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Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women Proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993 The General Assembly , Recognizing the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings, Noting that those rights and principles are enshrined in international instruments, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Recognizing that effective implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women would contribute to the elimination of violence against women and that the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, set forth in the present resolution, will strengthen and complement that process, Concerned that violence against women is an obstacle to the achievement of equality, development and peace, as recognized in the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, in which a set of measures to combat violence against women was recommended, and to the full implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Affirming that violence against women constitutes a violation of the rights and fundamental freedoms of women and impairs or nullifies their enjoyment of those rights and freedoms, and concerned about the long-standing failure to protect and promote those rights and freedoms in the case of violence against women, Recognizing that violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between men and women, which have led to domination over and discrimination against women by men and to the prevention of the full | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 412 |
women by men and to the prevention of the full advancement of women, and that violence against women is one of the crucial social mechanisms by which women are forced into a subordinate position compared with men, Concerned that some groups of women, such as women belonging to minority groups, indigenous women, refugee women, migrant women, women living in rural or remote communities, destitute women, women in institutions or in detention, female children, women with disabilities, elderly women and women in situations of armed conflict, are especially vulnerable to violence, Recalling the conclusion in paragraph 23 of the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 1990/15 of 24 May 1990 that the recognition that violence against women in the family and society was pervasive and cut across lines of income, class and culture had to be matched by urgent and effective steps to eliminate its incidence, Recalling also Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/18 of 30 May 1991, in which the Council recommended the development of a framework for an international instrument that would address explicitly the issue of violence against women, Welcoming the role that women's movements are playing in drawing increasing attention to the nature, severity and magnitude of the problem of violence against women, Alarmed that opportunities for women to achieve legal, social, political and economic equality in society are limited, inter alia , by continuing and endemic violence, Convinced that in the light of the above there is a need for a clear and comprehensive definition of violence against women, a clear statement of the rights to be applied to ensure the elimination of 2 violence against women in all its forms, a commitment by States in respect of their responsibilities, and a commitment by the international community at large to the elimination of violence against women, Solemnly proclaims the following Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women and urges that every effort be made so that it becomes | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 421 |
that every effort be made so that it becomes generally known and respected: Article 1 For the purposes of this Declaration, the term "violence against women" means any act of gender- based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 89 |
Article 2 Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: ( a ) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence, marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation; ( b ) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring within the general community, including rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment and intimidation at work, in educational institutions and elsewhere, trafficking in women and forced prostitution; ( c ) Physical, sexual and psychological violence perpetrated or condoned by the State, wherever it occurs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 154 |
Article 3 Women are entitled to the equal enjoyment and protection of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 37 |
These rights include, inter alia : ( a ) The right to life; ( b ) The right to equality; ( c ) The right to liberty and security of person; ( d ) The right to equal protection under the law; ( e ) The right to be free from all forms of discrimination; ( f ) The right to the highest standard attainable of physical and mental health; ( g ) The right to just and favourable conditions of work; ( h ) The right not to be subjected to torture, or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 121 |
Article 4 States should condemn violence against women and should not invoke any custom, tradition or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 32 |
States should pursue by all appropriate means and without delay a policy of eliminating violence against women and, to this end, should: 3 ( a ) Consider, where they have not yet done so, ratifying or acceding to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or withdrawing reservations to that Convention; ( b ) Refrain from engaging in violence against women; ( c ) Exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and, in accordance with national legislation, punish acts of violence against women, whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons; ( d ) Develop penal, civil, labour and administrative sanctions in domestic legislation to punish and redress the wrongs caused to women who are subjected to violence; women who are subjected to violence should be provided with access to the mechanisms of justice and, as provided for by national legislation, to just and effective remedies for the harm that they have suffered; States should also inform women of their rights in seeking redress through such mechanisms; ( e ) Consider the possibility of developing national plans of action to promote the protection of women against any form of violence, or to include provisions for that purpose in plans already existing, taking into account, as appropriate, such cooperation as can be provided by non-governmental organizations, particularly those concerned with the issue of violence against women; ( f ) Develop, in a comprehensive way, preventive approaches and all those measures of a legal, political, administrative and cultural nature that promote the protection of women against any form of violence, and ensure that the re-victimization of women does not occur because of laws insensitive to gender considerations, enforcement practices or other interventions; ( g ) Work to ensure, to the maximum extent feasible in the light of their available resources and, where needed, within the framework of international cooperation, that women subjected to violence and, where | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 401 |
that women subjected to violence and, where appropriate, their children have specialized assistance, such as rehabilitation, assistance in child care and maintenance, treatment, counselling, and health and social services, facilities and programmes, as well as support structures, and should take all other appropriate measures to promote their safety and physical and psychological rehabilitation; ( h ) Include in government budgets adequate resources for their activities related to the elimination of violence against women; ( i ) Take measures to ensure that law enforcement officers and public officials responsible for implementing policies to prevent, investigate and punish violence against women receive training to sensitize them to the needs of women; ( j ) Adopt all appropriate measures, especially in the field of education, to modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women and to eliminate prejudices, customary practices and all other practices based on the idea of the inferiority or superiority of either of the sexes and on stereotyped roles for men and women; ( k ) Promote research, collect data and compile statistics, especially concerning domestic violence, relating to the prevalence of different forms of violence against women and encourage research on the causes, nature, seriousness and consequences of violence against women and on the effectiveness of measures implemented to prevent and redress violence against women; those statistics and findings of the research will be made public; ( l ) Adopt measures directed towards the elimination of violence against women who are especially vulnerable to violence; ( m ) Include, in submitting reports as required under relevant human rights instruments of the United Nations, information pertaining to violence against women and measures taken to implement the present Declaration; 4 ( n ) Encourage the development of appropriate guidelines to assist in the implementation of the principles set forth in the present Declaration; ( o ) Recognize | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 377 |
forth in the present Declaration; ( o ) Recognize the important role of the women's movement and non-governmental organizations world wide in raising awareness and alleviating the problem of violence against women; ( p ) Facilitate and enhance the work of the women's movement and non-governmental organizations and cooperate with them at local, national and regional levels; ( q ) Encourage intergovernmental regional organizations of which they are members to include the elimination of violence against women in their programmes, as appropriate. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 116 |
Article 5 The organs and specialized agencies of the United Nations system should, within their respective fields of competence, contribute to the recognition and realization of the rights and the principles set forth in the present Declaration and, to this end, should, inter alia : ( a ) Foster international and regional cooperation with a view to defining regional strategies for combating violence, exchanging experiences and financing programmes relating to the elimination of violence against women; ( b ) Promote meetings and seminars with the aim of creating and raising awareness among all persons of the issue of the elimination of violence against women; ( c ) Foster coordination and exchange within the United Nations system between human rights treaty bodies to address the issue of violence against women effectively; ( d ) Include in analyses prepared by organizations and bodies of the United Nations system of social trends and problems, such as the periodic reports on the world social situation, examination of trends in violence against women; ( e ) Encourage coordination between organizations and bodies of the United Nations system to incorporate the issue of violence against women into ongoing programmes, especially with reference to groups of women particularly vulnerable to violence; ( f ) Promote the formulation of guidelines or manuals relating to violence against women, taking into account the measures referred to in the present Declaration; ( g ) Consider the issue of the elimination of violence against women, as appropriate, in fulfilling their mandates with respect to the implementation of human rights instruments; ( h ) Cooperate with non-governmental organizations in addressing the issue of violence against women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 326 |
Article 6 Nothing in the present Declaration shall affect any provision that is more conducive to the elimination of violence against women that may be contained in the legislation of a State or in any international convention, treaty or other instrument in force in a State. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769061843.pdf | https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.21_declaration%20elimination%20vaw.pdf | 54 |
139 Chapter 6 Violence against women Key findings • Women across the world, regardless of income, age or education, are subject to physical, sexual, psycho- logical and economic violence.
• Experience of violence can lead to long term physical, mental and emotional health problems; in the most extreme cases, violence against women can lead to death.
• Intimate partner violence accounts for the majority of women’s experience of violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 94 |
• Prevalence of sexual violence is lower than that of physical violence, however, in intimate relationships they are often experienced together.
• Attitudes towards violence are starting to change—in almost all countries where information for more than one year is available, the level of both women’s and men’s acceptance of violence decreased over time. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 71 |
• In the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the practice is concentrated, more than 125 million girls and women alive today have been subjected to female genital mutilation.
• In the majority of countries, less than half of the women who experienced violence sought help of any sort, and among those who did, most looked to family and friends as opposed to the police and health services. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 88 |
• At least 119 countries have passed laws on domestic violence, 125 have laws on sexual harassment and 52 have laws on marital rape.
• Availability of data on violence against women has increased significantly in recent years—since 1995 more than 100 countries have conducted at least one survey addressing the issue. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 77 |
Introduction Violence against women is defined as any act of “gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.”1 Its dimensions include physical, sexual, psychological/emotional and economic violence occurring in the family and general community or such violence perpetrated or condoned by the State. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 97 |
Violence against women includes domes- tic violence, child marriage, forced pregnancy, “honour” crimes, female genital mutilation, femicide, sexual and other violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner (also referred to as non-partner violence), sexual har- assment (in the workplace, other institutions and in public spaces), trafficking in women and vio- lence in conflict situations. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 89 |
In all societies, to varying degrees, women and girls are subjected to physical, sexual and psy- chological abuse that cuts across lines of income, class and culture.2 Such violence is recognized as a violation of human rights and a form of discrimination against women, reflecting the pervasive imbalance of power between women and men.3 The experience of violence can affect women in a myriad of ways that are often difficult to quan- tify. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 95 |
Injuries and health problems are common as a result of physical and sexual violence, but the psychological and emotional wounds they may also inflict are sometimes deeper and longer last- ing.4 Violence can lead to a reduced ability of a woman to work, care for her family and contrib- ute to society.
Witnessing violence in childhood can also result in a range of behavioural and 1 United Nations General Assembly, 1993.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 United Nations, 2006a. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 119 |
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 United Nations, 2006a.
140 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.1 Gaps in gender statistics related to violence against women The 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women called on States to promote research, collect data and compile statistics relating to the dif- ferent forms of violence against women, especially domestic violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 99 |
It also encouraged research on the causes, nature and consequences of violence against women and on the effectiveness of measures to pre- vent and redress it.
Apart from a few exceptions, initially, only small-scale ad-hoc studies that were not nationally representative were available. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 59 |
In the early 2000s, the first initiatives to conduct dedicated, internationally comparable sur- veys to measure prevalence were the World Health Or- ganization’s (WHO) Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Womena and the International Violence against Women Survey, co- ordinated by the European Institute for Crime Preven- tion and Control.
The WHO study focused on a number of specific sites in selected countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 103 |
It addressed in- timate partner violence and its association with wom- en’s physical, mental, sexual and reproductive health, and was instrumental in developing and testing model questionnaires for use in surveys on violence against women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 48 |
More recently, the United Nations Statistics Division has developed a set of guidelinesb to assist national statistics offices in collecting data and compil- ing indicators on violence against women, which al- low for more standardized and comparable analyses of levels and trends in prevalence at both the national and international levels. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 62 |
In recognition of the need for better data and stand- ardized measurements, the United Nations Statistical Commission established a “Friends of the Chair” group to identify key indicators on physical, sexual, psycho- logical and economic violence against women.c a WHO, 2005. b United Nations, 2013a.
c Adopted by the United Na- tions Statistical Commission in 2009, E/CN.3/2009/29.
See also United Nations, 2013a for the final list of indicators.
d United Nations, 2013a.
e WHO, 2001. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 159 |
Number of countries conducting surveys on violence against women, 1995–2014 Type of survey Dedicated survey to measure violence against women Module of questions on violence against women Dedicated survey or module on violence against women Survey with questions on attitudes towards violence Survey with questions on female genital mutilation 1995–2014 1995–2004 2005–2014 At least one survey At least two surveys At least one survey At least one survey 51 64 102 100 29 7 31 43 62 25 17 25 44 37 20 35 60 89 97 27 In general, surveys dedicated to measuring violence against women are better at collecting information than administrative data since, if well designed, they more accurately reflect the actual experience of vio- lence than what is reported to officials.d However, implementing a dedicated survey is often costly. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 229 |
If a dedicated survey is not feasible, inserting a mod- ule of questions on experiences of violence into an existing survey, such as one on women’s health or general victimization, is an alternative option for collecting some information, provided specific ethi- cal and safety guidelinese developed for conducting a dedicated survey on this sensitive topic are taken into consideration.
The availability of data on violence against women has increased significantly in recent years. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 92 |
During the period 1995–2014, 102 countries conducted at least one survey addressing violence against women that produced representative results at the national level,—either as a dedicated survey (51 countries) or as a module attached to a wider survey (64 countries).
Some countries implemented both types of surveys.
Forty-four countries undertook a survey in the pe- riod 1995–2004 and 89 countries did so in the period 2005–2014, suggesting growing interest in this issue. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 130 |
More than 40 countries conducted at least two surveys in the period 1995–2014.
This means that, depending on the comparability of the surveys, changes over time could be analysed.
One hundred countries conducted surveys that included questions on attitudes towards violence, and 29 on female genital mutilation.
This covers all countries where the practice of female geni- tal mutilation is concentrated. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 96 |
Despite the increase in the availability and quality of data on violence against women, significant chal- lenges remain.
Different survey questionnaires and methodologies are sometimes used in different coun- tries, leading to a lack of comparability at the regional and international levels.
Willingness to discuss experi- ences of violence may also differ according to the cul- tural context, and this can affect reported prevalence levels. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 92 |
Police, court, social services and health statistics rep- resent a potential source of information on violence against women that is often underutilized.
However, the usefulness of such information can be mixed.
Since many women do not report violence to the authori- ties, statistics based on reported cases significantly underestimate the phenomenon. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 70 |
Administrative records can be used to track victims’ use of services and monitor the system’s response to the problem, but even when statistics are available, the sex of the victim and relationship to the perpetrator and/or the sex of the perpetrator are often not recorded, limit- ing the scope of the analysis.
Data on specific forms of violence, such as trafficking and harmful practices such as “honour” killings, from any source, are scarce. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 100 |
Violence against women 141 emotional problems.5 Women who have suffered from intimate partner violence are more likely to give birth to a low-birthweight baby, have an abortion and experience depression.6 In some re- gions, they are also more likely to contract HIV, compared to women who have not experienced violence at the hands of a partner.7 In some cases, violence against women can lead to death; about two thirds of the victims of intimate partner/ family-related homicide are women, in contrast to all cases of homicide, of which 20 per cent of the victims are women.8 Whereas other forms of homicide have shown significant declines over time, rates of intimate partner/family-related fe- male homicide have remained relatively stable.9 Violence against women also incurs significant economic costs, both direct and indirect. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 179 |
Direct costs include those associated with the police, hospital and other health services, legal costs, and costs associated with housing, social and support services.
Indirect costs include those related to reduced employment and productiv- ity and the diminished value of a life lived with violence.
A number of countries have conducted studies to estimate the economic toll of violence against women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 77 |
As the methodologies used for conducting such studies vary, the real costs cannot be directly compared across countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 21 |
However they do provide an indication of the substantial economic impact of violence against women and how much needs to be spent to ad- dress the problem.10 Globally, conservative esti- mates of lost productivity resulting from domes- tic violence range between 1 and 2 per cent of gross domestic product.11 A call to end all forms of violence against women was made in the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, adopted in 199312 and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, adopted in 1995.13 Several initiatives have been undertaken to reduce violence against 5 Ibid. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 138 |
6 WHO, 2013a.
7 Ibid.
8 UNODC, 2013.
9 Ibid.
10 For example, a study in the United Kingdom examined the cost categories of justice, health care, social services, housing, legal services, lost output, and pain and suffer- ing.
The study estimated the cost of domestic violence in England and Wales alone to be US$25 billion per year.
Walby, 2009.
11 World Bank, 2014.
12 United Nations General Assembly, 1993. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 141 |
12 United Nations General Assembly, 1993.
13 United Nations, 1995. women internationally by the United Nations and others, as well as at the national level. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 45 |
The vision of the United Nations Secretary-Gener- al’s Campaign UNiTE to End Violence against Women is “a world free from violence against women, realized through meaningful actions and ongoing political commitments of national governments, backed by adequate resources.” To further draw attention to this often silenced topic, the United Nations designated 25 Novem- ber as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 89 |
The General As- sembly’s most recent resolution on the intensifi- cation of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women (A/RES/69/147), adopted in 2014, calls on States to take measures towards that end in the areas of laws and policies, prevention, support services and responses, as well as data collection and research, with a special focus on women facing multiple forms of discrimination. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 93 |
In the same year, the Council of Europe Con- vention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (CETS No.
210, known as the Istanbul Convention) en- tered into force.
The Convention sets out a legal framework and approach to address violence against women, focused on preventing domestic violence, protecting victims and prosecuting of- fenders. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 89 |
This chapter presents an overview of the preva- lence of women’s experience of physical and sex- ual violence, an examination of intimate partner violence and attitudes towards violence.
It is fol- lowed by a review of forms of violence in specific settings—female genital mutilation, violence in conflict situations and the trafficking of women.
It concludes with a look at help-seeking behav- iour and state response to violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 98 |
In preparing this issue of The World’s Women, the United Na- tions Statistics Division undertook a compilation of data collected by surveys addressing violence against women.
While every effort was made to incorporate as many surveys as possible, some of them could not be included due either to the timing of their release or the lack of available data for some other reason.
Precise definitions and exact methodologies used may vary among data sources. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 92 |
The complete list of surveys and key results are presented in the Statistical Annex.14 14 See Statistical Annex available at http://unstats.un.org/ unsd/gender/worldswomen.html. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 51 |
142 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.2 Measuring violence against women in Canada using complementary data sources Canada’s national statistics office, Statistics Canada, uses two complementary data sources to measure violence against women nationally: police-reported administrative surveys and population-based self- reported victimization surveys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 73 |
These two sources of information have made important advances over the past 30 years, making it possible to better understand the issue and how it differs from violence against men.
Since 1962, aggregate police statistics have been col- lected in Canada, although it was not until 1988 that collection began of micro-data on the criminal event (including the weapon used and location of the event), on victims (including their sex, age and relationship to the accused) and the accused (including sex and age). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 111 |
This information, collected along with the Incident- based Uniform Crime Reporting Survey, has shed light on the nature and extent of police-reported violence against women in Canada.
In addition, the mandatory nature of the survey, along with the use of common definitions across the country, has meant that data on violence against women are nationally representative and comparable over time and across regions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 80 |
The sur- vey has also been critical in providing insight into how gender-based violence is treated within the criminal justice system, since information is also captured on clearance and charge rates.
The main limitation of police-reported surveys is that they only include those incidents that come to the at- tention of police, which is not always the case for inti- mate partner and sexual violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 83 |
To address this gap, Canada turned to victimization surveys to get a better sense of the extent of victimization and reasons why people may choose to report or not report an incident to the police.
Since 1988, the Canadian General Social Survey on Victimization has been conducted every five years on a representative sample of women and men aged 15 years and older.
As with police-reported sur- veys, self-reported surveys have evolved over time to address data gaps on violence against women. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 110 |
In 1993, Statistics Canada became one of the first na- tional statistics offices to develop and implement a gender-specific survey on violence, providing the first national indicator of spousal violence against women.
Statistics Canada built on the success of this one-time dedicated survey to ensure that the measurement of violence against women would be embedded within an existing survey structure. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 78 |
Modelled on the Violence against Women Survey, a special module on spousal vi- olence was developed within the General Social Survey on Victimization.
The broader target population (both women and men) expanded the potential for gender- based analysis and has improved the understanding of violence against both women and men. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 66 |
For instance, results from the victimization survey have shown that while rates of spousal violence against women and men are similar, women are more likely than men to experi- ence the most severe forms of such violence and suf- fer more chronic abuse, injuries and emotional trauma.
Such information has helped guide the development of policies and programmes that better address the unique needs of women.
A. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 85 |
A.
Prevalence of the main forms of violence against women Violence against women is found in all countries to varying degrees.
A number of factors can in- crease the risk of violence against women and girls. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 48 |
These include: witnessing or experienc- ing violence in childhood, low levels of educa- tion, limited economic opportunities, substance abuse, attitudes that tolerate violence, and lim- ited legislative frameworks for preventing and responding to violence.15 A number of initiatives have attempted to assess the scale of the problem at the international, re- gional and national levels. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 79 |
At the international level, WHO estimates that over a third (35 per cent) of women worldwide have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner at some point in their lives.16 A recent United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific17 found that nearly half of the more than 8,000 men in- terviewed reported using physical and/or sexual violence against a female partner, with the pro- portion of men reporting such violence ranging from 26 to 80 per cent across sites. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 129 |
In all six coun- tries included in the study, the majority (between 65 and 85 per cent) of men who reported using physical or sexual violence against a partner had committed such violence more than once.
As noted earlier, definitions and methodologies used to collect data on violence against women can vary across countries. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 68 |
Therefore, for compa- rability purposes, in this chapter, data are pre- sented according to data sources—results from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Reproductive Health Surveys (RHS) appear to- gether, and results from the recent survey con- ducted by the European Union (EU) Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) are presented to- gether.
The EU FRA study was conducted across the 28 Member States of the EU in 2012. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 117 |
It should be noted that although countries are ranked within each region, this is for presenta- tion purposes only.
Ranking should not be seen as absolute ranking since, even in the case of similar survey instruments, data may not be fully comparable and the level of underreporting is likely to be different from one country to another due to many factors, including stigma surround- 15 End Violence Against Women Now, 2014.
16 WHO, 2013a.
17 UNDP, UNFPA, UN Women and UNV, 2013.
Source: Statistics Canada. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 140 |
Source: Statistics Canada.
ing violence and prevailing social norms in dif- ferent contexts.
Finally, data on violence against women from other sources for selected countries, including those based on victimization surveys, are presented (alphabetically) in dedicated tables.
1. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 63 |
1.
Violence against women by all perpetrators Physical violence against women Physical violence consists of acts aimed at physi- cally hurting the victim and include, but are not limited to, pushing, grabbing, twisting the arm, pulling the hair, slapping, kicking, biting or hit- ting with the fist or object, trying to strangle or suffocate, burning or scalding on purpose, or at- tacking with some sort of weapon, gun or knife. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 106 |
The proportion of women who experienced physi- cal violence (regardless of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months is presented in , figure 6.2 and table 6.1.
For countries with available DHS data (fig- ure 6.1), the proportion of women experienc- ing physical violence in their lifetime ranged from 13 per cent in Azerbaijan (2006) to 64 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2007). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 122 |
For physical violence experienced in the 12 months prior to the survey, prevalence ranged from 6 per cent in the Comoros (2012) to 56 per- cent in Equatorial Guinea (2011).
Physical violence is high in Africa Based on available data, reported prevalence of physical violence was highest in Africa, with al- most half of countries reporting lifetime preva- lence of over 40 per cent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 101 |
The range of preva- lence was widest in Africa, from 14 per cent in Comoros (2012) to 64 per cent in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2007).
The range of life- time physical violence in Asia was narrower, from 13 per cent in Azerbaijan (2006) to almost 40 per cent in Timor-Leste (2009–10).
Data avail- ability is higher in Africa than in other regions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 122 |
Among countries for which comparable data are available for multiple years, a number of them showed encouraging declines in the prevalence of physical violence experienced in the past 12 months, including Cameroon (from 45 per cent in 2004 to 27 per cent in 2011) and Uganda (from 34 per cent in 2006 to 27 per cent in 2011). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 96 |
How- ever, results for the majority of countries revealed that the prevalence of violence stayed almost constant, reflecting the persistence of the prob- lem (see Statistical Annex).18 Violence against women 143 Figure 6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Uganda Cameroon Gabon Egypt Zambia Liberia Rwanda United Republic of Tanzania Kenya Ghana Côte d'Ivoire Central African Republic Sao Tome and Principe Mozambique Zimbabwe Malawi Nigeria Burkina Faso Comoros South Africa Asia Timor-Leste Jordan India Pakistan Kyrgyzstan Nepal Philippines Tajikistan Azerbaijan Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti Honduras Dominican Republic Colombia Oceania Tuvalu Marshall Islands Europe Ukraine Lifetime Last 12 months Source: Compiled by the Unit- ed Nations Statistics Division from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 270 |
(ICF International, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 32 |
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Per cent Figure 6.2 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, European countries, 2012 Denmark Finland United Kingdom Netherlands Luxembourg Latvia Germany Belgium Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Czech Republic Romania Bulgaria Hungary Greece Ireland Slovenia Cyprus Spain Malta Croatia Poland Austria Lifetime Last 12 months Source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Violence against Women: An EU-wide Sur- vey, 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 165 |
(European Union Agen- cy for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
request- Note: Some countries ed that only the results of their na- tional surveys be presented (see ta- ble 6.1).
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
18 Available at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/worlds- 0 10 20 30 40 50 women.html. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 115 |
Per cent 144 The World's Women 2015 Table 6.1 Proportion of women experiencing physical violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2003–2012 (latest available) Year Lifetime Last 12 months Country Australia Canada 2012 2009 China, Hong Kong SAR 2005 Costa Rica Denmark Ecuador Fiji Finland France Iceland Italy Mexico Morocco Poland Singapore Sweden Switzerland Tonga Tunisia Viet Nam 2003 2013 2011 2010/11 2013 2007 2008 2006 2011 2009/10 2004 2009 2012 2003 2009 2010 2010 Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division from na- tional surveys on violence against women, correspondence with Na- tional Statistical Offices. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 256 |
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national data may differ from those used in inter- nationally conducted surveys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 41 |
34.0 .. 12.0 47.0 .. 38.0 68.5 .. .. 29.8 18.8 15.2 35.3 30.0 6.8 .. 27.0 76.8 31.7 35.2 4.6 3.4 2.0 11.0 1.1 .. .. 14.5 1.8 2.1 2.7 6.4 15.2 5.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 .. 7.3 .. For countries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.2), half of them reported lifetime preva- lence of physical violence of at least 30 per cent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 188 |
The range of lifetime violence ranged from 17 per cent in Austria to 48 per cent in Denmark, how- ever, recent experience (in the past 12 months) was much more similar across the region, rang- ing between 3 and 10 per cent.
For other countries and areas that conducted national surveys on violence against women (ta- ble 6.1), the range of reported levels of lifetime experience of violence was very wide—from 7 per cent in Singapore (2009) to 77 per cent in Tonga (2009). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 127 |
Out of the 15 countries reporting lifetime physical violence, 9 reported prevalence of at least 30 per cent.
Experience of violence in the past 12 months was generally much lower than lifetime experience, with prevalence of less than 10 per cent in all but three countries: Costa Rica (2003), Finland (2013) and Morocco (2009/10).
Sexual violence against women Sexual violence is defined as any sort of harmful or unwanted sexual behaviour that is imposed on someone. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 122 |
It includes acts of abusive sexual con- tact, forced engagement in sexual acts, attempted or completed sexual acts with a woman without her consent, sexual harassment, verbal abuse and threats of a sexual nature, exposure, unwanted touching, and incest.
In general, the prevalence of sexual violence when measured in surveys is lower than that of physical violence.
However, in the case of inti- mate partner violence, sexual violence is often experienced along with physical violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 101 |
The proportion of women who experienced sexual violence (regardless of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the past 12 months is presented in , figure 6.4 and table 6.2. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 47 |
Figure 6.3 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Equatorial Guinea Cameroon Uganda Zimbabwe Malawi Rwanda Gabon Kenya United Republic of Tanzania Zambia Ghana Liberia Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia Sao Tome and Principe Mozambique Nigeria Comoros Côte d'Ivoire Asia Nepal Philippines India Azerbaijan Tajikistan Timor-Leste Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti Dominican Republic Colombia Honduras Oceania Tuvalu Marshall Islands Europe Ukraine 0 10 20 Per cent 30 40 Lifetime Last 12 months Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division from De- mographic and Health Surveys (DHS). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 220 |
(ICF International, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 32 |
Figure 6.4 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, European countries, 2012 Denmark Netherlands Finland Luxembourg United Kingdom Latvia Belgium Estonia Germany Bulgaria Slovakia Austria Malta Hungary Czech Republic Ireland Slovenia Lithuania Romania Spain Greece Croatia Poland Cyprus 0 5 Lifetime 10 Per cent 15 20 Last 12 months Source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Violence against Women: An EU-wide Survey, 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 149 |
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries requested that only the results of their na- tional surveys be presented (see table 6.2).
Ranking is for presenta- tion purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 68 |
Experience of sexual violence is highest in the African region For African countries with available DHS data (figure 6.3), the proportion of women experi- encing sexual violence in their lifetime ranged from 5 per cent in Côte d’Ivoire (2011/12) to 32 per cent in Equatorial Guinea (2011).
For sexual violence experienced in the 12 months prior to the survey, prevalence ranged from less than 1 per cent in Comoros (2012) to 16 per cent in Uganda (2011). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 135 |
Reported lifetime prevalence rates were higher across Africa than other re- gions—more than half of the 19 countries across Africa with data reported prevalence of at least 20 per cent.
Across all the other regions only one country reported prevalence over 20 per cent (Tuvalu, 2007).
The range of lifetime prevalence was lower across the Asian and Latin American and Caribbean regions—from 4 to 13 per cent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 104 |
Similar to physical violence, data availability for sexual violence is higher in Africa than in other developing regions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 20 |
Violence against women 145 Table 6.2 Proportion of women experiencing sexual violence (irrespective of the perpetrator) at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2003–2012 (latest available) Country Australia Canada China, Hong Kong SAR Costa Rica Ecuador Fiji Finland France Iceland Italy Mexico Morocco Poland Republic of Korea Singapore Sweden Switzerland Tonga Tunisia United Kingdom (England and Wales only) United States of Americaa Viet Nam Year Lifetime Last 12 months 2012 2009 2005 2003 2011 2010/11 2013 2007 2008 2006 2011 2009/10 2004 2013 2009 2012 2003 2009 2010 2012/13 2011 2010 19.0 .. 14.0 41.0 25.7 35.6 .. .. 24.2 23.7 38.9 22.6 16.5 19.5 4.2 .. 25.0 17.4 15.7 19.1 19.3 10.8 1.2 2.0 3.0 7.0 .. .. 2.3 0.7 1.6 3.5 20.8 8.7 1.6 2.7 0.3 1.4 1.0 .. 7.4 2.0 1.6 .. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 414 |
Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division from national surveys on violence against women, correspondence with National Statistical Offices.
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national data may differ from those used in internationally conduct- ed surveys.
a Refers to rape only. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 79 |
a Refers to rape only.
For countries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.4), the proportion of women experi- encing sexual violence in their lifetime ranged from 5 per cent in Cyprus, Poland and Croatia to 19 per cent in Denmark, with almost half of countries reporting lifetime prevalence of at least 10 per cent.
Recent experience (in the past 12 months) was very similar across the region— ranging from less than 1 per cent to 3 per cent. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 117 |
Among other countries and areas that conducted national surveys on violence against women (ta- ble 6.2), more than a quarter reported lifetime prevalence of sexual violence of at least 25 per cent.
Experience in the past 12 months was less than 10 per cent in all countries with the excep- tion of Mexico (21 per cent, 2011).
146 The World's Women 2015 a. Non-partner sexual violence Sexual violence can be perpetrated by women’s intimate partners or non-partners. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 127 |
In general, data availability is higher for sexual violence perpetrated by an intimate partner. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 17 |
However, available data suggest that, at the global level, an estimated 7 per cent of women have experienced sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner in their lifetime.19 In countries for which DHS data are available (figure 6.5), lifetime experience of sexual vio- lence perpetrated by someone other than an in- timate partner ranged from less than 1 per cent in India (2005–06), Kyrgyzstan (2012), Nepal (2011) and Timor-Leste (2009) to 5 per cent in Cameroon (2011) and Gabon (2012). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 151 |
In coun- tries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.6), it ranged from 1 per cent in Greece to 12 per cent in the Netherlands.
Aside from those countries covered in DHS or EU FRA surveys, very few additional countries have data available for non-partner sexual vio- lence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 74 |
An exception is the Pacific region, where a recent round of surveys based on WHO method- ology for measuring violence against women in- cluded questions on non-partner sexual violence, revealing lifetime rates as high as 33 per cent in Vanuatu in 2009.20 Figure 6.5 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner at least once in their lifetime, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Gabon Cameroon Ghana Uganda Kenya Zambia United Republic of Tanzania Democratic Republic of the Congo Liberia Malawi Nigeria Comoros Zimbabwe Asia Philippines Timor−Leste Nepal India Kyrgyzstan Latin America and the Caribbean Haiti Europe Ukraine Source: Compiled by ICF Interna- tional based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 204 |
(ICF Interna- tional, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
0 2 4 6 Per cent 19 WHO, 2013a.
20 Vanuatu Women’s Centre, 2011. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 78 |
Figure 6.6 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing sexual violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner at least once in their lifetime, European countries, 2012 Netherlands Finland Denmark Estonia Luxembourg Belgium Germany United Kingdom Latvia Bulgaria Malta Lithuania Ireland Austria Slovenia Slovakia Czech Republic Spain Croatia Hungary Romania Poland Cyprus Greece 0 2 4 6 8 Per cent 10 12 14 Source: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Violence against Women: An EU-wide Survey, 2014. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 138 |
(European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries requested that only the results of their nation- al surveys be presented.
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details).
Violence among vulnerable groups Violence against women is a widespread and sys- temic violation of human rights. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 80 |
It affects women and girls at all stages of the lifecycle—from fe- male infanticide and genital mutilation to forced prostitution and trafficking, domestic violence, sexual harassment at work, and abuse and ne- glect of older women.
Violence affects all popu- lation groups; however, some groups of women may be more vulnerable than others, such as indigenous women, or face particular types of violence at different stages of their lives, either as children or in later life.
a. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 111 |
a.
Violence against girls Violence against children21 is a worldwide phe- nomenon.
What makes it especially intractable is the fact that some forms of it, such as corpo- ral punishment of children by their parents, are 21 The Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 1) defines a “child” as a person below the age of 18.
How- ever, surveys on violence against children have covered different age ranges. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 107 |
There is no international consensus on the methodology for collecting data on this sensitive issue, including on the target population.
Violence against women 147 widely accepted.
That said, all forms of violence against children are a violation of their human rights. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 55 |
Violence against girls, in particular, can have a ripple effect throughout society, leading to lower school attendance and achievement, which is linked to higher fertility rates as well as reduced health outcomes for both women and their children.22 Wide gaps are found in the data on violence against children.
No international standards ex- ist for data collection on the issue, which is gen- erally underreported and undocumented. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 91 |
Com- pounding the problem is the fact that collecting information on violence against children presents numerous methodological and ethical chal- lenges.
Children may be unwilling or, depending on their age and level of development, unable to share their experiences of violence.
Moreover, ac- cessing children in the first place may be prob- lematic since consent is often required by the par- ent or caregiver, who, in some cases, may be the perpetrator of the violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 107 |
Ethical issues include the potential for children to become emotionally affected by questions about violence, regardless of whether they have been victimized, and victims of violence can be re-traumatized by being ques- tioned about their experiences.
Data from ad- ministrative sources, when available, may not be accessible due to confidentiality issues, and differ- ent social services may use different approaches for tracking cases of abuse that often cannot be combined or compared. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 96 |
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