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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
h Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Sidon, was briefly ceded to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem by a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders. The treaty expired in 1239, and Bethlehem was recaptured by the Muslims...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
emolished. The Latin clergy returned to Bethlehem the following century, establishing themselves in the monastery adjoining the Basilica of the Nativity. The Greek Orthodox were given control of the basilica and shared control of the Milk Grotto with the Latins and the Armenians. Ottoman era From 1517, during the yea...
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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
illages in the District of Jerusalem, and was subdivided into seven quarters. The Basbus family served as the heads of Bethlehem among other leaders during this period. The Ottoman tax record and census from 1596 indicates that Bethlehem had a population of 1,435, making it the 13th largest village in Palestine at the ...
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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
der. Five leaders represented the village in the mid-16th century, three of whom were Muslims. Ottoman tax records suggest that the Christian population was slightly more prosperous or grew more grain than grapes (the former being a more valuable commodity). From 1831 to 1841, Palestine was under the rule of the Muham...
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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
er of a favored loyalist of Ibrahim Pasha. In 1841, Bethlehem came under Ottoman rule once again and remained so until the end of World War I. Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, compulsory military service, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to South America. An Ame...
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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Bethlehem had a population of 179 Muslims in 59 houses, 979 "Latins" in 256 houses, 824 "Greeks" in 213 houses, and 41 Armenians in 11 houses, a total of 539 houses. The population count only included men. Hartmann found that Bethlehem had 520 houses. Modern ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
tional enclave of Jerusalem to be administered by the United Nations. Jordan captured the city during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Many refugees from areas captured by Israeli forces in 1947–48 fled to the Bethlehem area, primarily settling in what became the official refugee camps of 'Azza (Beit Jibrin) and 'Aida in the...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
in 1967, when Bethlehem was captured by Israel, along with the rest of the West Bank. Following the Six-Day War, Israel took control of the city. During the early months of First Intifada, on 5 May 1989, Milad Anton Shahin, aged 12, was shot dead by Israeli soldiers. Replying to a Member of Knesset in August 1990 Defe...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
two plastic bullets in deviation of operational rules. No evidence was found that this caused the boy's death. The officer was found guilty of illegal use of a weapon and sentenced to 5 months imprisonment, two of them actually in prison doing public service. He was also demoted. . On December 21, 1995, Israeli troops...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
West Bank and the Gaza Strip. During the Second Palestinian Intifada in 2000–2005, Bethlehem's infrastructure and tourism industry were damaged. In 2002, it was a primary combat zone in Operation Defensive Shield, a major military counteroffensive by the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The IDF besieged the Church of the...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
countries. Today, the city is surrounded by two bypass roads for Israeli settlers, leaving the inhabitants squeezed between thirty-seven Jewish enclaves, where a quarter of all West Bank settlers, roughly 170,000, live; the gap between the two roads is closed by the 8-metre high Israeli West Bank barrier, which cuts B...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
d, for construction of thousands of new Israeli homes. Land seizures for Israeli settlements have also prevented construction of a new hospital for the inhabitants of Bethlehem, as well as the barrier separating dozens of Palestinian families from their farmland and Christian communities from their places of worship. ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
City and the Mediterranean Sea, west of Amman, Jordan, southeast of Tel Aviv, Israel and south of Jerusalem. Nearby cities and towns include Beit Safafa and Jerusalem to the north, Beit Jala to the northwest, Husan to the west, al-Khadr and Artas to the southwest, and Beit Sahour to the east. Beit Jala and the latt...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
s, laid out in a mosaic style, forming the area around the Manger Square. The quarters include the Christian an-Najajreh, al-Farahiyeh, al-Anatreh, al-Tarajmeh, al-Qawawsa and Hreizat quarters and al-Fawaghreh — the only Muslim quarter. Most of the Christian quarters are named after the Arab Ghassanid clans that settle...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
originate from Midyat and Ma'asarte in Turkey. The total population of the old city is about 5,000. Climate Bethlehem has a Mediterranean climate, with hot and dry summers and mild, wetter winters. Winter temperatures (mid-December to mid-March) can be cool and rainy. January is the coldest month, with temperatures ra...
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4312
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ves an average of of rainfall annually, 70% between November and January. Bethlehem's average annual relative humidity is 60% and reaches its highest rates between January and February. Humidity levels are at their lowest in May. Night dew may occur in up to 180 days per year. The city is influenced by the Mediterran...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ne. Demographics Population According to Ottoman tax records, Christians made up roughly 60% of the population in the early 16th century, while the Christian and Muslim population became equal by the mid-16th century. However, there were no Muslim inhabitants counted by the end of the century, with a recorded popula...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
a population of 3,000 to 4,000; of whom about 100 were Protestants, 300 were Muslims and "the remainder belonging to the Latin and Greek Churches with a few Armenians." Another report from the same year puts the Christian population at 3,000, with an additional 50 Muslims. An 1885 source put the population at approxim...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
olic denominations, and 13% Muslim. In the 1967 census taken by Israel authorities, the town of Bethlehem proper numbered 14,439 inhabitants, its 7,790 Muslim inhabitants represented 53.9% of the population, while the Christians of various denominations numbered 6,231 or 46.1%. In the PCBS's 1997 census, the city had ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
10, 20% from 10 to 19, 17.3% from 20 to 29, 17.7% from 30 to 44, 12.1% from 45 to 64 and 5.3% above the age of 65. There were 11,079 males and 10,594 females. In the 2007 PCBS census, Bethlehem had a population of 25,266, of which 12,753 were males and 12,513 were females. There were 6,709 housing units, of which 5,211...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ugh large numbers were ethnically Arabs of the Ghassanid clans. Bethlehem's two largest Arab Christian clans trace their ancestry to the Ghassanids, including al-Farahiyyah and an-Najajreh. The former have descended from the Ghassanids who migrated from Yemen and from the Wadi Musa area in present-day Jordan and an-Naj...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
-twentieth century. In 1947, Christians made up 85% of the population, but by 1998, the figure had declined to 40%. In 2005, the mayor of Bethlehem, Victor Batarseh, explained that "due to the stress, either physical or psychological, and the bad economic situation, many people are emigrating, either Christians or Musl...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
dents of violence against them by the Preventive Security Service and militant factions. In 2006, the Palestinian Centre for Research and Cultural Dialogue conducted a poll among the city's Christians according to which 90% said they had had Muslim friends, 73.3% agreed that the PNA treated Christian heritage in the ci...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
population of Bethlehem had declined to only 16%. A study by Pew Research Center concluded that the decline in the Arab Christian population of the area was partially a result of a lower birth rate among Christians than among Muslims, but also partially due to the fact that Christians were more likely to emigrate fro...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
s because it is easier for Arab Christians to integrate into western communities than for Arab Muslims, since many of them attend church-affiliated schools, where they are taught European languages. A higher percentage of Christians in the region are urban-dwellers, which also makes it easier for them to emigrate and a...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
higher education. Since the Second Intifada, 10% of the Christian population have left the city. However, it is likely that there are many other factors, most of which are shared with the Palestinian population as a whole. Economy Shopping is a major attraction, especially during the Christmas season. The city's mai...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ased by tourists visiting Bethlehem. Religious handicrafts include ornaments handmade from mother-of-pearl, as well as olive wood statues, boxes, and crosses. Other industries include stone and marble-cutting, textiles, furniture and furnishings. Bethlehem factories also produce paints, plastics, synthetic rubber, phar...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
own mainly in the al-Khader district. In 2007, the monastery's wine production was around 700,000 liters per year. In 2008, Bethlehem hosted the largest economic conference to date in the Palestinian territories. It was initiated by Palestinian Prime Minister and former Finance Minister Salam Fayyad to convince more t...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ss investments in the Palestinian territories. Tourism Tourism is Bethlehem's main industry. Unlike other Palestinian localities prior to 2000, the majority of the employed residents did not have jobs in Israel. More than 20% of the working population is employed in the industry. Tourism accounts for approximately 65...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Second Intifada, but gradually began to pick back up in the early 2010s. The Church of the Nativity is one of Bethlehem's major tourist attractions and a magnet for Christian pilgrims. It stands in the center of the city — a part of the Manger Square — over a grotto or cave called the Holy Crypt, where Jesus is belie...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
the dominant Latin version of the Bible until the Reformation. There are over thirty hotels in Bethlehem. Jacir Palace, built in 1910 near the church, is one of Bethlehem's most successful hotels and its oldest. It was closed down in 2000 due to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but reopened in 2005 as the Jacir Palac...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
hlehem, where Jesus was born. The Gospel of Matthew mentions Bethlehem as the place of birth, and adds that King Herod was told that a 'King of the Jews' had been born in the town, prompting Herod to order the killing of all the boys who were two years old or under in the town and surrounding area. Joseph, warned of He...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
eing born in Bethlehem: in one account, a verse in the Book of Micah is interpreted as a prophecy that the Messiah would be born there. The second century Christian apologist Justin Martyr stated in his Dialogue with Trypho (written c. 155–161) that the Holy Family had taken refuge in a cave outside of the town and the...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
s possibly one which had previously been a site of the cult of Tammuz. The Gospel of Mark and the Gospel of John do not include a nativity narrative, but refer to him only as being from Nazareth. In a 2005 article in Archaeology magazine, archaeologist Aviram Oshri points to an absence of evidence for the settlement of...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
O'Connor argues for the traditional position that Jesus was born in Bethlehem near Jerusalem. Christmas celebrations Christmas rites are held in Bethlehem on three different dates: December 25 is the traditional date by the Roman Catholic and Protestant denominations, but Greek, Coptic and Syrian Orthodox Christians ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
tholic services take place in St. Catherine's Church and Protestants often hold services at Shepherds' Fields. Other religious festivals Bethlehem celebrates festivals related to saints and prophets associated with Palestinian folklore. One such festival is the annual Feast of Saint George (al-Khadr) on May 5–6. Durin...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ce a sheep in ritual. The Feast of St. Elijah is commemorated by a procession to Mar Elias, a Greek Orthodox monastery north of Bethlehem. Culture Embroidery The women embroiderers of Bethlehem were known for their bridalwear. Bethlehem embroidery was renowned for its "strong overall effect of colors and metallic br...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ged sleeves with a short taqsireh jacket known as the Bethlehem jacket. The taqsireh was made of velvet or broadcloth, usually with heavy embroidery. Bethlehem work was unique in its use of couched gold or silver cord, or silk cord onto the silk, wool, felt or velvet used for the garment, to create stylized floral pat...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
nd by others to the formal costumes of the Ottoman Empire's elite. As a Christian village, local women were also exposed to the detailing on church vestments with their heavy embroidery and silver brocade. Mother-of-pearl carving The art of mother-of-pearl carving is said to have been a Bethlehem tradition since the ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
d by Richard Pococke, who visited Bethlehem in 1727. Cultural centers and museums Bethlehem is home to the Palestinian Heritage Center, established in 1991. The center aims to preserve and promote Palestinian embroidery, art and folklore. The International Center of Bethlehem is another cultural center that concentrat...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Conservatory of Music has about 500 students. Its primary goals are to teach children music, train teachers for other schools, sponsor music research, and the study of Palestinian folklore music. Bethlehem has four museums: The Crib of the Nativity Theatre and Museum offers visitors 31 three-dimensional models depict...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
and is primarily dedicated to the history and process of olive oil production. Baituna al-Talhami Museum, established in 1972, contains displays of Bethlehem culture. The International Museum of Nativity was built by United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) to exhibit "high artistic qua...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ter the mukhtars ("heads") of the quarters of Bethlehem's Old City (excluding the Syriac Quarter) made the decision to elect a local council of seven members to represent each clan in the town. A Basic Law was established so that if the victor for mayor was a Catholic, his deputy should be of the Greek Orthodox communi...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ing the number of municipal members in the council to 11. In 1976, an amendment was passed to allow women to vote and become council members and later the voting age was increased from 21 to 25. There are several branches of political parties on the council, including Communist, Islamist, and secular. The leftist fact...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
s. Hamas gained the majority of the open seats in the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections. Mayors In the October 2012 municipal elections, Fatah member Vera Baboun won, becoming the first female mayor of Bethlehem. Education According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), in 1997, approximately 84...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
bout 14.1% of high school students received diplomas. There were 135 schools in the Bethlehem Governorate in 2006; 100 run the Education Ministry of the Palestinian National Authority, seven by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) and 28 were private. Bethlehem is home to Bethlehem University, a Catholic...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
the West Bank, and can trace its roots to 1893 when the De La Salle Christian Brothers opened schools throughout Palestine and Egypt. Transportation Bethlehem has three bus stations owned by private companies which offer service to Jerusalem, Beit Jala, Beit Sahour, Hebron, Nahalin, Battir, al-Khader, al-Ubeidiya an...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
s with West Bank licenses are not allowed to enter Israel, including Jerusalem, without a permit. The Israeli construction of the West Bank barrier has affected Bethlehem politically, socially, and economically. The barrier is located along the northern side of the town's built-up area, within distance of houses in th...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
Israeli checkpoints and roadblocks. The level of access varies based on Israeli security directives. Travel for Bethlehem's Palestinian residents from the West Bank into Jerusalem is regulated by a permit-system. Palestinians require a permit to enter the Jewish holy site of Rachel's Tomb. Israeli citizens are barred f...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
ia Brescia, Italy Burlington, USA Capri, Italy Catanzaro, Italy Chartres, France Chivasso, Italy Civitavecchia, Italy Cologne, Germany Concepción, Chile Cori, Italy Creil, France Cusco, Peru Częstochowa, Poland Dakhla, Western Sahara Este, Italy Faggiano, Italy Florence, Italy Gallipoli, Italy Għajns...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
aint Petersburg, Russia Sarpsborg, Norway Steyr, Austria Villa Alemana, Chile Zaragoza, Spain See also Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Bethlehem, Wales Star of Bethlehem References Bibliography Sawsan & Shomali, Q., Bethlehem 2000. A Guide to Bethlehem and it Surroundings. Waldbrol, Flamm Druck Wagener GMBH, 199...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
he Holy Land website – pages on Bethlehem Bible Land Library* Open Bethlehem civil society project Bethlehem: Muslim-Christian living together Photo: Christmas in Bethlehem, 2008 Photo Gallery of Bethlehem from 2007 Bethlehem Fair Trade Artisans Bethlehem University Bethlehem City (Fact Sheet), Applied Research...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem
Bethlehem
assessment, ARIJ Palestinian Christian communities Cities in the West Bank Holy cities New Testament cities Torah cities Historic Jewish communities David Books of Samuel Nativity of Jesus in the New Testament Municipalities of the State of Palestine Christian holy places
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin () was the last of the two sons of Jacob and Rachel (Jacob's thirteenth child and twelfth and youngest son) in Jewish, Christian and Islamic tradition. He was also the progenitor of the Israelite Tribe of Benjamin. Unlike Rachel's first son, Joseph, Benjamin was born in Canaan according to biblical narrative. ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
ed against Joseph. Later rabbinic traditions name him as one of four ancient Israelites who died without sin, the other three being Chileab, Jesse and Amram. Name The name is first mentioned in letters from King Sîn-kāšid of Uruk (1801–1771 BC), who called himself “King of Amnanum” and was a member of the Amorite trib...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
amin". According to the Hebrew Bible, Benjamin's name arose when Jacob deliberately changed the name "Benoni", the original name of Benjamin, since Benoni was an allusion to Rachel's dying just after she had given birth, as it means "son of my pain". Textual scholars regard these two names as fragments of naming narra...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
n's name. Medieval commentator Rashi gives two different explanations, based on Midrashic sources. "Son of the south", with south derived from the word for the right hand side, referring to the birth of Benjamin in Canaan, as compared with the birth of all the other sons of Jacob in Aram. Modern scholars have proposed...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
in Jacob's old age. The Samaritan Pentateuch consistently spells his name "בן ימים", with a terminal mem, ("Binyamim"), which could be translated literally as "spirit man" but is in line with the interpretation that the name was a reference to the advanced age of Jacob when Benjamin was born. According to classical r...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
. Benjamin is treated as a young child in most of the Biblical narrative, but at one point is abruptly described as the father of ten sons. Textual scholars believe that this is the result of the genealogical passage, in which his children are named, being from a much later source than the Jahwist and Elohist narrative...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
beniamin/benjamín, respectively) is a common noun meaning the youngest child of a family, especially a particularly favoured one (with a similar connotation to "baby of the family"). Israelites in Egypt The Torah's Joseph narrative, at a stage when Joseph is unrecognised by his brothers, describes Joseph as testing w...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
enjamin become his slave as a punishment. The narrative goes on to state that when Judah (on behalf of the other brothers) begged Joseph not to enslave Benjamin and instead enslave him, since enslavement of Benjamin would break Jacob's heart. This caused Joseph to recant and reveal his identity. The midrashic book of ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
njamin divined that the man on the throne was Joseph, so Joseph identified himself to Benjamin (but not the other brothers), and revealed his scheme (as in the Torah) to test how fraternal the other brothers were. Some classical rabbinical sources argue that Joseph identified himself for other reasons. In these source...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
nt to him that he had named his sons in Joseph's honour. These sources go on to state that Benjamin's oath touched Joseph so deeply that Joseph was no longer able to pretend to be a stranger. In the narrative, just prior to this test, when Joseph had first met all of his brothers (but not identified himself to them), ...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
s Benjamin five times as much food as he apportions to the others. According to textual scholars, this is really the Jahwist's account of the reunion after Joseph identifies himself, and the account of the threat to enslave Benjamin is just the Elohist's version of the same event, with the Elohist being more terse abou...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin
Benjamin
their treatment in older passages, that Ephraim and Manasseh were originally considered one tribe, that of Joseph. According to several biblical scholars, Benjamin was also originally part of this single tribe, but the biblical account of Joseph as his father became lost. The description of Benjamin being born after t...
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Benjamin
iblical scholars suspect that the distinction of the Joseph tribes (including Benjamin) is that they were the only Israelites which went to Egypt and returned, while the main Israelite tribes simply emerged as a subculture from the Canaanites and had remained in Canaan throughout. According to this view, the story of ...
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Benjamin
e time they returned from Egypt. According to textual scholars, the Jahwist version of the Laban narrative only mentions the Joseph tribes, and Rachel, and does not mention the other tribal matriarchs whatsoever. Benjamin's sons According to Genesis 46:21, Benjamin had ten sons: Bela, Becher, Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi...
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Benjamin
ram and Aribath the daughter of Shomron. The classical rabbinical tradition adds that each son's name honors Joseph: Belah (meaning swallow), in reference to Joseph disappearing (being swallowed up) Becher (meaning first born), in reference to Joseph being the first child of Rachel Ashbel (meaning capture), in referen...
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Benjamin
meaning my brother), in reference to Joseph being Benjamin's only full-brother (as opposed to half-brothers) Rosh (meaning elder), in reference to Joseph being older than Benjamin Muppim (meaning double mouth), in reference to Joseph passing on what he had been taught by Jacob Huppim (meaning marriage canopies), in ref...
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Benjamin
enesis 46 and that in Numbers 26, where the sons of Benjamin are listed along with the tribes they are the progenitors of. Belah, progenitor of the Belaites, is in both lists Ashbel, progenitor of the Ashbelites, is in both lists Ahiram, progenitor of the Ahiramites, appears in this list but not the first Shupham, prog...
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Benjamin
m the second list. Ard and Naaman, who are the sons of Benjamin according to Numbers 26, are listed as the sons of Belah and are the progenitors of the Ardites and the Naamites respectively. In Islam Though not named in the Quran, Benjamin (Arabic: بنيامين Benyamýn) is referred to as the righteous youngest son of Yaqu...
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Benjamin
b's wife Rahýl. As with Jewish tradition, it also further links a connection between the names of Benjamin's children and Joseph. Family tree See also Benjamin (disambiguation) For a list of persons with the given name Benjamin see Tribe of Benjamin Paul the Apostle, also known as Rabbi Shaul—a student of Gamlie...
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Benjamin
of Mordecai the Jew—see the Book of Esther Citations General references External links "Benjamin", The Jewish Encyclopedia, 1908: Material on the tribe, its territory, Rabbinical tradition and Islam. Children of Jacob Founders of biblical tribes Book of Jubilees
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath
Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath were an English rock band formed in Birmingham in 1968 by guitarist Tony Iommi, drummer Bill Ward, bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. They are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath (1970), Paranoid (1970), and Mast...
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Black Sabbath
of the group called the Polka Tulk Blues Band and Earth, the band settled on the name Black Sabbath in 1969. They distinguished themselves through occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics and down-tuned guitars. Signing to Philips Records in November 1969, they released their first single, "Evil Woman" in January 197...
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Black Sabbath
oid, later that year. The band's popularity grew, and by 1973's Sabbath Bloody Sabbath, critics were starting to respond favourably. Osbourne's excessive substance abuse led to his firing in 1979. He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio. Following two albums with Dio, Black Sabbath endured many per...
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Black Sabbath
7, was the second longest serving vocalist and recorded three albums with Black Sabbath before his dismissal in 1991. That same year, Iommi and Butler were rejoined by Dio and drummer Vinny Appice to record Dehumanizer (1992). After two more studio albums with Martin, who replaced Dio in 1993, the band's original line-...
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Black Sabbath
well as the Mob Rules-era lineup reunited as Heaven & Hell, there was no further activity under the Black Sabbath name for six years. They reunited in 2011 and released their final studio album and nineteenth overall, 13 (2013), which features all of the original members except Ward. During their farewell tour, the ban...
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Black Sabbath
y successful heavy metal bands. They were ranked by MTV as the "Greatest Metal Band" of all time, and placed second in VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock" list. Rolling Stone magazine ranked them number 85 on their "100 Greatest Artists of All Time". Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2...
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Black Sabbath
ry 1968–1969: Formation and early days Following the break-up of their previous band Mythology in 1968, guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward sought to form a heavy blues rock band in Aston, Birmingham. They enlisted bassist Geezer Butler and vocalist Ozzy Osbourne, who had played together in a band called Rare B...
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Black Sabbath
a brand of talcum powder or an Indian/Pakistani clothing shop; the exact origin is confused. The Polka Tulk Blues Band included slide guitarist Jimmy Phillips, a childhood friend of Osbourne's, and saxophonist Alan "Aker" Clarke. After shortening the name to Polka Tulk, the band again changed their name to Earth (which...
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Black Sabbath
ly. Rather than asking them to leave, they instead decided to break up and then quietly reformed the band as a four-piece. While the band was performing under the Earth title, they recorded several demos written by Norman Haines such as "The Rebel", "Song for Jim", and "When I Came Down". The demo titled "Song for Jim"...
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Black Sabbath
rted a new club named Henry's Blueshouse at The Crown Hotel in Birmingham and offered to let Earth play there after they agreed to waive the usual support band fee in return for free t-shirts. The audience response was positive and Simpson agreed to manage Earth. In December 1968, Iommi abruptly left Earth to join Jet...
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Black Sabbath
Jethro Tull, Iommi returned to Earth by the end of the month. "It just wasn't right, so I left", Iommi said. "At first I thought Tull were great, but I didn't much go for having a leader in the band, which was Ian Anderson's way. When I came back from Tull, I came back with a new attitude altogether. They taught me th...
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Black Sabbath
name again. A cinema across the street from the band's rehearsal room was showing the 1963 horror film Black Sabbath starring Boris Karloff and directed by Mario Bava. While watching people line up to see the film, Butler noted that it was "strange that people spend so much money to see scary movies". Following that, ...
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Black Sabbath
of a black silhouetted figure standing at the foot of his bed. Making use of the musical tritone, also known as "the Devil's Interval", the song's ominous sound and dark lyrics pushed the band in a darker direction, a stark contrast to the popular music of the late 1960s, which was dominated by flower power, folk musi...
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Black Sabbath
h in August 1969, and made the decision to focus on writing similar material, in an attempt to create the musical equivalent of horror films. 1969–1971: Black Sabbath and Paranoid The band's first show as Black Sabbath took place on 30 August 1969, in Workington, England. They were signed to Philips Records in Novembe...
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Black Sabbath
ses were handled by Philips' newly formed progressive rock label, Vertigo Records. Black Sabbath's first major exposure came when the band appeared on John Peel's Top Gear radio show in 1969, performing "Black Sabbath", "N.I.B.", "Behind the Wall of Sleep", and "Sleeping Village" to a national audience in Great Britai...
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Black Sabbath
bum with producer Rodger Bain. Iommi recalls recording live: "We thought 'We have two days to do it and one of the days is mixing.' So we played live. Ozzy was singing at the same time, we just put him in a separate booth and off we went. We never had a second run of most of the stuff." Black Sabbath was released on F...
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Black Sabbath
board 200, where it remained for over a year. The album was given negative reviews by many critics. Lester Bangs dismissed it in a Rolling Stone review as "discordant jams with bass and guitar reeling like velocitised speedfreaks all over each other's musical perimeters, yet never quite finding synch". It sold in subst...
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Black Sabbath
and in the UK by British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and is now generally accepted as the first heavy metal album. The band returned to the studio in June 1970, just four months after Black Sabbath was released. The new album was initially set to be named War Pigs after the song "War Pigs", which was critical of the ...
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Black Sabbath
nough songs for the album, and Tony just played the [Paranoid] guitar lick and that was it. It took twenty, twenty-five minutes from top to bottom." The single was released in September 1970 and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart, remaining Black Sabbath's only top ten hit. The album followed in the UK in Octo...
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Black Sabbath
ill on the chart at the time of Paranoids UK release. The album reached No. 12 in the U.S. in March 1971, and would go on to sell four million copies in the U.S., with virtually no radio airplay. Like Black Sabbath, the album was panned by rock critics of the era, but modern-day reviewers such as AllMusic's Steve Huey ...
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Black Sabbath
lbum was ranked at No. 131 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Paranoids chart success allowed the band to tour the U.S. for the first time (playing their first U.S. show at a club called Ungano's at 210 West 70th Street in New York City) and spawned the release of the album's secon...
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Black Sabbath
's "Psycho Man". 1971–1973: Master of Reality and Volume 4 In February 1971, after a one-off performance at the Myponga Pop Festival in Australia, Black Sabbath returned to the studio to begin work on their third album. Following the chart success of Paranoid, the band were afforded more studio time, along with a "br...
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Black Sabbath
forget them, because you were just so out of it." Production completed in April 1971, in July the band released Master of Reality, just six months after the U.S. release of Paranoid. The album reached the top ten in the U.S. and the United Kingdom, and was certified gold in less than two months, eventually receiving p...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath
Black Sabbath
et Leaf". Critical response of the era was generally unfavourable, with Lester Bangs delivering an ambivalent review of Master of Reality in Rolling Stone, describing the closing "Children of the Grave" as "naïve, simplistic, repetitive, absolute doggerel – but in the tradition [of rock'n'roll]... The only criterion is...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath
Black Sabbath
r in 1972, Sabbath took its first break in three years. As Ward explained: "The band started to become very fatigued and very tired. We'd been on the road non-stop, year in and year out, constantly touring and recording. I think Master of Reality was kind of like the end of an era, the first three albums, and we decide...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath
Black Sabbath
e band experimenting with new textures, such as strings, piano, orchestration and multi-part songs. Recording was plagued with problems, many as a result of substance abuse issues. Struggling to record the song "Cornucopia" after "sitting in the middle of the room, just doing drugs", Ward was nearly fired. "I hated the...
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath
Black Sabbath
home, you're not being of any use right now.' I felt like I'd blown it, I was about to get fired". Butler thought that the end product "was very badly produced, as far as I was concerned. Our then-manager insisted on producing it, so he could claim production costs." The album was originally titled Snowblind after the...
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