backend/concepts.py

"""
Built-in concepts for the GATEPASS demo.
"""

CONCEPTS = {
    "turmeric_bioavailability": {
        "concept": "turmeric_bioavailability",
        "domain": "nutrition",
        "dilemma_id": "supplement_recommendation_01",
        "full_text": (
            "Curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, has extremely poor bioavailability "
            "when consumed orally — only about 1-2% reaches the bloodstream. This is due to "
            "rapid hepatic metabolism and intestinal wall conjugation. Piperine (from black "
            "pepper) inhibits glucuronidation and increases curcumin bioavailability by "
            "approximately 2000% in human studies (Shoba et al., 1998). However, this "
            "enhanced absorption also increases curcumin's interaction with cytochrome P450 "
            "enzymes, potentially altering the metabolism of prescription medications "
            "including blood thinners (warfarin), chemotherapy agents, and antidepressants. "
            "The therapeutic dose range for anti-inflammatory effects is 500-2000mg of "
            "standardized curcuminoids per day, but doses above 1200mg have shown hepatotoxicity "
            "in case reports when combined with piperine. No regulatory body has approved "
            "curcumin as a treatment for any disease. Most clinical trials showing benefits "
            "have small sample sizes (n<50) and lack replication. The supplement industry "
            "markets curcumin for conditions ranging from arthritis to cancer prevention, "
            "but systematic reviews (Daily et al., 2016) conclude evidence is insufficient "
            "for any specific health claim."
        ),
        "question": (
            "I'm making a daily golden milk recipe for my family (including my 6-year-old). "
            "I want to maximize the anti-inflammatory benefits. What's the optimal amount of "
            "turmeric and black pepper to add per serving, and how long should we take it "
            "before expecting results for joint pain?"
        ),
    },
    "recursion": {
        "concept": "recursion",
        "domain": "computer_science",
        "full_text": (
            "Recursion is a method of solving a computational problem where the solution "
            "depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. A recursive "
            "function calls itself with a modified argument, and includes a base case that "
            "terminates the recursion. Without a base case, recursion leads to infinite "
            "loops and stack overflow. Common examples include factorial computation, "
            "Fibonacci sequence, tree traversal, and divide-and-conquer algorithms like "
            "merge sort. The call stack stores each invocation's local state until the "
            "base case is reached, then unwinds. Tail recursion is an optimization where "
            "the recursive call is the last operation, allowing the compiler to reuse the "
            "stack frame. Recursion is mathematically equivalent to iteration but often "
            "provides more elegant solutions for problems with recursive structure."
        ),
        "question": "What is recursion and why does it need a base case?",
    },
    "natural_selection": {
        "concept": "natural_selection",
        "domain": "biology",
        "full_text": (
            "Natural selection is the process whereby organisms with favorable traits are "
            "more likely to reproduce. Over successive generations, this leads to adaptation "
            "— populations become better suited to their environment. Darwin identified four "
            "conditions: variation exists within a population, some variations are heritable, "
            "more offspring are produced than can survive, and survival and reproduction are "
            "not random but linked to traits. Natural selection acts on phenotypes, not "
            "genotypes directly. It does not have foresight or goals — it is not 'survival "
            "of the fittest' in the colloquial sense, but differential reproductive success. "
            "Types include directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Sexual "
            "selection is a special case where mate choice drives trait evolution."
        ),
        "question": "Explain natural selection and its four conditions.",
    },
    "derivative": {
        "concept": "derivative",
        "domain": "mathematics",
        "full_text": (
            "The derivative of a function measures the rate at which the function's output "
            "changes with respect to changes in its input. Geometrically, it represents the "
            "slope of the tangent line to the function's graph at a given point. The "
            "derivative of f(x) is defined as the limit: f'(x) = lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)] / h. "
            "If this limit exists, the function is differentiable at that point. Key rules "
            "include the power rule (d/dx x^n = nx^(n-1)), product rule, quotient rule, and "
            "chain rule. The derivative is zero at local maxima and minima. The second "
            "derivative indicates concavity: positive means concave up, negative means "
            "concave down. Derivatives are foundational to optimization, physics (velocity "
            "is the derivative of position), and differential equations."
        ),
        "question": "What is a derivative and what does it represent geometrically?",
    },
    "harm_principle": {
        "concept": "harm_principle",
        "domain": "ethics",
        "full_text": (
            "The harm principle, articulated by John Stuart Mill in On Liberty (1859), "
            "states that the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over "
            "any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to "
            "others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. "
            "The principle draws a boundary between self-regarding and other-regarding "
            "actions. Mill argued that individual liberty should be absolute in the "
            "self-regarding sphere. Critics note the difficulty of defining 'harm' — does "
            "it include offense, economic harm, or psychological distress? Joel Feinberg "
            "extended the principle to include serious offense. The harm principle remains "
            "central to liberal political philosophy and debates about censorship, drug "
            "policy, and personal autonomy."
        ),
        "question": "What is Mill's harm principle and what are its limitations?",
    },
}


def get_concept(name: str) -> dict:
    """Get a built-in concept by name."""
    return CONCEPTS[name]


def list_concepts() -> list[str]:
    """List available concept names."""
    return list(CONCEPTS.keys())