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--- |
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language: th |
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language_name: Thai |
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language_family: taikadai_southwestern |
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tags: |
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- wikilangs |
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- nlp |
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- tokenizer |
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- embeddings |
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- n-gram |
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- markov |
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- wikipedia |
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- feature-extraction |
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- sentence-similarity |
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- tokenization |
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- n-grams |
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- markov-chain |
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- text-mining |
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- fasttext |
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- babelvec |
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- vocabulous |
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- vocabulary |
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- monolingual |
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- family-taikadai_southwestern |
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license: mit |
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library_name: wikilangs |
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pipeline_tag: text-generation |
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datasets: |
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly |
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dataset_info: |
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name: wikipedia-monthly |
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description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages |
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metrics: |
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- name: best_compression_ratio |
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type: compression |
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value: 4.749 |
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- name: best_isotropy |
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type: isotropy |
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value: 0.8475 |
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- name: vocabulary_size |
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type: vocab |
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value: 0 |
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generated: 2026-01-17 |
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--- |
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# Thai - Wikilangs Models |
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## Comprehensive Research Report & Full Ablation Study |
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This repository contains NLP models trained and evaluated by Wikilangs, specifically on **Thai** Wikipedia data. |
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We analyze tokenizers, n-gram models, Markov chains, vocabulary statistics, and word embeddings. |
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## ๐ Repository Contents |
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### Models & Assets |
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- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k) |
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- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram) |
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- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) |
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- Subword N-gram and Markov chains |
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- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned) |
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- Language Vocabulary |
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- Language Statistics |
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### Analysis and Evaluation |
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- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation) |
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- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation) |
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- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation) |
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- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis) |
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- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation) |
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- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental) |
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- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations) |
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- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide) |
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- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index) |
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--- |
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## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation |
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### Results |
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| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens | |
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|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------| |
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| **8k** | 3.339x | 3.36 | 0.1132% | 2,229,178 | |
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| **16k** | 3.862x | 3.88 | 0.1309% | 1,927,473 | |
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| **32k** | 4.323x | 4.35 | 0.1466% | 1,722,046 | |
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| **64k** | 4.749x ๐ | 4.78 | 0.1610% | 1,567,500 | |
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### Tokenization Examples |
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Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size: |
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**Sample 1:** `เนเธฅเธเนเธเธฒเธฃเนเธเนเธซเนเธเธซเธฒเธเธเธญเธเนเธ เนเธเนเธเธชเธฒเธฃเธเธเธตเธเธฒเธเธญเธญเธชเนเธเธฃเนเธฅเธตเธขเธเธณเนเธชเธเธญเธเธฒเธฃเธเธณเธเธฒเธเธเธฅเธญเธ 24 เธเธฑเนเธงเนเธกเธเธเธญเธเนเธฅเธ...` |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count | |
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|-------|--------|-------| |
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| 8k | `โเนเธฅ เธเน เธเธฒเธฃเน เธ เนเธซเนเธ เธซเธฒเธ เธเธญเธ เนเธ โเนเธเนเธ เธชเธฒเธฃ ... (+24 more)` | 34 | |
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| 16k | `โเนเธฅ เธเน เธเธฒเธฃเนเธ เนเธซเนเธ เธซเธฒเธ เธเธญเธ เนเธ โเนเธเนเธเธชเธฒเธฃ เธเธเธต เธเธฒเธ ... (+19 more)` | 29 | |
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| 32k | `โเนเธฅเธเน เธเธฒเธฃเนเธ เนเธซเนเธ เธซเธฒเธ เธเธญเธ เนเธ โเนเธเนเธเธชเธฒเธฃ เธเธเธต เธเธฒเธ เธญเธญเธชเนเธเธฃ ... (+18 more)` | 28 | |
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| 64k | `โเนเธฅเธเน เธเธฒเธฃเนเธ เนเธซเนเธ เธซเธฒเธ เธเธญเธ เนเธ โเนเธเนเธเธชเธฒเธฃ เธเธเธต เธเธฒเธ เธญเธญเธชเนเธเธฃเนเธฅเธตเธขเธ ... (+17 more)` | 27 | |
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**Sample 2:** `32 เธญเธฒเธเธซเธกเธฒเธขเธเธถเธ: 32 (เธเธฑเธงเนเธฅเธ) 32 เธเนเธญเธเธเธฃเธดเธชเธเธจเธฑเธเธฃเธฒเธ, 32, เนเธฅเธฐเธญเธทเนเธเน 32 (เนเธเธฅเธ) ,เนเธเธฅเธเนเธเธเธต ...` |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count | |
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|-------|--------|-------| |
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| 8k | `โ 3 2 โเธญเธฒเธเธซเธกเธฒเธขเธเธถเธ : โ 3 2 โ( เธเธฑเธง ... (+28 more)` | 38 | |
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| 16k | `โ 3 2 โเธญเธฒเธเธซเธกเธฒเธขเธเธถเธ : โ 3 2 โ( เธเธฑเธงเนเธฅเธ ... (+27 more)` | 37 | |
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| 32k | `โ 3 2 โเธญเธฒเธเธซเธกเธฒเธขเธเธถเธ : โ 3 2 โ( เธเธฑเธงเนเธฅเธ ... (+25 more)` | 35 | |
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| 64k | `โ 3 2 โเธญเธฒเธเธซเธกเธฒเธขเธเธถเธ : โ 3 2 โ( เธเธฑเธงเนเธฅเธ ... (+24 more)` | 34 | |
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**Sample 3:** `Molopanthera เนเธเนเธเธชเธเธธเธฅเธเธญเธเธเธทเธเธเธญเธเธเธตเนเธญเธขเธนเนเนเธเธงเธเธจเน Rubiaceae. เธเธดเนเธเธเธณเนเธเธดเธเธเธญเธเธกเธฑเธเธเธทเธญ เธเธฃเธฒเธเธด...` |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count | |
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|-------|--------|-------| |
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| 8k | `โm ol op anth era โเนเธเนเธเธชเธเธธเธฅเธเธญเธ เธเธทเธเธเธญเธ เธเธตเนเธญเธขเธนเนเนเธเธงเธเธจเน โr ub ... (+24 more)` | 34 | |
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| 16k | `โmol op anthera โเนเธเนเธเธชเธเธธเธฅเธเธญเธ เธเธทเธเธเธญเธ เธเธตเนเธญเธขเธนเนเนเธเธงเธเธจเน โrub iaceae . โเธเธดเนเธเธเนเธฒเนเธเธดเธ ... (+17 more)` | 27 | |
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| 32k | `โmol op anthera โเนเธเนเธเธชเธเธธเธฅเธเธญเธ เธเธทเธเธเธญเธ เธเธตเนเธญเธขเธนเนเนเธเธงเธเธจเน โrubiaceae . โเธเธดเนเธเธเนเธฒเนเธเธดเธ เธเธญเธเธกเธฑเธเธเธทเธญ ... (+14 more)` | 24 | |
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| 64k | `โmol op anthera โเนเธเนเธเธชเธเธธเธฅเธเธญเธ เธเธทเธเธเธญเธ เธเธตเนเธญเธขเธนเนเนเธเธงเธเธจเน โrubiaceae . โเธเธดเนเธเธเนเธฒเนเธเธดเธ เธเธญเธเธกเธฑเธเธเธทเธญ ... (+14 more)` | 24 | |
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### Key Findings |
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- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.749x compression |
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- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.1132% unknown tokens |
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- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size |
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- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use |
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--- |
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## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation |
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### Results |
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| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage | |
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|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------| |
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| **2-gram** | Word | 56,310 | 15.78 | 475,306 | 16.2% | 28.1% | |
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| **2-gram** | Subword | 2,438 ๐ | 11.25 | 124,885 | 27.9% | 71.1% | |
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| **3-gram** | Word | 160,871 | 17.30 | 713,993 | 10.6% | 19.4% | |
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| **3-gram** | Subword | 27,338 | 14.74 | 1,000,290 | 10.1% | 31.1% | |
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| **4-gram** | Word | 529,813 | 19.02 | 1,376,813 | 3.4% | 10.2% | |
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| **4-gram** | Subword | 174,441 | 17.41 | 4,905,540 | 5.4% | 17.4% | |
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| **5-gram** | Word | 577,241 | 19.14 | 1,093,587 | 2.6% | 7.1% | |
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| **5-gram** | Subword | 676,357 | 19.37 | 11,885,834 | 3.2% | 11.3% | |
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### Top 5 N-grams by Size |
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**2-grams (Word):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธ เธจ` | 586,670 | |
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| 2 | `เธ เธจ` | 304,560 | |
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| 3 | `เธญเนเธฒเธเธญเธดเธ เนเธซเธฅเนเธเธเนเธญเธกเธนเธฅเธญเธทเนเธ` | 46,447 | |
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| 4 | `of the` | 42,755 | |
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| 5 | `เธจ เธ` | 32,101 | |
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**3-grams (Word):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธจ เธ เธจ` | 31,957 | |
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| 2 | `เธ เธจ เธ` | 27,195 | |
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| 3 | `เธจ เธ เธจ` | 25,879 | |
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| 4 | `เธเธฑเธเธงเธฒเธเธก เธ เธจ` | 21,330 | |
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| 5 | `เธเธธเธฅเธฒเธเธก เธ เธจ` | 21,250 | |
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**4-grams (Word):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ` | 27,071 | |
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| 2 | `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ` | 20,164 | |
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| 3 | `0 0 0 0` | 7,943 | |
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| 4 | `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ` | 4,813 | |
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| 5 | `เธญเนเธฒเธเธญเธดเธ เนเธซเธฅเนเธเธเนเธญเธกเธนเธฅเธญเธทเนเธ เธ เธจ` | 4,336 | |
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**5-grams (Word):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธจ เธ เธจ เธ เธจ` | 4,329 | |
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| 2 | `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เธ` | 4,251 | |
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| 3 | `เธจ เธ เธจ เธ เธจ` | 3,779 | |
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| 4 | `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เธ` | 3,510 | |
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| 5 | `0 0 0 0 0` | 3,345 | |
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**2-grams (Subword):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธญ เธ` | 3,386,500 | |
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| 2 | `เธฒ เธฃ` | 3,061,397 | |
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| 3 | `เธ เธฒ` | 2,892,062 | |
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| 4 | `เธฃ เธฐ` | 2,734,121 | |
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| 5 | `เธ _` | 2,476,484 | |
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**3-grams (Subword):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธ เธฒ เธฃ` | 2,154,969 | |
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| 2 | `เน เธเน เธ` | 1,461,135 | |
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| 3 | `เน เธฅ เธฐ` | 1,456,554 | |
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| 4 | `เธ เธญ เธ` | 1,220,921 | |
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| 5 | `เธ เธฃ เธฐ` | 1,178,596 | |
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**4-grams (Subword):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `. เธจ . _` | 887,086 | |
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| 2 | `_ เน เธฅ เธฐ` | 845,421 | |
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| 3 | `เธ . เธจ .` | 598,362 | |
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| 4 | `_ เธ . เธจ` | 554,703 | |
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| 5 | `เธ เธง เธฒ เธก` | 480,722 | |
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**5-grams (Subword):** |
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| Rank | N-gram | Count | |
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| 1 | `เธ . เธจ . _` | 572,671 | |
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| 2 | `_ เธ . เธจ .` | 553,928 | |
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| 3 | `เธ . เธจ . _` | 311,390 | |
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| 4 | `_ เธ . เธจ .` | 268,747 | |
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| 5 | `เธ เธฃ เธฐ เน เธ` | 260,009 | |
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### Key Findings |
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- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 2,438 |
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- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable) |
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- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~11% of corpus |
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- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance |
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--- |
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## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation |
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### Results |
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| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability | |
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|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------| |
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| **1** | Word | 0.2321 | 1.175 | 2.38 | 8,268,387 | 76.8% | |
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| **1** | Subword | 0.8922 | 1.856 | 12.22 | 37,876 | 10.8% | |
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| **2** | Word | 0.1165 | 1.084 | 1.32 | 19,576,764 | 88.4% | |
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| **2** | Subword | 0.6125 | 1.529 | 5.30 | 462,626 | 38.7% | |
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| **3** | Word | 0.0518 | 1.037 | 1.11 | 25,779,145 | 94.8% | |
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| **3** | Subword | 0.5564 | 1.471 | 3.91 | 2,452,254 | 44.4% | |
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| **4** | Word | 0.0248 ๐ | 1.017 | 1.05 | 28,430,641 | 97.5% | |
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| **4** | Subword | 0.4718 | 1.387 | 2.77 | 9,576,634 | 52.8% | |
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### Generated Text Samples (Word-based) |
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Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model: |
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**Context Size 1:** |
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1. `เธจ 829 575b 220 เธเธฑเนเธเธกเธตเธเธฒเธฃเนเธเนเธเธฃเธฐเธชเธธเธเธเธตเนเธเธณเธเธฑเธ เธเธถเธเธเธฅเธดเธเธเธทเธเธฃเธธเนเธเธเธตเนเธญเธญเธเธกเธฒ เนเธฅเธฐเธขเธฑเธเธกเธตเธฃเธธเนเธเธขเนเธญเธขเธเธทเธญ เธเธต เธงเธตเธชเนเธเธดเธเนเธญเธเนเธง...` |
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2. `เธ เธจ 12 12 34 1 เธเธคเธจเธเธดเธเธฒเธขเธ เนเธกเธทเนเธญเธงเธฑเธเธเธตเน 16 เธเธตเธกเธชเธธเธเธเนเธฒเธข 8 เนเธเนเธเธเนเธเนเธ เธ เธจ เนเธเธฒเธขเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเธตเธเธเนเธฒเธเนเธเธเธเธฃเธต เนเธเธเธต` |
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3. `1 เธเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเธชเธตเนเธเธฅเธธเนเธก เธเธฅเธธเนเธกเธฅเธฐ 4 9 เธจเธฃเธตเธฃเธฒเธเธฒ เธญเธณเนเธ เธญเธจเธฃเธตเธฃเธฒเธเธฒ เธเธฑเธเธซเธงเธฑเธเธเธฅเธเธธเธฃเธต เนเธเธเธฃเธญเธเธเธฃเธฑเธงเธเธตเนเธกเธตเธเธตเนเธเนเธญเธ 5 เธเธคเธฉเธ เธฒเธเธก เธชเธด...` |
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**Context Size 2:** |
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1. `เธ เธจ เนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธญเธเธธเธกเธฑเธเธดเธเธฒเธเธกเธซเธฒเนเธเธฃเธชเธกเธฒเธเธกเนเธซเนเธเธฃเธฑเธเธเธฃเธธเธเธชเธ เธฒเธเธงเธฑเธเนเธซเนเธเธตเธเธถเนเธ เธเธต เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเนเธฒเธญเธดเธเธเนเธงเธฒเธเธเธตเน 1 เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธจเธฎเธฑเธ...` |
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2. `เธ เธจ เธเธฑเธเธเธธเธเธฑเธ เธฅเธฐเธเธฃเธเธธเธ เธเธตเนเธฃเธทเนเธญเธเธเธเธฃเนเธงเธกเธเธฑเธเธญเธญเธเธญเธฒเธเธฒเธจเธญเนเธฒเธเธญเธดเธเธ เธจ เธเธงเธฒเธกเธเธฃเธเธเธณเธเธตเนเนเธกเนเธญเธฒเธเธฅเธทเธก เธเธญเธ เธเธฑเธเธเธถเธเธเนเธญเธเนเธเธตเนเธขเธงเธ...` |
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3. `of the usaf retrieved 20 october เนเธเนเธฒเธเธฒเธขเนเธเนเธกเธฎเธดเนเธเธฐเนเธซเนเธเธกเธดเธเธฒเธเธฐเธชเธดเนเธเธเธฃเธฐเธเธเธกเนเนเธกเธทเนเธญเธงเธฑเธเธเธตเน 6 เธกเธดเธเธธเธเธฒเธขเธ เธ เธจ เธญเนเธฒ...` |
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**Context Size 3:** |
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1. `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฃเธฑเนเธเธเธตเนเธชเธญเธ เธเธฃเธฐเธกเธฒเธ เธ เธจ 31 เธชเธดเธเธซเธฒเธเธก เธ เธจ เธงเธดเธเธขเธฒเธฅเธฑเธขเนเธเธฃเธเธกเธเธฒเธเธกเธเธเธเธเธธเธฃเธต เธฃเธฑเธเธเธฑเธเธจเธถเธเธฉเธฒเธเธฒเธ เธเธฒเธฃเธชเธญเธเธเธฑเธเนเธฅ...` |
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2. `เธจ เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเนเธฒเนเธเธฃเนเธเธตเธเธฑเธเธเนเธเธตเน 4 เนเธซเนเธเธเธฒเธงเนเธฃเธกเธฑเธ 8 เธเธฑเธเธขเธฒเธขเธ เธ เธจ เนเธเนเธเธเธตเนเธฃเธนเนเธเธฑเธเนเธเธเธทเนเธญ เนเธเน เธฅเธนเน เนเธเนเธเธเธฑเธเนเธชเธเธ...` |
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3. `เธจ เธ เธจ เธเธฃเธฐเธญเธเธเนเนเธเนเธฒเธชเธธเธงเธเธฑเธเธเธฃเนเธงเธดเนเธฅเธขเธเธฃเธฃเธ เธเธฃเธฐเธชเธนเธเธด 2 เธเธคเธฉเธ เธฒเธเธก เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เนเธญ เธเธต เธเธญเธกเธกเธดเธงเธเธดเนเธเธเธฑเธ` |
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**Context Size 4:** |
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1. `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เนเธเนเธเธเธฃเธฒเธเธเนเนเธฅเธฐเธเธฑเธเธเธดเธเธญเธดเธชเธฃเธฐเธเธตเนเนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธเธฒเธฃเธเธฅเนเธฒเธงเธเธถเธเธญเธขเนเธฒเธเธเธงเนเธฒเธเธเธงเธฒเธ เนเธกเธทเนเธญเธขเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเนเธเนเธเธซเธเธธเนเธก เธเธฒเธเธชเธกเธฒเธเธกเนเธเธง...` |
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2. `เธ เธจ เธ เธจ เธเธตเนเธฅเธ เธกเธดเธเนเธเนเธเธเน เธเธฑเธเนเธชเธเธเนเธฅเธฐเธเธฑเธเธเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธฒเธงเธญเนเธกเธฃเธดเธเธฑเธ เธเธฃเธดเธเธเน เนเธญเธกเธเธญเธเธเธฒ เธเธฑเธเธเธธเธเธเธญเธฅเธเธฒเธงเธเธฒเธเธฒ เธเธฒเธเธฐ เธกเธดเธเธฒเนเธเธเธฒ...` |
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3. `0 0 0 0 เนเธกเนเธเนเนเธเนเธฒเธฃเนเธงเธกเนเธเนเธเธเธฑเธ 4 0 0 0 0 4 21 17 4 26 4 เธฃเธฐเธเธญเธ 16 6` |
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### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based) |
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Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model: |
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**Context Size 1:** |
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1. `_เธเธขเธเธ_เนเธเธเธตเนเนเธเนเธเธเธญเธงเนเธฒ` |
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2. `เธฒเธฃเธเธตเธขเธเธเธดเธเธฅเธฐเธเธฒเธฃเธฐเธเนเธ` |
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3. `เธเธฒเธเธเธฅเธฒเธฃเธฐเธเธขเธตเธเธเธฒเธฃเธฃเธ` |
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**Context Size 2:** |
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1. `เธญเธเธเธฃเธฑเนเธเธเธตเนเธฃเธนเนเธเธฑเธเธฃเธฐเธเธเธดเธเธเธถเธเธเธด` |
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2. `เธฒเธฃเนเธเธช.เธ.90.0_เธเธญเธเน` |
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3. `เธเธฒเธฃเธชเธ.เธญเธตเธเธเธฃเธฑเนเธเธกเธตเธงเนเธฒ_เนเธ` |
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**Context Size 3:** |
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1. `เธเธฒเธฃเนเธ_เน_broad_mete` |
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2. `เนเธเนเธเธเธฒเธฃเนเธเนเธญเธขเนเธฒเธเธเนเธฒเธเธเธฒเธ` |
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3. `เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฃเธฑเนเธเนเธฃเธกเธเธฒเธเธดเธเธถเนเธเธเธ_เน` |
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**Context Size 4:** |
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1. `.เธจ._เธชเธซเธฃเธฒเธเธญเธฒเธเธฒเนเธเธเธเธเธธเธเธฑ` |
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2. `_เนเธฅเธฐเนเธกเนเธชเธฒเธกเธฒเธฃเธเธเนเธญเธเธเธฑเธเนเธฅ` |
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3. `เธ.เธจ._76_<small>(เนเธเธข` |
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### Key Findings |
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- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 97.5% predictability |
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- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic) |
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- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (9,576,634 contexts) |
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- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation |
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--- |
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## 4. Vocabulary Analysis |
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### Statistics |
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| Metric | Value | |
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|--------|-------| |
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| Vocabulary Size | 1,276,542 | |
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| Total Tokens | 26,332,909 | |
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| Mean Frequency | 20.63 | |
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| Median Frequency | 3 | |
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| Frequency Std Dev | 1261.31 | |
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### Most Common Words |
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| Rank | Word | Frequency | |
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|------|------|-----------| |
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| 1 | เธจ | 920,143 | |
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| 2 | เธ | 595,465 | |
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| 3 | 1 | 351,475 | |
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| 4 | เธ | 314,624 | |
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| 5 | 2 | 306,676 | |
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| 6 | 3 | 247,910 | |
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| 7 | the | 217,279 | |
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| 8 | 4 | 172,069 | |
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| 9 | เน | 171,685 | |
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| 10 | of | 169,227 | |
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### Least Common Words (from vocabulary) |
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| Rank | Word | Frequency | |
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|------|------|-----------| |
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| 1 | เนเธเธญเธฃเนเธฅเธดเธเธเธฒเธฃเนเธกเธฒเธเธนเธเธดเธเธญเธฅเธญเธดเธเธเธฑเธชเธเธฃเธตเน | 2 | |
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| 2 | เธกเธตเนเธฅเธเธเธตเนเธเธเธเธฑเนเธเธเนเธณเธเธตเน | 2 | |
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| 3 | เธเนเธณเธกเธฑเธเธเธตเนเธเธฅเธซเธกเธธเธเนเธงเธตเธขเธ | 2 | |
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| 4 | neste | 2 | |
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| 5 | เนเธฎเธเธเธฒเธเธตเนเธเธ | 2 | |
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| 6 | เนเธฎเธเธเธฒเนเธกเธเธดเธฅเนเธเนเธเธ | 2 | |
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| 7 | เนเธเธฃเธทเนเธญเธเธเธเธชเธญเธเธเธธเธเธ เธฒเธเธเธฒเธฃเธเธธเธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธดเธ | 2 | |
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| 8 | เนเธเธฃเธทเนเธญเธเธกเธทเธญเธเธตเนเนเธเนเธงเธดเธเธตเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธเนเธฒเธขเธเธงเนเธฒเนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธเนเธเธฃเนเธเธเธงเนเธฒเนเธเธเธฒเธฃเธงเธฑเธเนเธฅเธเธเธตเนเธเธเนเธกเธทเนเธญเนเธเธตเธขเธเธเธฑเธ | 2 | |
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| 9 | เธเนเธฒเธเนเธเนเธฒเนเธฅเธตเนเธขเธง | 2 | |
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| 10 | เธเธธเธกเธเธเธเนเธฒเธเนเธเนเธฒเนเธฅเธตเนเธขเธง | 2 | |
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### Zipf's Law Analysis |
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| Metric | Value | |
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| Zipf Coefficient | 0.9360 | |
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| Rยฒ (Goodness of Fit) | 0.999043 | |
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| Adherence Quality | **excellent** | |
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### Coverage Analysis |
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| Top N Words | Coverage | |
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| Top 100 | 29.7% | |
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| Top 1,000 | 45.1% | |
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| Top 5,000 | 57.6% | |
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| Top 10,000 | 63.4% | |
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### Key Findings |
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- **Zipf Compliance:** Rยฒ=0.9990 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law |
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- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 29.7% of corpus |
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- **Long Tail:** 1,266,542 words needed for remaining 36.6% coverage |
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--- |
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## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation |
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### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment |
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### 5.2 Model Comparison |
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| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 | |
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|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------| |
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| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.8475 | 0.3288 | N/A | N/A | |
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| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.8400 | 0.2631 | N/A | N/A | |
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| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.8225 | 0.1868 | N/A | N/A | |
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| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.8475 ๐ | 0.3296 | 0.2180 | 0.6440 | |
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| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.8400 | 0.2600 | 0.4200 | 0.7840 | |
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| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.8225 | 0.1907 | 0.4680 | 0.8680 | |
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### Key Findings |
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- **Best Isotropy:** aligned_32d with 0.8475 (more uniform distribution) |
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- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.2598. Lower values indicate better semantic separation. |
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- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 46.8% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval. |
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- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance |
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--- |
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## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental) |
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This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data. |
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### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity |
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| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation | |
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|--------|-------|----------------|----------------| |
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| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis | |
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| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.367** | Low formulaic content | - | |
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### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units) |
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These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts. |
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#### Productive Prefixes |
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| Prefix | Examples | |
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|--------|----------| |
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| `-เนเธฅเธฐ` | เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเธเธฑเนเธเนเธเนเธเธฃเธฑเธเธกเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธตเนเนเธกเนเธเธฃเธฐเธเธณเธเธฃเธฐเธเธฃเธงเธ, เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฒเธเธตเธกเนเธเนเธฒเธเธดเธเธเธเธฐเนเธฅเธดเธจ, เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฃเธดเธชเธเนเธจเธฒเธชเธเธฒ | |
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| `-เน` | เนเธเนเธฒเนเธกเธทเธญเธเธเธเธฃเนเธเธทเนเธญเธเธเธฑเธเธเนเธเธเธเธตเน, เนเธเธดเธเนเธเธตเนเธขเธญเธต, เนเธงเธฅเธงเธดเธเนเธเธตเธข | |
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| `-เน` | เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธเธฃเธฐเธเธเธกเธงเธดเธเธขเธฒเธฅเธฑเธข, เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเนเธงเธตเธขเธเธเธฒเธซเธฅเธเธงเธดเธเธขเธฒ, เนเธญเธกเธกเธญเธ | |
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| `-เน` | เนเธกเนเนเธกเนเธ, เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเธเธฑเนเธเนเธเนเธเธฃเธฑเธเธกเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธตเนเนเธกเนเธเธฃเธฐเธเธณเธเธฃเธฐเธเธฃเธงเธ, เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฒเธเธตเธกเนเธเนเธฒเธเธดเธเธเธเธฐเนเธฅเธดเธจ | |
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| `-เธญ` | เธญเธเธงเธฒเธเธฃเธญเธช, เธญเธณเนเธ เธญเธเธธเนเธเธขเธฒเธเนเธเธ, เธญเธธเธเธกเธจเธดเธฅเธเน | |
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| `-เธช` | เธชเธกเนเธเนเธเธเธฃเธฐเธชเธฑเธเธเธฐเธเธฒเธเธฒเธเธตเนเธญเธเธญเธฃเนเธเธตเน, เธชเธเธดเธฃเธงเนเนเธช, เธชเธฒเธเธฒเธงเธดเธเธฒเธจเธดเธฅเธเธเธฃเธฃเธก | |
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| `-เธ` | เธเธฒเธฃเธฅเธญเธเธเนเธฒ, เธเธฒเธเธเธเธเธฑเธเธเน, เธเธฒเธฃเธเธฃเธฐเธกเธนเธฅเธเธฅเธทเนเธ | |
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| `-เธ` | เธเธดเธเธฒเธงเธฒเธเธฐ, เธเธดเธเธเธฃเธฐเนเธชเธฃเธดเธ, เธเธฃเธญเธเธเธฅเธธเธกเธเธทเนเธเธเธตเนเธเธณเธเธฅเธชเธเธขเธฒเธเธเธฑเนเธเธเธณเธเธฅ | |
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#### Productive Suffixes |
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| Suffix | Examples | |
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|--------|----------| |
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| `-เธ` | เธเธตเนเนเธเนเธเธเธฑเธเนเธเนเธ, เธเธฑเนเธเธญเธขเธนเนเธเธเนเธเธดเธเนเธเธดเธ, เธเธฑเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธซเนเธญเธเธเธดเธเธเนเธฃเธธเนเธ | |
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| `-เธ` | เนเธกเนเนเธกเนเธ, เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเนเธเนเธเธเธฑเนเธเนเธเนเธเธฃเธฑเธเธกเธเธเธฃเธตเธเธตเนเนเธกเนเธเธฃเธฐเธเธณเธเธฃเธฐเธเธฃเธงเธ, เธญเธณเนเธ เธญเธเธธเนเธเธขเธฒเธเนเธเธ | |
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| `-เธฒ` | เธเธฒเธฃเธฅเธญเธเธเนเธฒ, เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเนเธงเธตเธขเธเธเธฒเธซเธฅเธเธงเธดเธเธขเธฒ, เธญเธเธตเธเธเธฒเธขเธเธฃเธฑเธเธกเธเธเธฃเธตเนเธเธเธฒเธเธฒ | |
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| `-เธข` | เธเธณเธเธฑเธข, เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธเธฃเธฐเธเธเธกเธงเธดเธเธขเธฒเธฅเธฑเธข, เธเธตเธงเธดเธเธเนเธงเธเธเธฅเธฒเธข | |
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| `-เธ` | เธฅเนเธญเธกเธฃเธญเธเธเนเธงเธขเธเธเธเนเธเธฅเธงเนเธเธฅเธดเธเธเนเธฒเธเธเธเธกเธตเธฃเธฑเธจเธกเธตเธเธฃเธฐเธเธญเธเนเธเธเนเธเธ, เนเธญเธกเธกเธญเธ, เนเธเธทเนเธญเธเนเธเนเธญเธเธฒเธชเธเธฃเธฐเธฃเธฒเธเธเธดเธเธตเธเธฒเธเธเธเธฒเธ เธดเนเธฉเธ | |
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| `-เธก` | เธซเธดเธกเธฒเธฅเธฑเธขเธขเธดเธก, เธกเธญเธเนเธเธขเธเธฃเธฐเธเธฃเธงเธเธงเธฑเธเธเธเธฃเธฃเธก, เธชเธฒเธเธฒเธงเธดเธเธฒเธจเธดเธฅเธเธเธฃเธฃเธก | |
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| `-เธญเธ` | เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเธเธทเธเธเธฑเนเธเนเธญเธ, เธเธฒเนเธญเธเนเธญเธ, เธเธฑเธเนเธชเธเธเธเธฒเธเนเธฃเธทเนเธญเธ | |
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| `-เธฃ` | เธซเธเธฉเนเธเธเธฃ, เธเธฐเธเธนเธเธเธถเธเธเธงเธฒเธกเธฃเธนเนเธชเธถเธเนเธเธทเนเธญเนเธเนเธเนเธญเธขเนเธฒเธเนเธฃ, เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฒเธขเธเธซเธฒเธฃ | |
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### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots) |
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Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid. |
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| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples | |
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|------|----------|------------------|----------| |
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| `เธเธฒเธฃเน` | 2.17x | 65 contexts | เธเธฒเธฃเนเธฅเธ, เธเธฒเธฃเนเธเธฅ, เธเธฒเธฃเนเธเธ | |
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| `เธเธญเธเน` | 1.49x | 196 contexts | เธเธญเธเนเธฅ, เธเธญเธเนเธ, เธเธญเธเนเธญ | |
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| `เธเธฃเธฐเธฃ` | 2.07x | 33 contexts | เธเธฃเธฐเธฃเธ, เธเธฃเธฐเธฃเธฒเธก, เธเธฃเธฐเธฃเธฒเธ | |
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| `เธเธฒเธฃเน` | 1.55x | 93 contexts | เธเธฒเธฃเนเธข, เธเธฒเธฃเนเธเธ, เธเธฒเธฃเนเธญเธฒ | |
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| `เธจเธฒเธชเธ` | 1.82x | 46 contexts | เธจเธฒเธชเธเธฒ, เธจเธฒเธชเธเธฃเธฒ, เธจเธฒเธชเธเธฃเน | |
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| `เธฒเธเธฒเธฃ` | 1.45x | 100 contexts | เธญเธฒเธเธฒเธฃ, เธเธฒเธเธฒเธฃเธต, เธเธฒเธเธฒเธฃเธด | |
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| `เธเธเธฒเธฃ` | 1.48x | 86 contexts | เธเธเธเธฒเธฃ, เนเธเธเธฒเธฃ, เนเธเธเธเธฒเธฃ | |
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| `เธเธฃเธฐเธ` | 1.46x | 84 contexts | เธเธฃเธฐเธเธ, เธเธฃเธฐเธเธฒเธฃ, เธเธฃเธฐเธเธดเธ | |
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| `เนเธฃเธเน` | 2.92x | 8 contexts | เนเธฃเธเนเธ, เนเธฃเธเนเธเน, เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธข | |
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| `เธเธฃเธฐเน` | 1.42x | 83 contexts | เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธ, เธเธฃเธฐเนเธ เธ, เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธจ | |
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| `เธเธเธฒเธ` | 1.44x | 72 contexts | เธเธฒเธเธเธฒเธ, เธญเธดเธเธเธฒเธ, เธเธฒเธเธเธฒเธ | |
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| `เธฃเธฐเนเธ` | 1.66x | 38 contexts | เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธข, เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธจ, เธเธฃเธฐเนเธเธ | |
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### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence) |
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This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology. |
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| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples | |
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|--------|--------|-----------|----------| |
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| `-เน` | `-เธ` | 101 words | เนเธเธทเนเธญเนเธเนเธเธเธฒเธฃเธฃเธฑเธเธฉเธฒเธเธณเธฅเธฑเธเนเธฅเธฐเนเธเธฃเนเธเธฅเธเธซเธฒเธฃเธเธญเธเธเธเนเธญเธเนเธงเนเธชเธณเธซเธฃเธฑเธเธเธฒเธฃเธจเธถเธเธญเธทเนเธ, เนเธซเธขเธฒเธเธทเนเธญเธเธดเธ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธ` | 84 words | เนเธเธญเนเธเนเธญเธญเธเนเธเธฅเธ, เนเธเธดเนเธเนเธชเธตเธขเธ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธฒ` | 80 words | เนเธเนเธกเธเนเธฒเธซเธฅเธงเธเนเธเธดเธกเธฃเธฒเธเธเธดเธเธเธฒเธเธธเนเธเธเธฉเธฒ, เนเธเนเธฒเธซเธเธดเธเนเธฃเธกเธฒเธเธญเธเธชเธเธฒเธขเธฒ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธข` | 53 words | เนเธเนเธเธ เธฒเธฉเธฒเนเธเธขเธญเธตเธเธเนเธงเธข, เนเธเธฅเธเธเธฒเธเนเธกเนเธเนเธณเธฃเนเธญเธขเธชเธฒเธข | |
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| `-เนเธฅเธฐ` | `-เธ` | 52 words | เนเธฅเธฐเธเธณเธเธฅเธเนเธฒเธเนเธซเธงเธ, เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเธฅเธตเนเธขเธเธเธทเนเธญเนเธเนเธเนเธ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธ` | 50 words | เนเธเธขเนเธเนเนเธเธฃเธทเนเธญเธเธเธดเธเนเธเธญเธดเธ, เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธเธฐเนเธเธเธญเธเธซเธเนเธฒเธเธฒเธ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธ` | 45 words | เนเธเนเธฎเนเธ, เนเธเธเธชเนเธงเธฒเนเธเธ | |
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| `-เธ` | `-เธ` | 44 words | เธเธธเธฅเธเธ, เธเธฒเธฃเนเธเนเธเธเธเธเธฑเนเธ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธฒ` | 42 words | เนเธฃเธเนเธฃเธตเธขเธเธจเธฃเธตเธชเธกเธเธนเธฃเธเนเธงเธดเธเธขเธฒ, เนเธเธขเธกเธตเธงเธฑเธเธเธธเธเธฃเธฐเธชเธเธเนเนเธเธทเนเธญเนเธเนเธเธชเธเธฒเธเธฑเธเธเธฒเธฃเธจเธถเธเธฉเธฒ | |
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| `-เน` | `-เธ` | 41 words | เนเธฅเธฐเธเธณเธเธฅเธเนเธฒเธเนเธซเธงเธ, เนเธกเนเธฎเนเธญเธเธชเธญเธ | |
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### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation |
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Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`). |
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| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem | |
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|------|-----------------|------------|------| |
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| เธเธฒเธฃเธเธณเธเธฐเนเธเธ | **`เธเธฒเธฃเธเธณเธเธฐเน-เธ-เธ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เนเธเนเธฒเธเธญเธกเธชเธธเธงเธฑเธเธเธฒ | **`เนเธเนเธฒเธเธญเธกเธชเธธเธงเธฑเธ-เธ-เธฒ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธซเธฑเธงเธญเธเธเธฒเธงเธเธฒ | **`เธซเธฑเธงเธญเธเธเธฒเธง-เธ-เธฒ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธญเธดเธฃเธดเธขเธฒเธเธเธเธฃเธฃเธ | **`เธญเธดเธฃเธดเธขเธฒเธเธเธเธฃ-เธฃ-เธ`** | 7.5 | `เธฃ` | |
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| เธเธณเธเธฅเธเธฅเธงเธเธชเธญเธเธเธฒเธ | **`เธเธณเธเธฅเธเธฅเธงเธเธชเธญเธ-เธ-เธฒเธ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เนเธชเนเธเธเธฒเธเธเธฃเธเธ | **`เนเธชเนเธเธเธฒเธเธเธฃ-เธ-เธ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธญเนเธฅเนเธเธเธฒเธเธเธฃเธญเธเธเธฒ | **`เธญเนเธฅเนเธเธเธฒเธเธเธฃเธญเธ-เธ-เธฒ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธเธฒเธเธดเนเธเธเธดเธญเธฒเธฃเนเธกเธช | **`เธเธฒเธเธดเนเธเธเธดเธญเธฒเธฃเน-เธก-เธช`** | 7.5 | `เธก` | |
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| เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃเธเธฒ | **`เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃ-เธ-เธฒ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เนเธฅเธฐเธเธนเธฅเธฅเธดเนเธเธ | **`เนเธฅเธฐเธเธนเธฅเธฅเธดเน-เธ-เธ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธเธธเธเธดเธเธดเธเธฒเนเธเธฐ | **`เธเธธเธเธดเธเธดเธเธฒเน-เธ-เธฐ`** | 7.5 | `เธ` | |
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| เธเธณเธเธฅเธกเนเธงเธเธเธฒเธก | **`เธเธณเธเธฅเธกเนเธงเธ-เธ-เธฒเธก`** | 6.0 | `เธเธณเธเธฅเธกเนเธงเธ` | |
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| เนเธฅเธฐเธเธณเธเธฅเธซเธกเธทเนเธเนเธงเธข | **`เนเธฅเธฐ-เธเธณเธเธฅเธซเธกเธทเนเธเนเธงเธข`** | 4.5 | `เธเธณเธเธฅเธซเธกเธทเนเธเนเธงเธข` | |
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| เนเธฅเธฐเนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธชเธกเธเธฒเธงเนเธฒ | **`เนเธฅเธฐ-เนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธชเธกเธเธฒเธงเนเธฒ`** | 4.5 | `เนเธเนเธฃเธฑเธเธชเธกเธเธฒเธงเนเธฒ` | |
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| เนเธฅเธฐเธเธฃเธฐเธเธฑเธเธญเธขเธนเน | **`เนเธฅเธฐ-เธเธฃเธฐเธเธฑเธเธญเธขเธนเน`** | 4.5 | `เธเธฃเธฐเธเธฑเธเธญเธขเธนเน` | |
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### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation |
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> **Automated Insight:** |
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The language Thai shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding. |
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--- |
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## 7. Summary & Recommendations |
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### Production Recommendations |
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| Component | Recommended | Rationale | |
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|-----------|-------------|-----------| |
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| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.75x) | |
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| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (2,438) | |
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| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (97.5%) | |
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| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy | |
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--- |
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## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide |
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This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report. |
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### Tokenizer Metrics |
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**Compression Ratio** |
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> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information. |
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**Average Token Length (Fertility)** |
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> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens. |
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**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)** |
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> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback. |
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### N-gram Model Metrics |
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**Perplexity** |
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> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size. |
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**Entropy** |
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> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases. |
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**Coverage (Top-K)** |
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> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text. |
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### Markov Chain Metrics |
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**Average Entropy** |
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> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations). |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions. |
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**Branching Factor** |
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> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive). |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains. |
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**Predictability** |
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> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) ร 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output. |
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### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics |
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**Zipf's Coefficient** |
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> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text. |
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**Rยฒ (Coefficient of Determination)** |
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> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Rยฒ near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Rยฒ > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora. |
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**Vocabulary Coverage** |
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> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary. |
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### Word Embedding Metrics |
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**Isotropy** |
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> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy. |
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**Average Norm** |
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> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation). |
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**Cosine Similarity** |
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> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction). |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7. |
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**t-SNE Visualization** |
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> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization. |
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> |
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> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence. |
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> |
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> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure. |
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### General Interpretation Guidelines |
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1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer). |
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2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate). |
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3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification. |
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4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature. |
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5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages. |
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### Visualizations Index |
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| Visualization | Description | |
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|---------------|-------------| |
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| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size | |
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| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary | |
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| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates | |
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| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary | |
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| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size | |
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| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size | |
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| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage | |
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| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts | |
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| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size | |
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| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context | |
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| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts | |
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| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit | |
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| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution | |
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| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words | |
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| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve | |
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| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity | |
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| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution | |
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| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap | |
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| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms | |
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| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization | |
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| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization | |
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| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison | |
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| Model Sizes | Storage requirements | |
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| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview | |
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--- |
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## About This Project |
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### Data Source |
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Models trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) - a monthly snapshot of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages. |
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### Project |
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A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** - Open-source NLP models for every Wikipedia language. |
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### Maintainer |
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[Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) - [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com) |
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### Citation |
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If you use these models in your research, please cite: |
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```bibtex |
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@misc{wikilangs2025, |
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author = {Kamali, Omar}, |
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title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages}, |
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year = {2025}, |
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doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153}, |
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publisher = {Zenodo}, |
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url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs} |
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institution = {Omneity Labs} |
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} |
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``` |
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### License |
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MIT License - Free for academic and commercial use. |
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### Links |
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- ๐ Website: [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org) |
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- ๐ค Models: [huggingface.co/wikilangs](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs) |
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- ๐ Data: [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) |
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- ๐ค Author: [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali) |
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- ๐ค Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai) |
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--- |
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*Generated by Wikilangs Models Pipeline* |
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*Report Date: 2026-01-17 15:56:15* |
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