AE-data/dual-use-papers

Dual-Use Papers

A curated collection of academic papers converted to markdown, labeled by subject-matter category. Built for research on dual-use capabilities in LLMs.

Schema

Column	Type	Description
category	string	Topic label (see mapping below)
source	string	Provenance tag, e.g. europe-pmc, arxiv_cs.CR, osti
url	string	URL to the original PDF
text	string	Full paper text in markdown format

Category Mapping

Source	Category
Europe PMC	biology
OSTI	nuclear
arXiv nucl-th, nucl-ex	nuclear
arXiv cs.CR, cs.NI, cs.OS	cyber
arXiv (all other categories)	other

Statistics

Total rows: 415,536

Category	Rows
biology	192,461
cyber	49,810
nuclear	79,706
other	93,559

Source	Rows
europe-pmc	192,461
osti	32,316
arXiv (cyber)	49,810
arXiv (nuclear)	47,390
arXiv (other)	93,559

Sources

• Europe PMC — Open-access biomedical and life-science literature from europepmc.org.
• arXiv — Preprints across physics, mathematics, computer science, and more from arxiv.org. Dual-use categories (cyber, nuclear) are collected exhaustively from 1991 to the present. Other categories are sampled and balanced to match the dual-use count.
• OSTI — Technical reports and journal articles from the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information.

Processing

1. Metadata is collected via source-specific APIs (arXiv, Europe PMC, OSTI).
2. PDFs are downloaded and converted to markdown using GROBID.
3. arXiv "other" papers are shuffled and truncated so their count exactly matches the number of dual-use arXiv papers.

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("AE-data/dual-use-papers", split="train")
print(ds)
print(ds[0]["category"], ds[0]["text"][:200])

Note

This dataset is intended solely for safety and scientific research purposes.