README.md

metadata

language: su
language_name: Sundanese
language_family: austronesian_javanese
tags:
  - wikilangs
  - nlp
  - tokenizer
  - embeddings
  - n-gram
  - markov
  - wikipedia
  - feature-extraction
  - sentence-similarity
  - tokenization
  - n-grams
  - markov-chain
  - text-mining
  - fasttext
  - babelvec
  - vocabulous
  - vocabulary
  - monolingual
  - family-austronesian_javanese
license: mit
library_name: wikilangs
pipeline_tag: text-generation
datasets:
  - omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
dataset_info:
  name: wikipedia-monthly
  description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
metrics:
  - name: best_compression_ratio
    type: compression
    value: 4.793
  - name: best_isotropy
    type: isotropy
    value: 0.7854
  - name: vocabulary_size
    type: vocab
    value: 0
generated: 2026-01-10T00:00:00.000Z

Sundanese - Wikilangs Models

Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study

This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on Sundanese Wikipedia data. We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings.

📋 Repository Contents

Models & Assets

• Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
• N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
• Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
• Subword N-gram and Markov chains
• Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
• Language Vocabulary
• Language Statistics

Analysis and Evaluation

• 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
• 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
• 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
• 4. Vocabulary Analysis
• 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
• 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
• 7. Summary & Recommendations
• Metrics Glossary
• Visualizations Index

---

1. Tokenizer Evaluation

Results

Vocab Size	Compression	Avg Token Len	UNK Rate	Total Tokens
8k	3.614x	3.61	0.2895%	1,045,476
16k	4.061x	4.06	0.3254%	930,202
32k	4.462x	4.46	0.3575%	846,599
64k	4.793x 🏆	4.79	0.3840%	788,257

Tokenization Examples

Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:

Sample 1: Sukajaya nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Ciséwu, Kabupatén Garut, Propinsi...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁suk ajaya ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁cis éw ... (+13 more)	23
16k	▁sukajaya ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁cis éwu , ... (+11 more)	21
32k	▁sukajaya ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁ciséwu , ▁kabupatén ... (+10 more)	20
64k	▁sukajaya ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁ciséwu , ▁kabupatén ... (+10 more)	20

Sample 2: Way Sindi nyaéta salah sahiji Désa di kacamatan Karya Penggawa, Kabupatén Pesisi...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁way ▁sin di ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁karya ... (+13 more)	23
16k	▁way ▁sin di ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁karya ... (+13 more)	23
32k	▁way ▁sin di ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁karya ... (+12 more)	22
64k	▁way ▁sindi ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁karya ▁penggawa ... (+11 more)	21

Sample 3: Linggamukti nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan Sucinaraja, Kabupatén Garut, P...

Vocab	Tokens	Count
8k	▁lingg am ukti ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁su ... (+14 more)	24
16k	▁lingg am ukti ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁su ... (+14 more)	24
32k	▁lingg amukti ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁sucinaraja , ... (+11 more)	21
64k	▁lingg amukti ▁nyaéta ▁salah ▁sahiji ▁désa ▁di ▁kacamatan ▁sucinaraja , ... (+11 more)	21

Key Findings

• Best Compression: 64k achieves 4.793x compression
• Lowest UNK Rate: 8k with 0.2895% unknown tokens
• Trade-off: Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
• Recommendation: 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use

---

2. N-gram Model Evaluation

Results

N-gram	Variant	Perplexity	Entropy	Unique N-grams	Top-100 Coverage	Top-1000 Coverage
2-gram	Word	8,615	13.07	119,237	36.6%	51.4%
2-gram	Subword	250 🏆	7.96	8,527	69.1%	99.4%
3-gram	Word	3,378	11.72	118,793	51.2%	64.9%
3-gram	Subword	2,021	10.98	49,956	27.1%	75.5%
4-gram	Word	3,002	11.55	162,065	53.7%	67.2%
4-gram	Subword	10,081	13.30	252,099	14.3%	47.8%
5-gram	Word	2,066	11.01	112,479	57.2%	70.2%
5-gram	Subword	31,527	14.94	709,433	10.6%	36.5%

Top 5 N-grams by Size

2-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	salah sahiji	29,861
2	astéroid ieu	29,850
3	ieu astéroid	29,850
4	nyaéta salah	26,619
5	di kacamatan	25,114

3-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	nyaéta salah sahiji	26,442
2	désa di kacamatan	16,291
3	salah sahiji désa	15,457
4	sahiji désa di	15,449
5	rujukan tutumbu kaluar	14,998

4-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	salah sahiji désa di	15,449
2	sahiji désa di kacamatan	15,446
3	nyaéta salah sahiji désa	15,429
4	the international astronomical union	14,930
5	astéroid kacatet gedéna 0	14,925

5-grams (Word):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	salah sahiji désa di kacamatan	15,446
2	nyaéta salah sahiji désa di	15,429
3	minangka beubeulahan planétisimal objék di	14,925
4	asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid	14,925
5	nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada ékséntrisitas	14,925

2-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	a n	1,250,483
2	a _	1,066,804
3	n _	801,241
4	n g	770,939
5	k a	571,201

3-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	a n _	417,933
2	_ k a	355,900
3	n a _	318,266
4	_ d i	307,852
5	a n g	284,934

4-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	e u n _	144,400
2	k e u n	135,792
3	i n a _	133,616
4	_ d i _	127,925
5	_ a s t	120,933

5-grams (Subword):

Rank	N-gram	Count
1	k e u n _	129,890
2	s t é r o	89,884
3	é r o i d	89,804
4	t é r o i	89,803
5	_ a s t é	89,744

Key Findings

• Best Perplexity: 2-gram (subword) with 250
• Entropy Trend: Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
• Coverage: Top-1000 patterns cover ~37% of corpus
• Recommendation: 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance

---

3. Markov Chain Evaluation

Results

Context	Variant	Avg Entropy	Perplexity	Branching Factor	Unique Contexts	Predictability
1	Word	0.9632	1.950	8.46	260,446	3.7%
1	Subword	1.1518	2.222	7.12	4,969	0.0%
2	Word	0.2938	1.226	1.70	2,198,896	70.6%
2	Subword	0.6319	1.550	3.75	35,377	36.8%
3	Word	0.0779	1.055	1.13	3,734,334	92.2%
3	Subword	0.6394	1.558	3.52	132,696	36.1%
4	Word	0.0225 🏆	1.016	1.03	4,192,253	97.7%
4	Subword	0.6390	1.557	3.00	466,876	36.1%

Generated Text Samples (Word-based)

Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

1. di handap dipaké pikeun ngajéntrékeun pamuka pikeun rahayatna dipaksa néken perjangjian anu dirojong...
2. nu kahiji smp rayudin guru lagu kahijina ka tukang balap tim mclaren mercedes benz e300 kakayaanna
3. astéroid amor the iceman winona ryder edgar allan poé 335 sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 22 23 3

Context Size 2:

1. salah sahiji désa di kacamatan idi tunong kabupatén aceh tamiang propinsi acéh indonésia manyak paye...
2. ieu astéroid kacatet gedéna 0 482 sedengkeun magnitudo mutlakna 26 9 ari nu jadi référénsina mah nya...
3. astéroid ieu asteroid téh bagéan tina astéroid amor anu nganjrek deukeut jeung marcapada ékséntrisit...

Context Size 3:

1. nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan tano tombangan angkola kabupatén tapanuli kidul propinsi sumat...
2. désa di kacamatan jujuhan kabupatén bungo propinsi jambi indonésia renah mendaluh renah mendaluh
3. salah sahiji désa di kacamatan bantarujeg kabupatén majalengka propinsi jawa barat anggota mpr fkp d...

Context Size 4:

1. salah sahiji désa di kacamatan hantara kabupatén kuningan propinsi jawa barat indonésia beusi mangru...
2. sahiji désa di kacamatan bangun purba kabupatén deli serdang propinsi sumatra kalér indonésia hinai ...
3. nyaéta salah sahiji désa di kacamatan pesisir bukit kota sungai penuh propinsi jambi indonésia pesis...

Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)

Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:

Context Size 1:

1. as)_neugeukinua_
2. _dil_dértapiswi_
3. n_pleukeuloral_g

Context Size 2:

1. an_teun_(ter._ama
2. a_muh_so._–_lo_na
3. n_to_ta_bangkoti_

Context Size 3:

1. an_cijelia,_saratu
2. _kalén_biblanda_ny
3. na_jeunakeun_baria

Context Size 4:

1. eun_ngritic_swedish
2. keun_yén_anu_anu_ja
3. ina_katematika_bebe

Key Findings

• Best Predictability: Context-4 (word) with 97.7% predictability
• Branching Factor: Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
• Memory Trade-off: Larger contexts require more storage (466,876 contexts)
• Recommendation: Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation

---

4. Vocabulary Analysis

Statistics

Metric	Value
Vocabulary Size	116,875
Total Tokens	6,065,431
Mean Frequency	51.90
Median Frequency	4
Frequency Std Dev	952.21

Most Common Words

Rank	Word	Frequency
1	di	128,510
2	nu	90,309
3	astéroid	89,739
4	jeung	83,019
5	anu	78,713
6	nyaéta	74,994
7	ieu	72,373
8	dina	59,209
9	the	54,138
10	tina	45,336

Least Common Words (from vocabulary)

Rank	Word	Frequency
1	éksométéorologi	2
2	kejut	2
3	advektif	2
4	sirkulasina	2
5	pamelajaran	2
6	méchain	2
7	reflektor	2
8	spiralna	2
9	sombréro	2
10	halona	2

Zipf's Law Analysis

Metric	Value
Zipf Coefficient	1.0758
R² (Goodness of Fit)	0.997896
Adherence Quality	excellent

Coverage Analysis

Top N Words	Coverage
Top 100	40.3%
Top 1,000	65.1%
Top 5,000	80.6%
Top 10,000	86.6%

Key Findings

• Zipf Compliance: R²=0.9979 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
• High Frequency Dominance: Top 100 words cover 40.3% of corpus
• Long Tail: 106,875 words needed for remaining 13.4% coverage

---

5. Word Embeddings Evaluation

5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment

5.2 Model Comparison

Model	Dimension	Isotropy	Semantic Density	Alignment R@1	Alignment R@10
mono_32d	32	0.7778	0.3399	N/A	N/A
mono_64d	64	0.7854	0.2837	N/A	N/A
mono_128d	128	0.7675	0.2154	N/A	N/A
aligned_32d	32	0.7778	0.3496	0.0800	0.3720
aligned_64d	64	0.7854 🏆	0.2975	0.1840	0.5560
aligned_128d	128	0.7675	0.2138	0.2800	0.6620

Key Findings

• Best Isotropy: aligned_64d with 0.7854 (more uniform distribution)
• Semantic Density: Average pairwise similarity of 0.2833. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
• Alignment Quality: Aligned models achieve up to 28.0% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
• Recommendation: 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance

---

6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)

This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.

6.1 Productivity & Complexity

Metric	Value	Interpretation	Recommendation
Productivity Index	3.692	High morphological productivity	Reliable analysis
Idiomaticity Gap	0.922	High formulaic/idiomatic content	-

6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)

These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.

Productive Prefixes

Prefix	Examples
-s	supaya, sayonara, saimbangna
-di	diriku, diandih, diinterprétasi
-ka	kaisaryah, kasuburan, kamilil
-a	amorp, adjective, a1
-pa	parki, pangngoranna, pasiapan
-ma	mahesa, matsukata, markedly
-k	kaisaryah, kustomisasi, ketumbar
-sa	sayonara, saimbangna, sacrifice

Productive Suffixes

Suffix	Examples
-n	peladjaran, citizen, lampahan
-a	supaya, neringa, sayonara
-an	peladjaran, lampahan, kasuburan
-na	saimbangna, tajukna, polipropiléna
-s	closures, liabilities, standards
-un	nginebkeun, impun, ngagerakkeun
-ng	mgōng, gedang, stemming
-i	parki, kustomisasi, diinterprétasi

6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)

Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.

Stem	Cohesion	Substitutability	Examples
tion	2.79x	59 contexts	tiong, notion, lotion
angk	1.64x	309 contexts	angké, angke, angka
ngka	1.65x	215 contexts	ingka, angka, ingkah
ukan	1.83x	73 contexts	bukan, sukan, kukang
ikeu	2.22x	30 contexts	ikeun, pikeu, pikeun
engk	1.62x	106 contexts	engké, engke, engkos
entu	1.83x	49 contexts	tentu, hentu, centum
sahi	2.47x	15 contexts	sahii, sahid, sahih
ropi	2.15x	20 contexts	ropin, tropi, propil
ndon	1.76x	37 contexts	london, condon, bondon
stér	2.63x	10 contexts	stéril, stérol, stéréo
roid	2.34x	12 contexts	viroid, tiroid, toroid

6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)

This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.

Prefix	Suffix	Frequency	Examples
-di	-n	171 words	diasumsikeun, diiringan
-s	-a	132 words	suriawiria, senjatana
-ka	-n	118 words	kadéwasaan, kacamtan
-pa	-n	116 words	payen, paragon
-ka	-an	106 words	kadéwasaan, kacamtan
-p	-n	105 words	payen, paragon
-di	-un	103 words	diasumsikeun, direalisasikeun
-pa	-an	99 words	panyusuhan, panyocokan
-s	-n	80 words	satupun, sakapeun
-p	-an	80 words	panyusuhan, panyocokan

6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation

Using Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., prefix-prefix-root-suffix).

Word	Suggested Split	Confidence	Stem
pengajian	pengaj-i-an	7.5	i
impianana	impia-na-na	7.5	na
electricians	electrici-an-s	7.5	an
panghitungan	panghitu-ng-an	7.5	ng
heulaanan	heula-an-an	7.5	an
perdananya	perdan-an-ya	7.5	an
deukeuteunana	deukeuteu-na-na	7.5	na
kotakulon	ko-ta-kulon	7.5	kulon
valenciennes	valencien-n-es	7.5	n
brisingidae	brisingid-a-e	7.5	a
intermittent	intermitte-n-t	7.5	n
palestinians	palestini-an-s	7.5	an
ngawurukanana	ngawuruka-na-na	7.5	na
dicangkokkeun	dicangkokk-e-un	7.5	e
andelfingen	andelfi-ng-en	7.5	ng

6.6 Linguistic Interpretation

Automated Insight: The language Sundanese shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.

Note on Idiomaticity: The high Idiomaticity Gap suggests a large number of frequent multi-word expressions or formulaic sequences that are statistically distinct from their component parts.

---

7. Summary & Recommendations

Production Recommendations

Component	Recommended	Rationale
Tokenizer	64k BPE	Best compression (4.79x)
N-gram	2-gram	Lowest perplexity (250)
Markov	Context-4	Highest predictability (97.7%)
Embeddings	100d	Balanced semantic capture and isotropy

---

Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide

This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.

Tokenizer Metrics

Compression Ratio

Definition: The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.

Intuition: Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.

What to seek: Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.

Average Token Length (Fertility)

Definition: Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.

Intuition: Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.

What to seek: Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.

Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)

Definition: Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.

Intuition: Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.

What to seek: Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.

N-gram Model Metrics

Perplexity

Definition: Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.

Intuition: If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.

What to seek: Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.

Entropy

Definition: Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.

Intuition: High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.

What to seek: Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.

Coverage (Top-K)

Definition: Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.

Intuition: High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.

What to seek: Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.

Markov Chain Metrics

Average Entropy

Definition: Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.

Intuition: Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).

What to seek: Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.

Branching Factor

Definition: Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.

Intuition: High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).

What to seek: Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.

Predictability

Definition: Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.

Intuition: 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.

What to seek: Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.

Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics

Zipf's Coefficient

Definition: The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.

Intuition: A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.

What to seek: Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.

R² (Coefficient of Determination)

Definition: Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.

Intuition: R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.

What to seek: R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.

Vocabulary Coverage

Definition: Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.

Intuition: Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.

What to seek: Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.

Word Embedding Metrics

Isotropy

Definition: Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.

Intuition: High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.

What to seek: Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.

Average Norm

Definition: Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.

Intuition: Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.

What to seek: Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).

Cosine Similarity

Definition: Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).

Intuition: Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.

What to seek: Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.

t-SNE Visualization

Definition: t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.

Intuition: Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.

What to seek: Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.

General Interpretation Guidelines

1. Compare within model families: Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
2. Consider trade-offs: Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
3. Context matters: Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
4. Corpus influence: All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
5. Language-specific patterns: Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.

Visualizations Index

Visualization	Description
Tokenizer Compression	Compression ratios by vocabulary size
Tokenizer Fertility	Average token length by vocabulary
Tokenizer OOV	Unknown token rates
Tokenizer Total Tokens	Total tokens by vocabulary
N-gram Perplexity	Perplexity by n-gram size
N-gram Entropy	Entropy by n-gram size
N-gram Coverage	Top pattern coverage
N-gram Unique	Unique n-gram counts
Markov Entropy	Entropy by context size
Markov Branching	Branching factor by context
Markov Contexts	Unique context counts
Zipf's Law	Frequency-rank distribution with fit
Vocab Frequency	Word frequency distribution
Top 20 Words	Most frequent words
Vocab Coverage	Cumulative coverage curve
Embedding Isotropy	Vector space uniformity
Embedding Norms	Vector magnitude distribution
Embedding Similarity	Word similarity heatmap
Nearest Neighbors	Similar words for key terms
t-SNE Words	2D word embedding visualization
t-SNE Sentences	2D sentence embedding visualization
Position Encoding	Encoding method comparison
Model Sizes	Storage requirements
Performance Dashboard	Comprehensive performance overview

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About This Project

Data Source

Models trained on wikipedia-monthly - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages.

Project

A project by Wikilangs - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language.

Maintainer

Omar Kamali - Omneity Labs

Citation

If you use these models in your research, please cite:

@misc{wikilangs2025,
  author = {Kamali, Omar},
  title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
  publisher = {Zenodo},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs}
  institution = {Omneity Labs}
}

License

MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use.

Links

• 🌐 Website: wikilangs.org
• 🤗 Models: huggingface.co/wikilangs
• 📊 Data: wikipedia-monthly
• 👤 Author: Omar Kamali
• 🤝 Sponsor: Featherless AI

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Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline

Report Date: 2026-01-10 23:25:18