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c_7eotupedkerw | In model theory, a first-order theory is called model complete if every embedding of its models is an elementary embedding. Equivalently, every first-order formula is equivalent to a universal formula. This notion was introduced by Abraham Robinson. | Model-complete theory |
c_9ylnhn56xxs8 | In model theory, a forking extension of a type is an extension of that type that is not free whereas a non-forking extension is an extension that is as free as possible. This can be used to extend the notions of linear or algebraic independence to stable theories. These concepts were introduced by S. Shelah. | Forking extension |
c_9lxy1cl0glmw | In model theory, a mathematical discipline, a β-model (from the French "bon ordre", well-ordering) is a model which is correct about statements of the form "X is well-ordered". The term was introduced by Mostowski (1959) as a strengthening of the notion of ω-model. In contrast to the notation for set-theoretic properti... | Beta-model |
c_3lstvjh5pgxe | In model theory, a stable group is a group that is stable in the sense of stability theory. An important class of examples is provided by groups of finite Morley rank (see below). | Algebraicity conjecture |
c_gpyzrk1zwdy4 | In model theory, a subfield of mathematical logic, an atomic model is a model such that the complete type of every tuple is axiomatized by a single formula. Such types are called principal types, and the formulas that axiomatize them are called complete formulas. | Atomic model (mathematical logic) |
c_e3r1bv7hkwlt | In model theory, a transfer principle states that all statements of some language that are true for some structure are true for another structure. One of the first examples was the Lefschetz principle, which states that any sentence in the first-order language of fields that is true for the complex numbers is also true... | Transfer principles |
c_p2yf86t856uh | In model theory, a weakly o-minimal structure is a model-theoretic structure whose definable sets in the domain are just finite unions of convex sets. | Weakly o-minimal structure |
c_1ma49sorpobe | In model theory, an atomic formula is satisfiable if there is a collection of elements of a structure that render the formula true. If A is a structure, φ is a formula, and a is a collection of elements, taken from the structure, that satisfy φ, then it is commonly written that A ⊧ φ If φ has no free variables, that is... | Satisfiability problem |
c_6rdyzho26c1j | In model theory, definable sets are important objects of study. For instance, in N {\displaystyle \mathbb {N} } the formula ∀ u ∀ v ( ∃ w ( x × w = u × v ) → ( ∃ w ( x × w = u ) ∨ ∃ w ( x × w = v ) ) ) ∧ x ≠ 0 ∧ x ≠ 1 {\displaystyle \forall u\forall v(\exists w(x\times w=u\times v)\rightarrow (\exists w(x\times w=u)\lo... | Model-theoretic approach |
c_4v6n9ttsomke | Both of the definitions mentioned here are parameter-free, that is, the defining formulas don't mention any fixed domain elements. However, one can also consider definitions with parameters from the model. For instance, in R {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } , the formula y = x × x + π {\displaystyle y=x\times x+\pi } uses ... | Model-theoretic approach |
c_gz2fxmr7e7z0 | In model theory, given a structure M which is a model of a theory T, a submodel of M in a narrower sense is a substructure of M which is also a model of T. For example, if T is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are als... | Extension (model theory) |
c_lqrc2odmefkc | In model theory, interpretation of a structure M in another structure N (typically of a different signature) is a technical notion that approximates the idea of representing M inside N. For example, every reduct or definitional expansion of a structure N has an interpretation in N. Many model-theoretic properties are p... | Interpretation (model theory) |
c_566v6rb17rg2 | In model theory, the notion of an algebraic structure is generalized to structures involving both operations and relations. Let L be a signature consisting of function and relation symbols, and A, B be two L-structures. Then a homomorphism from A to B is a mapping h from the domain of A to the domain of B such that h(F... | Surjective homomorphism |
c_lune2hlno3px | In model theory, there are several general results and definitions related to absoluteness. A fundamental example of downward absoluteness is that universal sentences (those with only universal quantifiers) that are true in a structure are also true in every substructure of the original structure. Conversely, existenti... | Shoenfield absoluteness theorem |
c_1q8g4x4i9ktp | In model theory—a branch of mathematical logic—a minimal structure is an infinite one-sorted structure such that every subset of its domain that is definable with parameters is either finite or cofinite. A strongly minimal theory is a complete theory all models of which are minimal. A strongly minimal structure is a st... | Strongly minimal theory |
c_riiv8lq5saup | Strong minimality was one of the early notions in the new field of classification theory and stability theory that was opened up by Morley's theorem on totally categorical structures. The nontrivial standard examples of strongly minimal theories are the one-sorted theories of infinite-dimensional vector spaces, and the... | Strongly minimal theory |
c_2cowls095x4l | It is called a strongly minimal set if this is true even in all elementary extensions. A strongly minimal set, equipped with the closure operator given by algebraic closure in the model-theoretic sense, is an infinite matroid, or pregeometry. A model of a strongly minimal theory is determined up to isomorphism by its d... | Strongly minimal theory |
c_gs8vld6vrg2f | Totally categorical theories are controlled by a strongly minimal set; this fact explains (and is used in the proof of) Morley's theorem. Boris Zilber conjectured that the only pregeometries that can arise from strongly minimal sets are those that arise in vector spaces, projective spaces, or algebraically closed field... | Strongly minimal theory |
c_kzyh7abtj38t | In model-based FDI techniques some model of the system is used to decide about the occurrence of fault. The system model may be mathematical or knowledge based. Some of the model-based FDI techniques include observer-based approach, parity-space approach, and parameter identification based methods. | Fault isolation |
c_8cu6y7ks43am | There is another trend of model-based FDI schemes, which is called set-membership methods. These methods guarantee the detection of fault under certain conditions. The main difference is that instead of finding the most likely model, these techniques omit the models, which are not compatible with data.The example shown... | Fault isolation |
c_kv2wrz5h6y1l | The truth table defines how the controller reacts to detected faults, and the state chart defines how the controller switches between the different modes of operation (passive, active, standby, off, and isolated) of each actuator. For example, if a fault is detected in hydraulic system 1, then the truth table sends an ... | Fault isolation |
c_sd32a9yfpueb | In modeling cancer and various other diseases, the stem cells in the basal layer of the tracheal epithelium (basal stem cells) were isolated and used in developing 3D organoids that could be used for various studies, including tumor studies. The cell culture method used involves the isolation of cells into culturing wi... | Air-liquid interface cell culture |
c_si7tuntsxq2c | In modeling of psychological systems the systematization and classification play a very important role. With the development of statistics in the description of weight of the trait (or type) in society, the character of the trait (type) distribution becomes very important. It is also important, if the distinctions of t... | Psychological typologies |
c_wquexa540iq5 | Some authors represent types as separate classes that exclude each other. Some others psychologists accept the theory of types as more or less detailed trait theory, defining the types as poles of one and same continuum between which people may be ranked by the law of normal distribution. The adepts of the third view b... | Psychological typologies |
c_5d9uryad6pyy | In modeling the pseudostratified epithelium in vitro, more cellular studies have been performed in order to determine the nature of the cells – their differentiation pathways, their growth mechanism, and their repair/response mechanism in the state of post-injury. One recent study has shown that differentiated cells in... | Air-liquid interface cell culture |
c_re4otp7yqwme | In modeling we aim to simplify enormously. This example uses a slow manifold to simplify the 'infinite dimensional' dynamics of a partial differential equation to a model of one ordinary differential equation. Consider a field u ( x , t ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)} undergoing the nonlinear diffusion ∂ u ∂ t = u ∂ 2 u ∂ x 2... | Slow manifold |
c_q03ww23vym7o | Here one can straightforwardly verify the slow manifold to be precisely the field u ( x , t ) = a ( t ) ( 1 − b x 2 ) {\displaystyle u(x,t)=a(t)(1-bx^{2})} where amplitude a {\displaystyle a} evolves according to d a d t = − 2 a 2 b and d b d t = 0. {\displaystyle {\frac {da}{dt}}=-2a^{2}b\quad {\text{and }}{\frac {db}... | Slow manifold |
c_eoks05yvp4pd | In models of planetary motion that precede Ptolemy, generally attributed to Hipparchus, the eccentric and epicycles were already a feature. The Roman writer Pliny in the 1st century CE, who apparently had access to writings of late Greek astronomers, and not being an astronomer himself, still correctly identified the l... | Equant |
c_81kow1vt48tq | This can be observed in the lengths of seasons, given by equinoxes and solstices that indicate when the sun traveled 90 degrees along its path. Though others tried, Hipparchos calculated and presented the most exact lengths of seasons around 130 BCE. According to these calculations, Spring lasted about 94+1/ 2 days, Su... | Equant |
c_7ntn74pkqbek | This was later used as evidence for the zodiacal inequality, or the appearance of the sun to move at a rate that is not constant, with some parts of its orbit including it moving faster or slower. The sun's annual motion as understood by Greek astronomy up to this point did not account for this, as it assumed the sun h... | Equant |
c_5818ac1fgvnr | In models of radiative transfer, the two-stream approximation is a discrete ordinate approximation in which radiation propagating along only two discrete directions is considered. It was first used by Arthur Schuster in 1905. The two ordinates are chosen such that the model captures the essence of radiative transport i... | Two-stream approximation |
c_mabvhxeir6kx | A practical benefit of the approach is that it reduces the computational cost of integrating the radiative transfer equation. The two-stream approximation is commonly used in parameterizations of radiative transport in global circulation models and in weather forecasting models, such as the WRF. There is a large number... | Two-stream approximation |
c_32rqupvcyoq2 | It is the simplest approximation that can be used to explain common observations inexplicable by single-scattering arguments, such as the brightness and color of the clear sky, the brightness of clouds, the whiteness of a glass of milk, and the darkening of sand upon wetting. The two-stream approximation comes in many ... | Two-stream approximation |
c_2yn1jua3gbvm | In moderated regression analysis, a new interaction predictor ( x 1 x 2 {\displaystyle x_{1}x_{2}} ) is calculated. However, the new interaction term may be correlated with the two main effects terms used to calculate it. This is the problem of multicollinearity in moderated regression. | Moderating variable |
c_e53i2mfo7g1m | Multicollinearity tends to cause coefficients to be estimated with higher standard errors and hence greater uncertainty. Mean-centering (subtracting raw scores from the mean) may reduce multicollinearity, resulting in more interpretable regression coefficients. However, it does not affect the overall model fit. | Moderating variable |
c_nmgt2mue1i03 | In modern (20th century) theoretical physics, angular momentum (not including any intrinsic angular momentum – see below) is described using a different formalism, instead of a classical pseudovector. In this formalism, angular momentum is the 2-form Noether charge associated with rotational invariance. As a result, an... | Conservation of Angular Momentum |
c_15zq1hais3ww | In Cartesian coordinates: or more compactly in index notation: The angular velocity can also be defined as an anti-symmetric second order tensor, with components ωij. The relation between the two anti-symmetric tensors is given by the moment of inertia which must now be a fourth order tensor: Again, this equation in L ... | Conservation of Angular Momentum |
c_u6rxhpemq6ws | In modern American beekeeping, a Langstroth hive is any vertically modular beehive that has the key features of vertically hung frames, a bottom board with entrance for the bees, boxes containing frames for brood and honey (the lowest box for the queen to lay eggs, and boxes above where honey may be stored) and an inne... | Langstroth hive |
c_2dnt3lnn892a | The movable frames allow the beekeeper to manage the bees in a way which was formerly impossible. The key innovation responsible for the hive's design was the discovery of bee space, a gap size between 6.4 and 9.5 mm (1⁄4 and 3⁄8 in) in which bees would not build comb, nor would they close it with propolis. Modern Lang... | Langstroth hive |
c_y8ughmo2hbpv | In modern China, Manichaean groups are still active in southern provinces, especially in Quanzhou and the rest of Fujian and around the Cao'an, the most noted Manichaean temple that has survived until today.Today, rituals conducted for the Lin Deng 林瞪 (1003–1059), a Chinese Manichaean leader who lived during the Song d... | Chinese Manichaeism |
c_43hbs1oaoel1 | In modern China, virtually every dwelling has a set of tea implements for brewing a cup of hot tea. They are symbols of welcome for visitors or neighbors. Traditionally, a visitor to a Chinese home is expected to sit down and drink tea while talking; visiting while remaining standing is considered uncouth. Folding the ... | Chinese tea culture |
c_vzayngirmakp | In Taiwan, tea ceremonies are held not only in daily life but also on important occasions.Tea was regarded as one of the seven daily necessities, the others being firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar. There are many different types of tea such as: green tea, oolong tea, red tea, black tea, white tea, yello... | Chinese tea culture |
c_2e5q6783c10j | In modern Chinese politics, a leadership core or core leader (Chinese: 领导核心; pinyin: lǐngdǎo héxīn) refers to a person who is recognized as central to the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Four individuals so far have been given this designation: Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, and Xi Jinping. Th... | Leadership core |
c_45ty7cw18i2o | The designation is not a formal title and does not hold legal weight, but its use in official party documentation gives its holder a precisely defined place in theory on their relative standing to the rest of the CCP leadership. The leadership core operates as part of the Leninist concept of democratic centralism, and ... | Leadership core |
c_g1r7zdi5qejz | In modern Chinese societies, elder care has changed. Studies show a discrepancy between parents' filial expectations and the behaviors of their children. The discrepancy with regard to respect shown by the children makes elderly people especially unhappy. Industrialization and urbanization have affected the practice of... | Filial piety |
c_zv6y1e75swsp | In modern Chinese, this radical is used to form characters representing gaseous chemical elements and compounds. | Radical 84 |
c_v167jkgd6ec8 | In modern Chinese, topic markers have been completely lost and are not used anywhere. For example, Note: 是 can be omitted in some occasions. | Topic marker |
c_8345qp7fuzpg | In modern DAWs every parameter that exists can usually be automatised, be it settings for a track's volume, applied filters or a virtual instruments. Either the user turns some knobs/faders/etc on a physical controller connected to the computer or the user can set keyframes with the mouse, between which the computer in... | Track automation |
c_hgq136r7ag7z | In modern English clinamen is defined as an inclination or a bias. It implies that one is inclined or biased towards introducing a plausible but unprovable clinamen when a specific mechanism cannot be found to refute a credible argument against one's hypothesis or theory. The OED gives its first recorded use in English... | Clinamen |
c_i8ylyaz3pr5v | In addition, other French writers such as Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Lacan, Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, Alain Badiou, Louis Althusser, and Michel Serres have made extensive use of the word 'clinamen' in their writings, albeit with very different meanings. Lucretius' concept is central to the book The Swerve: How ... | Clinamen |
c_c11566asbaju | In modern English orthography, it is the norm for recognized proper names to be capitalized. The few clear exceptions include summer and winter (contrast July and Christmas). It is also standard that most capitalizing of common nouns is considered incorrect, except of course when the capitalization is simply a matter o... | Proper nouns |
c_7tx9h852k0qa | Although these rules have been standardized, there are enough gray areas that it can often be unclear both whether an item qualifies as a proper name and whether it should be capitalized: "the Cuban missile crisis" is often capitalized ("Cuban Missile Crisis") and often not, regardless of its syntactic status or its fu... | Proper nouns |
c_72m4mmkferkm | When the comes at the start of a proper name, as in the White House, it is not normally capitalized unless it is a formal part of a title (of a book, film, or other artistic creation, as in The Keys to the Kingdom). Nouns and noun phrases that are not proper may be uniformly capitalized to indicate that they are defini... | Proper nouns |
c_6gikdwpo767k | Such capitalization indicates that the term is a conventional designation for exactly that species (Sialia currucoides), not for just any bluebird that happens to live in the mountains.Words or phrases derived from proper names are generally capitalized, even when they are not themselves proper names. For example, Lond... | Proper nouns |
c_mdtavtblqauj | Adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and derived common nouns that are capitalized (Swiss in Swiss cheese; Anglicize; Calvinistically; Petrarchism) are sometimes loosely called proper adjectives (and so on), but not in mainstream linguistics. Which of these items are capitalized may be merely conventional. Abrahamic, Buddhist, ... | Proper nouns |
c_xsficckq6pwu | Some words or some homonyms (depending on how a body of study defines "word") have one meaning when capitalized and another when not. Sometimes the capitalized variant is a proper noun (the Moon; dedicated to God; Smith's apprentice) and the other variant is not (the third moon of Saturn; a Greek god; the smith's appre... | Proper nouns |
c_fxxkm539htlx | In modern English usage, a complete sentence precedes a colon, while a list, description, explanation, or definition follows it. The elements which follow the colon may or may not be a complete sentence: since the colon is preceded by a sentence, it is a complete sentence whether what follows the colon is another sente... | Full colon |
c_y0sosghupdrq | Colon used before list Daequan was so hungry that he ate everything in the house: chips, cold pizza, pretzels and dip, hot dogs, peanut butter, and candy.Colon used before a description Bertha is so desperate that she'll date anyone, even William: he's uglier than a squashed toad on the highway, and that's on his good ... | Full colon |
c_id0z2w65j6cs | In modern English, a shibboleth can have a sociological meaning, referring to any in-group word or phrase that can distinguish members from outsiders. It is also sometimes used in a broader sense to mean jargon, the proper use of which identifies speakers as members of a particular group or subculture. In information t... | Shibboleth |
c_13ecbt3ftgf9 | Hence the individual user does not know the password that is actually employed – it is generated internally by the origin server – and so cannot betray it to outsiders. The term can also be used pejoratively, suggesting that the original meaning of a symbol has in effect been lost and that the symbol now serves merely ... | Shibboleth |
c_2crgq8bj2tan | In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practising sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain advantage). The word has its origin in the legal system of Classical Athens. Most legal cases of the time were brought by private litigants as there was no police force a... | Sycophancy |
c_2esasqb7awoc | In modern English, the expression "YOLO", meaning "you only live once", expresses a similar sentiment.In the 1989 American film Dead Poets Society, the English teacher John Keating, played by Robin Williams, famously says: "Carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary." Later, this line was voted as t... | Carpe diem |
c_u3pldpggi3nh | In modern English, the term physician is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below. | Registered medical practitioner |
c_r7dlwuz9ii6g | In the United States and Canada, the term physician describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The American Medical Association, established in 1847, as well as the American Osteopathic Association, founded in 1897, both currently use the term physician to describe members. However, the ... | Registered medical practitioner |
c_uqyt9lqgsf4t | In modern English, there are several conventions for abbreviations, and the choice may be confusing. The only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. Some questions which arise are shown below. | Syllabic abbreviation |
c_pp43xj9gcjhg | In modern European Russia, a traditional wolf hunting method involves encircling the located wolf pack with a 3–5 kilometers (1.9–3.1 miles) fladry, a long rope with small swatches of fabric stitched to it every few feet. The fabric is usually red in order to be easier spotted over the background of snow by the guides.... | Wolf hunt |
c_2uz9xfawl55s | In modern FRC experiments, the plasma current that reverses the magnetic field can be induced in a variety of ways. When a field-reversed configuration is formed using the theta-pinch (or inductive electric field) method, a cylindrical coil first produces an axial magnetic field. Then the gas is pre-ionized, which "fre... | Field-Reversed Configuration |
c_7ps01b4hai3g | The main field is raised further, compressing and heating the plasma and providing a vacuum field between the plasma and the wall.Neutral beams are known to drive current in Tokamaks by directly injecting charged particles. FRCs can also be formed, sustained, and heated by application of neutral beams. In such experime... | Field-Reversed Configuration |
c_j8r43jvp9d26 | Neutral particles are then injected into the plasma. They ionize and the heavier, positively-charged particles form a current ring which reverses the magnetic field. | Field-Reversed Configuration |
c_rdz7i8zv4qgf | Spheromaks are FRC-like configurations with finite toroidal magnetic field. FRCs have been formed through the merging of spheromaks of opposite and canceling toroidal field.Rotating magnetic fields have also been used to drive current. In such experiments, as above, gas is ionized and an axial magnetic field is produce... | Field-Reversed Configuration |
c_0h0yaelmo6hq | A rotating magnetic field is produced by external magnetic coils perpendicular to the axis of the machine, and the direction of this field is rotated about the axis. When the rotation frequency is between the ion and electron gyro-frequencies, the electrons in the plasma co-rotate with the magnetic field (are "dragged"... | Field-Reversed Configuration |
c_a53ogxx1gmcv | In modern French, the interpunct is sometimes used for gender-neutral writing, as in « les salarié·e·s » for « les salariés et les salariées ». | Centered dot |
c_ss84oxqwsetf | In modern Gaelic, person inflections have almost disappeared, but the negative and interrogative are marked by distinctive forms. In Irish, particularly in the south, person inflections are still very common for the tá/bhí series. | Indo-European copula |
c_yd12b4phzo21 | In modern Greek the accent is for the most part in the same syllable of the words as it was in ancient Greek, but is one of stress rather than pitch, so that an accented syllable, such as the first syllable in the word ἄνθρωπος, can be pronounced sometimes on a high pitch, and sometimes on a low pitch. It is believed t... | Ancient Greek accent |
c_6t9db3zzcuyg | In modern Hindi literature, Kamayani by Jaishankar Prasad has attained the status of an epic. The narrative of Kamayani is based on a popular mythological story, first mentioned in Satapatha Brahmana. It is a story of the great flood and the central characters of the epic poem are Manu (a male) and Shraddha (a female).... | Sanskrit epics |
c_re9zscukq0nw | Another female character is Ida, who represents rationality. Some critics surmise that the three lead characters of Kamayani symbolize a synthesis of knowledge, action and desires in human life. | Sanskrit epics |
c_5v9z02jphp2k | It inspires humans to live a life based on "karm" and not on fortunes. Apart from Kamayani, Kurukshetra (Epic Poetry) (1946), Rashmirathi (1952) and Urvashi (1961) by Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' have attained the status of epic poetry. Likewise Lalita Ke Aansoo by Krant M. L. Verma (1978) narrates the tragic story about th... | Sanskrit epics |
c_p9k11kd8cy2c | In modern Hindi-Urdu (Hindustani), the Sanskrit verb अस् (as) (to be) which is derived from the Indo-European root *h1es- has developed into the present indicative forms of the verb होना ہونا (honā) (to be). The infinitive होना ہونا (honā) itself is derived from the Sanskrit verb root भू (bʱū) which is derived from Ind... | Indo-European copula |
c_8u2swti9dnnq | होना ہونا (honā) is the only verb in Hindi-Urdu to have the present indicative, imperfect indicative, presumptive mood and the present subjunctive conjugations, and all the other verbs in Hindi-Urdu lack them.The verb होना / ہونا (honā) can be translated as "to be", "to exist", "to happen" or "to have" depending on the... | Indo-European copula |
c_vloj57mjw229 | In modern Hungarian, the script is known formally as Székely rovásírás ('Szekler script'). The writing system is generally known as rovásírás, székely rovásírás, and székely-magyar írás (or simply rovás 'notch, score'). | Hungarian runes |
c_ea934goqi2sa | In modern Information Technology environments, many systems are now built using some degree of Rapid Application Development (not necessarily the James Martin approach). In addition to Martin's method, agile methods and the Rational Unified Process are often used for RAD development. The purported advantages of RAD inc... | Rapid Application Development |
c_rclycqqzpeg9 | The software can be more usable and has a better chance to focus on business problems that are critical to end users rather than technical problems of interest to developers. However, this excludes other categories of what are usually known as Non-functional requirements (AKA constraints or quality attributes) includin... | Rapid Application Development |
c_a1i3coolgzzf | Although much of the literature on RAD focuses on speed and user involvement a critical feature of RAD done correctly is risk mitigation. It's worth remembering that Boehm initially characterized the spiral model as a risk based approach. A RAD approach can focus in early on the key risk factors and adjust to them base... | Rapid Application Development |
c_lbd3xe22c61a | E.g., the complexity of prototyping some of the most complex parts of the system. More projects completed on time and within budget. By focusing on the development of incremental units the chances for catastrophic failures that have dogged large waterfall projects is reduced. In the Waterfall model it was common to com... | Rapid Application Development |
c_379qgxeaz7n5 | In modern Israeli orthography, vowel and consonant pointing is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes—/i/, /e/, /a/, /o/ and /u/—but many more written symbols for them. Niqqud distinguish the following vo... | Hebrew diacritics |
c_m447h7jpe101 | In modern Japanese usage, the loanword nyoi 如意 "as desired; as wishes" means "ease; comfort; freedom" or "(Buddhist) priest's staff". A few Buddhist temples in Japan are named with Nyoi. Nyoi-ji 如意寺, a Tendai temple in Kobe, and a Shingon temple in Kyōtango, Kyoto Nyoirin-ji 如意輪寺, a Pure Land Buddhism temple in Yoshin... | Ruyi (scepter) |
c_mqmqeu81d3rh | In modern Japanese, loanwords are generally represented phonetically via katakana. However, in earlier times loanwords were often represented by kanji (Chinese characters), a process called ateji when used for phonetic matching, or jukujikun when used for semantic matching. Some of these continue to be used; the charac... | Phono-semantic matching |
c_0rg5nl8iwqb7 | For example, in the word 寿司 (sushi), the two characters are respectively read as su and shi, but the character 寿 means "one's natural life span" and 司 means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food – this is ateji. Conversely, in the word 煙草 (tabako) for "tobacco", the individual kanji respect... | Phono-semantic matching |
c_svkudfgyh9tj | A stock example is 倶楽部 (kurabu) for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from th... | Phono-semantic matching |
c_slj7eyncxjia | In modern Korea, vertical writing is uncommon. Modern Korean is usually written in left-to-right horizontally. Vertical writing is used when the writing space is long vertically and narrow horizontally. For example, titles on the spines of books are usually written vertically. | Vertical writing in East Asian scripts |
c_5yujz2uaxccr | When a foreign language film is subtitled into Korean, the subtitles are sometimes written vertically at the right side of the screen. In the Standard language (표준어; 標準語) of South Korea, punctuation marks are used differently in horizontal and vertical writing. Western punctuation marks are used in horizontal writing a... | Vertical writing in East Asian scripts |
c_aztki0h3w9cx | In modern Korean language, the months of both the traditional lunisolar and Western calendars are named by prefixing Sino-Korean numerals to wol, the Sino-Korean word for "month". Traditionally, when speaking of individuals' birth months, the months of the lunisolar calendar were named by prefixing the native Korean na... | Korean calendar |
c_fa8kzmcf63th | In modern Lithuania, an ethnographic village (Lithuanian: etnografinis kaimas) is defined as a rural settlement which maintains traditional, historical, ethnic cultural characteristics specific to the particular region. These characteristic include traditional architecture, farmstead planning, relation to the natural l... | Ethnographic village |
c_tishy3gkw0n3 | In modern Microsoft Windows text editing applications, the End key is primarily used to move the cursor to the end of the line in which it is positioned. When the text is not editable, it is used to scroll to the end of the document; this can also be done in editable text if the key is pressed along with Control. The E... | End key |
c_z6fe03vzpe4l | In modern PCs the BIOS is stored in rewritable EEPROM or NOR flash memory, allowing the contents to be replaced and modified. This rewriting of the contents is sometimes termed flashing. It can be done by a special program, usually provided by the system's manufacturer, or at POST, with a BIOS image in a hard drive or ... | System BIOS |
c_fspaoji7k5wg | In modern RC servos the angle of mechanical rotation is determined by the width of an electrical pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is a form of pulse-width modulation. The typical RC servo expects to see a pulse every 20 ms, however this can vary within a wide range that differs from servo to servo. The w... | Servo control |
c_43dz999z3iqm | For example, in many RC servos a 1.5 ms pulse will make the motor turn to the 90° position (neutral position). The low time (and the total period) can vary over a wide range, and vary from one pulse to the next, without any effect on the position of the servo motor. Modern RC servo position is not defined by the PWM du... | Servo control |
c_0vcm0wsgo3nw | (This is different from the PWM used, for example, in some DC motor speed control). Most RC servos move to the same position when they receive a 1.5 ms pulse every 6 ms (a duty cycle of 25%) as when they receive a 1.5 ms pulse every 25 ms (a duty cycle of 6%) – in both cases, they turn to the central position (neutral ... | Servo control |
c_ox5jgyc83p4y | The PPM period was around 22.5 ms, and the conversion to PWM was trivial: the time of the PWM high state was the time position of the PPM pulse for that servo. Most RC receivers send pulses to the RC servo at some constant frame rate, changing only the high time. However, it is possible to command an RC servo to move o... | Servo control |
c_6z6tpxpyvf02 | In modern Romance languages, nouns, adjectives and articles are declined according to number (singular or plural only). Verbs are conjugated for number as well as person. French treats zero as using the singular number, not the plural. In its written form, French declines nouns for number (singular or plural). | Singular number |
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