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- README.md +304 -135
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/ang_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/ang_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/ang_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/ang_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/ang_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/ang_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_2gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_2gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_3gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_3gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_4gram_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_ngram/ang_4gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
- visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
- visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +2 -2
- visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
- visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
README.md
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value:
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generated:
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---
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# ANG - Wikilangs Models
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6.
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** | 3.
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| **16k** | 3.
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| **32k** | 3.
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:**
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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**Sample 2:**
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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**Sample 3:** `Ælbūrcerrce () oþþe Ælbūrccerrcke is sēo mǣsteburg on Nīƿemexico.
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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### Results
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| N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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| **2-gram** |
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| **2-gram** |
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| **3-gram** |
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| **3-gram** | 3,
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| **4-gram** |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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**2-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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**3-grams:**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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### Results
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| Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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### Generated Text Samples
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Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
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**Context Size 1:**
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1.
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Vocabulary Size |
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| Mean Frequency |
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| Median Frequency | 3 |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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|------|------|-----------|
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Zipf's Law Analysis
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| Metric | Value |
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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|-------------|----------|
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### Key Findings
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### Model Comparison
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.
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---
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
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|-----------|-------------|-----------|
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| Tokenizer | **
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| N-gram | **
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| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (
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| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
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---
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## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
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author = {Kamali, Omar},
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title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
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year = {2025},
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
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institution = {Omneity Labs}
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}
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- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
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- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
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- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
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---
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*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
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*Report Date:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.021
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.7825
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value: 0
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generated: 2026-01-03
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| 34 |
---
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# ANG - Wikilangs Models
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### Models & Assets
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
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+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
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+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
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+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
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- Language Vocabulary
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- Language Statistics
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+
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### Analysis and Evaluation
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6-morphological-analysis)
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- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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+

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+

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+

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+
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### Results
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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+
| **8k** | 3.112x | 3.12 | 0.0790% | 253,185 |
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| **16k** | 3.447x | 3.45 | 0.0875% | 228,585 |
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| **32k** | 3.771x | 3.78 | 0.0957% | 208,909 |
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| **64k** | 4.021x 🏆 | 4.03 | 0.1021% | 195,954 |
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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+
**Sample 1:** `Ƿada (tacn: 16px|♆) is þæt eahtoþa planēta þǣre sunnlican endebyrdnesse. tungol`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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+
| 8k | `▁ƿa da ▁( tac n : ▁ 1 6 px ... (+13 more)` | 23 |
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| 97 |
+
| 16k | `▁ƿa da ▁( tacn : ▁ 1 6 px | ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
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| 98 |
+
| 32k | `▁ƿada ▁( tacn : ▁ 1 6 px | ♆ ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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| 99 |
+
| 64k | `▁ƿada ▁( tacn : ▁ 1 6 px | ♆ ... (+10 more)` | 20 |
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| 100 |
|
| 101 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Caþerine, Wēala Þēodienen, (ġeboren Caþerine Elisabeþ Middeltūn; 9 Æfterra Gēola...`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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| 104 |
|-------|--------|-------|
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| 105 |
+
| 8k | `▁caþ er ine , ▁wēala ▁þēod ien en , ▁( ... (+28 more)` | 38 |
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| 106 |
+
| 16k | `▁caþerine , ▁wēala ▁þēod ien en , ▁( ġe boren ... (+24 more)` | 34 |
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+
| 32k | `▁caþerine , ▁wēala ▁þēodienen , ▁( ġeboren ▁caþerine ▁elisabeþ ▁middeltūn ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+
| 64k | `▁caþerine , ▁wēala ▁þēodienen , ▁( ġeboren ▁caþerine ▁elisabeþ ▁middeltūn ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
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+
**Sample 3:** `Seo burg Hƿītburg ( oþþe Belgrade) oþþe Singidceaster is sēo hēafodburg and sēo ...`
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 113 |
|-------|--------|-------|
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+
| 8k | `▁seo ▁burg ▁hƿīt burg ▁( ▁oþþe ▁belg ra de ) ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
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| 115 |
+
| 16k | `▁seo ▁burg ▁hƿīt burg ▁( ▁oþþe ▁belg rade ) ▁oþþe ... (+19 more)` | 29 |
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+
| 32k | `▁seo ▁burg ▁hƿīt burg ▁( ▁oþþe ▁belgrade ) ▁oþþe ▁sing ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
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+
| 64k | `▁seo ▁burg ▁hƿītburg ▁( ▁oþþe ▁belgrade ) ▁oþþe ▁sing id ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
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### Key Findings
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+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.021x compression
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+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0790% unknown tokens
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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|
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|
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| 132 |
+

|
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+
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### Results
|
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| 138 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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| 139 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
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+
| **2-gram** | Word | 3,511 | 11.78 | 7,045 | 21.4% | 53.3% |
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| 141 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 365 🏆 | 8.51 | 3,016 | 61.0% | 98.1% |
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| 142 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 3,285 | 11.68 | 6,002 | 21.8% | 50.6% |
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| 143 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 3,330 | 11.70 | 23,727 | 22.3% | 62.8% |
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| 144 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 6,683 | 12.71 | 11,447 | 16.8% | 36.4% |
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| 145 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 18,648 | 14.19 | 105,485 | 10.6% | 32.7% |
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|
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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|
| 149 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 153 |
+
| 1 | `in þǣm` | 768 |
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| 154 |
+
| 2 | `on þǣm` | 759 |
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| 155 |
+
| 3 | `in þæm` | 693 |
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| 156 |
+
| 4 | `of the` | 648 |
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| 157 |
+
| 5 | `se is` | 547 |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 160 |
|
| 161 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 162 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 163 |
+
| 1 | `td valign top` | 529 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 2 | `is þorp in` | 313 |
|
| 165 |
+
| 3 | `þæs geānedan cynerīces` | 312 |
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| 166 |
+
| 4 | `eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan` | 248 |
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| 167 |
+
| 5 | `on eoferwicscīre þæs` | 248 |
|
| 168 |
|
| 169 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 170 |
|
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 172 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 173 |
+
| 1 | `on eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan` | 248 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 2 | `eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan cynerīces` | 248 |
|
| 175 |
+
| 3 | `is eoferƿicscire dǣl on` | 244 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 4 | `eoferƿicscire dǣl on englum` | 244 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 5 | `se is eoferƿicscire dǣl` | 242 |
|
| 178 |
+
|
| 179 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 180 |
+
|
| 181 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 182 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 183 |
+
| 1 | `e _` | 68,661 |
|
| 184 |
+
| 2 | `a n` | 60,782 |
|
| 185 |
+
| 3 | `n _` | 55,172 |
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| 186 |
+
| 4 | `s _` | 47,775 |
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| 187 |
+
| 5 | `n d` | 40,577 |
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| 188 |
+
|
| 189 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
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| 190 |
+
|
| 191 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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| 192 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 193 |
+
| 1 | `a n d` | 24,204 |
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| 194 |
+
| 2 | `n d _` | 20,527 |
|
| 195 |
+
| 3 | `a n _` | 17,020 |
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| 196 |
+
| 4 | `_ a n` | 16,519 |
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| 197 |
+
| 5 | `o n _` | 15,999 |
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| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
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| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 202 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 203 |
+
| 1 | `a n d _` | 16,546 |
|
| 204 |
+
| 2 | `_ a n d` | 14,727 |
|
| 205 |
+
| 3 | `_ o n _` | 10,205 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 4 | `_ i s _` | 10,081 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 5 | `_ i n _` | 9,962 |
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| 208 |
|
| 209 |
|
| 210 |
### Key Findings
|
| 211 |
|
| 212 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 365
|
| 213 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 214 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~33% of corpus
|
| 215 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 216 |
|
| 217 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 219 |
|
| 220 |

|
| 221 |
|
| 222 |
+

|
| 223 |
+
|
| 224 |

|
| 225 |
|
| 226 |
### Results
|
| 227 |
|
| 228 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 229 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 230 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.6222 | 1.539 | 3.58 | 86,720 | 37.8% |
|
| 231 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.8536 | 1.807 | 6.47 | 1,240 | 14.6% |
|
| 232 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.1549 | 1.113 | 1.30 | 307,843 | 84.5% |
|
| 233 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.9630 | 1.949 | 5.87 | 8,021 | 3.7% |
|
| 234 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.0382 | 1.027 | 1.05 | 397,541 | 96.2% |
|
| 235 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.8613 | 1.817 | 4.01 | 47,051 | 13.9% |
|
| 236 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0126 🏆 | 1.009 | 1.02 | 415,179 | 98.7% |
|
| 237 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6212 | 1.538 | 2.55 | 188,289 | 37.9% |
|
| 238 |
|
| 239 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 242 |
|
| 243 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 244 |
|
| 245 |
+
1. `and ūtƿeardra ēarena dat gearƿum gearƿum acc hāligne scole basic properties geometry type of snāwdūn...`
|
| 246 |
+
2. `on læt westseaxisc norþanhymbrisc miercisc arun cisseceaster craƿley hæstingas ge forlēosaþ hiera ag...`
|
| 247 |
+
3. `is lēoþ þe roðberht roðberhting beweddod æþelhæþ of indian islamic scholar kenichi fukui geapanisc s...`
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 250 |
|
| 251 |
+
1. `in þǣm æt paris and roðem liciaþ on hiere rīce ƿæron corsica sardinia and sicilia īege cartaine`
|
| 252 |
+
2. `on þǣm trēoƿenan hrōfe þǣre byrgenne þæt mægdnes ƿelgeāspared līc nēodlīce geāspared mid mēose and b...`
|
| 253 |
+
3. `in þæm geāre bī marianland and þam sæfaroþum þeodsclandes niðerlandes belgican and franclandes in þæ...`
|
| 254 |
|
| 255 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 256 |
|
| 257 |
+
1. `td valign top td valign top imperator caesar lvcivs septimvs severvs pertinax avgvstvs small procons...`
|
| 258 |
+
2. `is þorp in þæm east þriding se is eoferƿicscire dǣl on englum hit hæfþ 3 178 būendas on`
|
| 259 |
+
3. `on eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan cynerīces fram þǣm gēare oþ þæt gēar belamp þæt hūs and his foregenga ...`
|
| 260 |
|
| 261 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 262 |
|
| 263 |
+
1. `on eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan cynerīces`
|
| 264 |
+
2. `is eoferƿicscire dǣl on englum hit hæfþ 105 būend on eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan cynerīces`
|
| 265 |
+
3. `eoferƿicscire dǣl on englum heo hæfþ 975 buend on eoferwicscīre þæs geānedan cynerīces`
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
|
| 268 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 269 |
+
|
| 270 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 271 |
+
|
| 272 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 273 |
+
|
| 274 |
+
1. `_t_ate_inn,_mis_`
|
| 275 |
+
2. `egmbrōðon,_s_on_`
|
| 276 |
+
3. `n_brls_þ_k_aliea`
|
| 277 |
+
|
| 278 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 279 |
+
|
| 280 |
+
1. `e_mand_heaxum_sæ_`
|
| 281 |
+
2. `and_ploƿealin_dæg`
|
| 282 |
+
3. `n_enganvicipez)_v`
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
1. `andūnsta_hild_on_p`
|
| 287 |
+
2. `nd_(ælesta_æcgrung`
|
| 288 |
+
3. `an_þissibbe._æfn_r`
|
| 289 |
+
|
| 290 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 291 |
+
|
| 292 |
+
1. `and_ƿæs_ƿrīteresfel`
|
| 293 |
+
2. `_and_hīe_(se_ƿord_e`
|
| 294 |
+
3. `_on_villelme._7_heo`
|
| 295 |
|
| 296 |
|
| 297 |
### Key Findings
|
| 298 |
|
| 299 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 98.7% predictability
|
| 300 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 301 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (188,289 contexts)
|
| 302 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 314 |
|
| 315 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 316 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 317 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 31,177 |
|
| 318 |
+
| Total Tokens | 402,508 |
|
| 319 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 12.91 |
|
| 320 |
| Median Frequency | 3 |
|
| 321 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 155.94 |
|
| 322 |
|
| 323 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 324 |
|
| 325 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 326 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 327 |
+
| 1 | and | 14,190 |
|
| 328 |
+
| 2 | on | 10,528 |
|
| 329 |
+
| 3 | in | 10,215 |
|
| 330 |
+
| 4 | is | 10,204 |
|
| 331 |
+
| 5 | of | 6,064 |
|
| 332 |
+
| 6 | se | 4,321 |
|
| 333 |
+
| 7 | the | 3,988 |
|
| 334 |
+
| 8 | þǣm | 3,644 |
|
| 335 |
+
| 9 | þæs | 3,627 |
|
| 336 |
+
| 10 | his | 3,498 |
|
| 337 |
|
| 338 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 339 |
|
| 340 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 341 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 342 |
+
| 1 | orcaneġe | 2 |
|
| 343 |
+
| 2 | laguna | 2 |
|
| 344 |
+
| 3 | stātwīca | 2 |
|
| 345 |
+
| 4 | seolhstrand | 2 |
|
| 346 |
+
| 5 | crosern | 2 |
|
| 347 |
+
| 6 | crosernes | 2 |
|
| 348 |
+
| 7 | sīdesċipes | 2 |
|
| 349 |
+
| 8 | heardran | 2 |
|
| 350 |
+
| 9 | caysċīre | 2 |
|
| 351 |
+
| 10 | gjirokastër | 2 |
|
| 352 |
|
| 353 |
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 356 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 357 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 0.9331 |
|
| 358 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.998051 |
|
| 359 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 360 |
|
| 361 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 362 |
|
| 363 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 364 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 365 |
+
| Top 100 | 37.9% |
|
| 366 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 59.5% |
|
| 367 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 77.9% |
|
| 368 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 86.2% |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Key Findings
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9981 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 373 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 37.9% of corpus
|
| 374 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 21,177 words needed for remaining 13.8% coverage
|
| 375 |
|
| 376 |
---
|
| 377 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |

|
| 386 |
|
|
|
|
| 387 |
|
| 388 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 389 |
+
|
| 390 |
+
> *Note: Multilingual alignment visualization not available for this language.*
|
| 391 |
+
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 396 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 397 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7825 🏆 | 0.3427 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 398 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.4658 | 0.3135 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 399 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.1306 | 0.3083 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 400 |
|
| 401 |
### Key Findings
|
| 402 |
|
| 403 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7825 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 404 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3215. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 405 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** No aligned models evaluated in this run.
|
| 406 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 410 |
+
|
| 411 |
+
> ⚠️ **Warning:** This language shows low morphological productivity. The statistical signals used for this analysis may be noisy or less reliable than for morphologically rich languages.
|
| 412 |
+
|
| 413 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 414 |
+
|
| 415 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 416 |
+
|
| 417 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 418 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 419 |
+
| Productivity Index | **0.000** | Low morphological productivity | ⚠️ Likely unreliable |
|
| 420 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-1.000** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 421 |
+
|
| 422 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 425 |
+
|
| 426 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 427 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 428 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 429 |
+
| `-ge` | gesetedum, germanisca, getimbrod |
|
| 430 |
+
|
| 431 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 432 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 433 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 434 |
+
| `-e` | participle, ċeampscipe, smǣte |
|
| 435 |
+
| `-es` | pirates, cromwelles, stranges |
|
| 436 |
+
| `-an` | onginnan, lǣdnan, praetorian |
|
| 437 |
+
| `-um` | gesetedum, mǣnum, strengum |
|
| 438 |
+
| `-de` | onƿendode, landede, aspreade |
|
| 439 |
+
| `-ng` | manufacturing, bringing, georging |
|
| 440 |
+
|
| 441 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 442 |
+
|
| 443 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 444 |
+
|
| 445 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 446 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 447 |
+
| `mani` | 2.06x | 43 contexts | amani, maniȝ, manig |
|
| 448 |
+
| `enne` | 1.98x | 49 contexts | fenne, vienne, etenne |
|
| 449 |
+
| `unge` | 1.86x | 46 contexts | tunge, jungen, ēðunge |
|
| 450 |
+
| `ster` | 1.69x | 59 contexts | buster, easter, ēaster |
|
| 451 |
+
| `tion` | 2.27x | 19 contexts | nation, motion, action |
|
| 452 |
+
| `inga` | 1.74x | 34 contexts | ðinga, minga, þinga |
|
| 453 |
+
| `ning` | 1.67x | 36 contexts | mining, ininga, cyning |
|
| 454 |
+
| `aste` | 1.77x | 27 contexts | easte, ēaste, taste |
|
| 455 |
+
| `ynin` | 2.27x | 11 contexts | cynin, cyninᵹ, cyning |
|
| 456 |
+
| `nden` | 1.74x | 24 contexts | finden, bunden, funden |
|
| 457 |
+
| `afod` | 1.89x | 18 contexts | hēafod, heafod, ƿafode |
|
| 458 |
+
| `nisc` | 1.56x | 30 contexts | denisc, rūnisc, dēnisc |
|
| 459 |
+
|
| 460 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 461 |
+
|
| 462 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 463 |
+
|
| 464 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 465 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 466 |
+
| `-ge` | `-e` | 89 words | gesealde, geƿorhte |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-ge` | `-de` | 28 words | gesealde, gebede |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-ge` | `-an` | 21 words | georgian, geƿunelican |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-ge` | `-es` | 19 words | gereces, gewitnes |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-ge` | `-um` | 14 words | gerādum, gelicum |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-ge` | `-ng` | 8 words | gegaderung, gewrixlung |
|
| 472 |
+
|
| 473 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 474 |
+
|
| 475 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 476 |
+
|
| 477 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 478 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 479 |
+
| gereordes | **`ge-reord-es`** | 6.0 | `reord` |
|
| 480 |
+
| cræftigum | **`cræftig-um`** | 4.5 | `cræftig` |
|
| 481 |
+
| dƿeligendes | **`dƿeligend-es`** | 4.5 | `dƿeligend` |
|
| 482 |
+
| bisceopes | **`bisceop-es`** | 4.5 | `bisceop` |
|
| 483 |
+
| fylgendan | **`fylgend-an`** | 4.5 | `fylgend` |
|
| 484 |
+
| swisslandes | **`swissland-es`** | 4.5 | `swissland` |
|
| 485 |
+
| norðiscan | **`norðisc-an`** | 4.5 | `norðisc` |
|
| 486 |
+
| þēodlican | **`þēodlic-an`** | 4.5 | `þēodlic` |
|
| 487 |
+
| gregoriscan | **`gregorisc-an`** | 4.5 | `gregorisc` |
|
| 488 |
+
| blōtmōnaðes | **`blōtmōnað-es`** | 4.5 | `blōtmōnað` |
|
| 489 |
+
| dufenales | **`dufenal-es`** | 4.5 | `dufenal` |
|
| 490 |
+
| healdende | **`healden-de`** | 4.5 | `healden` |
|
| 491 |
+
| þrōndhāmes | **`þrōndhām-es`** | 4.5 | `þrōndhām` |
|
| 492 |
+
| niðerlendiscan | **`niðerlendisc-an`** | 4.5 | `niðerlendisc` |
|
| 493 |
+
| antarctiscum | **`antarctisc-um`** | 4.5 | `antarctisc` |
|
| 494 |
+
|
| 495 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 496 |
+
|
| 497 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 498 |
+
The language ANG appears to be more isolating or has a highly fixed vocabulary. Word-level models perform nearly as well as subword models, indicating fewer productive morphological processes.
|
| 499 |
+
|
| 500 |
+
---
|
| 501 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 502 |
|
| 503 |

|
| 504 |
|
|
|
|
| 506 |
|
| 507 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 508 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 509 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.02x) |
|
| 510 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (365) |
|
| 511 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (98.7%) |
|
| 512 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 513 |
|
| 514 |
+
|
| 515 |
---
|
| 516 |
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 517 |
|
|
|
|
| 701 |
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 702 |
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 703 |
year = {2025},
|
| 704 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 705 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 706 |
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
|
| 707 |
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 708 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 718 |
- 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 719 |
- 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 720 |
- 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 721 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 722 |
---
|
| 723 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 724 |
|
| 725 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-03 05:11:41*
|
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