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  1. README.md +297 -161
  2. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_128d.bin +2 -2
  3. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_128d_metadata.json +5 -3
  4. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_32d.bin +2 -2
  5. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_32d_metadata.json +5 -3
  6. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_64d.bin +2 -2
  7. models/embeddings/monolingual/avk_64d_metadata.json +5 -3
  8. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
  9. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  10. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
  11. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  12. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
  13. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  14. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
  15. models/subword_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  16. models/subword_ngram/avk_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  17. models/subword_ngram/avk_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  18. models/subword_ngram/avk_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  19. models/subword_ngram/avk_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  20. models/subword_ngram/avk_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
  21. models/subword_ngram/avk_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
  22. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
  23. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
  24. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
  25. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
  26. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
  27. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
  28. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
  29. models/tokenizer/avk_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
  30. models/vocabulary/avk_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
  31. models/vocabulary/avk_vocabulary_metadata.json +10 -9
  32. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
  33. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  34. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
  35. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  36. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_word.parquet +2 -2
  37. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx3_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  38. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_word.parquet +2 -2
  39. models/word_markov/avk_markov_ctx4_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  40. models/word_ngram/avk_2gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  41. models/word_ngram/avk_2gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  42. models/word_ngram/avk_3gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  43. models/word_ngram/avk_3gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  44. models/word_ngram/avk_4gram_word.parquet +2 -2
  45. models/word_ngram/avk_4gram_word_metadata.json +2 -2
  46. visualizations/embedding_isotropy.png +0 -0
  47. visualizations/embedding_norms.png +0 -0
  48. visualizations/embedding_similarity.png +2 -2
  49. visualizations/markov_branching.png +0 -0
  50. visualizations/markov_contexts.png +0 -0
README.md CHANGED
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ dataset_info:
23
  metrics:
24
  - name: best_compression_ratio
25
  type: compression
26
- value: 4.125
27
  - name: best_isotropy
28
  type: isotropy
29
- value: 0.8585
30
  - name: vocabulary_size
31
  type: vocab
32
- value: 60886
33
- generated: 2025-12-27
34
  ---
35
 
36
  # AVK - Wikilangs Models
@@ -44,12 +44,13 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
44
  ### Models & Assets
45
 
46
  - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
47
- - N-gram models (2, 3, 4-gram)
48
- - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3 and 4)
49
  - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
50
- - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions
51
  - Language Vocabulary
52
  - Language Statistics
 
53
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
54
 
55
  ### Analysis and Evaluation
@@ -59,7 +60,8 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
59
  - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
60
  - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
61
  - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
62
- - [6. Summary & Recommendations](#6-summary--recommendations)
 
63
  - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
64
  - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
65
 
@@ -68,81 +70,57 @@ We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and
68
 
69
  ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
70
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
71
  ### Results
72
 
73
  | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
74
  |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
75
- | **8k** | 3.392x | 3.33 | 0.1692% | 332,130 |
76
- | **16k** | 3.661x | 3.60 | 0.1827% | 307,678 |
77
- | **32k** | 3.908x | 3.84 | 0.1950% | 288,266 |
78
- | **64k** | 4.125x 🏆 | 4.06 | 0.2058% | 273,051 |
79
 
80
  ### Tokenization Examples
81
 
82
  Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
83
 
84
- **Sample 1:** `Loma:TezaLoma:Rovulegan liwot`
85
 
86
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
87
  |-------|--------|-------|
88
- | 8k | `▁loma : te zal oma : rov ul eg an ... (+1 more)` | 11 |
89
- | 16k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rov ul eg anliwot` | 9 |
90
- | 32k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rovuleganliwot` | 6 |
91
- | 64k | `▁loma : tezaloma : rovuleganliwot` | 6 |
92
-
93
- **Sample 2:** `Bifa
94
- Afrika
95
-
96
- Amerika
97
-
98
- Asia
99
-
100
- Europa
101
-
102
- Oceania
103
-
104
- Koblira
105
 
106
- Awalkera
107
-
108
- L...`
109
 
110
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
111
  |-------|--------|-------|
112
- | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
113
- | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
114
- | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
115
- | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
116
-
117
- **Sample 3:** `Bifa
118
- Afrika
119
-
120
- Amerika
121
-
122
- Asia
123
-
124
- Europa
125
 
126
- Oceania
127
-
128
- Koblira
129
-
130
- Awalkera
131
-
132
- L...`
133
 
134
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
135
  |-------|--------|-------|
136
- | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
137
- | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
138
- | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
139
- | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁loma : ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
140
 
141
 
142
  ### Key Findings
143
 
144
- - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.125x compression
145
- - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1692% unknown tokens
146
  - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
147
  - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
148
 
@@ -151,57 +129,89 @@ L...`
151
 
152
  ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
153
 
 
 
154
  ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
155
 
156
  ### Results
157
 
158
- | N-gram | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
159
- |--------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
160
- | **2-gram** | 3,356 🏆 | 11.71 | 88,920 | 38.8% | 64.9% |
161
- | **2-gram** | 346 🏆 | 8.43 | 4,094 | 58.9% | 99.3% |
162
- | **3-gram** | 6,742 | 12.72 | 180,799 | 34.6% | 57.5% |
163
- | **3-gram** | 2,400 | 11.23 | 30,298 | 24.5% | 70.5% |
164
- | **4-gram** | 13,085 | 13.68 | 334,115 | 31.4% | 50.6% |
165
- | **4-gram** | 8,768 | 13.10 | 165,638 | 16.2% | 48.8% |
166
 
167
  ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
168
 
169
- **2-grams:**
170
 
171
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
172
  |------|--------|-------|
173
- | 1 | `vuest -` | 137,464 |
174
- | 2 | `) vuest` | 137,409 |
175
- | 3 | `- :` | 137,400 |
176
- | 4 | `( en` | 136,694 |
177
- | 5 | `en )` | 126,393 |
178
 
179
- **3-grams:**
180
 
181
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
182
  |------|--------|-------|
183
- | 1 | `) vuest -` | 137,409 |
184
- | 2 | `vuest - :` | 137,400 |
185
- | 3 | `en ) vuest` | 124,379 |
186
- | 4 | `( en )` | 123,735 |
187
- | 5 | `) ( en` | 67,196 |
188
 
189
- **4-grams:**
190
 
191
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
192
  |------|--------|-------|
193
- | 1 | `) vuest - :` | 137,400 |
194
- | 2 | `en ) vuest -` | 124,379 |
195
- | 3 | `( en ) vuest` | 121,727 |
196
- | 4 | `) ( en )` | 54,244 |
197
- | 5 | `species of the world` | 25,857 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
198
 
199
 
200
  ### Key Findings
201
 
202
- - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram with 346
203
  - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
204
- - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~49% of corpus
205
  - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
206
 
207
  ---
@@ -209,55 +219,86 @@ L...`
209
 
210
  ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
211
 
 
 
212
  ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
213
 
214
  ### Results
215
 
216
- | Context | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
217
- |---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
218
- | **1** | 0.7348 | 1.664 | 4.95 | 126,229 | 26.5% |
219
- | **1** | 1.1169 | 2.169 | 9.23 | 906 | 0.0% |
220
- | **2** | 0.3179 | 1.247 | 1.83 | 623,886 | 68.2% |
221
- | **2** | 1.0082 | 2.011 | 6.31 | 8,363 | 0.0% |
222
- | **3** | 0.1523 | 1.111 | 1.34 | 1,136,410 | 84.8% |
223
- | **3** | 0.8558 | 1.810 | 4.58 | 52,772 | 14.4% |
224
- | **4** | 0.1022 🏆 | 1.073 | 1.23 | 1,523,485 | 89.8% |
225
- | **4** | 0.7129 🏆 | 1.639 | 3.05 | 241,547 | 28.7% |
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
226
 
227
- ### Generated Text Samples
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
228
 
229
- Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
230
 
231
  **Context Size 1:**
232
 
233
- 1. `( kishida , 1814 taneon zo pimtayar . vincent van gogh nederlandaf lingesik bak muvugal ,`
234
- 2. `) vuest - : prionailurus bengalensis ( ukraina gan wagner , fr ) ( kotava winugaf`
235
- 3. `: pteropus temminckii temminckii ) vuest - : crocidura mariquensis shortridgei ) vuest - align :`
236
 
237
  **Context Size 2:**
238
 
239
- 1. `vuest - : catalogue of life web project : macrotus waterhousii waterhousii ( gray , 1863 )`
240
- 2. `) vuest - : uicn : katca dymecodon pilirostris ) dene wikispecies kotavafa vuestesa xantaza kotava w...`
241
- 3. `- : itis : caracal caracal ) ( en , fr ) vuest - : alan p`
242
 
243
  **Context Size 3:**
244
 
245
- 1. `) vuest - : tree of life web project : rattus palmarum ( zelebor , 1869 ) (`
246
- 2. `vuest - : uicn : katca penthetor lucasi ( dobson , 1880 ) elmol ( dymecodon pilirostris )`
247
- 3. `en ) vuest - : paleobiology database : thomomys bottae nanus ( hall , 1941 ) ratsikisol (`
248
 
249
  **Context Size 4:**
250
 
251
- 1. `) vuest - : ncbi : simias ara vuestexa tekudol ( nasalis larvatus ) dene wikispecies kotavafa vueste...`
252
- 2. `en ) vuest - : tree of life web project : sorex trowbridgii ( en ) vuest - :`
253
- 3. `( en ) vuest - : tree of life web project : aepyceros melampus rendilis ( lönnberg , 1912`
254
 
255
 
256
  ### Key Findings
257
 
258
- - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 with 89.8% predictability
259
  - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
260
- - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (241,547 contexts)
261
  - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
262
 
263
  ---
@@ -273,39 +314,39 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
273
 
274
  | Metric | Value |
275
  |--------|-------|
276
- | Vocabulary Size | 60,886 |
277
- | Total Tokens | 4,116,931 |
278
- | Mean Frequency | 67.62 |
279
- | Median Frequency | 6 |
280
- | Frequency Std Dev | 1162.11 |
281
 
282
  ### Most Common Words
283
 
284
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
285
  |------|------|-----------|
286
- | 1 | en | 140,161 |
287
- | 2 | vuest | 137,464 |
288
- | 3 | ke | 96,689 |
289
- | 4 | of | 56,680 |
290
- | 5 | tir | 40,544 |
291
- | 6 | is | 40,292 |
292
- | 7 | va | 36,873 |
293
- | 8 | katca | 36,170 |
294
- | 9 | koe | 30,224 |
295
- | 10 | bak | 28,949 |
296
 
297
  ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
298
 
299
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
300
  |------|------|-----------|
301
- | 1 | tageltaf | 2 |
302
- | 2 | l4 | 2 |
303
- | 3 | l5 | 2 |
304
- | 4 | l6 | 2 |
305
- | 5 | l8 | 2 |
306
- | 6 | fakaf | 2 |
307
- | 7 | docs | 2 |
308
- | 8 | 814359978 | 2 |
309
  | 9 | rozuxa | 2 |
310
  | 10 | eaksat | 2 |
311
 
@@ -313,24 +354,24 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
313
 
314
  | Metric | Value |
315
  |--------|-------|
316
- | Zipf Coefficient | 1.1598 |
317
- | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.995097 |
318
  | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
319
 
320
  ### Coverage Analysis
321
 
322
  | Top N Words | Coverage |
323
  |-------------|----------|
324
- | Top 100 | 46.2% |
325
- | Top 1,000 | 71.1% |
326
- | Top 5,000 | 86.2% |
327
  | Top 10,000 | 91.0% |
328
 
329
  ### Key Findings
330
 
331
- - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9951 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
332
- - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 46.2% of corpus
333
- - **Long Tail:** 50,886 words needed for remaining 9.0% coverage
334
 
335
  ---
336
  ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
@@ -343,24 +384,116 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
343
 
344
  ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
345
 
346
- ### Model Comparison
347
 
348
- | Model | Vocab Size | Dimension | Avg Norm | Std Norm | Isotropy |
349
- |-------|------------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|
350
- | **mono_32d** | 50,177 | 32 | 5.680 | 1.138 | 0.8585 🏆 |
351
- | **mono_64d** | 50,177 | 64 | 6.303 | 1.051 | 0.8386 |
352
- | **mono_128d** | 50,177 | 128 | 6.840 | 0.972 | 0.7221 |
353
- | **embeddings_enhanced** | 0 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0000 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
354
 
355
  ### Key Findings
356
 
357
- - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8585 (more uniform distribution)
358
- - **Dimension Trade-off:** Higher dimensions capture more semantics but reduce isotropy
359
- - **Vocabulary Coverage:** All models cover 50,177 words
360
- - **Recommendation:** 100d for balanced semantic capture and efficiency
361
 
362
  ---
363
- ## 6. Summary & Recommendations
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
364
 
365
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
366
 
@@ -368,11 +501,12 @@ Below are text samples generated from each Markov chain model:
368
 
369
  | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
370
  |-----------|-------------|-----------|
371
- | Tokenizer | **32k BPE** | Best compression (4.13x) with low UNK rate |
372
- | N-gram | **5-gram** | Lowest perplexity (346) |
373
- | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (89.8%) |
374
  | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
375
 
 
376
  ---
377
  ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
378
 
@@ -562,7 +696,8 @@ If you use these models in your research, please cite:
562
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
563
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
564
  year = {2025},
565
- publisher = {HuggingFace},
 
566
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
567
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
568
  }
@@ -578,7 +713,8 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
578
  - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
579
  - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
580
  - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
 
581
  ---
582
  *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
583
 
584
- *Report Date: 2025-12-27 20:44:59*
 
23
  metrics:
24
  - name: best_compression_ratio
25
  type: compression
26
+ value: 4.690
27
  - name: best_isotropy
28
  type: isotropy
29
+ value: 0.8793
30
  - name: vocabulary_size
31
  type: vocab
32
+ value: 0
33
+ generated: 2026-01-03
34
  ---
35
 
36
  # AVK - Wikilangs Models
 
44
  ### Models & Assets
45
 
46
  - Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
47
+ - N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
48
+ - Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
49
  - Subword N-gram and Markov chains
50
+ - Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
51
  - Language Vocabulary
52
  - Language Statistics
53
+
54
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
55
 
56
  ### Analysis and Evaluation
 
60
  - [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
61
  - [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
62
  - [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
63
+ - [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6-morphological-analysis)
64
+ - [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
65
  - [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
66
  - [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
67
 
 
70
 
71
  ![Tokenizer Compression](visualizations/tokenizer_compression.png)
72
 
73
+ ![Tokenizer Fertility](visualizations/tokenizer_fertility.png)
74
+
75
+ ![Tokenizer OOV](visualizations/tokenizer_oov.png)
76
+
77
+ ![Total Tokens](visualizations/tokenizer_total_tokens.png)
78
+
79
  ### Results
80
 
81
  | Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
82
  |------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
83
+ | **8k** | 3.687x | 3.69 | 0.2370% | 256,066 |
84
+ | **16k** | 4.050x | 4.05 | 0.2604% | 233,136 |
85
+ | **32k** | 4.380x | 4.38 | 0.2816% | 215,576 |
86
+ | **64k** | 4.690x 🏆 | 4.69 | 0.3015% | 201,338 |
87
 
88
  ### Tokenization Examples
89
 
90
  Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
91
 
92
+ **Sample 1:** `Bifa Afrika Amerika Asia Europa Oceania Koblira Awalkera sanda`
93
 
94
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
95
  |-------|--------|-------|
96
+ | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
97
+ | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkerasanda` | 9 |
98
+ | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europaoceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
99
+ | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europaoceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100
 
101
+ **Sample 2:** `Bifa Afrika Amerika Asia Europa Oceania Koblira Awalkera sanda`
 
 
102
 
103
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
104
  |-------|--------|-------|
105
+ | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
106
+ | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
107
+ | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
108
+ | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
109
 
110
+ **Sample 3:** `Bifa Afrika Amerika Asia Europa Oceania Koblira Awalkera sanda`
 
 
 
 
 
 
111
 
112
  | Vocab | Tokens | Count |
113
  |-------|--------|-------|
114
+ | 8k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
115
+ | 16k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
116
+ | 32k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
117
+ | 64k | `▁bifa ▁afrika ▁amerika ▁asia ▁europa ▁oceania ▁koblira ▁awalkera ▁sanda` | 9 |
118
 
119
 
120
  ### Key Findings
121
 
122
+ - **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.690x compression
123
+ - **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.2370% unknown tokens
124
  - **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
125
  - **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
126
 
 
129
 
130
  ![N-gram Perplexity](visualizations/ngram_perplexity.png)
131
 
132
+ ![N-gram Unique](visualizations/ngram_unique.png)
133
+
134
  ![N-gram Coverage](visualizations/ngram_coverage.png)
135
 
136
  ### Results
137
 
138
+ | N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
139
+ |--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
140
+ | **2-gram** | Word | 4,363 | 12.09 | 65,566 | 38.8% | 59.5% |
141
+ | **2-gram** | Subword | 284 🏆 | 8.15 | 3,342 | 63.4% | 99.6% |
142
+ | **3-gram** | Word | 9,089 | 13.15 | 131,822 | 34.4% | 51.4% |
143
+ | **3-gram** | Subword | 1,998 | 10.96 | 24,557 | 26.3% | 74.1% |
144
+ | **4-gram** | Word | 16,964 | 14.05 | 222,393 | 30.3% | 44.4% |
145
+ | **4-gram** | Subword | 7,482 | 12.87 | 124,823 | 17.3% | 50.8% |
146
 
147
  ### Top 5 N-grams by Size
148
 
149
+ **2-grams (Word):**
150
 
151
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
152
  |------|--------|-------|
153
+ | 1 | `en vuest` | 113,005 |
154
+ | 2 | `of life` | 25,896 |
155
+ | 3 | `of the` | 24,998 |
156
+ | 4 | `the world` | 24,670 |
157
+ | 5 | `species of` | 24,652 |
158
 
159
+ **3-grams (Word):**
160
 
161
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
162
  |------|--------|-------|
163
+ | 1 | `of the world` | 24,657 |
164
+ | 2 | `mammal species of` | 24,652 |
165
+ | 3 | `species of the` | 24,652 |
166
+ | 4 | `taneon zo pimtayar` | 15,544 |
167
+ | 5 | `bak taneon zo` | 15,311 |
168
 
169
+ **4-grams (Word):**
170
 
171
  | Rank | N-gram | Count |
172
  |------|--------|-------|
173
+ | 1 | `species of the world` | 24,652 |
174
+ | 2 | `mammal species of the` | 24,652 |
175
+ | 3 | `bak taneon zo pimtayar` | 15,309 |
176
+ | 4 | `zo pimtayar vexala dem` | 15,224 |
177
+ | 5 | `taneon zo pimtayar vexala` | 15,223 |
178
+
179
+ **2-grams (Subword):**
180
+
181
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
182
+ |------|--------|-------|
183
+ | 1 | `a _` | 684,240 |
184
+ | 2 | `s _` | 476,785 |
185
+ | 3 | `_ (` | 458,313 |
186
+ | 4 | `e _` | 387,458 |
187
+ | 5 | `_ v` | 360,515 |
188
+
189
+ **3-grams (Subword):**
190
+
191
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
192
+ |------|--------|-------|
193
+ | 1 | `_ : _` | 268,667 |
194
+ | 2 | `u s _` | 176,828 |
195
+ | 3 | `e s t` | 175,968 |
196
+ | 4 | `_ v u` | 167,656 |
197
+ | 5 | `u e s` | 166,553 |
198
+
199
+ **4-grams (Subword):**
200
+
201
+ | Rank | N-gram | Count |
202
+ |------|--------|-------|
203
+ | 1 | `u e s t` | 164,190 |
204
+ | 2 | `_ v u e` | 163,879 |
205
+ | 3 | `v u e s` | 163,702 |
206
+ | 4 | `) _ v u` | 124,953 |
207
+ | 5 | `e s t -` | 124,892 |
208
 
209
 
210
  ### Key Findings
211
 
212
+ - **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 284
213
  - **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
214
+ - **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~51% of corpus
215
  - **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
216
 
217
  ---
 
219
 
220
  ![Markov Entropy](visualizations/markov_entropy.png)
221
 
222
+ ![Markov Contexts](visualizations/markov_contexts.png)
223
+
224
  ![Markov Branching](visualizations/markov_branching.png)
225
 
226
  ### Results
227
 
228
+ | Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
229
+ |---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
230
+ | **1** | Word | 0.9061 | 1.874 | 5.53 | 115,135 | 9.4% |
231
+ | **1** | Subword | 1.0381 | 2.053 | 7.87 | 900 | 0.0% |
232
+ | **2** | Word | 0.2494 | 1.189 | 1.63 | 635,326 | 75.1% |
233
+ | **2** | Subword | 0.9486 | 1.930 | 5.95 | 7,086 | 5.1% |
234
+ | **3** | Word | 0.1397 | 1.102 | 1.31 | 1,030,372 | 86.0% |
235
+ | **3** | Subword | 0.7945 | 1.734 | 4.30 | 42,171 | 20.6% |
236
+ | **4** | Word | 0.1004 🏆 | 1.072 | 1.21 | 1,346,672 | 90.0% |
237
+ | **4** | Subword | 0.6921 | 1.616 | 3.14 | 181,330 | 30.8% |
238
+
239
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
240
+
241
+ Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
242
+
243
+ **Context Size 1:**
244
+
245
+ 1. `en forsythe david friedrich germanaf suterotik kiren sini va kulak ke patecta divatcewer kazaxo koe ...`
246
+ 2. `vuest paleobiology database lagidium viscacia katca ctenomys johannis dene internet ok ino va jontik...`
247
+ 3. `ke zosteropidae yasa ke capensis philippsi hinton en vuest walvedeyafa zveriopafa aba leptotrygon ti...`
248
 
249
+ **Context Size 2:**
250
+
251
+ 1. `en vuest paleobiology database pipistrellus kuhlii lepidus blyth en vuest animal diversity web leopa...`
252
+ 2. `of life procyon lotor grinnelli nelson and goldman tovumol thomomys umbrinus nelsoni merriam en vues...`
253
+ 3. `of the world siatos ke bata katca vas 17 oxi zo torigir ise va volkeafi is kategisafi`
254
+
255
+ **Context Size 3:**
256
+
257
+ 1. `of the world siatos ke konakara apta dere tid ke mila veyafa katca putcuxol cephalophus ogilbyi putc...`
258
+ 2. `mammal species of the world v 3 leptailurus serval lonnbergi cabrera abrugol leptailurus serval beir...`
259
+ 3. `species of the world v 3 solenodontidae gill en vuest animal diversity web corythopis en vuest anima...`
260
+
261
+ **Context Size 4:**
262
+
263
+ 1. `species of the world siatos ke bata katca tir aptiskafa pulasa vuestexa is xantaza en vuest mammal s...`
264
+ 2. `mammal species of the world v 3 sminthopsis griseoventer kitchener stoddart en fr vuest itis glaucom...`
265
+ 3. `bak taneon zo pimtayar vexala dem apteem sedme mammal species of the world siatos ke konakara apta d...`
266
+
267
+
268
+ ### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
269
 
270
+ Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
271
 
272
  **Context Size 1:**
273
 
274
+ 1. `_(_denata_(erus_`
275
+ 2. `asa_(_sideven_t_`
276
+ 3. `e_worva_(mi_rota`
277
 
278
  **Context Size 2:**
279
 
280
+ 1. `a_dem_sinzo_pala_`
281
+ 2. `s_rimallifa_jechy`
282
+ 3. `_(_puldaegan_baka`
283
 
284
  **Context Size 3:**
285
 
286
+ 1. `_:_citesa_)_ke_cou`
287
+ 2. `us_flowasinafa._13`
288
+ 3. `est-_:_pert_ke_cou`
289
 
290
  **Context Size 4:**
291
 
292
+ 1. `uestexa_is_katceem_`
293
+ 2. `_vuest-_:_cites_zib`
294
+ 3. `vuestexa_iku_hulske`
295
 
296
 
297
  ### Key Findings
298
 
299
+ - **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 90.0% predictability
300
  - **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
301
+ - **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (181,330 contexts)
302
  - **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
303
 
304
  ---
 
314
 
315
  | Metric | Value |
316
  |--------|-------|
317
+ | Vocabulary Size | 58,132 |
318
+ | Total Tokens | 3,516,474 |
319
+ | Mean Frequency | 60.49 |
320
+ | Median Frequency | 5 |
321
+ | Frequency Std Dev | 1081.22 |
322
 
323
  ### Most Common Words
324
 
325
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
326
  |------|------|-----------|
327
+ | 1 | en | 127,536 |
328
+ | 2 | vuest | 124,885 |
329
+ | 3 | ke | 85,674 |
330
+ | 4 | of | 52,510 |
331
+ | 5 | tir | 40,501 |
332
+ | 6 | is | 37,526 |
333
+ | 7 | katca | 36,175 |
334
+ | 8 | va | 35,605 |
335
+ | 9 | bak | 28,769 |
336
+ | 10 | koe | 28,642 |
337
 
338
  ### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
339
 
340
  | Rank | Word | Frequency |
341
  |------|------|-----------|
342
+ | 1 | medotegalaf | 2 |
343
+ | 2 | j1 | 2 |
344
+ | 3 | tageltaf | 2 |
345
+ | 4 | l4 | 2 |
346
+ | 5 | l5 | 2 |
347
+ | 6 | l6 | 2 |
348
+ | 7 | l8 | 2 |
349
+ | 8 | fakaf | 2 |
350
  | 9 | rozuxa | 2 |
351
  | 10 | eaksat | 2 |
352
 
 
354
 
355
  | Metric | Value |
356
  |--------|-------|
357
+ | Zipf Coefficient | 1.1323 |
358
+ | R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.996890 |
359
  | Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
360
 
361
  ### Coverage Analysis
362
 
363
  | Top N Words | Coverage |
364
  |-------------|----------|
365
+ | Top 100 | 48.8% |
366
+ | Top 1,000 | 72.1% |
367
+ | Top 5,000 | 86.1% |
368
  | Top 10,000 | 91.0% |
369
 
370
  ### Key Findings
371
 
372
+ - **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9969 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
373
+ - **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 48.8% of corpus
374
+ - **Long Tail:** 48,132 words needed for remaining 9.0% coverage
375
 
376
  ---
377
  ## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
 
384
 
385
  ![t-SNE Sentences](visualizations/tsne_sentences.png)
386
 
 
387
 
388
+ ### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
389
+
390
+ > *Note: Multilingual alignment visualization not available for this language.*
391
+
392
+
393
+ ### 5.2 Model Comparison
394
+
395
+ | Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
396
+ |-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
397
+ | **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8793 🏆 | 0.3481 | N/A | N/A |
398
+ | **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.8305 | 0.2964 | N/A | N/A |
399
+ | **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6711 | 0.2516 | N/A | N/A |
400
 
401
  ### Key Findings
402
 
403
+ - **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.8793 (more uniform distribution)
404
+ - **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2987. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
405
+ - **Alignment Quality:** No aligned models evaluated in this run.
406
+ - **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
407
 
408
  ---
409
+ ## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
410
+
411
+ > ⚠️ **Warning:** This language shows low morphological productivity. The statistical signals used for this analysis may be noisy or less reliable than for morphologically rich languages.
412
+
413
+ This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
414
+
415
+ ### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
416
+
417
+ | Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
418
+ |--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
419
+ | Productivity Index | **0.000** | Low morphological productivity | ⚠️ Likely unreliable |
420
+ | Idiomaticity Gap | **-1.000** | Low formulaic content | - |
421
+
422
+ ### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
423
+
424
+ These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
425
+
426
+ #### Productive Prefixes
427
+ | Prefix | Examples |
428
+ |--------|----------|
429
+
430
+ #### Productive Suffixes
431
+ | Suffix | Examples |
432
+ |--------|----------|
433
+ | `-a` | engada, winkapa, riftakola |
434
+ | `-s` | latimanus, hyladelphys, adocetus |
435
+ | `-us` | latimanus, adocetus, eptesicus |
436
+ | `-ra` | rupera, remtrakura, prosthemadera |
437
+ | `-on` | daemon, lavion, prostelayon |
438
+ | `-fa` | altokafa, kalkafa, ronepafa |
439
+ | `-afa` | altokafa, kalkafa, ronepafa |
440
+ | `-is` | africaeaustralis, variabilis, louis |
441
+
442
+ ### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
443
+
444
+ Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
445
+
446
+ | Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
447
+ |------|----------|------------------|----------|
448
+ | `ensi` | 2.40x | 45 contexts | owensi, pensil, ozensis |
449
+ | `ayar` | 1.87x | 93 contexts | gayar, vayar, iayar |
450
+ | `urus` | 2.16x | 23 contexts | purus, urusí, gaurus |
451
+ | `anta` | 1.52x | 73 contexts | yanta, danta, canta |
452
+ | `imta` | 2.04x | 22 contexts | pimtas, kimtaf, krimta |
453
+ | `tava` | 1.80x | 25 contexts | stava, kotava, yultava |
454
+ | `atca` | 1.63x | 31 contexts | zatca, datca, catca |
455
+ | `pimt` | 2.38x | 8 contexts | pimtas, pimtar, pimtan |
456
+ | `stes` | 1.74x | 16 contexts | restes, lestes, estesa |
457
+ | `neon` | 2.09x | 8 contexts | roneon, taneon, deneon |
458
+ | `xant` | 1.53x | 19 contexts | xanta, xanto, xantik |
459
+ | `katc` | 1.55x | 14 contexts | katca, katcaf, katcaal |
460
+
461
+ ### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
462
+
463
+ This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
464
+
465
+ *No significant affix co-occurrences detected.*
466
+
467
+
468
+ ### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
469
+
470
+ Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
471
+
472
+ | Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
473
+ |------|-----------------|------------|------|
474
+ | rumeikafa | **`rumeik-afa`** | 4.5 | `rumeik` |
475
+ | dolekikafa | **`dolekik-afa`** | 4.5 | `dolekik` |
476
+ | unenikafa | **`unenik-afa`** | 4.5 | `unenik` |
477
+ | tetschener | **`tetschen-er`** | 4.5 | `tetschen` |
478
+ | jotugalafa | **`jotugal-afa`** | 4.5 | `jotugal` |
479
+ | gogolason | **`gogolas-on`** | 4.5 | `gogolas` |
480
+ | rontagentimafa | **`rontagentim-afa`** | 4.5 | `rontagentim` |
481
+ | getalteon | **`getalte-on`** | 4.5 | `getalte` |
482
+ | azilnyofara | **`azilnyo-fa-ra`** | 3.0 | `azilnyo` |
483
+ | tunotrara | **`tunot-ra-ra`** | 3.0 | `tunot` |
484
+ | dimpiyison | **`dimpiy-is-on`** | 3.0 | `dimpiy` |
485
+ | otonycteris | **`otonyct-er-is`** | 3.0 | `otonyct` |
486
+ | rhinonicteris | **`rhinonict-er-is`** | 3.0 | `rhinonict` |
487
+ | chrotopterus | **`chrotopt-er-us`** | 3.0 | `chrotopt` |
488
+ | talturonon | **`taltur-on-on`** | 3.0 | `taltur` |
489
+
490
+ ### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
491
+
492
+ > **Automated Insight:**
493
+ The language AVK appears to be more isolating or has a highly fixed vocabulary. Word-level models perform nearly as well as subword models, indicating fewer productive morphological processes.
494
+
495
+ ---
496
+ ## 7. Summary & Recommendations
497
 
498
  ![Performance Dashboard](visualizations/performance_dashboard.png)
499
 
 
501
 
502
  | Component | Recommended | Rationale |
503
  |-----------|-------------|-----------|
504
+ | Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.69x) |
505
+ | N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (284) |
506
+ | Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (90.0%) |
507
  | Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
508
 
509
+
510
  ---
511
  ## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
512
 
 
696
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
697
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
698
  year = {2025},
699
+ doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
700
+ publisher = {Zenodo},
701
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
702
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
703
  }
 
713
  - 🤗 Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
714
  - 📊 Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
715
  - 👤 Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
716
+ - 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
717
  ---
718
  *Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
719
 
720
+ *Report Date: 2026-01-03 05:31:10*
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6
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7
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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visualizations/embedding_norms.png CHANGED
visualizations/embedding_similarity.png CHANGED

Git LFS Details

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  • Size of remote file: 149 kB

Git LFS Details

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  • Pointer size: 131 Bytes
  • Size of remote file: 154 kB
visualizations/markov_branching.png CHANGED
visualizations/markov_contexts.png CHANGED