metadata
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:900
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
widget:
- source_sentence: >-
Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship
between gene compaction and locus volume in genomic loci?
A) Increased locus volume correlates with higher gene compaction.
B) A high level of compaction is associated with a high volume of the
genomic locus.
C) Gene compaction is directly proportional to locus volume.
D) Loci with low volume exhibit high levels of compaction.
**Correct Answer: D) Loci with low volume exhibit high levels of
compaction.**
sentences:
- >-
The QoS negotiation is supported by the PRACK request, that starts
resource reservation in the calling party network, and it is answered by
a 2XX response code. Once this response has been sent, the called party
has selected the codec too, and starts resource reservation on its side.
Subsequent UPDATE requests are sent to inform about the reservation
progress, and they are answered by 2XX response codes. In a typical
offer/answer exchange, one UPDATE will be sent by the calling party when
its reservation is completed, then the called party will respond and
eventually finish allocating the resources. It is then, when all the
resources for the call are in place, when the caller is alerted.
If the individual has undergone stenting, an anticoagulant will be a
necessity to prevent build-up around the stent(s), as the body will
perceive the foreign body as a wound and attempt to heal it. Some
patients who had alternate corrective surgery, such as the Mustard or
Senning procedure, may have issues with SA and VA nodal transmissions in
later life. Typical symptoms include palpitations and problems with low
heart rates. This is commonly solved with a Pacemaker unit, providing
scar tissue from the original operation does not block its
functionality. More recently, ACE inhibitors have been prescribed to
patients in the hope of relieving stress on the heart.
Using this method which results in a relatively high control of size and
shape, semiconductor nanostructures could be synthesized in the form of
dots, tubes, wires and other forms which show interesting optic and
electronic size-dependent properties. Since the synergistic properties
resulting from the intimate contact and interaction between the core and
shell, CSSNCs can provide novel functions and enhanced properties which
are not observed in single nanoparticles.The size of core materials and
the thickness of shell can be controlled during synthesis. For example,
in the synthesis of CdSe core nanocrystals, the volume of H2S gas can
determine the size of core nanocrystals.
- >-
In mathematics, the Chang number of an irreducible representation of a
simple complex Lie algebra is its dimension modulo 1 + h, where h is the
Coxeter number. Chang numbers are named after Chang (1982), who
rediscovered an element of order h + 1 found by Kac (1981). Kac (1981)
showed that there is a unique class of regular elements σ of order h +
1, in the complex points of the corresponding Chevalley group. He showed
that the trace of σ on an irreducible representation is −1, 0, or +1,
and if h + 1 is prime then the trace is congruent to the dimension mod
h+1. This implies that the dimension of an irreducible representation is
always −1, 0, or +1 mod h + 1 whenever h + 1 is prime.
Mosquito bite allergies are informally classified as 1) the skeeter
syndrome, i.e., severe local skin reactions sometimes associated with
low-grade fever; 2) systemic reactions that range from high-grade fever,
lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, and/or diarrhea to, very rarely,
life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis; and 3) severe and often
systemic reactions occurring in individuals that have an Epstein-Barr
virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease, Epstein-Barr
virus-negative lymphoid malignancy, or another predisposing condition
such as eosinophilic cellulitis or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The
term papular urticaria is commonly used for a reaction to mosquito bites
that is dominated by widely spread hives.
- >-
All LIRR bilevel passenger rail cars have two wide quarter-point doors
on each side, for high level platforms only. The bilevel cars used by NJ
Transit and Exo have four doors on each side, two quarter-point doors at
high level platform height and one at each end vestibule, with traps
used to reach low level platforms. The bilevel cars used by MBTA have
side doors with traps at each end vestibule.
For 128 bits of security and the smallest signature size in a Rainbow
multivariate quadratic equation signature scheme, Petzoldt, Bulygin and
Buchmann, recommend using equations in F 31 {\displaystyle \mathbb {F}
_{31}} with a public key size of just over 991,000 bits, a private key
of just over 740,000 bits and digital signatures which are 424 bits in
length.
A 2020 study identified a habitat-specific and relatively abundant core
microbiome in the manuka phyllosphere, which was persistent across all
samples. In contrast, non-core phyllosphere microorganisms exhibited
significant variation across individual host trees and populations that
was strongly driven by environmental and spatial factors. The results
demonstrated the existence of a dominant and ubiquitous core microbiome
in the phyllosphere of manuka.
It seems that weak polarizations are ordinarily unable to form a
component of a vector soliton. However, due to the cross-polarization
modulation between strong and weak polarization components, a "weak
soliton" could also be formed. It thus demonstrates that the soliton
obtained is not a "scalar" soliton with a linear polarization mode, but
rather a vector soliton with a large ellipticity.
The GAMtools command gamtools compaction can be used to calculate an
estimation of chromatin compaction. Compaction is a value assigned to a
gene that represents how large the gene is. The level of compaction is
inversely proportional to the locus volume. Genomic loci with a low
volume are said to have a high level of compaction, and loci with a high
volume have a low level of compaction.
- source_sentence: >-
What condition must be satisfied for the observation of Landau levels in a
system?
A) The mean thermal energy must be greater than the energy level
separation, kT > ħωc.
B) The mean thermal energy must be equal to the energy level separation,
kT = ħωc.
C) The mean thermal energy must be smaller than the energy level
separation, kT ≪ ħωc.
D) The mean thermal energy must be independent of the energy level
separation, kT ≠ ħωc.
**Correct Answer: C) The mean thermal energy must be smaller than the
energy level separation, kT ≪ ħωc.**
sentences:
- >-
The effects of Landau levels may only be observed when the mean thermal
energy kT is smaller than the energy level separation, kT ≪ ħωc, meaning
low temperatures and strong magnetic fields. Each Landau level is
degenerate because of the second quantum number ky, which can take the
values where N is an integer. The allowed values of N are further
restricted by the condition that the center of force of the oscillator,
x0, must physically lie within the system, 0 ≤ x0 < Lx. This gives the
following range for N, For particles with charge q = Ze, the upper bound
on N can be simply written as a ratio of fluxes, where Φ0 = h/e is the
fundamental magnetic flux quantum and Φ = BA is the flux through the
system (with area A = LxLy).
The study of X-ray astronomy continued to be carried out using data from
a host of satellites that were active from the 1980s to the early 2000s:
the HEAO Program, EXOSAT, Ginga, RXTE, ROSAT, ASCA, as well as BeppoSAX,
which detected the first afterglow of a gamma-ray burst (GRB). Data from
these satellites continues to aid our further understanding of the
nature of these sources and the mechanisms by which the X-rays and gamma
rays are emitted. Understanding these mechanisms can in turn shed light
on the fundamental physics of our universe. By looking at the sky with
X-ray and gamma-ray instruments, we collect important information in our
attempt to address questions such as how the universe began and how it
evolves, and gain some insight into its eventual fate.
- >-
In a centrosymmetric ligand field, such as in octahedral complexes of
transition metals, the arrangement of electrons in the d-orbital is not
only limited by electron repulsion energy, but it is also related to the
splitting of the orbitals due to the ligand field. This leads to many
more electron configuration states than is the case for the free ion.
The relative energy of the repulsion energy and splitting energy defines
the high-spin and low-spin states. Considering both weak and strong
ligand fields, a Tanabe–Sugano diagram shows the energy splitting of the
spectral terms with the increase of the ligand field strength.
In nature, limonene is formed from geranyl pyrophosphate, via
cyclization of a neryl carbocation or its equivalent as shown. The final
step involves loss of a proton from the cation to form the alkene. The
most widely practiced conversion of limonene is to carvone. The
three-step reaction begins with the regioselective addition of nitrosyl
chloride across the trisubstituted double bond. This species is then
converted to the oxime with a base, and the hydroxylamine is removed to
give the ketone-containing carvone.
{\displaystyle
x_{1}y_{1},\,x_{1}y_{2},\,x_{2}y_{1},\,x_{2}y_{2},\,x_{1}/x_{2}.} All
the above conjectures and theorems are consequences of the unproven
extension of Baker's theorem, that logarithms of algebraic numbers that
are linearly independent over the rational numbers are automatically
algebraically independent too. The diagram on the right shows the
logical implications between all these results.
- >-
Over 50% of the languages tracked have 100% UTF-8 use. Many standards
only support UTF-8, e.g. JSON exchange requires it (without a byte order
mark (BOM)). UTF-8 is also the recommendation from the WHATWG for HTML
and DOM specifications, and stating "UTF-8 encoding is the most
appropriate encoding for interchange of Unicode" and the Internet Mail
Consortium recommends that all e‑mail programs be able to display and
create mail using UTF-8.
The radiant temperature is related to the amount of radiant heat
transferred from a surface, and it depends on the material's ability to
absorb or emit heat, or its emissivity. The mean radiant temperature
depends on the temperatures and emissivities of the surrounding surfaces
as well as the view factor, or the amount of the surface that is “seen”
by the object. So the mean radiant temperature experienced by a person
in a room with the sunlight streaming in varies based on how much of
their body is in the sun.
In the American Saddlebred show ring, the gait is performed with speed
and action, appearing unrestrained, while the slow gait is expected be
performed with restraint and precision. The rack is also closely
associated with the Racking Horse breed.The rack, like other
intermediate gaits, is smoother than the trot because the hooves hitting
the ground individually rather than in pairs minimizes the force and
bounce the horse transmits to the rider. To achieve this gait the horse
must be in a "hollow position".
Ultrasensitivity can be achieved through several mechanisms: Multistep
mechanisms (examples: cooperativity) and multisite phosphorylation
Buffering mechanisms (examples: decoy phosphorylation sites) or
stoichiometric inhibitors Changes in localisation (such as translocation
across the nuclear envelope) Saturation mechanisms (also known as
zero-order ultrasensitivity) Positive feedback Allovalency
Non-Zero-Order Ultrasensitivity in Membrane Proteins Dissipative
Allostery
- source_sentence: >-
What is the primary significance of the process described in the reduction
of sulfate to sulfide in relation to sulfur isotopes?
A) It indicates that sulfate-reducing microorganisms can thrive in
high-temperature environments.
B) It demonstrates how sulfur disproportionation can lead to the
enrichment of seawater sulfate.
C) It provides evidence for the historical burial of reduced sulfur in the
Earth's crust.
D) It explains the mechanisms by which sulfate is converted to organic
matter in marine environments.
**Correct Answer: C) It provides evidence for the historical burial of
reduced sulfur in the Earth's crust.**
sentences:
- >-
Scoring. Score each element from left to right, top to bottom in the
matrix, considering the outcomes of substitutions (diagonal scores) or
adding gaps (horizontal and vertical scores).
This set of ionic and electrical functional alterations thus generates
the fields of electromagnetic potentials or electromagnetic dipoles.
These can be defined also as single equivalent dipoles. == References ==
A double pendulum is a simple pendulum hanging under another one; the
epitome of the compound pendulum system. It shows abundant dynamic
behavior. The motion of a double pendulum seems chaotic.
This is a fully journaled, distributed file system used by Isilon. OneFS
uses FlexProtect and Reed–Solomon encodings to support up to four
simultaneous disk failures.
Subclassing of Class is disallowed. Following the standard definition of
metaclasses we can conclude that Class and Struct are the only
metaclasses in Ruby.
Nile University - master's The American University in Cairo - master's
Zewail City of Science and Technology - B.Sc Cairo University - Faculty
of Engineering - Masters of Science
In mechanical engineering, the cylinders of reciprocating engines are
often classified by whether they are single- or double-acting, depending
on how the working fluid acts on the piston.
A clock constraint defines a set of valuations. Two kinds of such sets
are considered in the literature. A zone is a non-empty set of
valuations satisfying a clock constraint.
This might sound paradoxical but becomes clear when one takes into
account that POC increases during the period of PI. In summary, all
these findings are consistent with POC-theory.
Austria has only daylight QRA readiness. Austrian Air Force Air
Surveillance Command is located at Salzburg. Fighter Squadron 1 & 2 with
Eurofighter Typhoon are at Zeltweg Air Base.
Data for 126,251 water points across 37 countries that are being
monitored with Akvo FLOW in 2015 show that 20% are not functional, and
10% are functional but have problems.
If conditions are not corrected, the cycle will usually repeat. This is
called surge. Depending on the engine this can be highly damaging to the
engine and creates worrying vibrations for the crew.
- >-
In the Liber Abaci, Fibonacci says the following introducing the
affirmative Modus Indorum (the method of the Indians), today known as
Hindu–Arabic numeral system or base-10 positional notation. It also
introduced digits that greatly resembled the modern Arabic numerals. As
my father was a public official away from our homeland in the Bugia
customshouse established for the Pisan merchants who frequently gathered
there, he had me in my youth brought to him, looking to find for me a
useful and comfortable future; there he wanted me to be in the study of
mathematics and to be taught for some days. There from a marvelous
instruction in the art of the nine Indian figures, the introduction and
knowledge of the art pleased me so much above all else, and I learnt
from them, whoever was learned in it, from nearby Egypt, Syria, Greece,
Sicily and Provence, and their various methods, to which locations of
business I travelled considerably afterwards for much study, and I
learnt from the assembled disputations.
This is because sulfate's reduction to sulfide is typically accompanied
by a negative isotope effect, which (depending on the sulfate-reducing
microorganism's enzymatic machinery, temperature, and other factors) can
be tens of per mille. This effect can be compounded through sulfur
disproportionation, a process by which some microbes reduce sulfate to
sulfides and thiosulfate, both of which can be 34S-depleted by tens of
per mille relative to the starting sulfate pool. Depleted sulfides and
thiosulfate can then be repeatedly oxidized and reduced again, until the
final, total sulfide pool that is measured has δ34S values of -70 or
-80‰. The formation of a "lighter" S-isotope pool leaves behind an
enriched pool, and so the enrichment of seawater sulfate is taken as
evidence that some large amount of reduced sulfur (in the form, perhaps,
of metal-sulfide minerals) was buried and incorporated into the crust.
- >-
In clinical trials SPINA-GT was significantly elevated in patients with
Graves' disease and toxic adenoma compared to normal subjects. It is
also elevated in diffuse and nodular goiters, and reduced in untreated
autoimmune thyroiditis. In patients with toxic adenoma it has higher
specificity and positive likelihood ratio for diagnosis of
thyrotoxicosis than serum concentrations of thyrotropin, free T4 or free
T3. GT's specificity is also high in thyroid disorders of secondary or
tertiary origin.Calculating SPINA-GT has proved to be useful in
challenging clinical situations, e.g. for differential diagnosis of
subclinical hypothyroidism and elevated TSH concentration due to type 2
allostatic load (as it is typical for obesity and certain psychiatric
diseases). For this purpose, its usage has been recommended in
sociomedical assessment.
Relevant concepts: (geodesic, exponential map, injectivity radius) The
exponential map exp: TpM → Mis defined as exp(X) = γ(1) where γ: I → M
is the unique geodesic passing through p at 0 and whose tangent vector
at 0 is X. Here I is the maximal open interval of R for which the
geodesic is defined. Let M be a pseudo-Riemannian manifold (or any
manifold with an affine connection) and let p be a point in M. Then for
every V in TpM there exists a unique geodesic γ: I → M for which γ(0) =
p and γ ˙ ( 0 ) = V . {\displaystyle {\dot {\gamma }}(0)=V.} Let Dp be
the subset of TpM for which 1 lies in I.
- source_sentence: >-
Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of
chlorins in organic chemistry?
A) Chlorins are stable compounds that do not react with oxygen.
B) Chlorins are derived from porphyrins through a process of complete
hydrogenation.
C) The parent chlorin compound undergoes air oxidation to form porphine.
D) Chlorins do not have any structural similarities to chlorophyll.
Correct Answer: C) The parent chlorin compound undergoes air oxidation to
form porphine.
sentences:
- >-
In 2000, Gurtej Singh Sandhu and Trung T. Doan of Micron Technology
initiated the development of atomic layer deposition high-κ films for
DRAM memory devices. This helped drive cost-effective implementation of
semiconductor memory, starting with 90-nm node DRAM. Intel Corporation
has reported using ALD to deposit high-κ gate dielectric for its 45 nm
CMOS technology.ALD has been developed in two independent discoveries
under names atomic layer epitaxy (ALE, Finland) and molecular layering
(ML, Soviet Union). To clarify the early history, the Virtual Project on
the History of ALD (VPHA) has been set up in summer 2013. it resulted in
several publications reviewing the historical development of ALD under
the names ALE and ML.
During the dry period (late gestation, non-lactating), dairy cattle have
relatively low calcium requirements, with a need to replace
approximately 30 g of calcium per day due to utilization for fetal
growth and fecal and urinary losses. At parturition, the requirement for
calcium is greatly increased due to initiation of lactation, when
mammary drainage of calcium may exceed 50g per day. Due to this large
increase in demand for calcium, most cows will experience some degree of
hypocalcemia for a short period following parturition as the metabolism
adjusts to the increased demand. When the mammary drain of plasma
calcium causes hypocalcemia severe enough to compromise neuromuscular
function, the cow is considered to have clinical milk fever.
In probability theory and statistics, a Gaussian process is a stochastic
process (a collection of random variables indexed by time or space),
such that every finite collection of those random variables has a
multivariate normal distribution, i.e. every finite linear combination
of them is normally distributed. The distribution of a Gaussian process
is the joint distribution of all those (infinitely many) random
variables, and as such, it is a distribution over functions with a
continuous domain, e.g. time or space. The concept of Gaussian processes
is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss because it is based on the notion of
the Gaussian distribution (normal distribution). Gaussian processes can
be seen as an infinite-dimensional generalization of multivariate normal
distributions.
- >-
The Tutte polynomial factors into connected components. If G
{\displaystyle G} is the union of disjoint graphs H {\displaystyle H}
and H ′ {\displaystyle H'} then T G = T H ⋅ T H ′ {\displaystyle
T_{G}=T_{H}\cdot T_{H'}} If G {\displaystyle G} is planar and G ∗
{\displaystyle G^{*}} denotes its dual graph then T G ( x , y ) = T G ∗
( y , x ) {\displaystyle T_{G}(x,y)=T_{G^{*}}(y,x)} Especially, the
chromatic polynomial of a planar graph is the flow polynomial of its
dual. Tutte refers to such functions as V-functions.
If a periodic function is instead represented using the quotient space
domain R / ( P Z ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} /(P\mathbb {Z} )} then one
can write: φ P: R / ( P Z ) → R {\displaystyle \varphi _{P}:\mathbb {R}
/(P\mathbb {Z} )\to \mathbb {R} } φ P ( x ) = ∑ τ ∈ x s ( τ ) .
{\displaystyle \varphi _{P}(x)=\sum _{\tau \in x}s(\tau )~.} The
arguments of φ P {\displaystyle \varphi _{P}} are equivalence classes of
real numbers that share the same fractional part when divided by P
{\displaystyle P} .
- >-
In mathematics, the Goncharov conjecture is a conjecture introduced by
Goncharov (1995) suggesting that the cohomology of certain motivic
complexes coincides with pieces of K-groups. It extends a conjecture due
to Zagier (1991).
The renewal effect is seen when a participant is first conditioned in a
context (context A) and then shows extinction in another context (B).
Returning to context A may renew the conditioned response. This evidence
demonstrates that appropriate responses underlying extinction may be
linked to contextual information.
Modern measurement systems are characterized by multi-channeling,
synchronicity, and accuracy. Due to the advanced protocol features of
EtherCAT, efficient synchronous data throughput is assured. The network
features based on Ethernet enable a measurement network with distributed
measurement modules.
These rules reverse the conversion described above. They convert from a
let expression to a lambda expression, without altering the structure.
Not all let expressions may be converted using these rules. The rules
assume that the expressions are already arranged as if they had been
generated by de-lambda.
In organic chemistry, chlorins are tetrapyrrole pigments that are
partially hydrogenated porphyrins. The parent chlorin is an unstable
compound which undergoes air oxidation to porphine. The name chlorin
derives from chlorophyll.
So by the lemma, we have for some partial isometry U, which is unique if
Ker(A*) ⊂ Ker(U). Take P to be (A*A)1/2 and one obtains the polar
decomposition A = UP.
MISRA C:1998, C:2004, C:2012, C++:2008. Klocwork by Rogue Wave Software
(now owned by Perforce Software). MISRA C:2012, C:2012 Amendment 1,
C++:2008.
Transmitters usually have directional devices installed along with the
filters that block any reflected power in the event the antenna
malfunctions. The antenna must have a power rating that will handle the
sum of energy of all connected transmitters at the same time.
Transmitter combining systems are lossy.
- source_sentence: >-
Which of the following statements accurately describes a key implication
of the parameter μ in population dynamics?
A) If μ equals 1, the population will certainly grow indefinitely.
B) If μ is less than 1, the population will face a high probability of
extinction.
C) If μ is greater than 1, the population will go extinct with
certainty.
D) If μ is equal to 0, the population will persist indefinitely.
**Correct Answer: B) If μ is less than 1, the population will face a high
probability of extinction.**
sentences:
- >-
The input is two reduced divisors D 1 = ( u 1 , v 1 ) {\displaystyle
D_{1}=(u_{1},v_{1})} and D 2 = ( u 2 , v 2 ) {\displaystyle
D_{2}=(u_{2},v_{2})} in their Mumford representation of the
hyperelliptic curve C: y 2 + h ( x ) y = f ( x ) {\displaystyle
C:y^{2}+h(x)y=f(x)} of genus g {\displaystyle g} over the field K
{\displaystyle K} . The algorithm works as follows Using the extended
Euclidean algorithm compute the polynomials d 1 , e 1 , e 2 ∈ K
{\displaystyle d_{1},e_{1},e_{2}\in K} such that d 1 = gcd ( u 1 , u 2 )
{\displaystyle d_{1}=\gcd(u_{1},u_{2})} and d 1 = e 1 u 1 + e 2 u 2
{\displaystyle d_{1}=e_{1}u_{1}+e_{2}u_{2}} . Again with the use of the
extended Euclidean algorithm compute the polynomials d , c 1 , c 2 ∈ K
{\displaystyle d,c_{1},c_{2}\in K} with d = gcd ( d 1 , v 1 + v 2 + h )
{\displaystyle d=\gcd(d_{1},v_{1}+v_{2}+h)} and d = c 1 d 1 + c 2 ( v 1
+ v 2 + h ) {\displaystyle d=c_{1}d_{1}+c_{2}(v_{1}+v_{2}+h)} .
- >-
Micro-encapsulation allows for metabolism within the membrane, exchange
of small molecules and prevention of passage of large substances across
it. The main advantages of encapsulation include improved mimicry in the
body, increased solubility of the cargo and decreased immune responses.
Notably, artificial cells have been clinically successful in
hemoperfusion.
If μ < 1, then the expected number of individuals goes rapidly to zero,
which implies ultimate extinction with probability 1 by Markov's
inequality. Alternatively, if μ > 1, then the probability of ultimate
extinction is less than 1 (but not necessarily zero; consider a process
where each individual either has 0 or 100 children with equal
probability.
The decision to tolerate up to 10 μg/liter of “nonrelevant” metabolites
in groundwater and drinking water is politically highly contentious in
Europe. Some consider the higher limit acceptable as no imminent health
risk can be proven, whereas others regard it as a fundamental deviation
from the precautionary principle. == References ==
Informally, dynamical systems describe the time evolution of the phase
space of some mechanical system. Commonly, such evolution is given by
some differential equations, or quite often in terms of discrete time
steps. However, in the present case, instead of focusing on the time
evolution of discrete points, one shifts attention to the time evolution
of collections of points.
Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a human spaceflight development
program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by NASA.
CCDev will result in US and international astronauts flying to the
International Space Station (ISS) on privately operated crew vehicles.
Operational contracts to fly astronauts were awarded in September 2014
to SpaceX and Boeing.
To do so, one needs precise disease definitions and a probabilistic
analysis of symptoms and molecular profiles. Physicists have been
studying similar problems for years, utilizing microscopic elements and
their interactions to extract macroscopic states of various physical
systems. Physics inspired machine learning approaches can thus be
applied to study disease processes and to perform biomarker analysis.
During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these
products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. Most organisms that use
oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light-dependent
reactions, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more
specifically, far-red radiation.Some organisms employ even more radical
variants of photosynthesis.
- >-
Structuring elements are particular cases of binary images, usually
being small and simple. In mathematical morphology, binary images are
subsets of a Euclidean space Rd or the integer grid Zd, for some
dimension d. Here are some examples of widely used structuring elements
(denoted by B): Let E=R2; B is an open disk of radius r, centered at the
origin. Let E=Z2; B is a 3x3 square, that is,
B={(-1,-1),(-1,0),(-1,1),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,-1),(1,0),(1,1)}. Let
E=Z2; B is the "cross" given by: B={(-1,0),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,0)}.In
the discrete case, a structuring element can also be represented as a
set of pixels on a grid, assuming the values 1 (if the pixel belongs to
the structuring element) or 0 (otherwise). When used by a hit-or-miss
transform, usually the structuring element is a composite of two
disjoint sets (two simple structuring elements), one associated to the
foreground, and one associated to the background of the image to be
probed. In this case, an alternative representation of the composite
structuring element is as a set of pixels which are either set (1,
associated to the foreground), not set (0, associated to the background)
or "don't care".
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy@1
- cosine_accuracy@3
- cosine_accuracy@5
- cosine_accuracy@10
- cosine_precision@1
- cosine_precision@3
- cosine_precision@5
- cosine_precision@10
- cosine_recall@1
- cosine_recall@3
- cosine_recall@5
- cosine_recall@10
- cosine_ndcg@10
- cosine_mrr@10
- cosine_map@100
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
results:
- task:
type: information-retrieval
name: Information Retrieval
dataset:
name: baseline
type: baseline
metrics:
- type: cosine_accuracy@1
value: 0.68
name: Cosine Accuracy@1
- type: cosine_accuracy@3
value: 0.78
name: Cosine Accuracy@3
- type: cosine_accuracy@5
value: 0.78
name: Cosine Accuracy@5
- type: cosine_accuracy@10
value: 0.8
name: Cosine Accuracy@10
- type: cosine_precision@1
value: 0.68
name: Cosine Precision@1
- type: cosine_precision@3
value: 0.25999999999999995
name: Cosine Precision@3
- type: cosine_precision@5
value: 0.15599999999999994
name: Cosine Precision@5
- type: cosine_precision@10
value: 0.07999999999999999
name: Cosine Precision@10
- type: cosine_recall@1
value: 0.68
name: Cosine Recall@1
- type: cosine_recall@3
value: 0.78
name: Cosine Recall@3
- type: cosine_recall@5
value: 0.78
name: Cosine Recall@5
- type: cosine_recall@10
value: 0.8
name: Cosine Recall@10
- type: cosine_ndcg@10
value: 0.7440207339387845
name: Cosine Ndcg@10
- type: cosine_mrr@10
value: 0.7256944444444444
name: Cosine Mrr@10
- type: cosine_map@100
value: 0.7280566718520438
name: Cosine Map@100
SentenceTransformer based on sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 on the json dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
Model Details
Model Description
- Model Type: Sentence Transformer
- Base model: sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2
- Maximum Sequence Length: 256 tokens
- Output Dimensionality: 384 dimensions
- Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
- Training Dataset:
- json
Model Sources
- Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
- Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
- Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face
Full Model Architecture
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 256, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
(2): Normalize()
)
Usage
Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
pip install -U sentence-transformers
Then you can load this model and run inference.
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("amene-gafsi/minilm-finetuned-embedding")
# Run inference
sentences = [
'Which of the following statements accurately describes a key implication of the parameter μ in population dynamics?\n\nA) If μ equals 1, the population will certainly grow indefinitely. \nB) If μ is less than 1, the population will face a high probability of extinction. \nC) If μ is greater than 1, the population will go extinct with certainty. \nD) If μ is equal to 0, the population will persist indefinitely.\n\n**Correct Answer: B) If μ is less than 1, the population will face a high probability of extinction.**',
"Micro-encapsulation allows for metabolism within the membrane, exchange of small molecules and prevention of passage of large substances across it. The main advantages of encapsulation include improved mimicry in the body, increased solubility of the cargo and decreased immune responses. Notably, artificial cells have been clinically successful in hemoperfusion.\nIf μ < 1, then the expected number of individuals goes rapidly to zero, which implies ultimate extinction with probability 1 by Markov's inequality. Alternatively, if μ > 1, then the probability of ultimate extinction is less than 1 (but not necessarily zero; consider a process where each individual either has 0 or 100 children with equal probability.\nThe decision to tolerate up to 10 μg/liter of “nonrelevant” metabolites in groundwater and drinking water is politically highly contentious in Europe. Some consider the higher limit acceptable as no imminent health risk can be proven, whereas others regard it as a fundamental deviation from the precautionary principle. == References ==\nInformally, dynamical systems describe the time evolution of the phase space of some mechanical system. Commonly, such evolution is given by some differential equations, or quite often in terms of discrete time steps. However, in the present case, instead of focusing on the time evolution of discrete points, one shifts attention to the time evolution of collections of points.\nCommercial Crew Development (CCDev) is a human spaceflight development program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by NASA. CCDev will result in US and international astronauts flying to the International Space Station (ISS) on privately operated crew vehicles. Operational contracts to fly astronauts were awarded in September 2014 to SpaceX and Boeing.\nTo do so, one needs precise disease definitions and a probabilistic analysis of symptoms and molecular profiles. Physicists have been studying similar problems for years, utilizing microscopic elements and their interactions to extract macroscopic states of various physical systems. Physics inspired machine learning approaches can thus be applied to study disease processes and to perform biomarker analysis.\nDuring the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide. Most organisms that use oxygenic photosynthesis use visible light for the light-dependent reactions, although at least three use shortwave infrared or, more specifically, far-red radiation.Some organisms employ even more radical variants of photosynthesis.",
'Structuring elements are particular cases of binary images, usually being small and simple. In mathematical morphology, binary images are subsets of a Euclidean space Rd or the integer grid Zd, for some dimension d. Here are some examples of widely used structuring elements (denoted by B): Let E=R2; B is an open disk of radius r, centered at the origin. Let E=Z2; B is a 3x3 square, that is, B={(-1,-1),(-1,0),(-1,1),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,-1),(1,0),(1,1)}. Let E=Z2; B is the "cross" given by: B={(-1,0),(0,-1),(0,0),(0,1),(1,0)}.In the discrete case, a structuring element can also be represented as a set of pixels on a grid, assuming the values 1 (if the pixel belongs to the structuring element) or 0 (otherwise). When used by a hit-or-miss transform, usually the structuring element is a composite of two disjoint sets (two simple structuring elements), one associated to the foreground, and one associated to the background of the image to be probed. In this case, an alternative representation of the composite structuring element is as a set of pixels which are either set (1, associated to the foreground), not set (0, associated to the background) or "don\'t care".',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
Evaluation
Metrics
Information Retrieval
- Dataset:
baseline - Evaluated with
InformationRetrievalEvaluator
| Metric | Value |
|---|---|
| cosine_accuracy@1 | 0.68 |
| cosine_accuracy@3 | 0.78 |
| cosine_accuracy@5 | 0.78 |
| cosine_accuracy@10 | 0.8 |
| cosine_precision@1 | 0.68 |
| cosine_precision@3 | 0.26 |
| cosine_precision@5 | 0.156 |
| cosine_precision@10 | 0.08 |
| cosine_recall@1 | 0.68 |
| cosine_recall@3 | 0.78 |
| cosine_recall@5 | 0.78 |
| cosine_recall@10 | 0.8 |
| cosine_ndcg@10 | 0.744 |
| cosine_mrr@10 | 0.7257 |
| cosine_map@100 | 0.7281 |
Training Details
Training Dataset
json
- Dataset: json
- Size: 900 training samples
- Columns:
anchorandpositive - Approximate statistics based on the first 900 samples:
anchor positive type string string details - min: 41 tokens
- mean: 138.75 tokens
- max: 256 tokens
- min: 256 tokens
- mean: 256.0 tokens
- max: 256 tokens
- Samples:
anchor positive Which of the following milestones in tin smelting occurred in 1978?
A) The installation of a five tonne plant for recovering tin from slag at Associated Tin Smelters
B) The construction of a four tonne per hour tin matte fuming pilot plant at the Kalgoorlie Nickel Smelter
C) The first sulfidic smelting test work in collaboration with Aberfoyle Limited
D) The completion of the Port Kembla converter slag treatment trials
Correct Answer: A) The installation of a five tonne plant for recovering tin from slag at Associated Tin SmeltersThe work then proceeded to smelting tin concentrates (1975) and then sulfidic tin concentrates (1977).MIM and ER&S jointly funded the 1975 Port Kembla converter slag treatment trials and MIM’s involvement continued with the slag treatment work in Townsville and Mount Isa.In parallel with the copper slag treatment work, the CSIRO was continuing to work in tin smelting. Projects included a five tonne ("t") plant for recovering tin from slag being installed at Associated Tin Smelters in 1978, and the first sulfidic smelting test work being done in collaboration with Aberfoyle Limited, in which tin was fumed from pyritic tin ore and from mixed tin and copper concentrates. Aberfoyle was investigating the possibility of using the Sirosmelt lance approach to improve the recovery of tin from complex ores, such as its mine at Cleveland, Tasmania, and the Queen Hill ore zone near Zeehan in Tasmania.The Aberfoyle work led to the construction and operation in late 1980 of a four t/h tin matte fumi...Which of the following conditions is necessary for the application of Theorem GF3 in the context of the product defined recursively by ( f_n(z) = z(1 + g_n(z)) )?
A) (z g_n(z) Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between axonometry and axonometric projection?
A) Axonometry and axonometric projection refer to the same concept in parallel projection techniques.
B) Axonometric projection is a broader term that includes all types of axonometric representations.
C) Axonometry is a technique used to measure along axes, while axonometric projection refers specifically to a type of pictorial representation.
D) Axonometric projection relies solely on orthographic images where rays are perpendicular to the image plane.
Correct Answer: C) Axonometry is a technique used to measure along axes, while axonometric projection refers specifically to a type of pictorial representation.Images drawn in parallel projection rely upon the technique of axonometry ("to measure along axes"), as described in Pohlke's theorem. In general, the resulting image is oblique (the rays are not perpendicular to the image plane); but in special cases the result is orthographic (the rays are perpendicular to the image plane). Axonometry should not be confused with axonometric projection, as in English literature the latter usually refers only to a specific class of pictorials (see below).
This is the case if and only if the unit vector bases of ℓ M {\displaystyle \ell _{M}} and ℓ N {\displaystyle \ell _{N}} are equivalent. ℓ M {\displaystyle \ell _{M}} can be isomorphic to ℓ N {\displaystyle \ell _{N}} without their unit vector bases being equivalent. (See the example below of an Orlicz sequence space with two nonequivalent symmetric bases.)
The main involution is the map that "flips" the generators: α ( Γ a ) = i 2 Γ a {\displaystyle \alpha (\Gamma _{a})=i^{2}\Gamma _{a}} but leaves i... - Loss:
MultipleNegativesRankingLosswith these parameters:{ "scale": 20.0, "similarity_fct": "cos_sim" }
Training Hyperparameters
Non-Default Hyperparameters
eval_strategy: epochper_device_train_batch_size: 32gradient_accumulation_steps: 8learning_rate: 1e-06num_train_epochs: 4lr_scheduler_type: cosinewarmup_ratio: 0.1bf16: Truetf32: Trueload_best_model_at_end: Trueoptim: adamw_torch_fusedbatch_sampler: no_duplicates
All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
overwrite_output_dir: Falsedo_predict: Falseeval_strategy: epochprediction_loss_only: Trueper_device_train_batch_size: 32per_device_eval_batch_size: 8per_gpu_train_batch_size: Noneper_gpu_eval_batch_size: Nonegradient_accumulation_steps: 8eval_accumulation_steps: Nonetorch_empty_cache_steps: Nonelearning_rate: 1e-06weight_decay: 0.0adam_beta1: 0.9adam_beta2: 0.999adam_epsilon: 1e-08max_grad_norm: 1.0num_train_epochs: 4max_steps: -1lr_scheduler_type: cosinelr_scheduler_kwargs: {}warmup_ratio: 0.1warmup_steps: 0log_level: passivelog_level_replica: warninglog_on_each_node: Truelogging_nan_inf_filter: Truesave_safetensors: Truesave_on_each_node: Falsesave_only_model: Falserestore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: Falseno_cuda: Falseuse_cpu: Falseuse_mps_device: Falseseed: 42data_seed: Nonejit_mode_eval: Falseuse_ipex: Falsebf16: Truefp16: Falsefp16_opt_level: O1half_precision_backend: autobf16_full_eval: Falsefp16_full_eval: Falsetf32: Truelocal_rank: 0ddp_backend: Nonetpu_num_cores: Nonetpu_metrics_debug: Falsedebug: []dataloader_drop_last: Falsedataloader_num_workers: 0dataloader_prefetch_factor: Nonepast_index: -1disable_tqdm: Falseremove_unused_columns: Truelabel_names: Noneload_best_model_at_end: Trueignore_data_skip: Falsefsdp: []fsdp_min_num_params: 0fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}tp_size: 0fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: Noneaccelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}deepspeed: Nonelabel_smoothing_factor: 0.0optim: adamw_torch_fusedoptim_args: Noneadafactor: Falsegroup_by_length: Falselength_column_name: lengthddp_find_unused_parameters: Noneddp_bucket_cap_mb: Noneddp_broadcast_buffers: Falsedataloader_pin_memory: Truedataloader_persistent_workers: Falseskip_memory_metrics: Trueuse_legacy_prediction_loop: Falsepush_to_hub: Falseresume_from_checkpoint: Nonehub_model_id: Nonehub_strategy: every_savehub_private_repo: Nonehub_always_push: Falsegradient_checkpointing: Falsegradient_checkpointing_kwargs: Noneinclude_inputs_for_metrics: Falseinclude_for_metrics: []eval_do_concat_batches: Truefp16_backend: autopush_to_hub_model_id: Nonepush_to_hub_organization: Nonemp_parameters:auto_find_batch_size: Falsefull_determinism: Falsetorchdynamo: Noneray_scope: lastddp_timeout: 1800torch_compile: Falsetorch_compile_backend: Nonetorch_compile_mode: Noneinclude_tokens_per_second: Falseinclude_num_input_tokens_seen: Falseneftune_noise_alpha: Noneoptim_target_modules: Nonebatch_eval_metrics: Falseeval_on_start: Falseuse_liger_kernel: Falseeval_use_gather_object: Falseaverage_tokens_across_devices: Falseprompts: Nonebatch_sampler: no_duplicatesmulti_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional
Training Logs
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | baseline_cosine_ndcg@10 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | -1 | - | 0.7290 |
| 0.8276 | 3 | - | 0.7365 |
| 1.8276 | 6 | - | 0.7427 |
| 2.8276 | 9 | - | 0.7420 |
| 3.2759 | 10 | 7.0507 | - |
| 3.8276 | 12 | - | 0.744 |
- The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.
Framework Versions
- Python: 3.12.8
- Sentence Transformers: 4.1.0
- Transformers: 4.51.3
- PyTorch: 2.7.0+cu126
- Accelerate: 1.3.0
- Datasets: 3.2.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0
Citation
BibTeX
Sentence Transformers
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = "11",
year = "2019",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
year={2017},
eprint={1705.00652},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}