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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | lls": the custom of 'dolly dunking' was once a common practice in parts of the United Kingdom, particularly in Cornwall where it has been revived in recent years.
Mandaean Baptism
Mandaeans revere John the Baptist and practice frequent baptism (Masbuta) as a ritual of purification, not of initiation. They are possibl... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | ter, a triple signing of the forehead with water and a triple drinking of water. The priest (Rabbi) then removes a ring made of myrtle worn by the baptized and places it on their forehead. This is then followed by a handshake (Kushta, "hand of truth") with the priest. The final blessing involves the priest laying his r... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | a) and are believed to be nourished by the World of Light. By the river bank, a Mandaean's forehead is anointed with sesame oil and partakes in a communion of bread and water. Baptism for Mandaeans allows for salvation by connecting with the World of Light and for forgiveness of sins.
Yazidi Baptism
Yazidi baptism is... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | ly water from the spring on the child’s head three times.
Islamic practice of wudu
Many Islamic scholars such as Shaikh Bawa Muhaiyaddeen have compared the Islamic practice of wudu to a baptism. Wudu is a practice that Muslims practice in order to go from ritual impurity to ritual purity. This is mandatory for a Musli... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | s, results in the purification of a person and the removal of their sins.
In a famous hadith, the Prophet Muhammad says "Whenever a man performs his ablution intending to pray and he washes his hands, the sins of his hands fall down with the first drop. When he rinses his mouth and nose, the sins of his tongue and lip... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | is purified from every sin and fault like the day he was born from his mother. If he stands for prayer, Allah will raise his status by a degree. If he sits, he will sit in peace.”
See also
Amrit Sanchar, in Sikhism
Baptism by fire
Baptistery
Chrism
Christifideles
Consolamentum
Disciple (Christianity)
Divine fil... | [
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4298 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism | Baptism | .: States the Evangelical Anglican position of the Reformed Episcopal Church.
External links
"Writings of the Early Church Fathers on Baptism"
"Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
Christian terminology
Conversion to Christianity
Rites of passage
Ritual purity in Christianity
Sacraments
Mandaean rituals | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | (, or , ), sometimes anglicized as bocce ball, bocci or boccie, is a ball sport belonging to the boules family. Developed into its present form in Italy, it is closely related to British bowls and French , with a common ancestry from ancient games played in the Roman Empire. Bocce is played around western, southern and... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | razilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. Initially played just by the Italian immigrants, the game has slowly become more popular with their descendants and more broadly.
History
Having developed from games played in the Roman Empire, Bocce developed into its present form in Italy (where it is called , the plural of the I... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | balls') in Venezuela, and in south Brazil. The accessibility of bocce to people of all ages and abilities has seen it grow in popularity among Special Olympics programmes globally and it is now the third most played sport among Special Olympics athletes.
Geographical spread
The sport is also very popular on the easte... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | a the sport is known as or colloquially 'playing ', or (from Italian and Venetian , meaning 'balls'). There are numerous bocce leagues in the United States. Most have been founded by Italian Americans but contain members of all groups.
Rules and play
Bocce is traditionally played on natural soil and asphalt courts ... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | heir portability and ease of storage. Bocce balls can be made of wood (traditional), metal, baked clay, or various kinds of plastic. Unlike lawn bowls, bocce balls are spherical and have no inbuilt bias.
A game can be conducted between two players, or two teams of two, three, or four. A match is started by a randoml... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | the court into a zone in length, ending from the far end of the court. If the first team misses twice, the other team is awarded the opportunity to place the jack anywhere they choose within the prescribed zone. Casual play is common in reasonably flat areas of parks and yards lacking a Bocce court, but players shoul... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | owl has taken place, the other side has the opportunity to bowl. From then on, the side which does not have the ball closest to the jack has a chance to bowl, up until one side or the other has used their four balls. At that point, the other side bowls its remaining balls. The object of the game is for a team to get as... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | any frame. The scoring team receives one point for each of their balls that is closer to the jack than the closest ball of the other team. The length of a game varies by region but is typically from 7 to 13 points.
Players are permitted to throw the ball in the air using an underarm action. This is generally used to k... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce |
Variants
Bocce volo
A variation called uses a metal ball, which is thrown overhand (palm down), after a run-up to the throwing line. In that latter respect, it is similar to the French boules game also known as . A French variant of the game is called , and (lacking the run-up) is more similar in some respects to... | [
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4300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce | Bocce | roduced to the Paralympics at the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Summer Games, and is one of the only two Paralympic sports that do not have an Olympic counterpart (the other being goalball).
See also
Fédération Internationale de Boules
References
External links
Confederation Mondiale des Sports de Boules
Internat... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | Beatmatching or pitch cue is a disc jockey technique of pitch shifting or timestretching an upcoming track to match its tempo to that of the currently playing track, and to adjust them such that the beats (and, usually, the bars) are synchronised — e.g. the kicks and snares in two house records hit at the same time wh... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | mpt to make a single mix that flows together and has a good structure.
The technique was developed to keep the people from leaving the dancefloor at the end of the song. These days it is considered basic among disc jockeys (DJs) in electronic dance music genres, and it is standard practice in clubs to keep the constan... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | he beatmatching technique consists of the following steps:
While a record is playing, start a second record playing, but only monitored through headphones, not being fed to the main PA system. Use gain (or trim) control on the mixer to match the levels of the two records.
Restart and slip-cue the new record at the r... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | low the speed of the new record to bring the beats back in sync.
If the beat on the new record hits after the beat on the current record then the new record is too slow; increase the pitch and manually increase the speed of the new record to bring the beats back in sync.
Continue this process until the two records ar... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | s of the new track while fading out the old track. While in the mix, ensure that the tracks are still synchronized, adjusting the records if needed.
The fade can be repeated several times, for example, from the first track, fade to the second track, then back to first, then to second again.
One of the key things to c... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | of the songs sounding too fast or too slow.
When beatmatching, a popular technique is to vary the equalization of both tracks. For example, when the kicks are occurring on the same beat, a more seamless transition can occur if the lower frequencies are taken out of one of the songs, and the lower frequencies of the o... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | be 5% higher. However, some modern DJ software can change pitch and tempo independently using time-stretching and pitch-shifting, allowing harmonic mixing. There is also a feature in modern DJ software which may be called "master tempo" or "key adjust" which changes the tempo while keeping the original pitch.
History
... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | as built for him by Alex Rosner which let him listen to any channel in the headphones independently of what was playing on the speakers; this became the defining feature of DJ mixers. That and turntables with pitch control enabled him to mix tracks with different tempo by changing the pitch of the cued (redirected to h... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | and features making it possible are a requirement for DJ-oriented players. In 1978, the Technics SL-1200MK2 turntable was released, whose comfortable and precise sliding pitch control and high torque direct drive motor made beat-matching easier and it became the standard among DJs. With the advent of the compact disc,... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ftware with similar capabilities has been developed to allow manipulation of digital audio files stored on computers using turntables with special vinyl records (e.g. Final Scratch, M-Audio Torq, Serato Scratch Live) or computer interface (e.g. Traktor DJ Studio, Mixxx, Virtual DJ). Other software including algorithmic... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | the beats per minute and determine the percent BPM difference between songs.
The change from pure hardware to software is on the rise, and big DJs are introducing new equipment to their kits such as the laptop, and dropping the difficulty of carrying hundreds of CDs with them. The creation of the mp3-player allowed ... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ntrol that alters tempo and allows for beat-matching on a digital music player. However, recent additions to the Pioneer CDJ family, such as the CDJ-2000, allow mp3-player and other digital storage devices (such as external hard drives, SD cards and USB memory sticks) to be connected to the CDJ device via USB. This all... | [
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4301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatmatching | Beatmatching | ow offers a "Sync" feature which automatically adjusts the tempo between tracks being mixed so the DJ no longer needs to spend time and effort matching beats. This has caused some controversy in the DJ industry since almost anyone can beat-match thanks to the new function.
See also
Clubdjpro
DJ mix
Harmonic mixing
... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | Beltane () is the Gaelic May Day festival. Most commonly it is held on 1 May, or about halfway between the spring equinox and summer solstice. Historically, it was widely observed throughout Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. In Irish the name for the festival day is (), in Scottish Gaelic () and in Manx Gaelic ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | associated with important events in Irish mythology. Also known as ("first of summer"), it marked the beginning of summer and it was when cattle were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were performed to protect the cattle, crops and people, and to encourage growth. Special bonfires were kindled, and their fla... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | would be doused and then re-lit from the Beltane bonfire. These gatherings would be accompanied by a feast, and some of the food and drink would be offered to the . Doors, windows, byres and livestock would be decorated with white or yellow May flowers, perhaps because they evoked fire. In parts of Ireland, people wou... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | and maintain youthfulness. Many of these customs were part of May Day or Midsummer festivals in other parts of Great Britain and Europe.
Beltane celebrations had largely died out by the mid-20th century, although some of its customs continued and in some places it has been revived as a cultural event. Since the late 2... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | istoric Beltane customs
Beltane was one of four Gaelic seasonal festivals: Samhain (~1 November), Imbolc (~1 February), Beltane (~1 May), and Lughnasadh (~1 August). Beltane marked the beginning of the pastoral summer season, when livestock were driven out to the summer pastures. Rituals were held at that time to prote... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | wth. The (often referred to as spirits or fairies) were thought to be especially active at Beltane (as at Samhain) and the goal of many Beltane rituals was to appease them. Most scholars see the as remnants of the pagan gods and nature spirits. Beltane was a "spring time festival of optimism" during which "fertility ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | have been the most important of the four Gaelic festivals. Sir James George Frazer wrote in The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion that the times of Beltane and Samhain are of little importance to European crop-growers, but of great importance to herdsmen. Thus, he suggests that halving the year at 1 May and 1... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | o the early medieval texts (written by Cormac mac Cuilennáin) and , Beltane was held on 1 May and marked the beginning of summer. The texts say that, to protect cattle from disease, the druids would make two fires "with great incantations" and drive the cattle between them.
According to 17th-century historian Geoffre... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | every district of Ireland, and cattle would be driven between them to protect them from disease. There is no reference to such a gathering in the annals, but the medieval Dindsenchas includes a tale of a hero lighting a holy fire on Uisneach that blazed for seven years. Ronald Hutton writes that this may "preserve a t... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | theless, excavations at Uisneach in the 20th century found evidence of large fires and charred bones, showing it to have been ritually significant.
Beltane is also mentioned in medieval Scottish literature. An early reference is found in the poem 'Peblis to the Play', contained in the Maitland Manuscripts of 15th- and... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ed by folklorists and other writers. For example John Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language (1808) describes some of the Beltane customs which persisted in the 18th and early 19th centuries in parts of Scotland, which he noted were beginning to die out. In the 19th century, folklorist Alexan... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | s were sung as follows:
Beannaich, a Thrianailt fhioir nach gann, (Bless, O Threefold true and bountiful,)
Mi fein, mo cheile agus mo chlann, (Myself, my spouse and my children,)
Mo chlann mhaoth's am mathair chaomh 'n an ceann, (My tender children and their beloved mother at their head,)
Air chlar chubhr nan raon, ai... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ach ni na m' fhardaich, no ta 'na m' shealbh, (Everything within my dwelling or in my possession,)
Gach buar is barr, gach tan is tealbh, (All kine and crops, all flocks and corn,)
Bho Oidhche Shamhna chon Oidhche Bheallt, (From Hallow Eve to Beltane Eve,)
Piseach maith, agus beannachd mallt, (With goodly progress and ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | 1970 recording 'Ride a White Swan', written and performed by Marc Bolan and his band Tyrannosaurus Rex (later shortened to T.Rex) contains the line "Ride a white Swan like the people of the Beltane".
Bonfires
Bonfires continued to be a key part of the festival in the modern era. All hearth fires and candles would be ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | st primitive of all means, of friction between wood." In the 19th century, for example, John Ramsay described Scottish Highlanders kindling a need-fire or force-fire at Beltane. Such a fire was deemed sacred. In the 19th century, the ritual of driving cattle between two fires—as described in Sanas Cormaic almost 1000 y... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | emselves would do likewise. In the Isle of Man, people ensured that the smoke blew over them and their cattle. When the bonfire had died down, people would daub themselves with its ashes and sprinkle it over their crops and livestock. Burning torches from the bonfire would be taken home, where they would be carried aro... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | rt of May Day, Midsummer or Easter customs in other parts of the British Isles and mainland Europe. According to Frazer, the fire rituals are a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic. According to one theory, they were meant to mimic the Sun and to "ensure a needful supply of sunshine for men, animals, and plants". Acc... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | wrote that there was a feast featuring lamb, and that formerly this lamb was sacrificed. In 1769, Thomas Pennant wrote that, in Perthshire, a caudle made from eggs, butter, oatmeal and milk was cooked on the bonfire. Some of the mixture was poured on the ground as a libation. Everyone present would then take an oatmeal... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | o forth) and a bit was offered to each of the animals that might harm their livestock (one to the fox, one to the eagle, and so forth). Afterwards, they would drink the caudle.
According to 18th century writers, in parts of Scotland there was another ritual involving the oatmeal cake. The cake would be cut and one of ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | leap through the fire three times. According to another, those present would pretend to throw them into the fire and, for some time afterwards, they would speak of them as if they were dead. This "may embody a memory of actual human sacrifice", or it may have always been symbolic. A similar ritual (i.e. of pretending ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | gorse, hazel, and marsh marigold are traditionally placed at doorways and windows; this is documented in 19th century Ireland, Scotland and Mann. Sometimes loose flowers were strewn at the doors and windows and sometimes they were made into bouquets, garlands or crosses and fastened to them. They would also be fastene... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | Bough was popular in parts of Ireland until the late 19th century. This was a small tree or branch—typically hawthorn, rowan, holly or sycamore—decorated with bright flowers, ribbons, painted shells, eggshells from Easter Sunday and so forth. The tree would either be decorated where it stood, or branches would be decor... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | the May Bush, and the tree would remain up until May 31st. The tree may also be decorated with candles or rushlights. Sometimes a May Bush would be paraded through the town. In parts of southern Ireland, gold and silver hurling balls known as May Balls would be hung on these May Bushes and handed out to children or gi... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ost handsome tree and, sometimes, residents of one would try to steal the May Bush of another. This led to the May Bush being outlawed in Victorian times. In some places, it was customary to sing and dance around the May Bush, and at the end of the festivities it may be burnt in the bonfire. In some areas the May Bush ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | , associated with the aos sí. Frazer believes the customs of decorating trees or poles in the springtime are a relic of tree worship and writes: "The intention of these customs is to bring home to the village, and to each house, the blessings which the tree-spirit has in its power to bestow." Emyr Estyn Evans suggests ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | horn trees. However, "lucky" and "unlucky" trees varied by region, and it has been suggested that Beltane was the only time when cutting thorn trees was allowed. The practice of bedecking a May Bush with flowers, ribbons, garlands and bright shells is found among the Gaelic diaspora, most notably in Newfoundland, and i... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | dairy products. For example, three black coals were placed under a butter churn to ensure the fairies did not steal the butter, and may poles were tied to milk pails, the tails of cattle or hung in the barns to ensure the cattle's milk was not stolen. Flowers were also used to decorate the horns of cattle, which was be... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | May Day because it was feared that the milk would be transferred to the neighbor's cow. In Ireland, cattle would be brought to 'fairy forts', where a small amount of their blood would be collected. The owners would then pour it into the earth with prayers for the herd's safety. Sometimes the blood would be left to dry... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | boundaries of their farm. They would "carry with them seeds of grain, implements of husbandry, the first well water, and the herb vervain (or rowan as a substitute). The procession generally stopped at the four cardinal points of the compass, beginning in the east, and rituals were performed in each of the four direct... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | t Beltane, and at the other Gaelic festivals of Imbolc and Lughnasadh. Visitors to holy wells would pray for health while walking sunwise (moving from east to west) around the well. They would then leave offerings; typically coins or clooties (see clootie well). The first water drawn from a well on Beltane was seen as ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | l in the dew or wash their faces with it. The dew was collected in a jar, left in the sunlight, and then filtered. The dew was thought to increase sexual attractiveness, maintain youthfulness, protect from sun damage (particularly freckles and sunburn) and help with skin ailments for the ensuing year. Additionally, a m... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | g from a neighbor's house. It was also believed to be bad luck to put out ashes or clothes on May Day, and to give away a coal or ashes would cause the giver difficulty in lighting a fire for the next year. Also, if the family owned a white horse, it should remain in the barn all day, and if any other horse was owned, ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ly believed to be ill-fated. On May Night a cake and a jug were left on the table, because it was believed that the Irish who had died abroad would return on May Day to their ancestral homes, and it was also a general belief that the dead returned on May Day to visit their friends. A robin that flew into the house on B... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | festival, Beltane had largely died out by the mid-20th century, although some of its customs continued and in some places it has been revived as a cultural event. In Ireland, Beltane fires were common until the mid-20th century, but the custom seems to have lasted to the present day only in County Limerick (especially... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | haps at the Hill of Tara. The lighting of a community Beltane fire from which each hearth fire is then relit is observed today in some parts of the Gaelic diaspora, though in most of these cases it is a cultural revival rather than an unbroken survival of the ancient tradition. In some areas of Newfoundland, the custom... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | e Queen on the steps of the parish church. Like other Borders festivals, it incorporates a Common Riding.
Since 1988, a Beltane Fire Festival has been held every year during the night of 30 April on Calton Hill in Edinburgh, Scotland. While inspired by traditional Beltane, this festival is a modern arts and cultural e... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | reen Man.
Neo-Paganism
Beltane and Beltane-based festivals are held by some Neopagans. As there are many kinds of Neopaganism, their Beltane celebrations can be very different despite the shared name. Some try to emulate the historic festival as much as possible. Other Neopagans base their celebrations on many sources... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ing and ending at sunset. Some Neopagans celebrate it at the astronomical midpoint between the spring equinox and summer solstice (or the full moon nearest this point). In the Northern Hemisphere, this midpoint is when the ecliptic longitude of the Sun reaches 45 degrees. In 2014, this was on 5 May.
Celtic Reconstruct... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ightly to suit modern life. They avoid modern syncretism and eclecticism (i.e. combining practises from unrelated cultures).
Celtic Reconstructionists usually celebrate when the local hawthorn trees are in bloom. Many observe the traditional bonfire rites, to whatever extent this is feasible where they live. This may... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | , torches or candles may be used instead. They may decorate their homes with a May Bush, branches from blooming thorn trees, or equal-armed rowan crosses. Holy wells may be visited and offerings made to the spirits or deities of the wells. Traditional festival foods may also be prepared.
Wicca
Wiccans use the name Bel... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | ncretic and melds practices from many different cultures. In general, the Wiccan Beltane is more akin to the Germanic/English May Day festival, both in its significance (focusing on fertility) and its rituals (such as maypole dancing). Some Wiccans enact a ritual union of the May Lord and May Lady.
Name
In Irish, the ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | spelling is used. The word comes from ('first of summer'), an old alternative name for the festival. The term (Scottish) or (Irish), 'the bright or yellow day of Beltane', means the first of May. In Ireland it is referred to in a common folk tale as ; the first day of the week (Monday/) is added to emphasise the f... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | , meaning 'bright fire'. The element might be cognate with the English word bale (as in ) meaning 'white' or 'shining'; compare Old English , and Lithuanian/Latvian /, found in the name of the Baltic; in Slavic languages or also means 'white', as in ('White Rus′' or Belarus) or ('White Sea'). Alternatively, Belta... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | do-European root * ('suffering, death'). The absence of syncope (Irish sound laws rather predict a **Beltne form) can be explained by the popular belief that Beltaine was a compound of the word for 'fire', tene.
In Ó Duinnín's Irish dictionary (1904), Beltane is referred to as which it explains is short for meaning ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | Bealtaine festivities were once held. It is often anglicised as Beltany. There are three Beltanys in County Donegal, including the Beltany stone circle, and two in County Tyrone. In County Armagh there is a place called Tamnaghvelton/ ('the Beltane field'). Lisbalting/ ('the Beltane ringfort') is in County Tipperary, ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | her
Walpurgis Night
Welsh Holidays
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Carmichael, Alexander (1992). Carmina Gadelica. Lindisfarne Press.
Chadwick, Nora (1970) The Celts. London, Penguin
Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland. Dublin, Mercier
Evans-Wentz, W. Y. (1966, 1990) The Fairy-Faith in Celtic ... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | gow
Simpson, Eve Blantyre (1908), Folk Lore in Lowland Scotland, London: J.M. Dent.
External links
Edinburgh's Beltane Fire Society
Extract on The Beltane Fires from Sir James George Frazer's book The Golden Bough – 1922; from bartleby.com
April observances
Cross-quarter days
Gaelic culture
Holidays in Scotland
Ir... | [
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4306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane | Beltane | cottish mythology | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | Bethlehem (; , "House of Meat"; , , "House of Bread"; ; ; initially named after Canaanite fertility god Laḫmu) is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000, and it is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate. The economy is primarily tourist-driven,... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | ot freely accessible to the city's own inhabitants and in general Palestinians living in the occupied West Bank due to the Israeli West Bank barrier.
The earliest known mention of Bethlehem was in the Amarna correspondence of 1350–1330 BCE when the town was inhabited by the Canaanites. The Hebrew Bible, which says tha... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | identify Bethlehem as the birthplace of Jesus. Bethlehem was destroyed by the Emperor Hadrian during the second-century Bar Kokhba revolt; its rebuilding was promoted by Empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, who commissioned the building of its great Church of the Nativity in 327 CE. The church was badly dam... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | 37. Muslim rule continued in Bethlehem until its conquest in 1099 by a crusading army, who replaced the town's Greek Orthodox clergy with a Latin one. In the mid-13th century, the Mamluks demolished the city's walls, which were subsequently rebuilt under the Ottomans in the early 16th century. Control of Bethlehem pass... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | nce the 1995 Oslo Accords, Bethlehem has been administered by the Palestinian Authority.
Following an influx of refugees as a result of Israeli advances in the 1967 war, Bethlehem has a Muslim majority, but is still home to a significant Palestinian Christian community. It is now encircled and encroached upon by dozen... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | s.
History
Canaanite period
The earliest reference to Bethlehem appears in the Amarna correspondence (c. 1400 BCE). In one of his six letters to Pharaoh, Abdi-Heba, the Egyptian-appointed governor of Jerusalem, appeals for aid in retaking Bit-Laḫmi in the wake of disturbances by Apiru mercenaries: "Now even a town ne... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | perial lands of the king!"
It is thought that the similarity of this name to its modern forms indicates that it was originally a settlement of Canaanites who shared a Semitic cultural and linguistic heritage with the later arrivals. Laḫmu was the Akkadian god of fertility, worshipped by the Canaanites as Leḥem. Some t... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | round it, would then have been known as Beyt Leḥem, "House (Temple) of Lehem". The Philistines later established a garrison there.
Biblical scholar William F. Albright noted that the pronunciation of the name remained essentially the same for 3,500 years, but has meant different things: "'Temple of the God Lakhmu' in ... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | he necropolis covered 3 hectares (more than 7 acres) and originally contained more than 100 tombs in use between roughly 2200 BCE and 650 BCE. The archaeologists were able to identify at least 30 tombs.
Israelite and Judean period
Archaeological confirmation of Bethlehem as a city in the Kingdom of Judah was uncovered... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | ording to the excavators, it was used to seal the string closing a shipment of grain, wine, or other goods sent as a tax payment in the 8th or 7th century BCE.
Biblical scholars believe Bethlehem, located in the "hill country" of Judea, may be the same as the Biblical Ephrath, which means "fertile", as there is a refe... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | Bible as the place where the matriarch Rachel died and was buried "by the wayside" (). Rachel's Tomb, the traditional grave site, stands at the entrance to Bethlehem. According to the Book of Ruth, the valley to the east is where Ruth of Moab gleaned the fields and returned to town with Naomi. In the Books of Samuel, ... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | ors brought him water when he was hiding in the cave of Adullam.
Writing in the 4th century, the Pilgrim of Bordeaux reported that the sepulchers of David, Ezekiel, Asaph, Job, Jesse, and Solomon were located near Bethlehem. There has been no corroboration of this.
Classical period
The Gospel of Matthew Matthew 1:18... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | st gospel, mentions nothing about Jesus having been born in Bethlehem, saying only that he came from Nazareth. Current scholars are divided on the actual birthplace of Jesus: some believe he was actually born in Nazareth, while others still hold that he was born in Bethlehem.
Nonetheless, the tradition that Jesus was ... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | he very cave where he was supposed to have been born. The same cave is also referenced by the apocryphal Gospel of James and the fourth-century church historian Eusebius. After the Bar Kokhba revolt ( 132–136 CE) was crushed, the Roman emperor Hadrian converted the Christian site above the Grotto into a shrine dedicate... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | ed by a grove of Tammuz, that is to say, Adonis, and in the cave where once the infant Christ cried, the lover of Venus was lamented." Many scholars have taken this letter as evidence that the cave of the nativity over which the Church of the Nativity was later built had at one point been a shrine to the ancient Near E... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | Bethlehem. Peter Welten has argued that the cave was never dedicated to Tammuz and that Jerome misinterpreted Christian mourning over the Massacre of the Innocents as a pagan ritual over Tammuz's death. Joan E. Taylor has countered this contention by arguing that Jerome, as an educated man, could not have been so naïve... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | e emperor Constantine the Great, made a pilgrimage to Syra-Palaestina, in the course of which she visited the ruins of Bethlehem. The Church of the Nativity was built at her initiative over the cave where Jesus was purported to have been born. During the Samaritan revolt of 529, Bethlehem was sacked and its walls and t... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | ptured Bethlehem. A story recounted in later sources holds that they refrained from destroying the church on seeing the magi depicted in Persian clothing in a mosaic.
Middle Ages
In 637, shortly after Jerusalem was captured by the Muslim armies, 'Umar ibn al-Khattāb, the second Caliph, promised that the Church of the... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | f the Islamic caliphates of the Umayyads in the 8th century, then the Abbasids in the 9th century. A Persian geographer recorded in the mid-9th century that a well preserved and much venerated church existed in the town. In 985, the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi visited Bethlehem, and referred to its church as the "Basi... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | was ordered to be demolished, but was spared by local Muslims, because they had been permitted to worship in the structure's southern transept.
In 1099, Bethlehem was captured by the Crusaders, who fortified it and built a new monastery and cloister on the north side of the Church of the Nativity. The Greek Orthodox c... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | t king of the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem, was crowned in Bethlehem, and that year a Latin episcopate was also established in the town.
In 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who led the Muslim Ayyubids, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders. The Latin clerics were forced to leave, allowing the Greek Orthod... | [
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4312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem | Bethlehem | European pilgrims. William IV, Count of Nevers had promised the Christian bishops of Bethlehem that if Bethlehem should fall under Muslim control, he would welcome them in the small town of Clamecy in present-day Burgundy, France. As a result, the Bishop of Bethlehem duly took up residence in the hospital of Panthenor... | [
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