metadata
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- dense
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:44838
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base
widget:
- source_sentence: >-
How does the volume and flow rate of cement affect the cementing process
in oil and gas wells?
sentences:
- >-
Overview of International Offshore Decommissioning Regulations: Volume 1
– Facilities
The Petroleum Code does not make any specific requirements in relation
to whether
offshore facilities need to be removed following cessation of
production. However, as a
signatory to UNCLOS III/IMO and the Abidjan Convention, the Republic of
Guinea is bound
by these international and regional agreements.
The Environment Code is enforced by the Ministry of Natural Resources,
Energy and
Environment. Its key aims are to protect the environment while promoting
the use of
natural resources. Title 2/Chapter III of the Environment Code deals
with maritime waters
and their resources and Title 5 deals with EIA requirements for major
projects.
- >-
Well Cementing design is a critical component of Well engineering, as
efficient cement design ensures the protection of the casing assemblies
from fluid corrosion, and ensures the mechanical support of the well. It
also ensures that hydraulic communication between different zones is
prevented.
Well abandonment is also critical as the design of the slurry required
needs to be designed to efficiently keep hydrocarbons in the wellbore
and prevent any immediate, short term or long term migration of
hydrocarbons to surface.
There are numerous studies and publications discussing the causes of gas
migration after primary cement jobs and well abandonment, some of the
causes of gas migration have been linked to poor fluid loss control,
poor drilling fluid displacement (reduces seal efficiency at the
interfaces), and long cement setting times which allows time for gas to
percolate through the partially set cement slurry.
This paper highlights the engineering methods, and how they can be used
to properly evaluate the cement slurry design to ensure that gas flow
through the cement lattice is completely prevented. It assumes that all
other issues which involving poor execution (mud displacement, poor
slurry mixing, use of low quality materials and chemicals, human
errors), are annulled.
The correlations/equations discussed and used for the evaluation of the
abandoned case study well (Well XRT) are the Gas Flow Potential, Slurry
Performance Number, Hydrostatic Number and Pressure Decay Limit
Parameter. Results from critical evaluation with these equations
confirmed that the Well XRT was efficiently abandoned.
The paper further recommends that these equations should be used by Well
Engineers be used to evaluate slurry designs for casing cementing and
abandonment operations, as they will help ensure that the mechanical and
hydraulic isolation is efficiently designed for and achieved.
- >-
This article discusses the big volume top job of oil and gas wells,
specifically wells A and B which were drilled in Kuwait. The process
involves pumping a larger volume of mixture of cement, water, and other
additives into the annulus to seal the wellbore, prevent fluid migration
and provide structural support.
The article highlights the need for precision and control to ensure
proper placement. The conventional methods like two stage method and
lightweight systems used for the wells A and B were not sufficient to
get the good zonal isolation throughout the well bore due to the lower
fracture gradient observed in this well. The successful zonal isolation
was achieved due to pumping large volumes from the annulus.
The wells were under losses before and during the primary cementing
process, which was difficult to achieve the desired top of cement (up to
surface). To overcome these challenges, the well was cemented in unique
unconventional method which is pumping the bigger volumes from the
annulus to cover up to loss zone and eliminate any other fluid column in
between. Cement Bond Log (CBL) and Variable Density Log (VDL) were taken
after a 24 Hrs wait on cement and the results were good, indicating that
the wellbore is properly sealed, and the well is structurally stable.
Pumping large volumes of cement through the annulus can be challenging,
as it requires a high level of precision and control to ensure that the
cement is properly placed. This process is different to that of
conventional top jobs carried out by installing cement baskets. The
intention of conventional top job methods is to just seal the annulus at
surface without paying any attention to mud caps left in the open hole.
This has resulted in remedial jobs which has increased the cost or
reduced the life span of wells.
One of the key considerations when pumping cement through the annulus is
the volumes considered and thickening time. The rate of flow must be
carefully controlled to ensure that the cement is properly mixed along
with the additives and that it does not become too thick or too thin. In
addition, the rate of flow must be adjusted to account for the
variations in pressure and temperature that occur as the cement moves
through the well.
Cementing also plays an important role in preventing fluid migration. If
the well is not properly sealed, there might be inter communication of
the fluids which affects the life of the well. The extremely lower frac
gradient wells undergo losses Inspite of using the conventional methods
(light weight systems and two stage method) and is the reason to follow
the unconventional method of cementing from the annulus so that entire
well bore from shoe to the surface is properly sealed with cement. This
will result in reducing the unnecessary remedial jobs during the life of
the well.
- source_sentence: >-
How do the various water cut measurement techniques compare for
suitability in permanent downhole deployment?
sentences:
- >-
Optimization of hole cleaning remains a vital challenge when planning
and drilling deviated, high angle and extended reach wells. Hole
cleaning depends on a number of factors and as to date most existing
models have been deployed in solving hole cleaning problems. However,
the flow rate predicted by these models may not be feasible to apply
practically in field operations because it gives a pressure exceeding
allowable limits of the pop-up valves on the mud pump. This is the major
cause of downtime during drilling operations. This research is aimed at
adding value to the existing models in achieving better hole cleaning
and reduced down time. This was made possible through the use of cutting
monitoring model which is a real time and quantitative tool. A case
study on a well being drilled in the Niger Delta was conducted whose
from which it was observed that within 5800ft to 11500ft, the hole was
not properly clean as less cuttings were recovered. This information was
used to initiate hole cleaning procedure. From the validation, the
results shows Non-Productive Time associated with hole cleaning has a
significant drop of 2-5 days when the cutting monitoring model is used
in conjunction with the existing models.
- >-
Exhumation describes vertical displacements of rocks from maximum depth
of burial that results from the removal of overburden material. In this
study we invert seismic velocity profiles from 2D and 3D seismic
reflection datasets to constrain the distribution and the magnitude of
exhumation within the Slyne Basin, offshore NW Ireland. The method has
already been successfully applied to 2D datasets offshore Britain and
Africa; this study is the first attempt to extract exhumation estimates
from 3D seismic data. Inversion of 3D seismic velocity data yields a
continuous map of exhumation across the entire 3D footprint. Exhumation
estimates from 2D seismic sections agree with estimates from co-located
3D data. However, there is greater scatter in the 2D-derived exhumation
estimates, most easily seen at line ties. This scatter in the 2D
measurements arises because 2D seismic stacking velocities are less well
constrained than 3D velocities. Together, the 2D and 3D seismic stacking
velocity profiles can be used to estimate exhumation patterns on spatial
scales >10 km to an accuracy of ±200 m. Many estimated changes in
exhumation are associated with geological structures, suggesting
confidence in the results. The margins of Slyne Basin have undergone
about 1 km more erosion than the basin centre to form the
Jurassic-Miocene composite unconformity. Inversion anticlines in the
centre of the basin have undergone a few hundred metres more erosion at
their crests than at their flanks. There is good agreement between 3D
seismic-derived exhumation estimates and existing exhumation estimates
using traditional techniques applied to borehole data. Overall, our
results show that regional exhumation can be mapped in hitherto
unprecedented detail using good quality seismic stacking velocity data.
- >-
This paper addresses the need and challenges associated with the
permanent downhole water cut measurement in multiphase flow at an
individual lateral level for efficient and reliable water cut management
in a multilateral horizontal well environment. Furthermore, it reviews
the available water cut measurement techniques and evaluates their
suitability for permanent downhole deployment in multilateral horizontal
wells. A comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art water cut
measurement techniques is presented for the first time in this paper to
evaluate their suitability for permanent downhole deployment. Downhole
water cut measurement challenges are described in detail and a table is
presented comparing various techniques against a set of requirements
suitable for permanent downhole water cut measurement.
- source_sentence: >-
What role does AI play in the integrated logistics process in the offshore
sector?
sentences:
- >-
Sustainability has become a pivotal point in the maritime industry,
encompassing environmental, economic, and social dimensions. This study
investigates the impact of Industry 4.0 technologies on improving
maritime logistics sustainability. An extensive literature review will
identify key technologies and sustainability goals across these
dimensions. Using advanced decision-making frameworks like AI and
ML-enabled decision intelligence or Neutrosophic-TOPSIS methods, the
impact of these technologies will be quantified and ranked. The results
will yield a prioritization of technologies and a strategic roadmap for
their implementation, aimed at optimizing resource allocation and
enhancing sustainability. This research provides an integrated approach
to sustainability and technological adoption, offering a novel,
industry-specific roadmap.
- >-
Detection of production and well events is crucial for planning of
production and operational strategies. Event detection is especially
challenging in mature fields in which various off-normal events might
occur simultaneously. Manual detection of these events by an engineer is
a tedious task and prone to errors. On the other hand, abundance of data
in mature fields provides an opportunity to employ data-driven methods
for an accurate and robust production event detection. In this study a
data-driven workflow to automatically detect production events based on
signatures of events provided by experts is demonstrated. In the
developed workflow, state-of-the-art data-driven methods were integrated
with the domain knowledge for an accurate and robust detection. The
methodology was applied on several case studies of mature fields
suffering from production issues, such as scaling and liquid loading. It
was found that the workflow is accurate, robust and computationally
efficient which could detect new events (verified by the expert). The
demonstrated method could be implemented both in the real-time or
offline fashion. Such a workflow is sufficiently generic which can be
applied for detection of different events and anomalies than tested and
verified in this paper, such as leakage, production losses, …
- >-
This case study aims to showcase how integrated logistics in the
offshore sector streamline the supply chain process, reduce costs, and
improves efficiency. The scope of integrated logistics includes
planning, transportation, warehousing, inventory management, and
information management, focusing on collaboration and transparency
between all stakeholders in the offshore supply chain.
The process of integrated logistics in the offshore sector begins with
the cargo booking. A detailed logistics plan and schedule are then
developed, outlining the supply chain network, transportation modes, and
inventory management strategies. The process is managed by an AI-based
platform that automatically creates short and long-term schedules using
various cargo and telemetric data. During the execution phase, real-time
tracking and monitoring of the supply chain process are crucial to
managing disruptions. Continuous improvement is key to optimising the
integrated logistics process with a machine learning element to the
logistics tool, resulting in increased efficiency, reduced costs, and
improved safety and reliability.
Implementing integrated logistics in the offshore sector has yielded
several positive results. Firstly, it has improved efficiency in the
supply chain process, reducing the time and cost required to move goods
and equipment from the point of origin to the point of consumption.
Delivery time has been reduced by 23%, achieved by using an AI planning
system, real-time tracking, and optimised transportation modes.
Secondly, integrated logistics has helped to maintain high levels of
safety by reducing the number of entries into the 500M zone by
consolidating cargo and increasing back deck utilisation. Standardised
procedures for logistics operations have been established, minimising
the risk of errors and improving overall safety.
Thirdly, the implementation of integrated logistics has led to increased
collaboration and communication between stakeholders involved in
offshore operations, resulting in improved decision-making and reduced
delays, as well as better transparency between all elements of the
supply chain.
Real-time tracking and monitoring of the supply chain process have been
crucial for effectively managing disruptions and addressing issues,
which is made possible by automating the process using AI, which is more
efficient than manual processes.
The use of integrated logistics in the offshore sector has resulted in
an overall cost reduction of 23% on the shipment of goods and a
reduction of CO2 emissions by 32%, enabling effective management of the
movement of goods and equipment while promoting sustainability.
This approach to integrated offshore logistics will enable effective
management of the movement of goods and equipment from the point of
origin to the point of consumption and reduce costs for the oil and gas
sector while ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.
- source_sentence: >-
How does the incorporation of polyamine and encapsulation polymer in the
HPWBM contribute to clay stabilization?
sentences:
- >-
Clay bearing shale formations tend to swell upon contact with
water-based drilling fluid. The migration of hydrogen ions into the
nano-spacing of shale platelets is mainly responsible for its
disintegration and swelling. To mitigate the clay swelling problem,
various shale stabilization materials are added in the water-based muds
(WBMs). Before adding these additives, it is crucial to understand their
physical and chemical interactions with clay minerals as well as within
fluid. In this study, Taro Root Mucilage (TRM) is used as a green
chemical in WBM to decrease the shale swelling characteristics. Taro
root was boiled in distilled water at 40°C for 24 h and mucilage was
prepared, which was characterized by FTIR and XRD pattern. It was then
made part of a mud system, which then interacted with the shale sample
collected from the western zone of Pakistan. Moreover, this mucilage was
compared with sodium alginate mud system, a biopolymer commonly used in
industry. The results of the experimental studies showed that TRM
appreciably reduces clay swelling characteristics compared with the
distilled water and sodium alginate. Moreover, all the rheological
parameters fall under the recommended API range for TRM samples.
Furthermore, it was found that the TRM produces a thin filter cake and
minimizes fluid loss volume. In addition, during the shale cutting
recovery test, 50%, 80% and 100% recoveries were obtained from base mud,
whereas 10% and 20% were obtained from TRM based WBM respectively. TRM
encapsulates the drilled cutting and preserves it from breaking into
smaller fragments. In addition, TRM concentration in drilling mud
increases the hydrophobicity of the shale sample. The adsorption of TRM
over the surface of shale allows less penetration of water in the
nano-spacing of shale structure and improves the shale stability. Hence,
the finding in this article implies that TRM can be used as a green and
sustainable substitute for traditional clay stabilizers in drilling
operations to reduce formation damage. It has all the desired properties
that help it to become an alternate solution in the form of a clay
swelling inhibitor.
- >-
Exploration drilling obviously requires a robust drilling fluid system
to be a key factor in overcoming both the known and unexpected
challenges of a structure that consists of reactive clay and lost
circulation zones. Extra consideration has to be given to regulatory
environmental requirements and complications resulting from regional
politics. A High-Performance Water Based Mud (HPWBM) system was selected
to address the aforementioned issues.
The HPWBM was customized to respond to the subsurface conditions with
the main requirement to provide maximum shale inhibition through a
non-dispersed environment. Polyamine was utilized to stabilize all types
of clay; an encapsulation polymer and a non-ionic polymer were included
to prevent dispersion and to seal micro-fractures. A complete shale
study was performed to determine the optimum concentration of the base
fluid and each shale inhibitor. Then hydraulic behaviour of the mud was
simulated with contractor proprietary software to understand the
parameters for optimal hole cleaning as well as Equivalent Circulating
Density (ECD) simulation.
The HPWBM system successfully facilitated the execution of the
exploration well and provided highly effective clay stabilization. No
Non-Productive Time (NPT) was recorded as a result of reactive clay
issues. The mud system also facilitated a good rate of penetration
(ROP), formation stability, and lubricity. Waste cuttings transportation
was not required. In addition, there is also no requirement for costly
base oil including its associated transportation costs. The successful
implementation of the HPWBM yielded an estimating saving of 25% compared
to invert emulsion fluids, prior to considering costs associated with an
expensive Liquid Mud Plant (LMP), environmental, and freight costs.
Significant cost savings were achieved by eliminating the need for LMP
rental, mobilization and demobilization. Another notable saving was
realized from the reduced system maintenance of the HPWBM as less
dilution was required compared to a regular Water Based Mud.
Thinking outside of the box and embracing the departure from the default
consideration of an invert system with a thorough risk assessment
augmented value to wellbore construction. A smartly designed HPWBM
system provided performance comparable to an invert emulsion system but
with superior benefits with respect to environmental protection,
simplified logistics and lower costs.
- >-
Business Process Outsourcing can be aptly described as the process of
forging a contractual relationship with external supplier for the
provision of capacity that has been previously undertaken within an
organization. In the global oil and gas industry, Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) has emerged in contemporary times as a potent tool in
their operational mix. This is particularly hinged on the imperatives to
find a delicate balance between rising global demand, diminishing
reserves in some of the world's major oil fields, while managing
distribution and operating costs. The collapse of crude oil prices from
US$100.00 in May 2014 to about US$30.00 and even below in early 2016 has
reinforced outsourcing. Empirical studies reveal that outsourcing of
non-core activities may result in 25% cost saving associated with
on-/near-site operations and as much as 50-75% for offshore operations
compared to the cost of engaging in same activities in-house. Apart from
cost-cutting, other benefits associated with BPO include a stronger
focus on core competencies; improved regulatory conformity and
compliance; as well as access to a larger talent pool and novel
technologies. The oil and gas industry has emerged as the cornerstone of
Nigeria's economy, accounting for about 70% of annual government revenue
and more than 90% of the nation's foreign exchange reserves. Since the
1990s, outsourcing has assumed an increasing dimension in the nation's
oil and gas industry. Empirical studies reveal, for example, that up
until the early 1990s, employees in the oil industry comprised about 70%
and 30% of permanent and temporary employees, respectively. The
temporary employees were initially focused on non-core activities.
However, in recent times core activities are increasingly contracted to
service providers, reversing the structure of employment in the industry
by 2010, with 40% of permanent employees, while 60% were permanent
employees. The increasing replacement of permanent employees with
temporary ones has fueled concern in the industry, led by labour unions,
which have expressed concern about the sub-standard welfare of contract
workers. This development has led the Federal government of Nigeria to
issue guidelines on staff contracting and outsourcing in the Nigerian
oil and gas industry.
- source_sentence: >-
How does the predictive reservoir effectiveness model aid in the
exploration of the Winduck Interval?
sentences:
- >-
In recent years, the challenge of reducing accident costs, the results
of inquiries into large-scale disasters has highlighted the important
role of a proactive approach to safety management.
This has led to many organizations assigning high priority to improve an
organization's safety culture. Safety Culture of any organization has an
impact on organization image, productivity and profitability.
This paper describes the importance of applying safety culture into the
company business and provide a practical knowledge required to put
safety culture characteristics in place. Many organizations have
realized that this provides the perfect opportunity for them to
streamline their operational process and optimize the associated
management and control system.
It is also true to say that people do not really know what a "safety
culture" is.
Busy Managers asked ‘what does an identifiable safety culture look
like?’
Definition saying that it is the product of people's values and beliefs,
their behavior, and their commitment to Health and Safety programs.
Different levels of efforts are concerned with developing strategic
plans, converting these into action plans and implementing these so that
the organization can fully integrate safety into all of its systems.
Then the most important indicator of a positive safety culture is the
extent to which employees are actively in safety on daily basis.
So many organizational endeavors, one of the most salient features that
affects people's motivation is the total commitment of senior management
and line management. This feature in particular has been shown to
account for much of the variation in safety performance at many
different levels in an organization. Since the development of a
proactive safety culture is an empowering process that aims to win
people's hearts and minds, it is absolutely vital that senior management
actively demonstrate their commitment by providing the necessary
leadership.
- >-
In this multi-Tcf subsea gas development off the North West coast of
Australia, reservoir simulation supports the key business decisions and
processes. An important factor when providing production forecasts is
ensuring that a range of possible outcomes (low-mid-high) are captured
accurately by the models. The output from these models may then be used
by decision makers for evaluating different developments and scenarios.
The design of experiments (DoE) is commonly employed to aid the
evaluation of subsurface uncertainties and characterise the impact and
influence to key model outcomes supporting development decisions.
Field production performance is often driven by uncertainty in reservoir
outcome. This paper is helpful to practitioners involved in any computer
modelling of petroleum reservoirs who are interested in capturing the
uncertainty inherent in a field and building an appropriate workflow for
the development and sensitivity of a range of models. Both model
building and using DoE to evaluate developments and Value of Information
(VoI) studies for reservoir management will be shared. Integrated DoE
focusing on static, dynamic and well-based uncertainties will be
illustrated.
Results will cover:
–
Lessons learned and best practices using ED (Experimental Design) to
generate low-mid-high reservoir simulation models
–
Understanding reservoir and well based uncertainties separately
–
Evaluating incremental field developments using ED
–
Utilizing ED to anticipate range of surveillance responses
Few papers exist on the integrated application of ED to giant gas fields
using reservoir simulation. Firstly, this case study will highlight some
pitfalls to avoid during the workflow. Secondly, the authors will
discuss the important issue of how to integrate or separate static,
dynamic, well and facility based uncertainties. Thirdly, the work will
show the unique application of ED in VoI and field development scoping.
- >-
The latest Silurian to Early Devonian Winduck Interval of the extensive
but poorly exposed Neckarboo Sub-basin, consists of several thousands of
metres of a quartzose siliciclastic sandstone succession that has been
divided into three sequence divisions called (in ascending parasequence
order) parasequence A (coarse-grained quartz sandstone), parasequence B
(fining-upward succession of sandstone with siltstone and sandstone beds
thicken upward) and parasequence C (coarse-grained quartz sandstone with
siltstone and interbedded calcareous sandstones). These three
geophysically defined parasequences are separated by slightly discordant
erosion surfaces. The erosion surfaces are characterised by abrupt
breaks at the top of parasequences A and B and the surface at the top of
parasequence B represents relatively local erosion. The top of
parasequence C is marked by a major unconformity with the Snake Cave
Interval. Gamma ray and self-potential signatures within the
parasequences can be correlated throughout the Neckarboo Sub-basin. The
three sequence divisions are further subdivided into depositional
parasequences, which are readily recognised from core sedimentology and
electrofacies analysis. The parasequences provide the framework for a
detailed sedimentological analysis, which focuses on the identification
of lithofacies successions and parasequences. Petrophysical data are
recorded and their relationships to the depositional parasequences are
discussed. This paper presents a predictive reservoir effectiveness
model that has been developed to aid exploration of the Winduck
Interval. The aim is to find the distribution of parasequences (based on
variations in porosity, net effective thickness and lithofacies with
burial depth) and to provide a dataset for lithostratigraphic units
within the Winduck Interval and parameter input for exploration prospect
evaluation. Parasequence stratigraphic analyses were obtained where
there is good lithofacies control. The porosity and permeability results
have been analyzed in a number of parasequences and poor reservoir
quality may be due to the effects of structure and fluid flow. This
approach provides for better and more precise stratigraphic trap
analysis.
datasets:
- Sampath1987/offshore_energy_v1
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base
results:
- task:
type: triplet
name: Triplet
dataset:
name: ai job validation
type: ai-job-validation
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy
value: 0.9800142645835876
name: Cosine Accuracy
SentenceTransformer based on Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base
This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base on the offshore_energy_v1 dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: Sentence Transformer
- Base model: Alibaba-NLP/gte-multilingual-base
- Maximum Sequence Length: 8192 tokens
- Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
- Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
- Training Dataset:
Model Sources
- Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
- Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
- Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face
Full Model Architecture
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 8192, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'NewModel'})
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
Usage
Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Sampath1987/EnergyEmbed-nv1")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'How does the predictive reservoir effectiveness model aid in the exploration of the Winduck Interval?',
'The latest Silurian to Early Devonian Winduck Interval of the extensive but poorly exposed Neckarboo Sub-basin, consists of several thousands of metres of a quartzose siliciclastic sandstone succession that has been divided into three sequence divisions called (in ascending parasequence order) parasequence A (coarse-grained quartz sandstone), parasequence B (fining-upward succession of sandstone with siltstone and sandstone beds thicken upward) and parasequence C (coarse-grained quartz sandstone with siltstone and interbedded calcareous sandstones). These three geophysically defined parasequences are separated by slightly discordant erosion surfaces. The erosion surfaces are characterised by abrupt breaks at the top of parasequences A and B and the surface at the top of parasequence B represents relatively local erosion. The top of parasequence C is marked by a major unconformity with the Snake Cave Interval. Gamma ray and self-potential signatures within the parasequences can be correlated throughout the Neckarboo Sub-basin. The three sequence divisions are further subdivided into depositional parasequences, which are readily recognised from core sedimentology and electrofacies analysis. The parasequences provide the framework for a detailed sedimentological analysis, which focuses on the identification of lithofacies successions and parasequences. Petrophysical data are recorded and their relationships to the depositional parasequences are discussed. This paper presents a predictive reservoir effectiveness model that has been developed to aid exploration of the Winduck Interval. The aim is to find the distribution of parasequences (based on variations in porosity, net effective thickness and lithofacies with burial depth) and to provide a dataset for lithostratigraphic units within the Winduck Interval and parameter input for exploration prospect evaluation. Parasequence stratigraphic analyses were obtained where there is good lithofacies control. The porosity and permeability results have been analyzed in a number of parasequences and poor reservoir quality may be due to the effects of structure and fluid flow. This approach provides for better and more precise stratigraphic trap analysis.',
'In this multi-Tcf subsea gas development off the North West coast of Australia, reservoir simulation supports the key business decisions and processes. An important factor when providing production forecasts is ensuring that a range of possible outcomes (low-mid-high) are captured accurately by the models. The output from these models may then be used by decision makers for evaluating different developments and scenarios. The design of experiments (DoE) is commonly employed to aid the evaluation of subsurface uncertainties and characterise the impact and influence to key model outcomes supporting development decisions.\nField production performance is often driven by uncertainty in reservoir outcome. This paper is helpful to practitioners involved in any computer modelling of petroleum reservoirs who are interested in capturing the uncertainty inherent in a field and building an appropriate workflow for the development and sensitivity of a range of models. Both model building and using DoE to evaluate developments and Value of Information (VoI) studies for reservoir management will be shared. Integrated DoE focusing on static, dynamic and well-based uncertainties will be illustrated.\nResults will cover:\n–\nLessons learned and best practices using ED (Experimental Design) to generate low-mid-high reservoir simulation models\n–\nUnderstanding reservoir and well based uncertainties separately\n–\nEvaluating incremental field developments using ED\n–\nUtilizing ED to anticipate range of surveillance responses\nFew papers exist on the integrated application of ED to giant gas fields using reservoir simulation. Firstly, this case study will highlight some pitfalls to avoid during the workflow. Secondly, the authors will discuss the important issue of how to integrate or separate static, dynamic, well and facility based uncertainties. Thirdly, the work will show the unique application of ED in VoI and field development scoping.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.6207, 0.1418],
# [0.6207, 1.0000, 0.0860],
# [0.1418, 0.0860, 1.0000]])
Evaluation
Metrics
Triplet
- Dataset:
ai-job-validation - Evaluated with
TripletEvaluator
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy | 0.98 |
Training Details
Training Dataset
offshore_energy_v1
- Dataset: offshore_energy_v1 at d4682d4
- Size: 44,838 training samples
- Columns:
anchor,positive, andnegative - Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative type string string string details - min: 13 tokens
- mean: 24.54 tokens
- max: 46 tokens
- min: 33 tokens
- mean: 430.25 tokens
- max: 1027 tokens
- min: 45 tokens
- mean: 423.92 tokens
- max: 1204 tokens
- Samples:
anchor positive negative What benefits were realized through the adoption of remote operations services in the North Sea?The North Sea has always been a pioneer for the adoption of remote operations services (ROS) in offshore drilling applications. Drilling services such as Measurement While Drilling (MWD), Logging While Drilling (LWD) and/or mud logging (ML) have been performed with an element of ROS for over the last two decades. Early adoption of these remote services delivered initial benefits to operators such as reducing HSE risks related to the travel and accommodation of field service employees at offshore rig sites. Meanwhile service companies were able to explore the added efficiencies gained by having multi-skilled employees providing a higher level of support to customers while also gaining additional agility to manage their personnel through tighter market cycles. The mutual benefit of this early adoption created a solid foundation for ROS to expand the scope of influence in drilling operations to include Directional Drilling (DD).
Despite the maturity of ROS within a select community of ope...A new program for the development of graduate engineers has been implemented in Denmark on a stimulation vessel in the North Sea. It is designed to provide graduate engineers with a three-year period of extensive experience in offshore operations, knowledge of equipment and designing effective stimulation jobs. There are many components to the program that address training, skills, demonstration of capabilities and evidence of competence. These are essential components that ultimately lead to improved operational performance and highlights.
The North Sea oil and gas industry requires a constant effort to maintain the engineering skills of its offshore workers so vital to continued success. Paradoxically, there are numerous factors that hinder on site development of young engineering talent in the North Sea. There is a lack of offshore accommodation that often restricts onsite time for trainees. This is exacerbated by a low frequency of many operations compared to other provinces in the...What is the estimated storage capacity for CO2 in the analyzed study area?The oil and gas industry is a significant contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, which have a major impact on climate change. Geoscientists in the industry play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by identifying and evaluating potential CO2 storage sites, monitoring CO2 behavior after injection, and exploring CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. CO2 -EOR involves injecting CO2 into depleted oil reservoirs to increase oil production. Reservoir characterization using well log and seismic data analysis helps determine storage capacity, containment, and injectivity of reservoirs for CO2 sequestration and EOR. In this study, two sand reservoirs (RES 1 and RES 2) were analyzed, with RES 2 being considered more suitable for CO2 sequestration and CO2 -EOR. The estimated storage capacity of the study area was approximately 40 million metric tons (MT). Assessments of fault sealing capacity and reservoir properties were conducted to validate storage potential. Further inves...Transported and geologically stored CO2 contains several impurities that depend on its source and associated capture technology. Impurities in anthropogenic CO2 can have damaging impacts on the different elements of a CCS system, which must be considered when developing a CO2 specification (Table 1). Thus, characterising all the impurities and determining the required purity of the CO2 mixture is critically important for the safe design and operation of CCS transport and storage systems.
It is important to note that CO2 specifications relate to normal operations. Short-term excursions outside of the recommended maximum concentrations for each impurity may be permissible provided they do not lead to health and safety risks and / or risks to the mechanical integrity of the asset.What is the role of a Preventive Maintenance Program (PMP) in enhancing the reliability of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs)?The reliability of Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) is a critical target for companies managing artificially lifted fields. While efforts to continuously improve the reliability in the downhole system are crucial, it is necessary to focus on the health and long-term reliability of the ESP surface equipment. One effective approach toward achieving this goal is through conducting a comprehensive Preventive Maintenance Program (PMP) for the different components of the ESP surface system.
An ESP PMP should be managed without jeopardizing production strategy. The design of the PMP must meet the production demand while maintaining the best-in-class PMP practices. The well operating condition, frequency, weather, well location, required periodic inspection and preemptive servicing and replacement of surface equipment components must be considered, based on studied criterion. The design of the PMP considers equipment upgrades and thermal imaging surveillance to guarantee healthy electrical ...A family of exciting new Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) technologies promises to radically improve the development economics of many oilfields and field extensions. This technology is particularly relevant to prospects in the range 5-100 million barrels reserves, which are located greater than 15 kilometres from existing platforms and often suffer uncertainties on reservoir performance (pressure, sweep, heterogeneities inflow performance etc.). Prospects in that category generally offer mediocre to inadequate economics or unacceptable risks of ‘downside’ potential. Platform development entails untenable capex exposure, whereas conventional subsea development (e.g. by gas lift) will result in very inferior production performance.
The new technologies which ‘unlock’ the economics of such fields are:
Viable subsea ESP technology is available now and will be field proven during 1994/95.
Proven high reliability pump systems are now available, underwritten by performance contract.
Bottom di... - Loss:
MultipleNegativesRankingLosswith these parameters:{ "scale": 20.0, "similarity_fct": "cos_sim", "gather_across_devices": false }
Evaluation Dataset
offshore_energy_v1
- Dataset: offshore_energy_v1 at d4682d4
- Size: 5,604 evaluation samples
- Columns:
anchor,positive, andnegative - Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
anchor positive negative type string string string details - min: 14 tokens
- mean: 24.45 tokens
- max: 41 tokens
- min: 47 tokens
- mean: 440.51 tokens
- max: 1091 tokens
- min: 56 tokens
- mean: 426.21 tokens
- max: 1152 tokens
- Samples:
anchor positive negative What is the role of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) in the formulation of hydraulic fracturing fluids?Guar gum and its derivative based-gels cross-linked with boron have been used in hydraulic fracturing for decades. In order to achieve gel strength requirements, conventional fracturing requires the use of a large amount of thickener and cross-linking agent, which results in more residue and difficulty in the recovery of permeability. At the same time, the gel can be used to achieve the best thermal stability in a high pH environment. Therefore, we proposed a highly efficient organoboron nanocellulose cross-linker for low polymer loading fracturing fluids.
Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) resulted from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of cellulose microciystalline. Boron-modified nanoparticles were synthesized by one-pot reaction as nano boron cross-linker (NBC). Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, Organic boron (OBC) was mixed at a ratio of 1:4:4 and stirred at a constant temperature of 85°C for 5 hours. The presence of surface modification was shown with FTIR spe...The unstable wellbore created by the infiltration of drilling fluids into the reservoir formation is a great challenge in drilling operations. Reducing the fluid infiltration using nanoparticles (NPs) brings about a significant improvement in drilling operation. Herein, a mixture of iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) and polyanionic cellulose nanoparticle (nano-PAC) additives were added to water-based mud (WBM) to determine their impact on rheological and filtration properties measured at 80 °F, 100 °F, and 250 °F. Polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R) was processed into nano-PAC by wet ball-milling process. The rheological behaviour, low-pressure low-temperature (LPLT), and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filtration properties performance of IONP, nano-PAC, and IONP and nano-PAC mixtures were compared in the WBM. The results showed that IONP, nano-PAC, and synergy effect of IONP and nano-PAC in WBM at temperatures of 80 °F and 250 °F improved the density, 10-s and 10-min gel strength (10-s ...What is the definition of tail gas in oil and gas engineering processes?#### T
Tail gas
Effluent gas at the end of a process.
Technical Potential
The amount by which it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by implementing a
technology or practice that has reached the demonstration phase.
Tectonically active area
Area of the Earth where deformation is presently causing structural changes.
Thermocline
The ocean phenomenon characterized by a sharp change in temperature with depth.
Thermohaline
The vertical overturning of water masses due to seasonal heating, evaporation, and cooling.
Third party
Entity that is independent of the parties involved with the issues in question Top-down model.
A model based on applying macro-economic theory and econometric techniques to historical
data about consumption, prices, etc.
Tracer
A chemical compound or isotope added in small quantities to trace flow patterns.
36SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING GUIDANCE FOR THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
Particulate matter: A complex mixture of small particles or droplets such as salts, organic
chemicals, metals and soil particles [ENV-5].
Petrochemicals: Chemical products derived from oil and gas.
Pipelines: Construction and use of facilities to transport liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons
over long distances in above-ground, below-ground or underwater pipes.
Primary containment: The vessel, pipe, barrel, equipment or other barrier that is designed
to keep a material within it [ENV-6, ENV-7, SHS-6].
Primary energy: The energy content of a hydrocarbon fuel or other energy source used to
produce power, usually in the form of electricity, heat or steam [CCE-6].
Process safety: A systematic approach to ensuring the safe containment of hazardous
materials or energy by applying good design, construction and operating principles [SHS-6].
In this Guidance, this term is used synonymously with Asset i...How is dense phase acid gas injected back into the formation to mitigate environmental impacts?A systematic hazard management approach was used to identify, assess and mitigate hazards at the conceptual design stage of a large onshore sour gas development in Abu Dhabi. The potential environmental impact of sulphur block production and poor prospects of a sulphur market led to a concept involving injection of dense phase acid gas back into the formation. Significant Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) challenges were addressed relating to the scale of the sour gas development which included the gathering, processing and injection of sour/acid gas containing 33% – 80% H2S. Quantitative Risk Assessment and H2S dispersion calculations were performed to evaluate the risk reduction effectiveness of specific HSE design considerations including material selection, pipeline design, pipeline routing, well design and the location of the processing facility and sour/acid gas wells. These HSE design considerations were integrated into the concept selection. Best industry practices in desi...Nowadays, as the deep gas reservoirs in Daqing are explored, the complex volcanic reservoirs have been the major reservoirs in deep natural gas exploration and production. The reserves of volcanic gas reservoirs take up 88% of the total gas reserves. However, the deep complex gas reservoirs may cause heavy pollution during the drilling completion, and some of the barriers between target zones of the wells are very thin, leading to a poor stability. Additionally, because of the complex water/gas relations in the formation, such as appearance of bottom water and water and gas sharing the same formation in some wells, the fracturing operations will induce water channeling. All these facts may cause the failure of the fracturing operations.
Especially, when the fractured formation is close to the water/gas interface, the fractures will easily extend into the water layer. The existence of water in the gas wells directly leads to the reduction of production and recovery rate of the gas reser... - Loss:
MultipleNegativesRankingLosswith these parameters:{ "scale": 20.0, "similarity_fct": "cos_sim", "gather_across_devices": false }
Training Hyperparameters
Non-Default Hyperparameters
eval_strategy: stepsper_device_train_batch_size: 16per_device_eval_batch_size: 16learning_rate: 2e-05num_train_epochs: 1warmup_ratio: 0.1
All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
overwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: stepsprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 16per_device_eval_batch_size: 16per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 1eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 2e-05weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1.0num_train_epochs: 1max_steps: -1lr_scheduler_type: linearlr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.1warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Falsefp16: Falsefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Nonelocal_rank: 0ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Falsedataloader_num_workers: 0dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Falseignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}deepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torchoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Noneddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Nonehub_always_push: Falsehub_revision: Nonegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseinclude_for_metrics: []eval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters:auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Falsetorch_compile_backend: Nonetorch_compile_mode: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Falseuse_liger_kernel: Falseliger_kernel_config: Noneeval_use_gather_object: Falseaverage_tokens_across_devices: Falseprompts: Nonebatch_sampler: batch_samplermulti_dataset_batch_sampler: proportionalrouter_mapping: {}learning_rate_mapping: {}
Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | Validation Loss | ai-job-validation_cosine_accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3568 | 1000 | 0.0982 | 0.9764 |
| 0.7135 | 2000 | 0.0870 | 0.9800 |
Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 5.1.0
- Transformers: 4.53.3
- PyTorch: 2.8.0+cu128
- Accelerate: 1.9.0
- Datasets: 4.0.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.2
Citation
BibTeX
Sentence Transformers
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}