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- .gitattributes +1 -0
- README.md +188 -151
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_128d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_128d_metadata.json +1 -1
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_32d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_32d_metadata.json +1 -1
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_64d.bin +2 -2
- models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_64d_metadata.json +1 -1
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_2gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_2gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_3gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_3gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_4gram_subword.parquet +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_4gram_subword_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/subword_ngram/bh_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/bh_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_16k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_32k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_64k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_8k.model +2 -2
- models/tokenizer/bh_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/bh_vocabulary.parquet +2 -2
- models/vocabulary/bh_vocabulary_metadata.json +9 -9
- models/word_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_word_metadata.json +2 -2
- models/word_markov/bh_markov_ctx2_word.parquet +2 -2
- models/word_markov/bh_markov_ctx2_word_metadata.json +2 -2
.gitattributes
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@@ -39,3 +39,4 @@ visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -t
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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---
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language: bh
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language_name:
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language_family: indoaryan_central
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tags:
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- wikilangs
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- monolingual
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- family-indoaryan_central
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag:
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value: 0
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generated: 2026-01-03
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---
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#
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
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## 📋 Repository Contents
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
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- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6
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- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
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| **8k** | 3.
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| **16k** | 3.
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| **32k** | 3.
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| **64k** | 4.
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### Tokenization Examples
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
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**Sample 1:**
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k |
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| 16k |
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| 32k |
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| 64k |
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**Sample 2:**
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 8k |
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**Sample 3:**
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
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| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
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|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
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| **2-gram** | Word | 9,
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| **2-gram** | Subword | 1,
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| **3-gram** | Word | 13,
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| **3-gram** | Subword | 11,
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| **4-gram** | Word | 17,
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| **4-gram** | Subword | 44,
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 1 | `सभ के` | 4,
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| 2 | `भारत के` | 3,
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| 3 | `रूप में` | 3,
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| 4 | `के रूप` | 2,
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| 5 | `देखल जाय` | 2,
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**3-grams (Word):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 1 | `के रूप में` | 2,
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| 2 | `इहो देखल जाय` | 2,
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| 3 | `के हिसाब से` | 1,
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| 4 | `संदर्भ बाहरी कड़ी` | 1,
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| 5 | `शहर आ कस्बा` | 1,209 |
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**4-grams (Word):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 1 | `के शहर आ कस्बा` | 1,206 |
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| 2 | `बाटे इहो देखल जाय` |
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| 3 | `राज्य में एक ठो` |
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| 4 | `के हिसाब से ई` | 539 |
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| 5 | `में एगो जिला बाटे` | 536 |
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**2-grams (Subword):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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| 1 | `के _` | 114,
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| 2 | `_ के` | 110,
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| 3 | `र _` | 75,
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**3-grams (Subword):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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**4-grams (Subword):**
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| Rank | N-gram | Count |
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|------|--------|-------|
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 1,
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
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---
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| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
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|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
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### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
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**Context Size 1:**
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
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**Context Size 1:**
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**Context Size 2:**
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**Context Size 3:**
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**Context Size 4:**
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 96.5% predictability
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
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---
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Vocabulary Size | 38,
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| Total Tokens | 1,
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| Mean Frequency | 32.
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| Median Frequency | 4 |
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| Frequency Std Dev |
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### Most Common Words
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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|------|------|-----------|
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| 1 | के | 109,
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| 2 | में | 46,
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| 3 | आ | 30,
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| 4 | से | 21,
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
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| Rank | Word | Frequency |
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### Zipf's Law Analysis
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| Metric | Value |
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|--------|-------|
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| Zipf Coefficient | 1.
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| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
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### Coverage Analysis
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| Top N Words | Coverage |
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|-------------|----------|
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| Top 100 | 43.
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| Top 1,000 | 69.
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| Top 5,000 | 86.1% |
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| Top 10,000 | 91.7% |
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### Key Findings
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- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9944 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
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- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 43.
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- **Long Tail:** 28,
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---
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
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### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
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### 5.2 Model Comparison
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| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
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|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
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| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.
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| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.
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| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.
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### Key Findings
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- **Best Isotropy:**
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- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.
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- **Alignment Quality:**
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- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
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---
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## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 410 |
|
| 411 |
-
> ⚠️ **Warning:** This language shows low morphological productivity. The statistical signals used for this analysis may be noisy or less reliable than for morphologically rich languages.
|
| 412 |
-
|
| 413 |
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 414 |
|
| 415 |
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 416 |
|
| 417 |
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 418 |
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 419 |
-
| Productivity Index | **
|
| 420 |
-
| Idiomaticity Gap |
|
| 421 |
|
| 422 |
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 423 |
|
|
@@ -432,18 +467,18 @@ Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but
|
|
| 432 |
|
| 433 |
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 434 |
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 435 |
-
| `ther` | 2.
|
| 436 |
-
| `
|
| 437 |
-
| `
|
| 438 |
-
| `
|
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-
| `
|
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-
| `
|
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-
| `
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-
| `
|
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-
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|
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-
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|
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-
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|
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-
| `
|
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|
| 448 |
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 449 |
|
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@@ -462,7 +497,9 @@ Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words in
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|
| 462 |
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 463 |
|
| 464 |
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 465 |
-
The language
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|
|
|
|
|
|
| 466 |
|
| 467 |
---
|
| 468 |
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
|
@@ -474,7 +511,7 @@ The language BH appears to be more isolating or has a highly fixed vocabulary. W
|
|
| 474 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 475 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 476 |
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.10x) |
|
| 477 |
-
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (1,
|
| 478 |
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (96.5%) |
|
| 479 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 480 |
|
|
@@ -689,4 +726,4 @@ MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.
|
|
| 689 |
---
|
| 690 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 691 |
|
| 692 |
-
*Report Date: 2026-01-03
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
---
|
| 2 |
language: bh
|
| 3 |
+
language_name: Bihari languages
|
| 4 |
language_family: indoaryan_central
|
| 5 |
tags:
|
| 6 |
- wikilangs
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
- n-gram
|
| 11 |
- markov
|
| 12 |
- wikipedia
|
| 13 |
+
- feature-extraction
|
| 14 |
+
- sentence-similarity
|
| 15 |
+
- tokenization
|
| 16 |
+
- n-grams
|
| 17 |
+
- markov-chain
|
| 18 |
+
- text-mining
|
| 19 |
+
- fasttext
|
| 20 |
+
- babelvec
|
| 21 |
+
- vocabulous
|
| 22 |
+
- vocabulary
|
| 23 |
- monolingual
|
| 24 |
- family-indoaryan_central
|
| 25 |
license: mit
|
| 26 |
library_name: wikilangs
|
| 27 |
+
pipeline_tag: text-generation
|
| 28 |
datasets:
|
| 29 |
- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
|
| 30 |
dataset_info:
|
|
|
|
| 33 |
metrics:
|
| 34 |
- name: best_compression_ratio
|
| 35 |
type: compression
|
| 36 |
+
value: 4.105
|
| 37 |
- name: best_isotropy
|
| 38 |
type: isotropy
|
| 39 |
+
value: 0.8673
|
| 40 |
- name: vocabulary_size
|
| 41 |
type: vocab
|
| 42 |
value: 0
|
| 43 |
generated: 2026-01-03
|
| 44 |
---
|
| 45 |
|
| 46 |
+
# Bihari languages - Wikilangs Models
|
| 47 |
## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study
|
| 48 |
|
| 49 |
+
This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Bihari languages** Wikipedia data.
|
| 50 |
We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.
|
| 51 |
|
| 52 |
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
|
|
|
| 70 |
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 71 |
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 72 |
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 73 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 74 |
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 75 |
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 76 |
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
|
|
|
| 90 |
|
| 91 |
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 92 |
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 93 |
+
| **8k** | 3.440x | 3.44 | 0.1739% | 367,965 |
|
| 94 |
+
| **16k** | 3.744x | 3.75 | 0.1893% | 338,089 |
|
| 95 |
+
| **32k** | 3.961x | 3.96 | 0.2003% | 319,582 |
|
| 96 |
+
| **64k** | 4.105x 🏆 | 4.11 | 0.2075% | 308,421 |
|
| 97 |
|
| 98 |
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 99 |
|
| 100 |
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 101 |
|
| 102 |
+
**Sample 1:** `नेल्सन मंडेला दक्खिन अफिरका के पहिला करिया राष्ट्रपति आ पहिला चुनल गइल राष्ट्रपत...`
|
| 103 |
|
| 104 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 105 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 106 |
+
| 8k | `▁ने ल् सन ▁मंड ेला ▁दक्खिन ▁अफिरका ▁के ▁पहिला ▁करिया ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 107 |
+
| 16k | `▁ने ल्सन ▁मंड ेला ▁दक्खिन ▁अफिरका ▁के ▁पहिला ▁करिया ▁राष्ट्रपति ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁नेल्सन ▁मंड ेला ▁दक्खिन ▁अफिरका ▁के ▁पहिला ▁करिया ▁राष्ट्रपति ▁आ ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 109 |
+
| 64k | `▁नेल्सन ▁मंड ेला ▁दक्खिन ▁अफिरका ▁के ▁पहिला ▁करिया ▁राष्ट्रपति ▁आ ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 110 |
|
| 111 |
+
**Sample 2:** `बबुआ कलां भारत के झारखंड राज्य में एक ठो कसबा बाटे। के शहर आ कस्बा`
|
| 112 |
|
| 113 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 114 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 115 |
+
| 8k | `▁ब ब ुआ ▁कला ं ▁भारत ▁के ▁झारखंड ▁राज्य ▁में ... (+9 more)` | 19 |
|
| 116 |
+
| 16k | `▁ब बुआ ▁कला ं ▁भारत ▁के ▁झारखंड ▁राज्य ▁में ▁एक ... (+8 more)` | 18 |
|
| 117 |
+
| 32k | `▁ब बुआ ▁कलां ▁भारत ▁के ▁झारखंड ▁राज्य ▁में ▁एक ▁ठो ... (+7 more)` | 17 |
|
| 118 |
+
| 64k | `▁बबुआ ▁कलां ▁भारत ▁के ▁झारखंड ▁राज्य ▁में ▁एक ▁ठो ▁कसबा ... (+6 more)` | 16 |
|
| 119 |
|
| 120 |
+
**Sample 3:** `घटना जनम - मन्मथनाथ गुप्त - भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम क एगो प्रमुख क्रान्तिकारी...`
|
| 121 |
|
| 122 |
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 123 |
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 124 |
+
| 8k | `▁घटना ▁जनम ▁- ▁म न् म थ नाथ ▁गुप्त ▁- ... (+28 more)` | 38 |
|
| 125 |
+
| 16k | `▁घटना ▁जनम ▁- ▁म न् मथ नाथ ▁गुप्त ▁- ▁भारतीय ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 126 |
+
| 32k | `▁घटना ▁जनम ▁- ▁मन् मथ नाथ ▁गुप्त ▁- ▁भारतीय ▁स्वतन्त्रता ... (+21 more)` | 31 |
|
| 127 |
+
| 64k | `▁घटना ▁जनम ▁- ▁मन्मथनाथ ▁गुप्त ▁- ▁भारतीय ▁स्वतन्त्रता ▁संग्राम ▁क ... (+17 more)` | 27 |
|
| 128 |
|
| 129 |
|
| 130 |
### Key Findings
|
| 131 |
|
| 132 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.105x compression
|
| 133 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1739% unknown tokens
|
| 134 |
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 135 |
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 136 |
|
|
|
|
| 147 |
|
| 148 |
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 149 |
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 150 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 9,136 | 13.16 | 29,778 | 16.5% | 43.4% |
|
| 151 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 1,496 🏆 | 10.55 | 21,749 | 39.6% | 76.5% |
|
| 152 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 13,783 | 13.75 | 38,633 | 15.8% | 36.1% |
|
| 153 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 11,127 | 13.44 | 93,435 | 16.7% | 42.3% |
|
| 154 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 17,572 | 14.10 | 53,047 | 17.6% | 35.4% |
|
| 155 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 44,731 | 15.45 | 294,486 | 9.1% | 27.8% |
|
| 156 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 8,139 | 12.99 | 30,163 | 24.3% | 46.7% |
|
| 157 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 95,769 | 16.55 | 421,404 | 6.3% | 19.7% |
|
| 158 |
|
| 159 |
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 160 |
|
|
|
|
| 162 |
|
| 163 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 164 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 165 |
+
| 1 | `सभ के` | 4,152 |
|
| 166 |
+
| 2 | `भारत के` | 3,812 |
|
| 167 |
+
| 3 | `रूप में` | 3,160 |
|
| 168 |
+
| 4 | `के रूप` | 2,936 |
|
| 169 |
+
| 5 | `देखल जाय` | 2,147 |
|
| 170 |
|
| 171 |
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 172 |
|
| 173 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 174 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 175 |
+
| 1 | `के रूप में` | 2,742 |
|
| 176 |
+
| 2 | `इहो देखल जाय` | 2,001 |
|
| 177 |
+
| 3 | `के हिसाब से` | 1,425 |
|
| 178 |
+
| 4 | `संदर्भ बाहरी कड़ी` | 1,391 |
|
| 179 |
| 5 | `शहर आ कस्बा` | 1,209 |
|
| 180 |
|
| 181 |
**4-grams (Word):**
|
|
|
|
| 183 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 184 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 185 |
| 1 | `के शहर आ कस्बा` | 1,206 |
|
| 186 |
+
| 2 | `बाटे इहो देखल जाय` | 781 |
|
| 187 |
+
| 3 | `राज्य में एक ठो` | 666 |
|
| 188 |
| 4 | `के हिसाब से ई` | 539 |
|
| 189 |
| 5 | `में एगो जिला बाटे` | 536 |
|
| 190 |
|
| 191 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 194 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 195 |
+
| 1 | `संदर्भ के शहर आ कस्बा` | 496 |
|
| 196 |
+
| 2 | `के जनगणना के हिसाब से` | 496 |
|
| 197 |
+
| 3 | `में एगो जिला बाटे एकर` | 465 |
|
| 198 |
+
| 4 | `जनसंख्या साल के जनगणना के` | 449 |
|
| 199 |
+
| 5 | `साल के जनगणना के हिसाब` | 448 |
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 202 |
|
| 203 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 204 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 205 |
+
| 1 | `के _` | 114,017 |
|
| 206 |
+
| 2 | `_ के` | 110,574 |
|
| 207 |
+
| 3 | `र _` | 75,090 |
|
| 208 |
+
| 4 | `ल _` | 68,378 |
|
| 209 |
+
| 5 | `न _` | 54,576 |
|
| 210 |
|
| 211 |
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 212 |
|
| 213 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 214 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 215 |
+
| 1 | `_ के _` | 108,779 |
|
| 216 |
+
| 2 | `_ में _` | 44,499 |
|
| 217 |
+
| 3 | `_ आ _` | 30,014 |
|
| 218 |
+
| 4 | `_ से _` | 20,994 |
|
| 219 |
+
| 5 | `ल _ जा` | 13,915 |
|
| 220 |
|
| 221 |
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 222 |
|
| 223 |
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 224 |
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 225 |
+
| 1 | `न _ के _` | 9,485 |
|
| 226 |
+
| 2 | `_ स भ _` | 8,539 |
|
| 227 |
+
| 3 | `_ ए गो _` | 8,025 |
|
| 228 |
+
| 4 | `र _ के _` | 7,333 |
|
| 229 |
+
| 5 | `ल _ जा ला` | 7,264 |
|
| 230 |
+
|
| 231 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 232 |
+
|
| 233 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 234 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 235 |
+
| 1 | `_ बा टे । _` | 5,947 |
|
| 236 |
+
| 2 | `_ भा र त _` | 5,876 |
|
| 237 |
+
| 3 | `_ सं द र्भ _` | 5,473 |
|
| 238 |
+
| 4 | `_ t h e _` | 4,933 |
|
| 239 |
+
| 5 | `ल _ ग इ ल` | 4,916 |
|
| 240 |
|
| 241 |
|
| 242 |
### Key Findings
|
| 243 |
|
| 244 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 1,496
|
| 245 |
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 246 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~20% of corpus
|
| 247 |
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 248 |
|
| 249 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 259 |
|
| 260 |
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 261 |
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 262 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.8731 | 1.832 | 6.14 | 84,373 | 12.7% |
|
| 263 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 0.9992 | 1.999 | 12.29 | 4,950 | 0.1% |
|
| 264 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.2948 | 1.227 | 1.78 | 516,874 | 70.5% |
|
| 265 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.5582 | 1.472 | 4.02 | 60,819 | 44.2% |
|
| 266 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.1070 | 1.077 | 1.19 | 914,610 | 89.3% |
|
| 267 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.5218 | 1.436 | 2.94 | 244,457 | 47.8% |
|
| 268 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.0352 🏆 | 1.025 | 1.05 | 1,084,862 | 96.5% |
|
| 269 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.3349 | 1.261 | 1.87 | 719,467 | 66.5% |
|
| 270 |
|
| 271 |
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 272 |
|
|
|
|
| 274 |
|
| 275 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 276 |
|
| 277 |
+
1. `के काम कइल जाला के जिला भारत के संतान लक्ष्मीदास जे पर्यावरणी आ मेडिकल कॉलेज दारोगा`
|
| 278 |
+
2. `में भगवान शिव के होखे ला दुनों जाना जाता था जो में जमल पानी प्रदूषण कहल`
|
| 279 |
+
3. `आ निर्वासित दुनों ओर ना कौनों सामान सभ के नाट्यमण्डली के संभाव्यता अध्ययन राइट्स ऑफ हिज`
|
| 280 |
|
| 281 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 282 |
|
| 283 |
+
1. `सभ के समर्थन वाली मीरा कुमार रहली ई कहल गइल आ सन ई में बेंजामिन फ्रैंकलिन के`
|
| 284 |
+
2. `भारत के 27वाँ शहर बाटे जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक राजा पृथु के नाँव सैयद शफ़ीक़ हुसैन रहल`
|
| 285 |
+
3. `रूप में रखल जाला 23 मार्च locks down over 100 and 1 450 m oromediterranean zone nemoral`
|
| 286 |
|
| 287 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 288 |
|
| 289 |
+
1. `के रूप में भी देखल जाला आ पोसल जाला इन्हन क कई गो अवतार कमल क फूल अतिरिक्त`
|
| 290 |
+
2. `इहो देखल जाय नारियल पानी नारियल गरी संदर्भ पानी`
|
| 291 |
+
3. `के हिसाब से ई भारत के 476वाँ शहर बाटे जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में लिंगानुपात 934`
|
| 292 |
|
| 293 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 294 |
|
| 295 |
+
1. `बाटे इहो देखल जाय भारत के शहर संदर्भ के शहर आ कस्बा के शहर आ कस्बा प्रदेश के शहर`
|
| 296 |
+
2. `राज्य में एक ठो कसबा बाटे इहो देखल जाय ग��जरात के जिला संदर्भ बाहरी कड़ी ऑफिशियल वेबसाइट के जिला`
|
| 297 |
+
3. `के हिसाब से ई भारत के 204वाँ शहर बाटे जनगणना आँकड़ा के मोताबिक एह शहर में लिंगानुपात 883 आ`
|
| 298 |
|
| 299 |
|
| 300 |
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
|
|
|
| 303 |
|
| 304 |
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 305 |
|
| 306 |
+
1. `_शार_खाई_ऋ_भूगो_स्थापत्र_`
|
| 307 |
+
2. `र_के_बत_oudeasuña`
|
| 308 |
+
3. `के_में_का_djoriid_नित`
|
| 309 |
|
| 310 |
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 311 |
|
| 312 |
+
1. `के_युवल_जाति_बा_जे_दुनों_ची`
|
| 313 |
+
2. `_के_तुलसीदास_लोगन-पूर्व_में`
|
| 314 |
+
3. `र_द्वारा_पूरा_लोग_के_रूप_में`
|
| 315 |
|
| 316 |
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 317 |
|
| 318 |
+
1. `_के_पुरान_खान,_तसही_संभव`
|
| 319 |
+
2. `_में_तीन_गो_देस_बनल_ईस्ट_`
|
| 320 |
+
3. `_आ_सन्देश_पर_करा_जरूरत_`
|
| 321 |
|
| 322 |
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 323 |
|
| 324 |
+
1. `न_के_सीखल_आ_एह_मंदिर,_मा`
|
| 325 |
+
2. `_सभ_के_बिसेसता_के_कारण_मूल्य`
|
| 326 |
+
3. `_एगो_नागरिक_उत्पादन_के_प्रति_`
|
| 327 |
|
| 328 |
|
| 329 |
### Key Findings
|
| 330 |
|
| 331 |
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 96.5% predictability
|
| 332 |
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 333 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (719,467 contexts)
|
| 334 |
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 335 |
|
| 336 |
---
|
|
|
|
| 346 |
|
| 347 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 348 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 349 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 38,630 |
|
| 350 |
+
| Total Tokens | 1,241,622 |
|
| 351 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 32.14 |
|
| 352 |
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 353 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 666.83 |
|
| 354 |
|
| 355 |
### Most Common Words
|
| 356 |
|
| 357 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 358 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 359 |
+
| 1 | के | 109,386 |
|
| 360 |
+
| 2 | में | 46,201 |
|
| 361 |
+
| 3 | आ | 30,101 |
|
| 362 |
+
| 4 | से | 21,341 |
|
| 363 |
+
| 5 | बा | 11,787 |
|
| 364 |
+
| 6 | ई | 10,672 |
|
| 365 |
+
| 7 | सभ | 8,798 |
|
| 366 |
+
| 8 | बाटे | 8,511 |
|
| 367 |
+
| 9 | जाला | 8,084 |
|
| 368 |
+
| 10 | एगो | 8,063 |
|
| 369 |
|
| 370 |
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 371 |
|
| 372 |
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 373 |
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 374 |
+
| 1 | बंटवारे | 2 |
|
| 375 |
+
| 2 | सीटेंराष्ट्रीय | 2 |
|
| 376 |
+
| 3 | पासवानभाकपा | 2 |
|
| 377 |
+
| 4 | शेयरमतदान | 2 |
|
| 378 |
+
| 5 | तिथिबहुमतराष्ट्रीय | 2 |
|
| 379 |
+
| 6 | गठबंधनमहागठबंधन | 2 |
|
| 380 |
+
| 7 | मैट्रिज़सितंबर | 2 |
|
| 381 |
+
| 8 | बोनो | 2 |
|
| 382 |
+
| 9 | नगद | 2 |
|
| 383 |
+
| 10 | रचनन | 2 |
|
| 384 |
|
| 385 |
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 386 |
|
| 387 |
| Metric | Value |
|
| 388 |
|--------|-------|
|
| 389 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.1214 |
|
| 390 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.994355 |
|
| 391 |
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 392 |
|
| 393 |
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 394 |
|
| 395 |
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 396 |
|-------------|----------|
|
| 397 |
+
| Top 100 | 43.1% |
|
| 398 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 69.6% |
|
| 399 |
| Top 5,000 | 86.1% |
|
| 400 |
| Top 10,000 | 91.7% |
|
| 401 |
|
| 402 |
### Key Findings
|
| 403 |
|
| 404 |
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9944 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 405 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 43.1% of corpus
|
| 406 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 28,630 words needed for remaining 8.3% coverage
|
| 407 |
|
| 408 |
---
|
| 409 |
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
|
|
|
| 419 |
|
| 420 |
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 421 |
|
| 422 |
+

|
| 423 |
+
|
| 424 |
+

|
| 425 |
|
| 426 |
|
| 427 |
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 428 |
|
| 429 |
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 430 |
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 431 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8673 | 0.3719 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 432 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.8240 | 0.2806 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 433 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6337 | 0.2390 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 434 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.8673 🏆 | 0.3586 | 0.0220 | 0.1540 |
|
| 435 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.8240 | 0.2867 | 0.0220 | 0.2300 |
|
| 436 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6337 | 0.2384 | 0.0780 | 0.2560 |
|
| 437 |
|
| 438 |
### Key Findings
|
| 439 |
|
| 440 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.8673 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 441 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2959. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 442 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 7.8% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 443 |
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 444 |
|
| 445 |
---
|
| 446 |
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 447 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 448 |
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 449 |
|
| 450 |
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 451 |
|
| 452 |
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 453 |
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 454 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 455 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **1.367** | High formulaic/idiomatic content | - |
|
| 456 |
|
| 457 |
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 458 |
|
|
|
|
| 467 |
|
| 468 |
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 469 |
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 470 |
+
| `ther` | 2.76x | 26 contexts | there, other, mother |
|
| 471 |
+
| `tion` | 2.68x | 19 contexts | motion, action, nation |
|
| 472 |
+
| `ount` | 2.74x | 15 contexts | mount, count, counts |
|
| 473 |
+
| `atio` | 2.66x | 15 contexts | ratio, nation, nations |
|
| 474 |
+
| `ctio` | 2.70x | 14 contexts | action, section, actions |
|
| 475 |
+
| `ater` | 2.74x | 11 contexts | later, eater, water |
|
| 476 |
+
| `stat` | 2.72x | 10 contexts | stato, stats, state |
|
| 477 |
+
| `vers` | 2.62x | 11 contexts | verse, covers, rivers |
|
| 478 |
+
| `rati` | 2.70x | 9 contexts | ratio, rating, bharati |
|
| 479 |
+
| `ment` | 2.55x | 9 contexts | cement, ferment, element |
|
| 480 |
+
| `ical` | 2.65x | 8 contexts | typical, medical, optical |
|
| 481 |
+
| `ated` | 2.73x | 7 contexts | dated, stated, related |
|
| 482 |
|
| 483 |
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 484 |
|
|
|
|
| 497 |
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 498 |
|
| 499 |
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 500 |
+
The language Bihari languages shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 501 |
+
|
| 502 |
+
> **Note on Idiomaticity:** The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts.
|
| 503 |
|
| 504 |
---
|
| 505 |
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
|
|
|
| 511 |
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 512 |
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 513 |
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.10x) |
|
| 514 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (1,496) |
|
| 515 |
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (96.5%) |
|
| 516 |
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 517 |
|
|
|
|
| 726 |
---
|
| 727 |
*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline*
|
| 728 |
|
| 729 |
+
*Report Date: 2026-01-03 18:51:04*
|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d.bin
ADDED
|
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ADDED
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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models/embeddings/aligned/bh_128d_metadata.json
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{
|
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"language": "bh",
|
| 3 |
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"dimension": 128,
|
| 4 |
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|
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|
| 8 |
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models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d.bin
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|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "bh", "dim": 32, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
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|
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|
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/bh_32d_metadata.json
ADDED
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|
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| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "bh",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 32,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "aligned",
|
| 5 |
+
"hub_language": "en",
|
| 6 |
+
"seed_vocab_size": 2989,
|
| 7 |
+
"vocab_size": 17426
|
| 8 |
+
}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.bin
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
| 1 |
+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.meta.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
+
{"lang": "bh", "dim": 64, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": true}
|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 16512
|
models/embeddings/aligned/bh_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
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|
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|
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|
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|
| 1 |
+
{
|
| 2 |
+
"language": "bh",
|
| 3 |
+
"dimension": 64,
|
| 4 |
+
"version": "aligned",
|
| 5 |
+
"hub_language": "en",
|
| 6 |
+
"seed_vocab_size": 2989,
|
| 7 |
+
"vocab_size": 17426
|
| 8 |
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}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_128d.bin
CHANGED
|
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
-
oid sha256:
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| 3 |
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size
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:eea85d4d38b8a1eafd02a0f4039143227a6f20c432fbc6a6fd550310ae30a184
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| 3 |
+
size 1042277480
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_128d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 128
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
-
"vocab_size":
|
| 15 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 128
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 17426
|
| 15 |
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_32d.bin
CHANGED
|
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:
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size
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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oid sha256:da9461279c26e26024cae2aab208a18288148ec7cb32f5d81abaebf0820bc365
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| 3 |
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size 260894312
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_32d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 32
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
-
"vocab_size":
|
| 15 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 32
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 17426
|
| 15 |
}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_64d.bin
CHANGED
|
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|
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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size
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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size 521355368
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models/embeddings/monolingual/bh_64d_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -11,5 +11,5 @@
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 64
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
-
"vocab_size":
|
| 15 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 11 |
"encoding_method": "rope",
|
| 12 |
"dim": 64
|
| 13 |
},
|
| 14 |
+
"vocab_size": 17426
|
| 15 |
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|
models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet
CHANGED
|
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
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| 3 |
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|
|
|
|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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oid sha256:ac710a309d0b5689e8773f979c3608ce9a0d07db0f59e06b9f80e15194627585
|
| 3 |
+
size 420239
|
models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json
CHANGED
|
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
|
|
| 2 |
"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
"language": "bh",
|
| 5 |
-
"unique_contexts":
|
| 6 |
-
"total_transitions":
|
| 7 |
}
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
"context_size": 1,
|
| 3 |
"variant": "subword",
|
| 4 |
"language": "bh",
|
| 5 |
+
"unique_contexts": 4950,
|
| 6 |
+
"total_transitions": 4792901
|
| 7 |
}
|
models/subword_markov/bh_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet
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|
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|
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| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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| 2 |
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|
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|
| 1 |
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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