library_name: transformers
license: other
license_name: lfm1.0
license_link: LICENSE
pipeline_tag: image-text-to-text
tags:
- liquid
- lfm3
- edge
- conversational
- custom_code
language:
- en
- ar
- zh
- fr
- de
- it
- ja
- ko
- pt
- es
- vi
- th
- id
- hi
- ru
- pl
base_model: LiquidAI/LFM3-1.7B-Base
API
Try
Docs
BlogLFM3-VL-2B
LFM3-VL-2B is a vision-language model for on-device visual understanding. It takes text, images, and video as input, and combines the LFM3 language model with a new in-house vision encoder.
New in LFM3-VL-2B:
- Video understanding: the first LFM vision model that takes video as input. Ask questions about a recorded lecture, a walkthrough filmed on your phone, or a clip from a camera feed.
- Thinking: the model reasons step by step before it answers. This helps most with harder visual questions, such as math, charts, and multi-step problems.
- Spatial and embodied reasoning: the model finds objects and reasons about how they are placed relative to each other, a strong foundation for robotics applications.
Find more information about the LFM3 family in our release blog post.
Model details
The LFM3 family includes base, text, vision, audio, omni, and decision models.
| Property | Specification |
|---|---|
| Checkpoint | Post-trained vision-language model |
| Parameters | 1.92B: 1.73B language model, 164M vision encoder, 25M projector |
| Language model | LFM3, 24 layers: 13 gated short convolutions, 5 sliding-window attention, 6 global attention |
| Vision encoder | 14 layers: 8 gated depthwise 2D convolutions, 6 bidirectional attention, 16×16 patches with 2D rotary embeddings |
| Inputs | Text, images, and video at native resolution. Each 2×2 block of patches becomes one language token. Video is sampled at 2 fps. |
| Context length | 128K tokens (input + output) |
| Vocabulary | 128,000 tokens |
| Languages | English, Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Vietnamese, Thai, Indonesian, Hindi, Russian, Polish |
| License | LFM Open License v1.0 |
LFM3-VL-2B is designed for on-device visual tasks: questions about video, reading documents, charts, and app screens, finding objects in an image, and spatial reasoning for robots. It is not recommended for coding, multi-turn conversations, or complex reasoning.
Inference
Choose a checkpoint variant for your inference framework and hardware.
| Checkpoint | Framework | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BF16 | vLLM, SGLang, Transformers | BF16 weights for GPU inference. |
| GGUF | llama.cpp | Local inference on CPUs and GPUs. |
| MLX | MLX-VLM | 4-bit quantization for Apple Silicon. |
| ONNX | ONNX Runtime | Cross-platform inference with ONNX Runtime. |
Sampling parameters: temperature=0.1, top_p=1.0, top_k=50, min_p=0.0, repetition_penalty=1.1. For image and video preprocessing, use the values in processor_config.json.
Transformers quick start (transformers>=5.21.0):
pip install "transformers>=5.21.0" torch torchvision pillow
import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForImageTextToText, AutoProcessor
model_id = "LiquidAI/LFM3-VL-2B"
model = AutoModelForImageTextToText.from_pretrained(
model_id, dtype=torch.bfloat16, device_map="auto", trust_remote_code=True
)
processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id, trust_remote_code=True)
messages = [
{
"role": "user",
"content": [
{"type": "image", "url": "https://placecats.com/300/200"},
{"type": "text", "text": "Describe this image."},
],
}
]
inputs = processor.apply_chat_template(
messages,
add_generation_prompt=True,
tokenize=True,
return_dict=True,
return_tensors="pt",
).to(model.device)
with torch.inference_mode():
output_ids = model.generate(
**inputs,
do_sample=True,
temperature=0.1,
top_k=50,
repetition_penalty=1.1,
max_new_tokens=16384, # generate() needs an explicit limit; reasoning can be long
)
generated_ids = output_ids[:, inputs["input_ids"].shape[1] :]
print(processor.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)[0])
On-device inference with llama.cpp
For most on-device use cases, we recommend llama.cpp with the GGUF checkpoints. Support for LFM3-VL in llama.cpp is in review in ggml-org/llama.cpp#31252, without video input for now. We will update this card when a llama.cpp release supports it.
With -hf, llama.cpp downloads the model and the matching vision projector (mmproj). Start an OpenAI-compatible server:
llama-server -hf LiquidAI/LFM3-VL-2B-GGUF:Q4_0 \
--temp 0.1 --top-p 1.0 --top-k 50 --min-p 0.0 --repeat-penalty 1.1 \
--no-reasoning-preserve --port 8080
To chat in the terminal, use llama-cli with the same flags, then type /image <IMAGE PATH> to add an image to the chat.
GPU inference with vLLM and SGLang
For high-throughput serving on GPU, use vLLM or SGLang. Both serve an OpenAI-compatible API. Support for LFM3-VL in SGLang is in review in sgl-project/sglang#46858, and support in vLLM is in progress. We will update this card when their releases support it.
vLLM:
vllm serve LiquidAI/LFM3-VL-2B \
--reasoning-parser qwen3 \
--enable-auto-tool-choice --tool-call-parser qwen3_coder \
--chat-template-content-format openai \
--structured-outputs-config '{"backend": "xgrammar", "disable_any_whitespace": true}' \
--media-io-kwargs '{"video": {"video_backend": "qwen3_vl"}}'
SGLang:
sglang serve --model-path LiquidAI/LFM3-VL-2B --trust-remote-code \
--reasoning-parser qwen3 \
--tool-call-parser qwen3_coder \
--constrained-json-disable-any-whitespace
Send an image-and-text request with the OpenAI client. Change base_url to http://localhost:30000/v1 for SGLang, or http://localhost:8080/v1 for llama.cpp:
from openai import OpenAI
client = OpenAI(base_url="http://localhost:8000/v1", api_key="EMPTY")
response = client.chat.completions.create(
model="LiquidAI/LFM3-VL-2B",
messages=[
{
"role": "user",
"content": [
{"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "https://placecats.com/300/200"}},
{"type": "text", "text": "Describe this image."},
],
}
],
temperature=0.1,
extra_body={"top_k": 50, "repetition_penalty": 1.1},
)
print(response.choices[0].message.content)
Chat template
LFM3-VL uses this ChatML format, generated from the checkpoint's chat template:
<|startoftext|><|im_start|>system
You are a helpful assistant trained by Liquid AI.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
<|vision_start|><|image|><|vision_end|>What species is in this picture?<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Use processor.apply_chat_template() with add_generation_prompt=True to format messages automatically. The model thinks in a <think>...</think> block before it answers.
The template inserts <|vision_start|><|image|><|vision_end|> for each image and <|vision_start|><|video|><|vision_end|> for each video. Do not put these tags in your message content.
Reasoning from turns before the latest user message is removed unless preserve_thinking=True.
Tool calling
Pass function schemas through tools=... to apply_chat_template(). The template formats tool definitions and results automatically. Generated calls use XML:
<tool_call>
<function=get_weather>
<parameter=city>
Paris
</parameter>
</function>
</tool_call>
LFM3's tool call format has changed from the custom LFM2/LFM2.5 format to a superset of
qwen3_coder.
Execute the call in your application. Add the parsed assistant call to history as a tool_calls entry, then append the result as a tool message. Keep passing the tool schemas on subsequent requests and preserve the assistant's content and reasoning from the current tool-use turn.
function.arguments must be a Python mapping. Decode JSON strings with json.loads() before applying the template.
See the Tool Use documentation for the full guide.
Tool search
LFM3 supports deferred tools. Set defer_loading=True to keep tool definitions out of the prompt until your harness's search tool returns their names as tool_reference parts. The chat template then inserts their definitions into <additional_tools>.
tools = [
search_tool,
{"type": "function", "defer_loading": True, "function": get_weather_schema},
]
messages.append({
"role": "tool",
"tool_call_id": call_id,
"content": [
{"type": "text", "text": "Found 1 tool."},
{"type": "tool_reference", "name": "get_weather"},
],
})
Your harness implements and runs the search. Keep the full tools list, including deferred tools, on every request.
See Deferred tools and tool search for the full guide.
Fine-tuning
LFM3-VL-2B is designed for easy customization for a given domain, task, or application via TRL.
| Training | Use case | Notebook |
|---|---|---|
| SFT | Extract structured JSON from receipt photos |  |
| GRPO | Transcribe images of equations to LaTeX | |
Performance
Benchmarks
Across 62 vision benchmarks, LFM3-VL-2B scores at least 8 points ahead of all models of similar size. It matches Gemma 4 12B, is within 2 points of GPT-5.6 Luna, and scores higher than Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite.
| Category | LFM3-VL 2B |
LFM3-VL 2B (no think) |
LFM2.5-VL 3B |
MiniCPM-V 4.7 1B |
Qwen3.5 2B |
Qwen3.5 4B |
InternVL3.5 4B |
Gemma 4 E2B |
Gemma 4 12B |
GPT-5.6 Luna |
Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | 66.0 | 56.4 | 57.6 | 59.8 | 64.0 | 73.0 | 61.2 | 56.9 | 74.0 | 72.2 | 74.1 |
| Perception | 75.6 | 68.9 | 67.9 | 65.5 | 71.2 | 77.1 | 63.2 | 59.1 | 73.5 | 71.0 | 73.0 |
| Document, OCR & Chart | 83.9 | 71.6 | 71.2 | 73.0 | 79.1 | 84.3 | 72.1 | 72.3 | 85.7 | 84.4 | 82.3 |
| Math & logical reasoning | 68.8 | 41.0 | 40.6 | 51.8 | 61.0 | 78.4 | 46.4 | 51.8 | 79.3 | 77.3 | 66.7 |
| Visual grounding | 77.3 | 72.6 | 68.3 | 51.1 | 61.2 | 67.0 | 63.6 | 41.2 | 74.1 | 72.7 | 63.5 |
| Embodied reasoning | 64.4 | 57.9 | 48.0 | 45.3 | 51.2 | 63.2 | 48.9 | 41.5 | 59.1 | 61.5 | 50.3 |
| GUI understanding | 83.1 | 81.5 | 66.0 | 45.3 | 67.2 | 81.1 | 68.5 | 44.3 | 76.1 | 82.5 | 71.0 |
| Video | 61.2 | 54.0 | 41.3 | 53.7 | 57.0 | 67.5 | 59.7 | 46.6 | 58.9 | 72.8 | 70.0 |
| Multilingual | 84.4 | 76.2 | 81.2 | 77.4 | 78.6 | 83.9 | 79.0 | 73.4 | 86.1 | 82.1 | 85.8 |
| Agentic | 42.5 | 32.9 | 21.1 | 16.9 | 15.2 | 31.3 | N/A | 23.8 | 43.6 | 56.1 | 62.4 |
| Average | 71.4 | 62.1 | 57.6 | 57.5 | 64.0 | 73.4 | 61.1 | 53.6 | 71.7 | 73.4 | 70.0 |
All 62 benchmarks
| Benchmark | LFM3-VL 2B |
LFM3-VL 2B (no think) |
LFM2.5-VL 3B |
MiniCPM-V 4.7 1B |
Qwen3.5 2B |
Qwen3.5 4B |
InternVL3.5 4B |
Gemma 4 E2B |
Gemma 4 12B |
GPT-5.6 Luna |
Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | |||||||||||
| MME | 86.9 | 76.7 | 74.3 | 82.7 | 83.9 | 88.3 | 82.2 | 79.6 | 85.7 | 74.8 | 89.2 |
| MMStar | 74.4 | 62.2 | 63.3 | 68.1 | 71.5 | 76.6 | 65.3 | 61.2 | 77.7 | 72.2 | 73.1 |
| SimpleVQA | 36.3 | 27.7 | 32.0 | 36.5 | 38.0 | 45.8 | 33.4 | 28.4 | 42.5 | 53.2 | 56.9 |
| SEED-Bench (image) | 78.6 | 76.8 | 77.7 | 76.6 | 76.9 | 78.9 | 76.4 | 75.2 | 80.6 | 76.2 | 79.5 |
| MMBench (dev EN v1.1) | 86.1 | 76.5 | 81.0 | 83.4 | 80.0 | 86.5 | 81.1 | 70.9 | 88.2 | 84.4 | 88.2 |
| MMMU (val) | 55.7 | 48.6 | 47.2 | 51.0 | 58.1 | 74.6 | 57.8 | 57.3 | 76.7 | 75.2 | 72.0 |
| MMMU-Pro | 45.7 | 35.0 | 33.2 | 37.3 | 50.3 | 67.2 | 38.4 | 42.7 | 69.1 | 70.9 | 63.2 |
| MM-Vet (v1) | 57.4 | 44.3 | 48.2 | 46.8 | 53.4 | 59.9 | 65.3 | 44.8 | 64.1 | 67.1 | 73.3 |
| MM-IFEval | 72.8 | 54.7 | 60.6 | 58.9 | 62.0 | 79.5 | 57.3 | 61.6 | 83.0 | 82.0 | 73.2 |
| MuirBench | 66.4 | 61.2 | 58.2 | 57.0 | 65.5 | 72.8 | 54.8 | 47.5 | 71.9 | 66.0 | 72.7 |
| Perception | |||||||||||
| BLINK | 71.1 | 68.7 | 61.0 | 60.7 | 63.5 | 69.8 | 57.4 | 52.9 | 70.9 | 68.6 | 68.9 |
| CountBenchQA | 93.0 | 86.4 | 87.1 | 86.4 | 87.1 | 92.6 | 81.3 | 78.2 | 95.9 | 91.0 | 90.1 |
| HallusionBench | 65.6 | 52.5 | 46.6 | 53.6 | 61.1 | 66.2 | 58.0 | 56.7 | 68.9 | 59.0 | 65.6 |
| POPE | 88.7 | 86.2 | 88.9 | 89.2 | 88.1 | 88.1 | 88.3 | 84.2 | 87.6 | 85.0 | 89.2 |
| PerceptionBench | 37.1 | 28.4 | 27.6 | 26.8 | 29.5 | 39.8 | 27.3 | 28.2 | 43.5 | 48.8 | 37.7 |
| HR-Bench (4K) | 82.3 | 71.0 | 71.3 | 67.4 | 76.9 | 88.1 | 55.6 | 65.5 | 77.4 | 80.1 | 79.2 |
| HR-Bench (8K) | 76.2 | 64.9 | 62.1 | 61.4 | 74.4 | 82.1 | 54.6 | 57.0 | 70.6 | 60.0 | 75.7 |
| ZoomBench (full + crop average) | 62.6 | 60.4 | 61.6 | 52.0 | 56.4 | 61.9 | 52.7 | 43.7 | 59.4 | 59.7 | 65.0 |
| V*Bench | 86.4 | 80.6 | 81.2 | 71.7 | 85.9 | 89.5 | 71.2 | 44.5 | 69.6 | 79.6 | 74.9 |
| RealWorldQA | 79.3 | 73.1 | 72.9 | 68.2 | 75.7 | 81.0 | 67.8 | 61.2 | 76.9 | 72.4 | 74.4 |
| CV-Bench | 88.8 | 85.4 | 86.3 | 82.6 | 84.3 | 88.4 | 80.4 | 77.6 | 87.5 | 76.9 | 82.7 |
| Document, OCR & Chart | |||||||||||
| DocVQA (val) | 96.7 | 94.9 | 91.8 | 91.8 | 95.6 | 97.1 | 90.9 | 90.4 | 97.0 | 94.8 | 96.2 |
| TextVQA (val) | 87.9 | 85.8 | 90.4 | 87.4 | 85.0 | 88.0 | 84.9 | 80.6 | 88.4 | 85.5 | 88.9 |
| OCRBench v1 | 86.3 | 82.2 | 84.7 | 82.1 | 83.6 | 86.0 | 83.5 | 71.8 | 81.1 | 79.8 | 87.9 |
| OCRBench v2 (En) | 63.5 | 48.1 | 48.3 | 44.1 | 55.4 | 65.7 | 50.3 | 51.3 | 67.2 | 64.8 | 55.5 |
| ChartQA (test) | 92.7 | 81.4 | 80.6 | 88.8 | 85.2 | 85.8 | 86.0 | 82.3 | 89.4 | 90.2 | 88.2 |
| InfographicVQA (val) | 86.2 | 70.6 | 65.2 | 72.3 | 85.9 | 90.6 | 67.0 | 71.1 | 89.3 | 92.4 | 84.0 |
| CharXiv (descriptive, val) | 87.5 | 65.5 | 69.4 | 73.4 | 84.0 | 92.4 | 67.6 | 85.0 | 95.8 | 94.3 | 88.2 |
| CharXiv (reasoning, val) | 70.2 | 44.5 | 38.9 | 44.5 | 58.1 | 68.6 | 46.5 | 46.3 | 77.1 | 73.6 | 69.2 |
| Math & logical reasoning | |||||||||||
| LogicVista | 60.4 | 30.2 | 34.9 | 46.1 | 54.4 | 69.8 | 37.6 | 48.3 | 76.3 | 74.7 | 57.0 |
| MATH-Vision (full) | 51.6 | 28.4 | 22.9 | 30.2 | 41.8 | 72.0 | 33.8 | 40.1 | 73.8 | 79.9 | 57.5 |
| MathVista (mini) | 84.2 | 68.5 | 68.9 | 71.2 | 75.5 | 84.8 | 72.7 | 62.7 | 80.4 | 76.9 | 77.7 |
| We-Math (testmini, strict) | 68.6 | 20.1 | 23.0 | 47.8 | 59.8 | 81.0 | 26.2 | 44.2 | 78.2 | 70.3 | 59.1 |
| DynaMath (average accuracy) | 79.2 | 57.7 | 53.3 | 63.8 | 73.6 | 84.6 | 61.5 | 63.9 | 87.6 | 84.6 | 82.2 |
| Visual grounding | |||||||||||
| RefCOCO-avg | 90.5 | 87.4 | 87.9 | 86.3 | 78.3 | 87.4 | 88.8 | 68.0 | 82.2 | 81.8 | 81.6 |
| RefCOCO-M | 95.2 | 92.9 | 94.4 | 92.8 | 90.6 | 93.3 | 94.6 | 76.5 | 88.8 | 89.5 | 87.6 |
| Point-Bench | 73.8 | 69.6 | 58.7 | 16.8 | 54.0 | 56.7 | 47.3 | 14.3 | 73.4 | 66.8 | 51.4 |
| RefSpatial-Bench | 49.8 | 40.6 | 32.1 | 8.5 | 21.7 | 30.7 | 23.5 | 6.0 | 51.7 | 52.5 | 33.6 |
| Embodied reasoning | |||||||||||
| EmbSpatial-Bench | 82.9 | 77.1 | 74.3 | 71.5 | 77.0 | 82.4 | 71.0 | 67.9 | 80.2 | 75.5 | 75.3 |
| ERQA | 48.2 | 40.5 | 39.8 | 44.8 | 41.2 | 52.7 | 37.0 | 37.8 | 59.5 | 56.5 | 50.5 |
| MindCube (tinybench) | 56.5 | 51.3 | 45.5 | 47.0 | 43.1 | 52.7 | 39.9 | 37.5 | 54.9 | 45.9 | 37.5 |
| SAT (val + test) | 80.2 | 71.0 | 57.2 | 56.3 | 66.7 | 80.1 | 59.5 | 59.0 | 74.8 | 71.0 | 62.8 |
| RoboSpatial-Home | 63.4 | 51.4 | 48.6 | 41.7 | 47.7 | 67.4 | 45.4 | 46.9 | 66.9 | 63.7 | 41.4 |
| Where2Place | 44.9 | 42.8 | 42.5 | 6.4 | 30.2 | 47.2 | 24.5 | 18.2 | 49.0 | 51.6 | 21.0 |
| OpenEQA (episodic memory, video) | 76.3 | 66.0 | 49.2 | 64.2 | 63.8 | 72.8 | 60.6 | 43.2 | 56.4 | 78.5 | 77.5 |
| VSI-Bench | 63.1 | 63.3 | 26.5 | 30.6 | 39.8 | 50.5 | 52.9 | 21.3 | 31.2 | 49.2 | 36.5 |
| GUI understanding | |||||||||||
| ScreenSpot-Pro | 55.5 | 49.3 | 22.8 | 4.9 | 38.1 | 50.6 | 21.5 | 1.3 | 25.2 | 57.4 | 39.2 |
| ScreenSpot-v2 Desktop | 94.6 | 95.5 | 78.4 | 51.5 | 75.7 | 91.6 | 81.7 | 52.1 | 93.1 | 94.6 | 86.5 |
| ScreenSpot-v2 Mobile | 92.2 | 91.6 | 80.6 | 68.1 | 82.2 | 92.4 | 87.8 | 71.1 | 93.0 | 88.8 | 80.0 |
| ScreenSpot-v2 Web | 89.9 | 89.7 | 81.9 | 56.8 | 72.5 | 89.7 | 82.8 | 52.9 | 92.9 | 89.0 | 78.3 |
| Video | |||||||||||
| MVBench | 69.4 | 59.5 | 50.7 | 53.9 | 64.5 | 71.3 | 72.3 | 45.5 | 54.6 | 68.2 | 64.5 |
| ActivityNet-QA (test) | 71.2 | 59.1 | 40.8 | 58.0 | 59.4 | 64.1 | 63.0 | 47.7 | 57.2 | 66.8 | 65.6 |
| LVBench | 41.2 | 40.9 | 34.2 | 39.9 | 35.2 | 47.3 | 42.5 | 27.5 | 36.5 | 58.9 | 58.7 |
| MLVU (dev, M-Avg) | 71.3 | 63.9 | 47.0 | 64.9 | 68.3 | 76.1 | 66.2 | 45.1 | 53.9 | 77.6 | 78.2 |
| MMVU (val) | 52.9 | 45.1 | 38.9 | 45.9 | 53.8 | 67.5 | 52.0 | 47.7 | 65.5 | 77.6 | 76.3 |
| MotionBench (dev) | 64.0 | 56.8 | 50.2 | 51.1 | 56.1 | 61.8 | 58.7 | 41.5 | 53.9 | 67.7 | 61.0 |
| Video-MME (v1, no subtitles) | 62.8 | 57.9 | 44.3 | 57.9 | 59.4 | 71.1 | 61.3 | 48.4 | 62.1 | 75.7 | 74.0 |
| Video-MME (v1, subtitles) | 69.0 | 63.1 | 43.1 | 62.1 | 65.1 | 78.3 | 63.0 | 59.1 | 73.3 | 81.6 | 77.8 |
| Video-MMMU | 49.6 | 39.3 | 22.3 | 50.1 | 51.1 | 69.8 | 58.0 | 57.1 | 72.7 | 81.1 | 73.9 |
| Multilingual | |||||||||||
| MMMB | 85.2 | 80.4 | 83.0 | 79.6 | 81.4 | 85.1 | 81.5 | 78.8 | 86.9 | 82.1 | 85.4 |
| Multilingual MMBench | 83.6 | 72.0 | 79.5 | 75.3 | 75.8 | 82.8 | 76.5 | 68.0 | 85.4 | 82.1 | 86.2 |
| Agentic | |||||||||||
| MM-ToolSandbox (partial credit) | 42.5 | 32.9 | 21.1 | 16.9 | 15.2 | 31.3 | N/A | 23.8 | 43.6 | 56.1 | 62.4 |
Evaluation details
We evaluated all models with vLLM 0.27.1, using each model's recommended generation parameters when available.
We used reasoning mode for all models except LFM2.5-VL-3B, which does not support it, and the LFM3-VL-2B no-thinking configuration, for which we disabled thinking. For InternVL3.5, we report the higher score from reasoning and non-reasoning modes on each benchmark. GPT-5.6 Luna and Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite used their default reasoning effort: medium for Luna and minimal for Gemini.
For models without native video support, we sampled frames at 2 FPS, up to a maximum of 384 frames per video, and provided them to the model as images.
All scores are normalized to a 0–100 scale. Each category score is the unweighted mean of its benchmark scores, and the Average row is the unweighted mean across all 62 benchmarks.
Original score scales: MME uses a 0–2800 scale; OCRBench, 0–1000; and DocVQA and InfographicVQA, 0–1.
RefCOCO-avg: Mean P@1 across eight splits: RefCOCO (val, testA, testB), RefCOCO+ (val, testA, testB), and RefCOCOg (val, test).
POPE: F1 over all examples from the adversarial, popular, and random subsets.
MMMU-Pro: The multiple-choice variant with 10 answer options per question.
Edge inference
LFM3-VL-2B has the highest prefill throughput and the lowest memory use of all compared models on all three devices.
Evaluation details
All models run in llama.cpp with a Q4_0 GGUF language model and an F16 vision projector (mmproj). Each request has one 512×512 image and 1,024 text tokens, and generates 256 tokens. Prefill is the prompt processing speed and decode is the generation speed, both in tokens per second. Memory is peak use in GB.
GPU inference
On one NVIDIA B300, LFM3-VL-2B produces more than 12,000 tokens/s at 1,024 concurrent requests, more than any compared model.
Evaluation details
All models run in BF16 on SGLang v0.5.22 with LFM3 support. Each request has one 512×512 image and 1,024 text tokens, and generates at most 256 tokens. Throughput is end-to-end output tokens per second, as the mean of 3 runs.
Training
Pre-training: LFM3-VL-2B starts from LFM3-1.7B-Base, which is pre-trained in two stages on 22T tokens in total.
- Main pre-training: compared with LFM2, the mix adds more scientific papers, repository-level code, math, and a wider range of knowledge sources.
- Mid-training: the last 3.5T tokens use curated, higher-quality data with a larger share of agentic traces and tool calls. This stage also extends the context window to 256K tokens.
Post-training: four stages develop visual understanding, reasoning, and tool use.
- Vision mid-training: LFM3-1.7B-Base is joined with our new in-house vision encoder, which combines convolution and attention, and trained on image and video data.
- Supervised fine-tuning (SFT): a wide mix of instruction following, reasoning, tool calling, agentic traces, grounding, and multimodal perception and understanding.
- Vision reinforcement learning: many domains trained at once, to improve reasoning and general intelligence.
- Multi-domain on-policy distillation (MOPD): a vision teacher model and the Mixed RL model from LFM3-1.7B are distilled back into a single model.
Citation
@article{liquidAI2026LFM3,
author = {Liquid AI},
title = {Introducing LFM3: Every Modality for Specialized Intelligence},
journal = {Liquid AI Blog},
year = {2026},
note = {www.liquid.ai/blog/lfm3},
}
For questions and feedback, join Discord. For custom deployment and fine-tuning support, contact Liquid AI.