message stringlengths 8 9.83k | message_type stringclasses 3 values | message_id int64 0 2 | conversation_id int64 67.8k 898k | cluster float64 17 17 | __index_level_0__ int64 203k 2.69M |
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Please answer with one of the option in the bracket | instruction | 0 | 67,819 | 17 | 203,047 |
C: Expulsion by the mucociliary escalator | output | 1 | 67,819 | 17 | 203,048 |
Q:An investigator studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 6.7-μm sized particles to a healthy subject via a nonrebreather mask. Which of the following is the most likely route of clearance of the particulate matter in this subject??
{'A': 'Trapping by nasal vibrissae', 'B': 'Swallowing of nasopharyngeal mucus', 'C': 'Expulsion by the mucociliary escalator', 'D': 'Phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages', 'E': 'Diffusion into pulmonary capillaries'}, | input | 2 | 67,819 | 17 | 203,049 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,316 | 17 | 231,538 |
Association of In-Ear Device Use With Communication Quality Among Individuals Wearing Personal Protective Equipment in a Simulated Operating Room | output | 1 | 77,316 | 17 | 231,539 |
Importance: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought forth new challenges for health care workers, such as the daily use of personal protective equipment, including reusable facial respirators. Poor communication while wearing respirators may have fatal complications for patients, and no solution has been proposed to date. Objective: To examine whether use of an in-ear communication device is associated with improved communication while wearing different personal protective equipment (N95 mask, half-face elastomeric respirator, and powered air-purifying respirator [PAPR]) in the operating room. Design, Setting, and Participants: This quality improvement study was conducted in June 2020. Surgical residents from the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, were recruited. All participants had normal hearing, were fluent in English, and had access to the operating rooms at the Royal Victoria Hospital. Exposures: All participants performed the speech intelligibility tasks with and without an in-ear communication device. Main Outcomes and Measures: Speech intelligibility was measured using a word recognition task (Modified Rhyme Test) and a sentence recognition task (AzBio Sentence Test). A percentage correct score (0% to 100%) was obtained for each speech intelligibility test. Listening effort was assessed using the NASA Task Load Index. An overall workload score, ranging from 0 points (low workload) to 100 points (high workload), was obtained. Results: A total of 12 participants were included (mean [SD] age, 31.2 [1.9] years; 8 women [66.7%]). AzBio Sentence Test results revealed that, while wearing the N95 mask, the mean (SD) speech intelligibility was 98.8% (1.8%) without the in-ear device vs 94.3% (7.4%) with the device. While wearing the half-face elastomeric respirator, the mean speech intelligibility was 58.5% (12.4%) without the in-ear device vs 90.8% (8.9%) with the device. While wearing the PAPR, the mean speech intelligibility was 84.6% (9.8%) without the in-ear device vs 94.5% (5.5%) with the device. Use of the in-ear device was associated with a significant improvement in speech intelligibility while wearing the half-face elastomeric respirator (32.3%; 95% CI, 23.8%-40.7%; P < .001) and the PAPR (9.9%; 95% CI, 1.4%-18.3%; P = .01). Furthermore, use of the device was associated with decreased listening effort. The NASA Task Load Index results reveal that, while wearing the N95 mask, the mean (SD) overall workload score was 12.6 (10.6) points without the in-ear device vs 17.6 (9.2) points with the device. While wearing the half-face elastomeric respirator, the mean overall workload score was 67.7 (21.6) points without the in-ear device vs 29.3 (14.4) points with the in-ear device. While wearing the PAPR, the mean overall workload score was 42.2 (18.2) points without the in-ear device vs 23.8 (12.8) points with the in-ear device. Use of the in-ear device was associated with a significant decrease in overall workload score while wearing the half-face elastomeric respirator (38.4; 95% CI, 23.5-53.3; P < .001) and the PAPR (18.4; 95% CI, 0.4-36.4; P = .04). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that among participants using facial respirators that impaired communication, a novel in-ear device was associated with improved communication and decreased listening effort. Such a device may be a feasible solution for protecting health care workers in the operating room while allowing them to communicate safely, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. | input | 2 | 77,316 | 17 | 231,540 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,385 | 17 | 231,745 |
Polymeric surfaces with biocidal action: challenges imposed by the SARS-CoV-2, technologies employed, and future perspectives | output | 1 | 77,385 | 17 | 231,746 |
The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that hygiene habits reduce the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on contaminated surfaces In this context, compounds with biocidal properties can act as surface coatings, especially in hospital environments, a source of pathogenic microorganisms Therefore, the purpose of this review was to report an overview of recent studies with biocidal agents, focusing on polymeric surface modification Methods such as direct incorporation, direct deposition, and chemical deposition of the microbial agent on the polymeric surface and surface modification without a microbial agent were discussed Despite several studies in the literature, antimicrobial materials still face challenges such as commercialization, material stability in post-processing, and guarantee of long cycles Moreover, effectiveness, toxicity, and final cost must be balanced We also discussed the concept of antiviral activity and the action mode of the materials Inorganic, organic materials, nanocomposites, and biopolymers have been addressed as viral inhibitors of several diseases Lastly, we explored the functional validation of polymeric surface through characterization techniques | input | 2 | 77,385 | 17 | 231,747 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,454 | 17 | 231,952 |
Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Part 2 - Hand hygiene and other hygiene measures: systematic review and meta-analysis. | output | 1 | 77,454 | 17 | 231,953 |
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of hand hygiene, surface disinfecting, and other hygiene interventions in preventing or reducing the spread of illnesses from respiratory viruses. DESIGN: Update of a systematic review and meta-analysis focussing on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster-RCTs (c-RCTs) evidence only. DATA SOURCES: Eligible trials from the previous Cochrane review, search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase and CINAHL from 01 October 2010 to 01 April 2020, and forward and backward citation analysis of included studies. DATA SELECTION: RCTs and c-RCTs involving people of any age, testing the use of hand hygiene methods, surface disinfection or cleaning, and other miscellaneous barrier interventions. Face masks, eye protection, and person distancing are covered in Part 1 of our systematic review. Outcomes included acute respiratory illness (ARI), influenza-like illness (ILI) or laboratory-confirmed influenza (influenza) and/or related consequences (e.g. death, absenteeism from school or work). DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Six authors working in pairs independently assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool and extracted data. The generalised inverse variance method was used for pooling by using the random-effects model, and results reported with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: We identified 51 eligible trials. We included 25 randomised trials comparing hand hygiene interventions with a control; 15 of these could be included in meta-analyses. We pooled 8 trials for the outcome of ARI. Hand hygiene showed a 16% relative reduction in the number of participants with ARI (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.86) in the intervention group. When we considered the more strictly defined outcomes of ILI and influenza, the RR for ILI was 0.98 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.14), and for influenza the RR was 0.91 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.34). Three trials measured absenteeism. We found a 36% relative reduction in absentee numbers in the hand hygiene group (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.71). Comparison of different hand hygiene interventions did not favour one intervention type over another. We found no incremental effects of combining hand hygiene with using face masks or disinfecting surfaces or objects. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of evidence for the impact of hand hygiene in reducing ILI and influenza, the modest evidence for reducing the burden of ARIs, and related absenteeism, justifies reinforcing the standard recommendation for hand hygiene measures to reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Funding for relevant trials with an emphasis on adherence and compliance with such a measure is crucial to inform policy and global pandemic preparedness with confidence and precision. | input | 2 | 77,454 | 17 | 231,954 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,533 | 17 | 232,189 |
UV-C light completely blocks highly contagious Delta SARS-CoV-2 aerosol transmission in hamsters | output | 1 | 77,533 | 17 | 232,190 |
Behavioral and medical control measures are not effective in containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on the effectiveness of a preemptive environmental strategy using UV-C light to prevent airborne transmission of the virus in a hamster model and show that UV-C exposure completely prevents airborne transmission between individuals | input | 2 | 77,533 | 17 | 232,191 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,746 | 17 | 232,828 |
Face mask—A potential source of phthalate exposure for human | output | 1 | 77,746 | 17 | 232,829 |
Face masks are necessary for fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 around the world. As the face mask is usually made from polymers and phthalates are widely-used additives into the polymers, the face mask could be a potential source of phthalate exposure to humans. However, limited knowledge is available on the occurrence and risks of the phthalates from the face mask. In this study, twelve phthalates were determined in 56 mask samples collected from different countries. The phthalates were detected in all the samples with total levels ranging from 115 ng/g to 37,700 ng/g. Estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of the phthalates from the masks ranged from 3.71 to 639 ng/kg-bw/day, and the EDIs of the phthalates from masks for toddlers were approximately 4–5 times higher than those for adults. Non-carcinogenic risks in relation to the phthalates in masks were found to be within safe levels, yet 89.3% of the mask samples exhibited potential carcinogenic effects to humans. The extent of the risks for wearing masks located at a moderate level comparing with other skin-contacted products. This study unveiled a potential source of phthalate exposure to human, and indicated necessity of managing types and levels of additives in the face masks. | input | 2 | 77,746 | 17 | 232,830 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 77,989 | 17 | 233,557 |
Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Coatings: Current Mechanisms and Future Perspectives to Control the Spread of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2 | output | 1 | 77,989 | 17 | 233,558 |
The global COVID-19 pandemic has attracted considerable attention toward innovative methods and technologies for suppressing the spread of viruses. Transmission via contaminated surfaces has been recognized as an important route for spreading SARS-CoV-2. Although significant efforts have been made to develop antibacterial surface coatings, the literature remains scarce for a systematic study on broad-range antiviral coatings. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the antiviral materials and coatings that could be implemented for suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 via contaminated surfaces. We discuss the mechanism of operation and effectivity of several types of inorganic and organic materials, in the bulk and nanomaterial form, and assess the possibility of implementing these as antiviral coatings. Toxicity and environmental concerns are also discussed for the presented approaches. Finally, we present future perspectives with regards to emerging antimicrobial technologies such as omniphobic surfaces and assess their potential in suppressing surface-mediated virus transfer. Although some of these emerging technologies have not yet been tested directly as antiviral coatings, they hold great potential for designing the next generation of antiviral surfaces. | input | 2 | 77,989 | 17 | 233,559 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,005 | 17 | 233,605 |
Low-cost, safe, and effective smoke evacuation device for surgical procedures in the COVID-19 age | output | 1 | 78,005 | 17 | 233,606 |
BACKGROUND: Smoke is generated by energy-based surgical instruments. The airborne by-products may have potential health implications. METHODS: We developed a simple way to use de conventional surgical evacuator coupled with de electrosurgical pen attached to a 14G bladder catheter for open surgery. It was used in ten prospective patients with breast cancer. RESULTS: We notice a high reduction in surgical smoke during all breast surgery. A questionnaire was used for all participants of the surgery to answer the impression that they had about the device. The subjective impression was that the surgical smoke in contact whit the surgical team was reduced by more than 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical smoke is the gaseous by-product produced by heat-generating devices in various surgical procedures. Surgical smoke may contain chemicals particles, bacteria, and viruses that are harmful and increase the risk of infection for surgeons and all the team in the operation room due to long term exposure of smoke mainly in coronavirus disease 2019 age. The adapted device described is a very simple and cheaper way to use smoke evacuators attached with the monopolar electrosurgical pen to reduce smoke exposure to the surgical team worldwide. | input | 2 | 78,005 | 17 | 233,607 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,018 | 17 | 233,644 |
Safety and Efficacy of Casting during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparison of the Mechanical Properties of Polymers Used for 3D Printing to Conventional Materials Used for the Generation of Orthopaedic Orthoses. | output | 1 | 78,018 | 17 | 233,645 |
To reduce the risk of spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), the emerging protocols are advising for less physician-patient contact, shortening the contact time, and keeping a safe distance. It is recommended that unnecessary casting be avoided in the events that alternative methods can be applied such as in stable ankle fractures, and hindfoot/midfoot/forefoot injuries. Fiberglass casts are suboptimal because they require a follow up for cast removal while a conventional plaster cast is amenable to self-removal by submerging in water and cutting the cotton bandages with scissors. At present, only fiberglass casts are widely available to allow waterproof casting. To reduce the contact time during casting, a custom-made 3D printed casts/splints can be ordered remotely which reduces the number of visits and shortens the contact time while it allows for self-removal by the patient. The cast is printed after the limb is 3D scanned in 5-10 seconds using the commercially available 3D scanners. In contrast to the conventional casting, a 3D printed cast/splint is washable which is an advantage during an infectious crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic. | input | 2 | 78,018 | 17 | 233,646 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,172 | 17 | 234,106 |
Aerosols and Bacteria From Hand Washing and Drying in Indoor Air | output | 1 | 78,172 | 17 | 234,107 |
Effective hand drying is an important part of hand hygiene that can reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission through cross-contamination of surfaces by wet hands. However, hand drying methods may also cause aerosolisation of pathogenic microorganisms if they are present in washed hands. This study investigated experimentally the impact of washing hands and different hand drying methods on the concentration and size distribution of aerosols and bacteria in indoor air. In this experiment, aerosol and bacteria concentrations were measured in indoor air while volunteers rinsed their hands with water or washed with soap and water prior to drying them with paper towels or jet air dryers. Results showed that the concentration of aerosols and bacteria in air increased with people walking in the room and washing hands, with a further increase during the hand drying process. The concentration of aerosols decreased with particle size, with maximum concentrations after drying hands of 6.63 × 106 ± 6.49 × 105 and 2.28 × 104 ± 9.72 × 103 particles m−3 for sizes 0.3 to <0.5 and ≥5.0 μm, respectively. The concentration of bacteria in indoor air after drying hands increased to a maximum of 3.81 × 102 ± 1.48 × 102 CFU m−3 (jet air dryers) and 4.50 × 102 ± 4.35 × 101 CFU m−3 (paper towels). This study indicates that the increase of aerosols and bacteria in air after drying hands with jet air dryers or paper towels are comparable and not statistically different from concentrations associated with walking and washing hands in the same environment. This work can support the development of hand hygiene practices and guidelines for public washrooms. | input | 2 | 78,172 | 17 | 234,108 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,231 | 17 | 234,283 |
Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission in a workplace based on CO2 sensor network | output | 1 | 78,231 | 17 | 234,284 |
We measured the compartmental air change per hour (ACH) using a CO2 sensor network in an office space where a cluster of COVID-19 infections attributed to aerosol transmission occurred. Generalized linear mixed models and dynamic time warping were used for a time series data analysis, and the results indicated that the ventilation conditions were poor at the time of the cluster outbreak, and that the low ACH in the room likely contributed to the outbreak. In addition, the adverse effects of inappropriate partitions and the effectiveness of ventilation improvements were investigated in detail. ACH of less than 2 /h was considered a main contributor for the formation of the COVID-19 cluster in the studied facility. | input | 2 | 78,231 | 17 | 234,285 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,396 | 17 | 234,778 |
Fit-testing of respiratory protective equipment in the UK during the initial response to the COVID-19 pandemic | output | 1 | 78,396 | 17 | 234,779 |
BACKGROUND: Public Health England guidance stipulates the use of filtering facepiece (FFP3) masks for healthcare workers engaged in aerosol-generating procedures. Mask fit-testing of respiratory protective equipment is essential to protect healthcare workers from aerosolized particles. AIM: To analyse the outcome of mask fit-testing across National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in the UK during the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: Using the Freedom of Information Act, 137 NHS hospitals were approached on May 26th, 2020 by an independent researcher to provide data on the outcome of fit-testing at each site. FINDINGS: Ninety-six hospitals responded to the request between May 26th, 2020 to October 29th, 2020. There was a total of 86 mask types used across 56 hospitals, 13 of which were used in at least 10% of these hospitals; the most frequently used was the FFP3M1863, used by 92.86% of hospitals. Overall fit-testing pass rates were provided by 32 hospitals with mean pass rate of 80.74%. The most successful masks, in terms of fit-test failure rates, were the Alpha Solway 3030V and the Alpha Solway S-3V (both reporting mean fit-test failures of 2%). Male- and female-specific pass and failure rates were provided by seven hospitals. Across the seven hospitals, 20.1% of men tested failed the fit-test for all masks used, whereas 19.9% of women tested failed the fit-test for all masks used. Failure rates were significantly higher in staff from Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic (BAME) backgrounds 644/2507 (25.69%) across four hospitals. CONCLUSION: Twenty percent of healthcare workers tested during the first response to the pandemic failed fit-testing for masks. A small sample revealed that this was most prominent in staff from BAME backgrounds. | input | 2 | 78,396 | 17 | 234,780 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,512 | 17 | 235,126 |
Decontamination and re-use of surgical masks and respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic | output | 1 | 78,512 | 17 | 235,127 |
OBJECTIVES: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic increased global demand for personal protective equipment (PPE) and resulted in shortages. The study evaluated the re-use of surgical masks and respirators by analysing their performance and safety before and after reprocessing using the following methods: oven, thermal drying, autoclave, and hydrogen peroxide plasma vapour. METHODS: In total, 45 surgical masks and 69 respirators were decontaminated. Visual integrity, air permeability, burst resistance, pressure differential and particulate filtration efficiency of new and decontaminated surgical masks and respirators were evaluated. In addition, 14 used respirators were analysed after work shifts before and after decontamination using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and viral culturing. Finally, reprocessed respirators were evaluated by users in terms of functionality and comfort. RESULTS: Oven decontamination (75 °C for 45 min) was found to be the simplest decontamination method. Physical and filtration assays indicated that all reprocessing methods were safe after one cycle. Oven decontamination maintained the characteristics of surgical masks and respirators for at least five reprocessing cycles. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR in two of the 14 used respirators. Four respirators submitted to viral culture were PCR-negative and culture-negative. Reprocessed respirators used in work shifts were evaluated positively by users, even after three decontamination cycles. CONCLUSION: Oven decontamination is a safe method for reprocessing surgical masks and respirators for at least five cycles, and is feasible in the hospital setting. | input | 2 | 78,512 | 17 | 235,128 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,571 | 17 | 235,303 |
A review of impact of textile research on protective face masks | output | 1 | 78,571 | 17 | 235,304 |
COVID-19, classified as SARS-CoV-2, is causing an ongoing global pandemic The pandemic has resulted in the loss of lives and has caused economic hardships Most of the devices used to protect against the transmission of the novel COVID-19 disease are related to textile structures Hence, the challenge for textile professionals is to design and develop suitable textile structures with multiple functionalities for capturing viruses, passivating them, and, at the same time, having no adverse effects on humans during the complete period of use In addition to manufacturing efficient, biocompatible, and cost-effective protective face masks, it is also necessary to inform the public about the benefits and risks of protective face mask materials The purpose of this article is to address the concerns of efficiency and efficacy of face masks by primarily reviewing the literature of research conducted at the Technical University of Liberec The main focus is on the presentation of problems related to the specification of aims of face mask applications, mechanisms of capture, durability, and modes of sterilization The recommendations, instead of conclusions, are addressed to the whole textile society because they should be leading players in the design, creation, and proper treatment of face masks due to their familiarity with the complex behavior of textile structures and targeted changes of structural hierarchy starting from polymeric chains (nano-level) and ending in planar textile structures (millimeter level) due to action by mechanical, physical and chemical fields This becomes extremely critical to saving hundreds of thousands of lives from COVID-19 © 2021 by the authors Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland | input | 2 | 78,571 | 17 | 235,305 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,605 | 17 | 235,405 |
Conversion of self-contained breathing apparatus mask to open source powered air-purifying particulate respirator for fire fighter COVID-19 response | output | 1 | 78,605 | 17 | 235,406 |
To assist firefighters and other first responders to use their existing equipment for respiration during the COVID-19 pandemic without using single-use, low-supply, masks, this study outlines an open source kit to convert a 3M-manufactured Scott Safety self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) into a powered air-purifying particulate respirator (PAPR). The open source PAPR can be fabricated with a low-cost 3-D printer and widely available components for less than $150, replacing commercial conversion kits saving 85% or full-fledged proprietary PAPRs saving over 90%. The parametric designs allow for adaptation to other core components and can be custom fit specifically to fire-fighter equipment, including their suspenders. The open source PAPR has controllable air flow and its design enables breathing even if the fan is disconnected or if the battery dies. The open source PAPR was tested for air flow as a function of battery life and was found to meet NIOSH air flow requirements for 4 h, which is 300% over expected regular use. | input | 2 | 78,605 | 17 | 235,407 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,788 | 17 | 235,954 |
Protective Face Masks: Current Status and Future Trends. | output | 1 | 78,788 | 17 | 235,955 |
Management of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has relied in part on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Face masks, as a representative example of PPE, have made a particularly significant contribution. However, most commonly used face masks are made of materials lacking inactivation properties against either SARS-CoV-2 or multidrug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals wearing masks can still infect others due to viable microbial loads escaping from the masks. Moreover, microbial contact transmission can occur by touching the mask, and the discarded masks are an increasing source of contaminated biological waste and a serious environmental threat. For this reason, during the current pandemic, many researchers have worked to develop face masks made of advanced materials with intrinsic antimicrobial, self-cleaning, reusable, and/or biodegradable properties, thereby providing extra protection against pathogens in a sustainable manner. To overview this segment of the remarkable efforts against COVID-19, this review describes the different types of commercialized face masks, their main fabrication methods and treatments, and the progress achieved in face mask development. | input | 2 | 78,788 | 17 | 235,956 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 78,807 | 17 | 236,011 |
Inactivation Rates for Airborne Human Coronavirus by Low Doses of 222 nm Far-UVC Radiation | output | 1 | 78,807 | 17 | 236,012 |
Recent research using UV radiation with wavelengths in the 200–235 nm range, often referred to as far-UVC, suggests that the minimal health hazard associated with these wavelengths will allow direct use of far-UVC radiation within occupied indoor spaces to provide continuous disinfection. Earlier experimental studies estimated the susceptibility of airborne human coronavirus OC43 exposed to 222-nm radiation based on fitting an exponential dose–response curve to the data. The current study extends the results to a wider range of doses of 222 nm far-UVC radiation and uses a computational model coupling radiation transport and computational fluid dynamics to improve dosimetry estimates. The new results suggest that the inactivation of human coronavirus OC43 within our exposure system is better described using a bi-exponential dose–response relation, and the estimated susceptibility constant at low doses—the relevant parameter for realistic low dose rate exposures—was 12.4 ± 0.4 cm(2)/mJ, which described the behavior of 99.7% ± 0.05% of the virus population. This new estimate is more than double the earlier susceptibility constant estimates that were based on a single-exponential dose response. These new results offer further evidence as to the efficacy of far-UVC to inactivate airborne pathogens. | input | 2 | 78,807 | 17 | 236,013 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,038 | 17 | 236,704 |
Preventing the spread of norovirus-like infections by the airborne route using plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT) | output | 1 | 79,038 | 17 | 236,705 |
Zoonoses are frequently reported, and outbreaks of the highly pathogenic influenza virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome have occurred recently, in Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Sterilization using a chemical reactor with plasma assisted catalytic technology (PACT) was investigated. Tests were carried out on the feline calicivirus (FCV) vaccine strain F9, which is a surrogate of airborne pathogen human norovirus. Results showed that the PACT device could inactivate FCV, which passed through the plasma chamber. Sterilization rate may be more than 99.99% (below the detection limit). These results indicate that PACT may be an effective mean to inactivate many viruses, including human norovirus, and potentially other airborne, infectious microorganisms. | input | 2 | 79,038 | 17 | 236,706 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,247 | 17 | 237,331 |
Likelihood of survival of coronavirus in a respiratory droplet deposited on a solid surface | output | 1 | 79,247 | 17 | 237,332 |
We predict and analyze the drying time of respiratory droplets from a COVID-19 infected subject, which is a crucial time to infect another subject. Drying of the droplet is predicted by using a diffusion-limited evaporation model for a sessile droplet placed on a partially wetted surface with a pinned contact line. The variation in droplet volume, contact angle, ambient temperature, and humidity are considered. We analyze the chances of the survival of the virus present in the droplet based on the lifetime of the droplets under several conditions and find that the chances of the survival of the virus are strongly affected by each of these parameters. The magnitude of shear stress inside the droplet computed using the model is not large enough to obliterate the virus. We also explore the relationship between the drying time of a droplet and the growth rate of the spread of COVID-19 in five different cities and find that they are weakly correlated. | input | 2 | 79,247 | 17 | 237,333 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,259 | 17 | 237,367 |
Two-drape closed pocket technique: minimizing aerosolization in mastoid exploration during COVID-19 pandemic | output | 1 | 79,259 | 17 | 237,368 |
BACKGROUND: Mastoidectomy is associated with extensive bone-drilling which makes it a major aerosol generating procedure. Considering the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic, it is essential to devise methods to minimize aerosolization and hence ensure safety of the healthcare workers during the operative procedure. METHODS: Two disposable surgical drapes are used to create a closed pocket prior to commencement of mastoid bone-drilling. This limits aerosolization of bone-dust in the external operating theatre environment. CONCLUSION: Two-drape closed pocket technique is an easy, cost-effective and safe method to limit aerosolization of tissue particles during mastoidectomy. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s00405-020-06353-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. | input | 2 | 79,259 | 17 | 237,369 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,262 | 17 | 237,376 |
Airborne Aerosolized Mouse Cytomegalovirus From Common Otolaryngology Procedures: Implications for COVID-19 Infection | output | 1 | 79,262 | 17 | 237,377 |
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether common otolaryngology procedures generate viable aerosolized virus through a murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) model for infection. STUDY DESIGN: mCMV model of infection. SETTING: University of Utah laboratory. METHODS: Three-day-old BALB/c mice were inoculated with mCMV or saline. Five days later, each mouse underwent drilling, microdebrider, coblation, and electrocautery procedures. Particle size distribution and PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm) concentration were determined with a scanning mobility particle sizer and an aerosol particle sizer in the range of 15 nm to 32 µm. Aerosolized samples from these procedures were collected with an Aerosol Devices BioSpot sampler for viral titer based on polymerase chain reaction and for viable virus through viral culture. RESULTS: As compared with the background aerosol concentrations, coblation and electrocautery showed statistically significant increases in airborne aerosols (Tukey-adjusted P value <.040), while microdebrider and drilling at 30,000 rpm did not (.870 < Tukey-adjusted P value < .930). We identified viral DNA in samples from coblation and drilling procedures, although we did not identify viable viruses in aerosol samples from any of the 4 procedures. CONCLUSION: Coblation and electrocautery procedures generate >100-fold increases in aerosol concentrations over background; only coblation and drilling produce aerosolized viral DNA. The high concentration of aerosols from coblation and electrocautery suggests the need for appropriate safeguards against particle exposure to health care workers. The presence of viral DNA from drilling and coblation procedures warrants the need for appropriate protection against droplet and aerosol exposure. | input | 2 | 79,262 | 17 | 237,378 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,476 | 17 | 238,018 |
SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination from hospitalised COVID-19 patients receiving aerosol generating procedures | output | 1 | 79,476 | 17 | 238,019 |
ABSTRACT Background. Continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) and high-flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) are considered "aerosol-generating procedures" (AGPs) in the treatment of COVID-19. We aimed to measure air and surface environmental contamination of SARS-CoV-2 virus when CPAP and HFNO were used, compared with supplemental oxygen, to investigate the potential risks of viral transmission to healthcare workers and patients. Methods. 30 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 requiring supplemental oxygen, with a fraction of inspired oxygen [≥]0.4 to maintain oxygen saturations [≥]94%, were prospectively enrolled into an observational environmental sampling study. Participants received either supplemental oxygen, CPAP or HFNO (n=10 in each group). A nasopharyngeal swab, three air and three surface samples were collected from each participant and the clinical environment. RT qPCR analyses were performed for viral and human RNA, and positive/suspected-positive samples were cultured for the presence of biologically viable virus. Results. Overall 21/30 (70%) of participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the nasopharynx. In contrast, only 4/90 (4%) and 6/90 (7%) of all air and surface samples tested positive (positive for E and ORF1a) for viral RNA respectively, although there were an additional 10 suspected-positive samples in both air and surfaces samples (positive for E or ORF1a). CPAP/HFNO use or coughing was not associated with significantly more environmental contamination. Only one nasopharyngeal sample was culture positive. Conclusions. The use of CPAP and HFNO to treat moderate/severe COVID-19 was not associated with significantly higher levels of air or surface viral contamination in the immediate care environment. | input | 2 | 79,476 | 17 | 238,020 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,540 | 17 | 238,210 |
Impact of Personal Cooling on Performance, Comfort and Heat Strain of Healthcare Workers in PPE, a Study From West Africa | output | 1 | 79,540 | 17 | 238,211 |
Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an essential component of safely treating suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 patients. PPE acts as a barrier to heat loss, therefore increasing the risk of thermal strain which may impact on cognitive function. Healthcare workers (HCWs) need to be able to prioritize and execute complex tasks effectively to ensure patient safety. This study evaluated pre-cooling and per-cooling methods on thermal strain, thermal comfort and cognitive function during simulated emergency management of an acutely unwell patient. Methods: This randomized controlled crossover trial was run at the Clinical Services Department of the Medical Research Unit The Gambia. Each participant attended two sessions (Cool and Control) in standard PPE. Cool involved pre-cooling with an ice slurry ingestion and per-cooling by wearing an ice-vest external to PPE. Results: Twelve participants completed both sessions. There was a significant increase in tympanic temperature in Control sessions at both 1 and 2 h in PPE (p = 0.01). No significant increase was seen during Cool. Effect estimate of Cool was −0.2°C (95% CI −0.43; 0.01, p = 0.06) post 1 h and −0.28°C (95% CI −0.57; 0.02, p = 0.06) post 2 h on tympanic temperature. Cool improved thermal comfort (p < 0.001), thermal sensation (p < 0.001), and thirst (p = 0.04). No difference on cognitive function was demonstrated using multilevel modeling. Discussion: Thermal strain in HCWs wearing PPE can be safely reduced using pre- and per-cooling methods external to PPE. | input | 2 | 79,540 | 17 | 238,212 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,575 | 17 | 238,315 |
Effects of Surface Material, Ventilation, and Human Behavior on Indirect Contact Transmission Risk of Respiratory Infection | output | 1 | 79,575 | 17 | 238,316 |
Infectious particles can be deposited on surfaces. Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection. The exposure and infection risk contributed by this transmission route depend on indoor surface material, ventilation, and human behavior. In this study, quantitative infection risk assessments were used to compare the significances of these factors. The risks of three pathogens, influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinovirus, in an aircraft cabin and in a hospital ward were assessed. Results showed that reducing the contact rate is relatively more effective than increasing the ventilation rate to lower the infection risk. Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials. In the cases considered in this study, halving the ventilation rate and doubling the hand contact rate to surfaces and the hand contact rate to mucous membranes would increase the risk by 3.7–16.2%, 34.4–94.2%, and 24.1–117.7%, respectively. Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces. These findings provide more consideration for infection control and building environmental design. | input | 2 | 79,575 | 17 | 238,317 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,687 | 17 | 238,651 |
Analyzing the dominant SARS-CoV-2 transmission routes toward an ab initio disease spread model | output | 1 | 79,687 | 17 | 238,652 |
Identifying the relative importance of the different transmission routes of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is an urgent research priority To that end, the different transmission routes and their role in determining the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic are analyzed in this work The probability of infection caused by inhaling virus-laden droplets (initial ejection diameters between 0 5 microm and 750 microm, therefore including both airborne and ballistic droplets) and the corresponding desiccated nuclei that mostly encapsulate the virions post droplet evaporation are individually calculated At typical, air-conditioned yet quiescent indoor space, for average viral loading, cough droplets of initial diameter between 10 microm and 50 microm are found to have the highest infection probability However, by the time they are inhaled, the diameters reduce to about 1/6th of their initial diameters While the initially near unity infection probability due to droplets rapidly decays within the first 25 s, the small yet persistent infection probability of desiccated nuclei decays appreciably only by O ( 1000 s ) , assuming that the virus sustains equally well within the dried droplet nuclei as in the droplets Combined with molecular collision theory adapted to calculate the frequency of contact between the susceptible population and the droplet/nuclei cloud, infection rate constants are derived ab initio, leading to a susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered-deceased model applicable for any respiratory event-vector combination The viral load, minimum infectious dose, sensitivity of the virus half-life to the phase of its vector, and dilution of the respiratory jet/puff by the entraining air are shown to mechanistically determine specific physical modes of transmission and variation in the basic reproduction number R0 from first-principles calculations | input | 2 | 79,687 | 17 | 238,653 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,906 | 17 | 239,308 |
Minimal, superficial DNA damage in human skin from filtered far-ultraviolet-C (UV-C). | output | 1 | 79,906 | 17 | 239,309 |
Krypton-Chloride (Kr-Cl) excimer lamps have a peak emission wavelength of 222 nm in the ultraviolet-C (UV-C) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Currently Kr-Cl lamps are the only viable "far-UV-C" sources for full-room inactivation of airborne SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic1 . Commercially available Kr-Cl excimer lamps can be retro-fitted to existing room lamp fittings or mounted at ceiling height independently. Other technologies, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), are currently neither efficient nor powerful enough for such a task. | input | 2 | 79,906 | 17 | 239,310 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,944 | 17 | 239,422 |
Implementing a negative pressure isolation space within a skilled nursing facility to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission | output | 1 | 79,944 | 17 | 239,423 |
BACKGROUND: Isolation space must be expanded during pandemics involving airborne transmission. Little to no work has been done to establish optimal design strategies and implementation plans to ease surge capacity and expand isolation capacity over long periods in congregate living facilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has an airborne transmission component and requires isolation, which is difficult to accomplish in skilled nursing facilities. METHODS: In this study we designed, implemented, and validated an isolation space at a skilled nursing facility in Lancaster, PA. The overall goal was to minimize disease transmission between residents and staff within the facility. We created an isolation space by modifying an existing HVAC system of the SNF. We measured pressure on-site and performed computational fluid dynamics and Lagrangian particle-based modeling to test containment and possible transmission extent given the isolation space is considered negative rather than individual rooms. RESULTS: Pressure data shows the isolation space maintained an average (standard deviation) hourly value of -2.3 Pa (0.12 Pa) pressure differential between it and the external hallway connected to the rest of the facility. No transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between residents isolated to the space occurred, nor did any transmission to the staff or other residents occur. The isolation space was successfully implemented and, as of writing, continues to be operational through the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Skilled nursing facilities can be retrofitted to provide negative pressure isolation space in a reasonable time frame and a cost effective manner to minimize airborne disease transmission within that space. | input | 2 | 79,944 | 17 | 239,424 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 79,987 | 17 | 239,551 |
Effect of Ultraviolet C Disinfection Treatment on the Nanomechanical and Topographic Properties of N95 Respirator Filtration Microfibers | output | 1 | 79,987 | 17 | 239,552 |
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) treatment is considered an effective decontamination approach to address the supply shortage of N95 FFRs during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic In this study, we investigated the nanomechanical and topographic properties of filtration fibers that have been exposed to different doses of UVC radiation UVC exposure was shown to decrease both Young's modulus (E), hardness (H) and fiber width, as measured on individual polypropylene (PP) fibers Our results also show that the PP microfiber layer loses its strength when N95 respirators are exposed to an accumulated UVC dose during the process of decontamination, and the PP fiber width also exhibits a logarithmic decrease during UVC exposure The nanoscale measurement results on individual fibers suggest that maximum cycles of UVC disinfection treatment should be limited due to excessive accumulated dose, which has the potential to decrease the fiber breaking strength Copyright © 2020 The Author(s) | input | 2 | 79,987 | 17 | 239,553 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,018 | 17 | 239,644 |
Evidence-based strategies to reduce contamination from aerosolised microbes in dental practice environment | output | 1 | 80,018 | 17 | 239,645 |
Cohort selection The aim was to evaluate interventions to minimise microbial contamination from aerosol generating procedures in the dental office. Seven electronic databases were searched using key words such as 'aerosols', 'droplets', 'spatter', 'microbial loads' etc to identify relevant randomised controlled trials and prospective non-randomised clinical trials until 6 April 2020. Data sources PubMed; Scopus; Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Open Grey; ClinicalTrials.gov; National Research Register; and hand searches. Data analysis Eligible studies were analysed for effectiveness of various interventions on the microbial counts in the aerosols generated in the dental office using predefined criteria. Data were analysed for assessment of quality of evidence and confidence in the estimated effect, risk of bias and other analyses using Stata 15.1 software. PRISMA guidelines extension for network meta-analysis were followed for reporting. Results Initial search identified 266 studies, of which 35 were evaluated for full text. Finally, 29 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. The majority of the included studies were published in the last decade, and 21 out of the 29 studies were randomised controlled trials. However, based on comparable procedural settings (study design, study populations, interventions and outcome measures), only 11 were eligible for contribution to the network meta-analysis. The setting of all interventions was ultrasonic scaling of adult patients in a clinical dental practice environment, and involved 16 direct and 29 indirect comparisons. A multivariate meta-analysis showed pre-procedural mouth rinse with tempered chlorhexidine 0.2% at 47°C was most effective in reducing post-procedural bacterial load compared to the control. A mean difference of -0.92 (95% CI -15.4 to -0.29) in log10 colony-forming units was observed in air samples within 90 cm of the dental unit. Conclusions Notwithstanding the limitations of this network meta-analysis, pre-procedural mouth rinse with tempered chlorhexidine appears to be most effective in reducing bacterial counts in aerosols generated during dental operative procedures. Further randomised controlled clinical trials based on robust designs are required to establish the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in reducing aerosol-related microbial loads (bacteria and viruses) in clinical environments. | input | 2 | 80,018 | 17 | 239,646 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,032 | 17 | 239,686 |
A Model for Inhalation of Infectious Aerosol Contaminants in an Aircraft Passenger Cabin | output | 1 | 80,032 | 17 | 239,687 |
Aerosol contamination of an aircraft cabin by infectious passengers is a concern of passengers, aircrew and the aviation industry This may be especially important during a pandemic, such as COVID-19, where the full extent of aerosol transmission is not well understood A statistical method to determine the number of infectious passengers on board along with a mathematical model estimating the contaminant concentration of aerosols in the cabin and the number of inhaled infectious particles by passengers is presented An example is used to demonstrated how the results can be estimated during normal operations and emergency conditions with malfunctions of the air conditioning and pressurization system which are responsible maintaining clean cabin air This type of information can assist the aviation industry in providing the end users of aircraft travel, i e passengers and aircrew, with reasonable cabin contaminant guidelines Accomplishing this in a timely manner requires the combination of modeling adjusted by experimentation Physically testing all aircraft for each of these conditions would be time consuming, expensive and impractical Incorporating a model towards solving these problems can serve to bridge the gaps between a finite number of experimental results | input | 2 | 80,032 | 17 | 239,688 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,228 | 17 | 240,274 |
Topology Optimization and Control Design of an Artificial Respirator | output | 1 | 80,228 | 17 | 240,275 |
Since the beginning of 2020, the entire world has been affected by Covid-19, which has caused millions of infections and deaths, with older adults being the most affected population. Like many other countries in the world, Ecuador has shown a deficit of supplies to face this threat. Within this context, this article shows a pressure-cycled artificial ventilator alternative constructed with 3D printing material. The procedure includes a structural analysis simulation, the topology optimization of the mechanical structure and the implementation of air pressure control in the artificial lung bag. The results of this research shows that the proposed structural design for the artificial ventilator allows reducing the amount of construction material and therefore the manufacturing time, without affecting the effectiveness of its performance. In addition, analysis of the control system responses evidences that a classical PID controller allows the correct performance of the ventilator pressure control. © 2021 IEEE. | input | 2 | 80,228 | 17 | 240,276 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,258 | 17 | 240,364 |
Flushing of Stagnant Premise Water Systems after the COVID-19 Shutdown Can Reduce Infection Risk by Legionella and Mycobacterium spp. | output | 1 | 80,258 | 17 | 240,365 |
There is concern about potential exposure to opportunistic pathogens when reopening buildings closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, water samples were collected before, during, and after flushing showers in five unoccupied (i.e., for ∼2 months) university buildings with quantification of opportunists via a cultivation-based assay (Legionella pneumophila only) and quantitative PCR. L. pneumophila were not detected by either method; Legionella spp., nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), however, were widespread. Using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), the estimated risks of illness from exposure to L. pneumophila and MAC via showering were generally low (i.e., less than a 10-7 daily risk threshold), with the exception of systemic infection risk from MAC exposure in some buildings. Flushing rapidly restored the total chlorine (as chloramine) residual and decreased bacterial gene targets to building inlet concentrations within 30 min. During the postflush stagnation period, the residual chlorine dissipated within a few days and bacteria rebounded, approaching preflush concentrations after 6-7 days. These results suggest that flushing can quickly improve water quality in unoccupied buildings, but the improvement may only last a few days. | input | 2 | 80,258 | 17 | 240,366 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,376 | 17 | 240,718 |
Unflushable or missing toilet paper, the dilemma for developing communities during the COVID-19 episode | output | 1 | 80,376 | 17 | 240,719 |
Unlike in developed countries, most public toilets in China do not provide toilet paper onsite and users must bring their toilet paper. Moreover, an open waste bin is placed in each user’s cubicle to collect used toilet paper and tissues. Such practices, which are common in East Asia and central America, have induced a dilemma of toilet paper disposal because some municipalities have removed waste bins from public toilets to prevent virus transmission by fecal matter. As a consequence, users were forced to flush down their used toilet paper and tissues. Yet, it is unknown whether standard toilet paper can be flushed easily without causing issues in sewer operations. Here, we surveyed the conditions of toilets in university campus and other public facilities in different regions across China. We also evaluated the disintegration characteristics of toilet paper products both by conducting online surveys and by physical disintegration experiments. We found that only 15% of toilets provided toilet paper, while open waste bins occurred at nearly all sites. Further, our survey indicated that 82% of toilet paper products sold in China did not give any indication on their flushability, whereas 77% of US products did. Disintegration results showed that none of the five popular, best-selling toilet paper products passed the flushability standard. We propose strategies to solve the current toilet paper dilemma in developing communities. | input | 2 | 80,376 | 17 | 240,720 |
Please summerize the given abstract to a title | instruction | 0 | 80,549 | 17 | 241,237 |
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