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Despite these challenges, efforts are under way to collect data on violence against children.
For example, Violence against Children Surveys (VACS) have been conducted in Kenya, Swazi- land, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zim- babwe.
Based on these surveys, it was found that 66 per cent of women aged 18 to 24 in... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 131 |
In the United Republic of Tanzania, 74 per cent of females aged 13 to 24 (and 72 per cent of males) said they experienced physical violence before age 18, perpetrated by a relative, authority figure or intimate partner. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 57 |
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) reports that for countries with available and comparable data, use of violent dis- cipline (psychological aggression and/or physical punishment) in the home ranges from 45 per cent in Panama to almost 95 per cent in Yemen.23 For children growing up outside the home, vio- lenc... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 86 |
Rates of violence against children living in institutional care in Kazakhstan—which has the highest rate of chil- dren in institutional care in the world—can be up to six times higher than those of children liv- ing in family-based foster care.24 An extreme form of physical violence against girls is female genital muti... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 109 |
In addition to suffering violence at the hands of parents, authority figures and intimate partners, children also experience violence inflicted by their peers—other children.
Bullying exists eve- rywhere and can be physical and/or psychological in nature.
Research suggests25 that boys are more likely to favour physic... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 104 |
Cyber-bul- lying includes the distribution of sexually explicit photos and videos taken of children to embarrass and shame them.
The widespread access to these images and the difficulty in removing them per- manently from the Internet means that this type of abuse can have long-lasting consequences.
Child marriage (m... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 107 |
More than 700 million women alive today (aged 18 years and older) were married before the age of 1826 (see Chapter 1 on Popu- lation and Families).
More than one in three of these women married or entered into union be- fore age 15.
Boys are also married as children, but girls are disproportionately affected and are ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 98 |
In Niger, for example, 77 per cent of women aged 20 to 49 were married before age 18, compared to 5 per cent of men in the same age group.
Child marriage is most common in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, with India accounting for one third of the global total of 22 UNICEF, 2014a.
23 Ibid.
24 Ibid.
25 Ibid.
26 U... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 138 |
148 The World's Women 2015 child brides.
Girls in the poorest 20 per cent of the population (poorest quintile) are much more likely to marry at a young age compared to those in the wealthiest quintile, and girls living in rural areas are more likely than those in urban areas to marry young.
On a more positive note, t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 107 |
One in four women alive today was married in childhood compared to one in three in the early 1980s.27 In terms of sexual violence, UNICEF reports that around 120 million girls and women under age 20 have been subjected to forced sexual inter- course or other forced sexual acts at some point in their lives.28 In a revie... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 195 |
31 Although most sexual violence takes place in the home, girls are gener- ally more likely than boys to experience sexual violence while travelling to and from school, highlighting the need for adequate measures to enable girls to attend school safely.32 Girls continue to be vulnerable to sexual violence as they conti... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 96 |
In its report on the issue pub- lished in April 2014, the Task Force asserted that “one in five women is sexually assaulted while in college”.33 It also found that the perpetrator is usually someone the victim knows and that, very often, the victim does not report the as- sault. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 71 |
The Task Force is encouraging colleges to investigate and act upon this problem, providing toolkits for colleges to conduct surveys on sexual assault, establishing awareness and prevention programmes, and setting out necessary steps for an effective response.
27 Ibid.
28 UNICEF, 2014a.
29 Refers to those less than 1... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 144 |
32 UNICEF, 2014a.
33 White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, 2014; Journal of American College Health, 2009; Krebs and others, 2007. b.
Violence against older women Although violence peaks in women’s reproduc- tive years, it persists as women age.
Neglect, abuse and violence were identified a... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 132 |
These issues were reflected in the Madrid International Plan of Action on Age- ing, and highlighted the fact that older women “face greater risk of physical and psychological abuse due to discriminatory societal attitudes and the non-realization of the human rights of women.”35 To draw attention to the global issue of ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 89 |
In addition, to raise awareness of the unique challenges faced by widows, it adopted 23 June as International Widows’ Day.
Violence against older women may take the form of physical, sexual or psychological abuse, as well as financial exploitation or neglect perpetrated by intimate partners, family members, or caregiv... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 89 |
In many countries, institutions established to provide care for older women and men are not managed properly and low standards of care go unchecked.36 In many instances, the issue of violence against older women is not given the attention it de- serves.
Sometimes this bias is reflected even in data collection methods ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 93 |
For example, the DHS, which are an impor- tant source of information on violence against women, include only women aged 15 to 49 in their sample.
Surveys conducted to measure vi- olence against women are typically household- based, meaning that the experiences of older women living in institutions that care for the ol... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 108 |
However, definitions at the national level can vary.
35 United Nations, 2002.
36 United Nations, 2013b.
Violence against women 149 c. Violence against indigenous women and girls Research has shown that indigenous girls, adolescents and young women face a higher prevalence of violence, harmful practices, and labour e... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 95 |
In Bolivia, 62 per cent of the population is indigenous, and the country’s de- partments of Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Potosi and Oruro have the highest concentra- tions of indigenous people.37 DHS data show that ever-married girls and women aged 15 to 49 from Potosi have the highest prevalence of reported physica... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 120 |
In India, the proportion of the population belonging to ‘Scheduled Tribes’ (an official term used in that country to refer to specific indigenous peoples) is high in all northeastern states except As- sam and Tripura.
The 2005–2006 DHS in India found that nearly half (47 per cent) of ever-mar- ried girls and women age... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 133 |
In Canada, according to data from the 2009 General Social Survey, the rate of self-reported violent victimization of Aboriginal women was around 2.5 times higher than that of non-Aboriginal women.38 Moreover, Aboriginal women were more likely than non-Aboriginal women to say they feared for their lives as result of spo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 81 |
Violence against indigenous girls and women cannot be separated from the wider context of discrimination and exclusion to which indig- enous peoples as a whole are often exposed in social, economic, cultural and political life. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 44 |
Challenges—such as land dispossession, conflict insecurity, displacement, low rates of birth reg- istration, limited access to culturally appropriate education and health services (including sexual and reproductive health), the lack of access to justice and other essential services, including so- cial services—create c... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 132 |
38 Statistics Canada, 2013.
Measuring Violence Against Women: Statistical Trends 2013.
39 UNFPA, UNICEF, UN-Women, ILO and OSRSG/VAC, 2013.
Box 6.3 Violence peaks in the reproductive years The experience of violence peaks when women are in their reproductive years.
This is true in both developed and developing coun... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 153 |
Prevalence declined with age and was lowest among women aged 60 and over. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 18 |
Proportion of women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the 12 months before the survey, by type of perpetrator, European Union-average, 2012 Age group Partner violence (%) Non-partner violence (%) 18–29 30–44 45–59 60+ 6 5 4 3 9 5 3 3 Based on data from the Italian Violence Against Women survey conducte... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 201 |
As lifetime ex- perience is affected by years exposed to violence, looking at experience in the past 12 months re- veals that recent experience of violence declines with age also.
Prevalence of violence in the past 12 months was 16 per cent for women aged be- tween 16 and 24 years and less than 1 per cent for women ag... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 110 |
How- ever, results from the few that do show that the experience of violence tends to decline as women age.
In Fiji,b results show that younger women are much more at risk of experiencing intimate partner violence in the previous 12 months than older women.
In that country, the prevalence of intimate partner violence... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 125 |
A similar pat- tern was observed for intimate partner sexual violence. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 14 |
In Morocco, the experience of intimate partner physical violence in the past 12 months peaked between the ages of 30 and 34 and then declined, with prevalence halving from 6 per cent in the 40- to 49-year-old age group to 3 per cent in the 50- to 64-year-old age group.c Source: European Union Agen- cy for Fundamental R... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 179 |
150 The World's Women 2015 2.
Intimate partner violence Physical and/or sexual violence In many cases, intimate partner violence ac- counts for the majority of women’s experiences of violence.
This was one conclusion drawn from one of the first multi-country studies on violence against women.40 Among women who report... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 117 |
The proportion ap- proached 80 per cent or more in most sites.
In contrast, less than one third of women in most sites had been abused only by someone other than an intimate partner.
Intimate partner violence is traumatic and debil- itating.
Victims often feel they have nowhere to turn, especially in societies where... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 100 |
Addressing intimate partner violence requires a range of approaches, includ- ing awareness-raising, education, prevention activities, provision of necessary health, legal and social services, shelters and counselling and improved follow-up on reported cases so that women are free from physical injury and fear.41 Half o... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 155 |
Half of all coun- tries reported lifetime prevalence of at least 30 per cent.
Prevalence was generally higher in Af- rica than in other regions, with one quarter of countries in the region reporting lifetime preva- lence of at least 50 per cent.
Prevalence was lower across Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean and Oc... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 94 |
For intimate partner phys- ical and/or sexual violence experienced in the 12 months prior to the survey, prevalence ranged from 5 per cent in the Comoros (2012) to 44 per cent in Equatorial Guinea (2011) and Rwanda (2010).
Across all regions, the prevalence of expe- 40 WHO, 2005.
41 WHO, 2013b.
rience of violence in... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 153 |
For countries where more than one year of data are available, prevalence in the last 12 months showed slight declines in most countries, with Uganda showing an encouraging decline from 45 per cent in 2006 to 35 per cent in 2011. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 62 |
42 However, results from Rwanda showed a significant increase—from 26 per cent in 2005 to 44 per cent in 2010.43 For countries included in the EU FRA survey (figure 6.8), the proportion of women experi- encing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence in their lifetime ranged from 13 per cent in five countries—A... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 139 |
Experience in the past 12 months was generally considerably lower than lifetime, rang- ing between 2 and 6 per cent.44 Table 6.3 presents results for countries that conducted national surveys on violence against women.
Rates of lifetime intimate partner physi- cal and/or sexual violence were highest in Oce- ania, with... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 116 |
Experience in the past 12 months was typically much lower than lifetime.
42 ICF International, 2014.
43 It should be noted that one of the methodological issues related to surveys on violence against women is that, af- ter awareness campaigns, for example, women may find it easier to talk about their experiences.
Th... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 102 |
44 In general, it can be seen that the differences between lifetime experience of intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence and experience in the last 12 months are wider for results from the EU FRA survey than for DHS. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 49 |
This may be due to a number of reasons and further re- search into this is needed, however contributing factors may be the wider age reference period for the EU FRA survey as compared to DHS (18 to 74 years compared to 15 to 49 years) and also a reflection of the possibil- ity to stop the violence or leave a violent re... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 116 |
Figure 6.7 Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 15–49 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Cameroon Uganda Zambia Gabon Sierra Leone ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 280 |
(ICF International, 2014 and CDC, 2014).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 41 |
Violence against women 151 Figure 6.8 Proportion of ever-partnered women aged 18–74 years experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, European countries, 2012 Denmark Latvia Finland United Kingdom Netherlands Belgium Romania Lithuania Bulgaria... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 146 |
(European Union Agen- cy for Fundamental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries request- ed that only the results of their na- tional surveys be presented (see ta- ble 6.3).
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 71 |
0 5 10 20 15 Per cent 25 30 35 Table 6.3 Proportion of women experiencing intimate partner physical and/or sexual violence at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2000–2013 (latest available) Country Albania Armenia Australia Bangladesh Canada Ecuador Fiji Finland France Iceland Italy Kiribati Maldiv... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 488 |
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national data may differ from those used in inter- nationally conducted surveys.
152 The World's Women 2015 Psychological and economic violence Psychological violence ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 83 |
These often coexist with physical and sexual violence by intimate partners and are acts of violence in themselves.
Examples of behaviours that fall within the definition of psychological violence include:45 Emotional abuse—insulting or making a woman feel bad about herself, belittling or humiliating her in front of ot... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 90 |
Controlling behaviour—isolating a woman by preventing her from seeing family or friends, monitoring her whereabouts and social interac- tions, ignoring her or treating her indifferently, getting angry if she speaks with other men, mak- ing unwarranted accusations of infidelity, con- trolling her access to health care, ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 79 |
Lifetime experience of psychological violence was highest in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean For countries with available data from DHS,46 RHS and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) (figure 6.9), the proportion of women experiencing intimate partner emotional/psy- chological violence in their lifetime... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 117 |
In Latin America and the Caribbean prevalence is higher than 40 per cent in more than half of countries with data.
For intimate partner emo- tional/psychological violence experienced in the 12 months prior to the survey, prevalence ranged from 6 per cent in Azerbaijan (2006) and the Comoros (2012) to 40 per cent in Eq... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 102 |
Experience in the past 12 months was generally similar to lifetime experience in Africa, Asia and Oceania, however, in Latin America and the Caribbean recent experience was considerably lower than lifetime.
In EU countries, reported psychological vio- lence among women was also very high (figure 6.10).
The scope of s... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 99 |
46 It should be noted that the figures reported by DHS refer to the emotional aspect of psychological violence only and do not include the experience of controlling behav- iour.
iour, economic violence and blackmail with abuse of children.
Only lifetime experience was addressed.
The proportion of women experi- encin... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 100 |
More than half of the countries reported lifetime prevalence of psychological violence of 40 per cent or higher. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 22 |
Figure 6.9 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years experiencing intimate partner psychological violence at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 1995–2013 (latest available) Africa Equatorial Guinea Democratic Republic of the Congo Uganda Cameroon United Republic of Tanzania Liberia Gabon Mozambique Ghan... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 305 |
(ICF International, 2014, CDC, 2014 and UNICEF, 2014c).
Note: Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for further details). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 52 |
Figure 6.10 Proportion of women aged 18–74 years experiencing intimate partner psychological violence at least once in their lifetime, European countries, 2012 Table 6.4 Proportion of women experiencing intimate partner psychological violence at least once in their lifetime and in the last 12 months, 2000–2013 (latest ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 577 |
(European Agency for Fun- damental Rights, 2014).
Note: Some countries requested that only the results of their national surveys be presented (see table 6.4).
Ranking is for presentation pur- poses only (see introduction to section A for further details).
Table 6.4 presents data from other national sur- veys.
Lifet... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 116 |
Experience in the past 12 months was typically also high, reach- ing as high as 72 per cent in Bangladesh (2011) and over 50 per cent in 4 out of 20 countries with data.
Economic violence is difficult to define and can vary significantly according to the cultural context and country circumstances. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 75 |
In general terms, economic violence can involve deny- ing access to property, durable goods or the la- bour market; deliberately not complying with economic responsibilities, thereby exposing a woman to poverty and hardship; or denying par- ticipation in economic decision-making.47 A number of countries have collected ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 76 |
In Mexico, the 2011 survey “Encuesta Nacional so- bre la Dinámica de las Relaciones en los Hoga- res” (ENDIREH)48 revealed that one quarter of women who were married or in union had expe- rienced economic violence during their current relationship, with 17 per cent experiencing such violence in the previous 12 months.
... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 149 |
49 Viet Nam General Statistics Office, 2010.
50 ICF International, 2014.
51 Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre, 2013.
United Kingdom (England and Wales only) 2012/13 United States of America Vanuatu Viet Nam 2011 2010 2010 Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division from national surveys on violence against w... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 119 |
Note: Age groups covered differ among countries; methodologies, questionnaire designs and sample sizes used in surveys by statistics offices to produce national data may differ from those used in internationally conduct- ed surveys. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 41 |
their earned or saved money from them, 7 per cent had been refused money by their husbands, and 9 per cent had experienced at least one of these acts.49 In the 1998 DHS in South Africa, almost one in five currently married women reported that their partner regularly failed to provide economic support, while having mone... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 133 |
154 The World's Women 2015 Box 6.4 Violence against men Gender-based violence is a manifestation of the historic imbalance of power between men and women.
Although gender-based violence typically focuses on violence against women, data on violence against men are also collected. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 68 |
The figure below presents statistics on the proportion of women experiencing lifetime intimate partner physical violence (women victims) alongside the pro- portion of women who report ever committing acts of physical violence against their husband/partner when he was not already beating or physically hurting them (wome... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 61 |
Women are far more likely to be victims than perpetrators of intimate partner violence Caution should be taken when interpreting these results, since they are based on women’s self-reports of perpetrating violence against men as opposed to men reporting their experience of violence perpetrated by women.
Based on avail... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 118 |
The only country for which violence against men was higher than violence against women was the Philippines (2013).
There, the prevalence of violence perpetrated by women against men (16 per cent) was only slightly higher than violence perpetrated by men against women (13 per cent).
Some studies also include men’s sel... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 105 |
Even in countries where reported rates of intimate partner physical violence are similar for women and men, women are more likely to suffer from violence more frequently and to experience the more serious types of violence and emotional stress.a a Ansara, D.L.
and M. J. Hindin, 2010. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 67 |
and M. J. Hindin, 2010.
Proportion of women who report experiencing lifetime intimate partner physical violence, as victims and perpetrators, 2005–2013 (latest available) Women perpetrators Women victims Source: Compiled by the United Nations Statistics Divi- sion from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).
(ICF In- t... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 100 |
(ICF In- ternational, 2014).
Note: The chart presents the proportion of women who re- port experiencing lifetime inti- mate partner physical violence (women victims) alongside the proportion of women who re- port ever committing physi- cal violence against their hus- band/partner when he was not already beating or phy... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 90 |
Africa Equatorial Guinea Zambia Gabon Cameroon Sierra Leone Uganda United Republic of Tanzania Kenya Liberia Mozambique Rwanda Mali Zimbabwe Central Africa Republic Côte d'Ivoire Malawi Ghana Cabo Verde Nigeria Comoros Asia India Timor-Leste Kyrgyzstan Nepal Tajikistan Cambodia Philippines Latin America and the Caribbe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 189 |
This acceptance means it can be difficult for behaviours to change and for women to feel they can discuss their experiences of violence and ask for help.
Research indicates that perpetration of and victimization by vio- lence is higher among those who accept or justify such abuse than those who do not.53 However, evid... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 95 |
shows the proportions of women and men who agree that a husband is justified in beating his wife for at least one of the following reasons: the wife burns the food, argues with her husband, goes out without telling him, neglects the chil- dren or refuses to have sex with him.
Wife-beating is acceptable in many countri... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 112 |
Levels of women’s acceptance ranged from 3 per cent in Ukraine (2012) and Serbia (2010) to 92 per cent in Guinea (2012).
Levels of men’s ac- ceptance ranged from 7 per cent in Serbia (2010) to 81 per cent in Timor-Leste (2009–2010).
It should be noted that it is difficult to compare re- ported levels of acceptance of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 150 |
In almost all of the countries where more than one year of data are available, the level of women’s and men’s ac- ceptance of wife-beating decreased over time.54 Although it may be assumed that wife-beating is more widely justified by men than women, in most countries levels of reported acceptance are actually lower am... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 143 |
54 Statistical Annex, available at http://unstats.un.org/ unsd/gender/worldswomen.html. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 31 |
Figure 6.11 Attitudes towards wife-beating: proportion of women and men aged 15–49 years who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife for at least one of five specified reasons, 1995–2014 (latest available) Violence against women 155 Africa Guinea Democratic Republic of the Congo Mali Congo Buru... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 320 |
(ICF, 2014, CDC, 2014 and UNICEF, 2014c).
Note: Some surveys have differ- ent reasons for justifying wife-beat- ing (details of these differences are presented in the Statistical Annex available at unstats.un.org/unsd/ gender/default.html).
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see in- troduction to section A fo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 166 |
Forms of violence in specific settings 1.
Female genital mutilation The term “female genital mutilation” (FGM, also known as “female genital cutting” and “female genital mutilation/cutting”) refers to all proce- dures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female gen... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 122 |
Immediate complications include bleed- ing, delayed or incomplete healing, and infec- tions. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 23 |
Long-term consequences are more dif- ficult to determine, but may include damage to adjacent organs, sterility, recurring urinary tract infections, the formation of dermoid cysts and even death.55 In 2014, the United Nations General Assem- bly passed the second resolution on intensify- ing global efforts for the elimin... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 151 |
Despite this resolution and other important ad- vances to eliminate female genital mutilation, the practice continues at unacceptably high lev- els in countries around the world.
In the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where the practice is concentrated, more than 125 million girls and women alive today have... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 112 |
In addition, female genital mutilation is practised by immigrants and minority groups in other countries, mean- ing that the global total of girls and women sub- jected to cutting is likely to be even higher than 125 million.
55 UNICEF, 2013.
56 Ibid. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 72 |
55 UNICEF, 2013.
56 Ibid.
Female genital mutilation is less prevalent among younger women Based on latest available data, the prevalence of female genital mutilation among women aged be- tween 15 and 49 is highest (over 80 per cent) in Dji- bouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Somalia and Sudan.
57 Amo... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 149 |
In most countries where the practice is concentrated, prevalence rates have declined over time.
Comparing prevalence across age groups can also indicate changes in the practice among younger generations.
The proportions of girls and women aged 15 to 19 and 45 to 49 subjected to female genital mutilation are presented... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 84 |
In all but one country presented here (Niger, which has rates near zero across all age groups), prevalence was lower among the younger cohort, with much lower prevalence rates found among younger women in Burkina Faso, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone (more than 20 percentage points difference). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 70 |
However, in several countries—Djibouti, Guinea, Mali, Somalia and Sudan—prevalence was still very high among the young (more than 80 per cent) and was only slightly lower (5 percentage points difference or lower) in the younger age group, indicating that not much progress has been made overall.
Within countries, preva... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 106 |
In general, reported levels of female gen- ital mutilation are lower in urban areas, among younger women, and in families with higher levels of household income and mothers with higher levels of education.58 Some efforts have been made to estimate the numbers of those at risk of female genital mu- tilation in countries... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 80 |
Methods used include applying the prevalence rate in the country of origin to the numbers of immigrants from that country.
However, this may lead to significant overestimation, since im- migrants may not be representative of the popu- lation in the country of origin.
Moreover, atti- tudes towards and the practice of ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 126 |
58 UNICEF, 2013. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 13 |
Violence against women 157 Figure 6.12 Girls and women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years subjected to female genital mutilation, 2002–2013 (latest available) Guinea Somalia Sierra Leone Egypt Eritrea Djibouti Mali Burkina Faso Sudan Ethiopia Gambia Mauritania Liberia Guinea−Bissau Kenya Chad Côte d'Ivoire Nigeria Centra... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 250 |
Note: In the 29 countries where FGM is concentrated, almost all girls undergoing FGM are cut before the age of 15 (UNICEF, 2013).
Ranking is for presentation purposes only (see introduction to section A for fur- ther details).
Attitudes towards female genital mutilation have also shown some change.
In a number of co... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 111 |
It is often assumed that support for female genital mutilation is higher among men than women; however, in many cases, the proportion of women and men who believe the practice should be discontinued is around the same.
Support for discontinuation is mainly high in countries where prevalence is relatively low, such as ... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 110 |
However, in Burkina Faso, strong sup- port has been found for discontinuation, even in a high-prevalence context.
In most countries where data are available for multiple years, support for discontinuation has increased.59 2.
Violence in conflict situations In addition to the trauma of coping with life in the midst of... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 99 |
Sexual violence perpetrated by militia, military personnel or the police during conflict is an important aspect of non-partner sexual violence.
However, data in this area tend to be sparse. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 42 |
However, data in this area tend to be sparse.
In an effort to gather specific informa- tion on this issue, the Office of the Special Rep- resentative to the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict has created a website (http:// www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/) that in- cludes information on violence expe... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 88 |
The conflicts highlighted include those in Bosnia and Herze- govina, the Central African Republic, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic.
In Somalia, for example, high numbers of in- cidents of sexual violence cont... | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 132 |
Acts of sexual vio- lence continue to be committed against inter- nally displaced women and girls in these areas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/1696769074386.pdf | https://unstats.un.org/unsd/gender/downloads/worldswomen2015_chapter6_t.pdf | 27 |
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