TensorFlow - Python ML framework, used by Spleeter.

File Formats

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) - File format encoding note events (pitch, duration, velocity). Good for playback, lacks notation info.

MusicXML - XML-based format for music notation. Industry standard, used by Finale, Sibelius, MuseScore.

PDF - Portable Document Format. Used for printable sheet music.

JSON - JavaScript Object Notation. Used for internal state representation.

Web Technologies

REST API - HTTP-based API using GET, POST, PUT, DELETE methods.

WebSocket - Persistent bidirectional connection for real-time updates (e.g., progress updates).

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) - XML-based vector image format. VexFlow renders notation as SVG.

Canvas - HTML5 element for drawing graphics programmatically (alternative to SVG).

Backend Technologies

FastAPI - Modern Python web framework with async support and automatic API documentation.

Celery - Python task queue for async job processing.

Redis - In-memory data store used as Celery broker and cache.

Worker - Background process that executes jobs from the queue (Celery worker).

Job Queue - List of tasks waiting to be processed (e.g., transcription jobs).

Task - Unit of work in Celery (e.g., transcribe YouTube video).

Frontend Technologies

React - JavaScript UI library for building component-based interfaces.

VexFlow - JavaScript library for rendering music notation in the browser.

Tone.js - JavaScript library for audio synthesis and playback, built on Web Audio API.

Zustand - Lightweight state management library for React.

WebAudio API - Browser API for audio processing, synthesis, and playback.

Music Theory

Concert Pitch - Standard pitch reference (A4 = 440 Hz). Non-transposing instruments (piano, guitar) play in concert pitch.

Transposing Instrument - Instrument where written pitch differs from sounding pitch:

Bb Trumpet: Written C sounds as Bb (2 semitones lower)
Eb Alto Sax: Written C sounds as Eb (9 semitones lower)

Voicing - How notes of a chord are arranged (e.g., close voicing vs. open voicing).

Arpeggio - Playing chord notes one at a time instead of simultaneously.

Rescored-Specific Terms

Job - Single transcription request with unique ID, tracked through processing pipeline.

Progress - Percentage (0-100) indicating how much of the job is complete.

Stage - Phase of processing: "download", "separation", "transcription", "musicxml".

Score - Complete musical notation for a piece (includes all parts, measures, notes).

Part - Single instrument's notation in a multi-instrument score.

Stem (in Rescored context) - Output of Demucs source separation (drums, bass, vocals, other).

Acronyms

API - Application Programming Interface

BPM - Beats Per Minute

CPU - Central Processing Unit

DMCA - Digital Millennium Copyright Act

GPU - Graphics Processing Unit

GUI - Graphical User Interface

HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol

MIDI - Musical Instrument Digital Interface

MIR - Music Information Retrieval

ML - Machine Learning

MVP - Minimum Viable Product

REST - Representational State Transfer

SDK - Software Development Kit

SVG - Scalable Vector Graphics

UI - User Interface

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

UX - User Experience

WS - WebSocket

XML - eXtensible Markup Language