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We see that early women of color activists had long been dissatisfied with the mainstream women’s movement.
That is not new, but in the space of reproductive politics, it also has a specific con- sequence.
The emphasis on abortion by the reproductive rights move- ment also became the largest/most visible issue for th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Of course, the radicalness is only in relation to a particular center.
But the radical only looks so in relation to a center that is viewed from a particular worldview.
Thus, the radicalness of one community is only deemed so from the perspective of the conservative activities of another.
It was also radical to clai... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
To claim that the experiences of women who were further marginalized by race were just as valuable as the expe- rience of women who benefited from racial privilege was also a radical act.
This chapter lays out the push dynamics of the movement sector that provided conditions for SisterSong’s embrace of human rights.
... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
This contestation is important for understanding more clearly how this movement proceeded.
While reproductive movement histories make clear the external threats movements have faced, the movement’s internal dynamics are just as important as, if not more important than, external pressures for understanding its nature a... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The dissatisfaction of women of color with the larger women’s movement was the result of feeling marginalized within it, distrusting its “mainstream” organizations (whether or not women of racial/ethnic minority groups were participants), and desiring to develop analyses of reproduction that moved beyond the binaries o... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
s s e r P y t i s r e v n U k r o Y w e N i .
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Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
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Introduction | 25 Women of color activists had participated in many movements, in- cluding the mainstream women’s movement and nationalist movements.
Some participated in special caucuses in mainstream organizations created for them or in women’s caucuses within racial justice organi- zations.
Some mainstream women’s... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Some women of color chose to develop independent organizations that sometimes included radical White antiracist feminists.74 Still, many women of color consistently articulated that ultimately their concerns and perspectives were given lower priority.
Chapter 3, “Pulled to Human Rights: Engagement with Global Gath- er... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
As chapter 2 began to highlight, SisterSong’s “puzzling” selection of a human rights frame begins to make sense once we understand that women of color in the reproduc- tive justice movement sought not simply resonance but recognition.
The chapter narrates the formation of SisterSong, emphasizing the contin- gent, iden... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
I organize the chapter by focusing on international con- ferences at which SisterSong’s founders were exposed to a new potential model for their domestic advocacy.
The international arena provided such a forum and site of inspiration.
Then, I discuss some of the early growing pains as activists and organizers struggl... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Chapter 4, “Training the Trainers amidst Backlash,” provides a deeper examination of SisterSong’s use of human rights as a discourse and framework for educating its own members.
Picking up where chap- ter 3 left off, I draw on interviews that reveal the optimism, confusion, and tension within SisterSong and related or... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
In this chapter I examine some of the key competing imperatives that were present in the early years of the collective, which then affected the visibility of the human rights frame.
Though understandings of what .
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26 | Introduction human rights meant shifted and were contested over time, I highlight the emergence of a radical reaffirmation process as a more specific ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Consequently, in this chapter, we see the varying ways “human rights” was embedded in these dis- cussions.
These different ideas about the origins and functions of the human rights approach impacted whether and how consistently it was used.
While the approach was not always consistent in appearance or definition, it ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Further, I show how SisterSong leaders tried to work with like- minded organizations while embedded in a challenging funding climate where foundation leaders with the resources to help the organization advance human rights in the United States remained ambivalent and openly skeptical. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Chapter 5— “Marching toward Human Rights or Reproductive Justice?”— focuses on these ideas along with the realities of competing imperatives of building a sustainable women of color movement while dealing with the mainstream women’s movement’s continued marginal- ization of women of color.
I do this at the movement le... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The process through which movements develop their framing is contested, and the cooperation of competing organizations in a coalition can be fraught with tension.
I explore how different frames were brought together, and I show that positive consequences can become a part of the social move- ment field even after a fo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
This chapter suggests that even subtle de- ployment of a human rights frame can result in large movement gains.
In chapter 6, “Writing Rights and Responsibility,” I demonstrate how SisterSong educated about human rights through various fora.
As the collective shifted structure, the printed newspaper SisterSong produc... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Using examples from the SisterSong newsletter, I focus on rhetorical devices in revolutionary domestication of a human rights discourse, namely, engaging a process I term “radical reaffirma- .
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Introduction | 27 tion” and leveraging the ambiguity between “social justice” and “human rights.” While the focus of the chapter is on analyzing print documents, embodying the human rights framework, as happened at conferences and workshops, remained important, and as I show in a vignette, offered necessary opportuniti... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
In Chapter 7, “‘They’re All Intertwined’: Developing Human Rights Consciousness,” I focus on the different ways interviewees talked about their understanding of human rights or lack thereof.
What emerges is a more nuanced understanding of human rights as not so much a static frame, but a continually evolving language ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
After considering the role of race and space in envisioning human rights, I highlight the different metaphors members used to describe human rights as a foundation, umbrella, or thread.
Then I analyze how some interviewees integrated a human rights framework into their daily practice.
Chapter 8, “‘Puppies and Rainbow... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Organi- zations Engaging with Human Rights,” considers how interviewees re- sponsible for their organization’s programmatic efforts talked about how these organizations utilized a human rights approach in their practice (or not).
I show the complexity with which social movement organiza- tions struggle as they balance... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Namely, member and allied organizations had differ- ent yet overlapping audiences, who had a range of knowledge on their substantive issues (reproduction) and varying levels of receptivity, in- cluding hostility toward the human rights approach.
Finally, the book’s conclusion, “Making Utopias Real,” shifts back out to... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
“Human rights” is both a catchphrase and an ideal toward which many activists claim to be working.
In many respects, the human rights frame remains most important as a vision toward which move- ments can work, an ideal beyond easy reach, but attainable with exten- sive effort.
This ideal provides a critical niche and... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
.
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1 Restrictive Domestication Human Rights and US Exceptionalism Human rights are a construction rather than a natural concept over which there was or is any given consensus.
The scope and significance of “human rights” remains highly contested across the scholarly and activist literatures on human rights broadly and on... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Historian Carol Anderson, who documents engagement by the early US civil rights movement with the United Nations, proposes that human rights are still the “prize” to be won in an approaching Third Reconstruction, which some might argue is happening in the United States now.1 In contrast, historian Samuel Moyn identifie... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Debate continues over when to pinpoint the origins of the concept of human rights.
There is general agreement, nonetheless, regarding the history and development of the United Nations and the signing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)— and, more specifi- cally, the profound significance of the Holocau... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Or, to put it another way, “massacring one’s own citizens simply was not an established international legal offense.”5 After World War II, 29 .
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30 | Restrictive Domestication many nations debated how to ensure that the atrocities of the Holocaust could not happen again, and proposed developing the United Nations as one response.6 In an idealized vision, the UN would serve as the institu- tion through whic... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Historian Grace Leslie finds that African American club women such as Mary McCloud Bethune of the National Council of Negro Women played a crucial role in pushing forward a human rights agenda.
Consequently, “An interracial coalition of American women working within overlapping campaigns for peace, international under... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
They created a vibrant women’s in- ternationalism, one determined to foster an ‘international mind’ among the American people and to lift the public’s eyes from the national to the global stage.”7 This meant balancing competing ideologies across differ- ent movements.
At the 1945 Conference on International Organizati... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The United States and Britain dominated the debates, aiming to emphasize the superiority of their democratic political system over that of com- munist China and the Soviet Union.
China suggested adding a proposal on human rights to sections beyond the Economic and Social Council section to which it had been relegated. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Secure in their control over the process, British and US representatives “decided that it was important to let the ‘Chinese save face’ and agreed to incorporate into the draft UN Charter three ‘harmless’ proposals on cultural cooperation and international law.”8 Beyond this concession, inclusion of proposals on colonia... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Global norms and human rights were all very well, but Western powers had no interest in inviting public scrutiny of their own countries.
For the United States, discussing human rights in the global arena was tricky insofar as it drew attention to the nation’s racial inequalities .
d e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A .
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After World War II, African Americans engaged with international human rights issues saw the UN as a space to further their claims for racial equality.
When allowed, they actively engaged in the process of developing the UN.
Through a combination of scholar W. E. B. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Through a combination of scholar W. E. B.
Du Bois’s lobbying and the US government need- ing good publicity around this new body, representatives of nongovern- mental organizations (NGOs) such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) were added as “consultants” to the 1945 United Natio... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
But just as quickly as activists within the United States recognized the potential for an international discourse of human rights to be leveraged at “home,” so too did US officials identify this danger and move to nul- lify it. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Fearful that NGO consultants and southern government officials would leave unhappy if either side received too many concessions, a high- ranking US policy advisor added what many scholars identify as the main concession that encourages exceptionalism: the domestic jurisdiction clause. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Article 2(7) of the UN membership charter states, “Nothing contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domes- tic jurisdiction of any state.”9 Thus, just as another attempt at a global cooperative of nations was being developed, each natio... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The UDHR itself contains thirty articles and begins with the lofty sentiment that “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of free- dom, justice and peace in the world.”10 It continues with veiled refer- ence to the Holocaust and W... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
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32 | Restrictive Domestication These early years were critical for setting the stage for human rights policy and practice domestically and internationally. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Through a com- pelling narrative that challenges the sanitized history of the US civil rights movement, historian Carol Anderson brings to light the aban- doned struggles for human rights.13 It is ultimately a story of the basis of the US government’s restrictive domestication and the unintended consequence of the NAAC... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The expansive human rights framework appealed to African Americans who were trying to disman- tle institutionalized racism.
W. E. B.
Du Bois, on behalf of the NAACP, even submitted an extensive petition directly to the United Nations fo- cusing on the hypocrisy of the US government. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The petition, An Appeal to the World: A Statement on the Denial of Human Rights to Minorities in the Case of Citizens of Negro Descent in the United States of America and an Appeal to the United Nation for Redress, outlined the history of “negroes” in the United States, starting before slavery, and pointed to the many ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Anderson notes that advocates wanted economic issues included in their advocacy be- cause “it was clear to most in the NAACP leadership that without eco- nomic rights, civil liberties rested, at best, on quicksand.”15 The Cold War anticommunist climate, however, made framing social problems in terms of full human right... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
It punished mercilessly those who advo- cated a more expansive definition and a more concrete commitment to those rights.
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The resulting inability to articulate the struggle for Black equality as a human rights issue doomed the subsequent Civil Rights .
d e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A .
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Restrictive Domestication | 33 movement.
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.
[T]he African American leadership was simply incapable of embracing the now- tainted human rights platform.”18 Her bleak anal- ysis points to the risks of US movements trying to engage human rights. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
While Anderson’s point is specific to African Americans, the larger con- text of the Cold War and its lasting influence applies more broadly: the juxtaposing of human rights against ideals of freedom would remain a barrier with which all movements would have to contend. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Various US progressive movements have forged connections with international counterparts, from labor activists to civil rights advocates to feminist “Encuentros” in Latin America to Black Lives Matter activists’ explic- itly global campaign.19 But these efforts make movements vulnerable to having their loyalty to the U... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
That these stories have largely been unknown and unexplored by scholars until the past decade or so highlights the difficulty in exca- vating alternative discourses.
In the decades following the UN’s founding, countries continued to debate how precisely to institutionalize the ideals contained in the UDHR.
Various at... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Instead, in 1966, after almost two decades of discussion and revision, two separate covenants were adopted.20 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) focused on rights such as voting (i.e., “first- generation rights”).
The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICECSR... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The language of “gen- erations” produces confusion by suggesting that one set of rights was achieved, then another set envisioned, when, practically speaking, they are interrelated.21 While both the covenants were completed in 1966, they were not adopted until 1976.
Together, the UDHR and the cov- enants are sometimes... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The extensive time taken to draft the documents, combined with the ten- year lag until formal adoption, hints at the intense conflicts left unresolved by these documents.
From the beginning, some government officials and representatives of nongovernmental organizations wanted the UN to succeed whereas others wanted th... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951.
Created from londonschoolecons on 2023-10... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
34 | Restrictive Domestication supporters and opponents of human rights contributed to drafting key documents, legal scholar Christopher Roberts notes that the documents themselves are “social texts” that reveal power differentials among na- tions, requiring us to read them with an eye toward the continual con- flict o... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Not surprisingly, many have argued that US leaders unduly influenced the shaping of early human rights documents.
The debate about the development and applicability of universal standards has raged for decades.23 However, the structure of the UN is such that many nations were involved in developing the initial standar... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Governments can make proposals, and even if the majority accepts a proposal, governments, including those that supported the passage of the proposal, can attach their reservations.
The domestic jurisdiction clause makes it possible for any recognized nation to turn away from its own social problems and focus instead o... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Exceptionalism operates in three key ways.
Canadian historian turned politician Michal Ignatieff identifies three types of exception- alism in which present- day governments engage: the government (1) signs treaties, then exempts itself (exceptionalism); (2) is biased when reviewing its own behavior and that of its al... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
To be clear, many gov- ernments engage in some or all these practices.
Yet, as Ignatieff points out about the United States, “No other democratic state engages in all three of these practices to the same extent, and none combines these practices with claims to global leadership in the field of human rights.”24 The Uni... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Meanwhile, US presidents have claimed lead- ership around human rights, irrespective of their party affiliation.
To put .
d e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A .
s s e r P y t i s r e v n U k r o Y w e N i .
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight fo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Created from londonschoolecons on 2023-10-26 09:03:26.
Restrictive Domestication | 35 it another way, the US government consistently operates hypocritically, irrespective of the leader in office.
President Jimmy Carter, arguably the US president whom people most clearly identify as formalizing the United States’ rela... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Our moral sense dictates a clear- cut preference for those societies which share with us an abiding respect for individual human rights.” Carter’s idea of human rights rested on the assumption that the United States as a nation was “free” and that people in foreign countries needed their human rights protected.
A few ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
And throughout our nation that struggle for civil rights contin- ues.”25 Here, in a speech delineating the administration’s approach to human rights, Vance both recognized and conflated human rights and civil rights, with the latter being identified as the domestic equivalent of the former.
This is vexing, as these ar... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Vance said the administration’s three- part definition of human rights included “the right to the fulfillment of such vital needs as food, shelter, health care and education,” which “can be vi- olated by a government’s action or inaction— for example, through cor- rupt official processes which divert resources to an el... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Nevertheless, the United States itself was not fulfilling “vital needs” as Carter’s administration claimed other nations needed to do.
Years later, when Carter accepted the Martin Luther King Jr.
Nonviolent Peace Prize, he reiterated his view connect- ing the United States’ morality with foreign policy: “This adminis... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
And as long as I’m President, America will continue to lead the struggle for human rights.”27 Carter’s comments implied that human rights were not part of the “soul” of US domestic policy, yet the United States was to lead other nations.
This is an example of restrictive domestication, as it placed the focus of US hum... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
s s e r P y t i s r e v n U k r o Y w e N i .
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
As political scientist Mertus shows, US policymakers equate human rights primarily with US values and practices, rather than with the broader view of human rights as understood internationally. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Mertus likens the US government to a used car salesman using a “bait and switch” technique in which the US government’s claims for a desire to advance human rights are used to “sell” the public on various controver- sial acts such as unilateral military intervention abroad.28 Thus, when US policymakers talk about human... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
People can live under equally horrible conditions while still retaining their civil rights.
Thus, a focus on civil rights does not require human flourishing.
Further, restrictive domestication does not address what people need in order to exercise these rights on a practical level. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
It does not, for exam- ple, address how reliance on market logics has eroded the right to have rights, even for formal citizens.31 As more sociologists turn their atten- tion to human rights as relevant to the United States, their insights offer us more ways to consider the nuances of human rights.
For example, Berkov... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
But when they analyze the legislation that disenfran- chises (former) felons who are disproportionately African Americans, the picture differs.32 US schools provide another example of how the government engages in restrictive domestication.
US schools do not offer standardized mech- anisms of educating students about ... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
s s e r P y t i s r e v n U k r o Y w e N i .
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Restrictive Domestication | 37 is in scattered doses that result from individual teachers’ motivation to expand their repertoire, but is not woven into the core fabric of edu- cation.33 This is in contrast to rituals such as the Pledge of Allegiance that children recite every morning, from primary school through high s... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The US government’s focus on first- generation human rights (i.e., civil and political rights) has influenced its specific states’ focus on human rights, again forcing framing these rights in limited ways.
When “human rights” is used in the United States, it is often as a synonym for civil rights protected by US law.
... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
These agencies focused on discrimination in public arenas (such as employ- ment and housing) based on statuses protected in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
These protected statuses include race and sex, although some states did address sexuality or single- parent status.35 Thus, even though these agencies addressed civil rights violations— a subset of the range of human rights violations understood as such in international discourse— they largely restrict “human rights” t... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Further, the bureau is under the jurisdiction of the undersecretary for civilian security, democracy, and human rights, which focuses on issues of “security,” the language used for military and counterterrorism operations.
Hence this position “leads State Depart- ment efforts to prevent and counter threats to civilian... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
d e v r e s e r s t h g i r l l A .
s s e r P y t i s r e v n U k r o Y w e N i .
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londo... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
38 | Restrictive Domestication vance the security of the American people by assisting countries around the world to build more democratic, secure, stable, and just societies.”37 The undersecretary oversees other agencies, including the Bureau of Counterterrorism and Countering Violent Extremism and the Office of Global... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
According to these examples, as far as the US government has been concerned, human rights is a matter of foreign policy, with the US government hav- ing the responsibility of promoting human rights outside the United States by ensuring a specific form of governance, namely, democratic.
In the period under study in thi... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
However, overall, the US government has promoted a vision of human rights that focuses on exporting its vision of democracy, increasingly connecting the vision to antiterrorism efforts that require military force— all while shaping human rights discourse to meet the government’s needs. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
A common conclusion in the past decade’s flurry of scholarship on human rights in the United States is that the US government and policy elites promote “first- generation” civil and political human rights such as voting, while largely ignoring “second- generation” economic and social rights such as the right to adequat... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Consequently, the United States is an acutely confounding example.
We should remain cautious about idealizing other governments and their approaches to human rights.
But ultimately the United States is the context in which US social move- ments primarily engage.
Ultimately, the US government’s splitting the “generat... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Some suggest that the tension between civil rights and more ex- pansive human rights results from the fact that the initial goal of civil rights legislation was, primarily, to protect African Americans and women from active discrimination rather than passive neglect. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The important difference between civil rights and human rights is that civil rights do not go as far as human rights because civil rights “are merely adjustments to a systemic structure that is otherwise entirely accept- able,” whereas “human rights” suggest the necessity of a supportive social structure even if that m... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
0 2 0 2 © t h g i r y p o C Luna, Zakiya.
Reproductive Rights As Human Rights : Women of Color and the Fight for Reproductive Justice, New York University Press, 2020.
ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951.
Created from londonschoolecons on 2023-10... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Further, the con- tinued backlash against codification of basic civil rights shows how radical that subset of human rights remains a century after African Americans began mobilizing around those issues.
Still, paying at- tention to the panoply of human rights allows us to consider the dif- ference between reforms to a... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The former offers a liberal approach to social change while the latter is a revolutionary approach.
Contemporary Restrictive Domestication The US government’s historically ambivalent relationship to human rights has continued to the present.
Some researchers find that Ameri- cans support a version of human rights— bu... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
At first glance, the Opportunity Agenda’s 2007 report a decade later offers a hopeful view of possibilities for future human rights organizing in the United States.
The explicit goal of their study was to assess people’s readiness for framing issues in terms of human rights. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The study claims, “Human rights as a concept is clear and posi- tive for Americans” and “the public places many social justice issues in a human rights framework.”41 However, the report’s last two conclusions offer a less optimistic view, stating, “Perceptions of the role of govern- ment complicate human rights communi... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
The authors observed that some respondents “were pleasantly surprised to hear that such mechanisms exist, while others expressed concern that such laws had not produced many benefits over the years. | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
Still others worried about the effectiveness of international bodies, or the wisdom of applying a single standard to all nations.”43 Opportunity Agenda’s study identified two sets of people: people unaware of international mechanisms but hopeful about them and people aware of international mechanisms and skeptical.
.
... | INTL LAW | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/Reproductive_Rights_As_Human_Rights_Women_of_Color....pdf | https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/londonschoolecons/detail.action?docID=6281951 |
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