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c_az2elojbnxxg | In modern economic theory, the bargaining outcome between two parties is often modeled by the Nash Bargaining solution. An example is if party A and party B can collaborate in order to generate a surplus of 100 {\displaystyle 100} . If the parties fail to reach an agreement, party A gets a payoff X {\displaystyle X} an... | Bargaining power |
c_53r4o0gf0ahn | According to the generalized Nash bargaining solution, party A gets X + π ( 100 − X − Y ) {\displaystyle X+\pi (100-X-Y)} and party B gets Y + ( 1 − π ) ( 100 − X − Y ) {\displaystyle Y+(1-\pi )(100-X-Y)} , where 0 < π < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\pi <1} . There are different ways to derive π {\displaystyle \pi } . For exampl... | Bargaining power |
c_azui75wk85o8 | In this case, party A's payoff is increasing in π {\displaystyle \pi } as well as in X {\displaystyle X} , and so both parameters reflect different aspects of party A's power. To clearly distinguish between the two parameters, some authors such as Schmitz refer to π {\displaystyle \pi } as party A's bargaining power an... | Bargaining power |
c_3yrfr0hq6qk8 | In modern electronic theodolites, the readout of the horizontal and vertical circles is usually done with a rotary encoder. These produce signals indicating the altitude and azimuth of the telescope which are fed to a microprocessor. CCD sensors have been added to the focal plane of the telescope allowing both auto-tar... | Seconds theodolite |
c_4nfcj911p46p | Many modern theodolites are equipped with integrated electro-optical distance measuring devices, generally infrared based, allowing the measurement in one step of complete three-dimensional vectors—albeit in instrument-defined polar coordinates, which can then be transformed to a preexisting coordinate system in the ar... | Seconds theodolite |
c_hmn3rok93tut | In modern elementary particle physics, one can define a gauge covariant derivative which utilizes the extra RQM fields (internal particle spaces) now known to exist. The version known from classical EM (in natural units) is:: 39 The full covariant derivative for the fundamental interactions of the Standard Model that w... | Four-gradient |
c_o0vnu9n3dyv7 | In modern engines, valve spring failure at high RPM has been mostly remedied. The main benefit of the desmodromic system is the prevention of valve float at high rpm. In traditional spring-valve actuation, as engine speed increases, the inertia of the valve will eventually overcome the spring's ability to close it comp... | Desmodromic valve |
c_20dadx2kbeod | This can lead to several problems. First,the valve does not completely return to its seat before combustion begins. This allows combustion gases to escape prematurely, leading to a reduction in cylinder pressure which causes a major decrease in engine performance. | Desmodromic valve |
c_1j7zmil66klr | This can also overheat the valve, possibly warping it and leading to catastrophic failure. Second, and most damaging, the piston collides with the valve and both are destroyed. In spring-valve engines the traditional remedy for valve float is to stiffen the springs. | Desmodromic valve |
c_d2xzy9lctygd | This increases the seat pressure of the valve (the static pressure that holds the valve closed). This is beneficial at higher engine speeds because of a reduction in the aforementioned valve float. The drawback is that the engine has to work harder to open the valve at all engine speeds. | Desmodromic valve |
c_0oz9rayhe24p | The higher spring pressure causes greater friction (hence temperature and wear) in the valvetrain. The desmodromic system avoids this problem, because it does not have to overcome the force of the spring. It must still overcome the inertia of the valve opening and closing, and that depends on the mass distribution of t... | Desmodromic valve |
c_8h2j6p587yqz | The effective mass of a traditional valve with spring includes one-half of the valve spring mass for symmetric springs and all of the valve spring retainer mass. However, a desmodromic system must deal with the inertia of the two rocker arms per valve, so this advantage depends greatly on the skill of the designer. Ano... | Desmodromic valve |
c_cqcx6ynt2yg5 | It is relatively easy to use roller tappets in conventional valvetrains, although it does add considerable moving mass. In a desmodromic system the roller would be needed at one end of the rocker arm, which would greatly increase its moment-of-inertia and negate its "effective mass" advantage. | Desmodromic valve |
c_r2h61ryhmtbl | Thus, desmo systems have generally needed to deal with sliding friction between the cam and rocker arm and therefore may have greater wear. The contact points on most Ducati rocker arms are hard-chromed to reduce this wear. Another possible disadvantage is that it would be very difficult to incorporate hydraulic valve ... | Desmodromic valve |
c_cbuloup2ij0e | In modern environments, purple sulfur bacteria thrive in meromictic (permanently stratified) lakes and silled fjords and are seen in few marine ecosystems. Hypersaline waters like the Black Sea are exceptions. However, billions of years ago, when the oceans were anoxic and sulfidic, phototrophic sulfur bacteria had mor... | Okenane |
c_18jjh51l57sn | Many believe that this time had deeply penetrating oxic water columns because of the disappearance of banded iron formations roughly 1.8 billion years ago. Others, spearheaded by Donald Canfield's 1998 Nature paper, believe that waters were euxinic. Examining rocks from the time uncovered biomarkers of both purple and ... | Okenane |
c_xbeejbpxlf4h | The sedimentary outcrop analyzed was the Barney Creek Formation from the McArthur group in northern Australia. Sample analysis identified both the 2,3,6 trimethylarl isoprenoids (chlorobactane) of Chlorobiaceae and the 2,3,4 trimethylaryl isoprenoids (okenane) of Chromatiaceae. Both chlorobactane and okenane indicate a... | Okenane |
c_1itg3ti1gfrn | In modern everyday English in most of the world, "chile", "chili" and "chilli" all refer to the fruit of C. annuum; in Spanish, "chile" (chee-le), from Nahuatl chīlli, is used for the pepper. In New Mexican English, however, "chile" (chill-ee) refers to the fruit, while "chili" refers only to chili con carne. 'Green ch... | Anaheim peppers |
c_fclheh2cml8w | In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be successfully explained by application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no real fluid is entirely inviscid, and a small viscosity often has a large effect on the flow. Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil, if the ... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_6foi6tavij9p | Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoulli's equations, which were established by Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight.The carburetor used in m... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_ibm5rh7ol04p | The pitot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator, which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the i... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_m4kszsiu002e | : § 3.8 A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity. This then generates thrust by way of Newton's third law of motion. The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as a Venturi meter or an orific... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_4hyxugpm9xlj | For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. Subsequently, Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a decrease in the pressure in the reduced diameter region. This phenomenon is known as the ... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_5czdr0vzvqhf | The maximum possible drain rate for a tank with a hole or tap at the base can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation and is found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the fluid in the tank. This is Torricelli's law, which is compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Increased viscosity lowers t... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_m6tis5m06jal | During a cricket match, bowlers continually polish one side of the ball. After some time, one side is quite rough and the other is still smooth. Hence, when the ball is bowled and passes through air, the speed on one side of the ball is faster than on the other, and this results in a pressure difference between the sid... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_0rfrnwvaylgv | In modern evidence-based medicine, bloodletting is used in management of a few rare diseases, including hemochromatosis and polycythemia. However, bloodletting and leeching were common unvalidated interventions used until the 19th century, as many diseases were incorrectly thought to be due to an excess of blood, accor... | Peripheral blood |
c_9mik4bx0b5jj | In modern evolutionary biology, the idea of developmental bias is embedded into a current of thought called Structuralism, which emphasizes the role of the organism as a causal force of evolutionary change. In the Structuralist view, phenotypic evolution is the result of the action of natural selection on previously ‘f... | Developmental bias |
c_cxl01318bjgq | For a mutation to readily alter a phenotype, and hence be visible to natural selection, it has to modify the ontogenetic trajectory, a process referred to as developmental reprogramming. Some kinds of reprogramming are more likely to occur than others given the nature of the genotype–phenotype map, which determines the... | Developmental bias |
c_k6qme4iz63hw | In modern expansion joints, the metal bellows are often produced with a so-called multi-ply design. To increase both flexibility and stability, multiple thin plies of metal are layered to form the bellows walls. There are two basic design types: The multi-ply and the multi-walled bellows structure. The multi-ply struct... | Metal expansion joint |
c_uxdlhqvj9o94 | In between these cylinders is an open, spiral cylinder which forms multiple plies depending on the design. The multi-walled structure consists of several concentric, longitudinally welded cylinders. | Metal expansion joint |
c_fnp57kx3vcl8 | Each cylinder forms a pressure-tight and closed "wall". The main advantages of multi-walled bellows: Resistance to high and very high pressures Large movement absorption Small dimensions Small adjusting force rates Optimal compensation in a very small space Early leak indication (in case of damage) via standard check h... | Metal expansion joint |
c_5aov3gqku1rt | In modern fiction, shaved heads are often associated with characters who display a stern and disciplined or hardcore attitude. Examples include characters played by Yul Brynner, Vin Diesel, Samuel L. Jackson, Telly Savalas, Sigourney Weaver, and Bruce Willis, as well as characters such as Agent 47 (whose physical appea... | Head shaving |
c_guqwuxlfihnt | Shaved heads are also often associated with villains in fiction, such as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, Colonel Kurtz, Lex Luthor, and Alex Macqueen's version of the Master. A notable exception is Daddy Warbucks. A goatee, usually of the Van Dyke variety, is often worn to complement the look or add sophistication; this look was... | Head shaving |
c_mugt9yk27jcs | For the majority of the crime drama series Breaking Bad, often regarded as one of the greatest TV series of all time, the aforementioned Walter White (played by Bryan Cranston) wore a Van Dyke with a shaved head, contributing to the character's iconic status.In futuristic settings, shaved heads are often associated wit... | Head shaving |
c_5ysa9v7zvk2r | In modern fiction, the vampire tends to be depicted as a suave, charismatic villain. Vampire hunting societies still exist, but they are largely formed for social reasons. Allegations of vampire attacks swept through Malawi during late 2002 and early 2003, with mobs stoning one person to death and attacking at least fo... | Vampire |
c_v627w1g1eht6 | In early 1970, local press spread rumours that a vampire haunted Highgate Cemetery in London. Amateur vampire hunters flocked in large numbers to the cemetery. Several books have been written about the case, notably by Sean Manchester, a local man who was among the first to suggest the existence of the "Highgate Vampir... | Vampire |
c_z0jsh2cqmdaq | In January 2005, rumours circulated that an attacker had bitten a number of people in Birmingham, England, fuelling concerns about a vampire roaming the streets. Local police stated that no such crime had been reported and that the case appears to be an urban legend.The chupacabra ("goat-sucker") of Puerto Rico and Mex... | Vampire |
c_4ibe9yzyoe1m | In some cases, especially in small localities, beliefs are still rampant and sightings or claims of vampire attacks occur frequently. In Romania during February 2004, several relatives of Toma Petre feared that he had become a vampire. They dug up his corpse, tore out his heart, burned it, and mixed the ashes with wate... | Vampire |
c_3p0dbzwff721 | In modern field of computational intelligence, the social learning theory is adopted to develop a new computer optimization algorithm, the social learning algorithm. Emulating the observational learning and reinforcement behaviors, a virtual society deployed in the algorithm seeks the strongest behavioral patterns with... | Social learning theory |
c_tlhing09i54h | First, since the self-improvement through learning is more direct and rapid than the evolution process, the social learning algorithm can improve the efficiency of the algorithms mimicking natural evolution. Second, compared with the interaction and learning behaviors in animal groups, the social learning process of hu... | Social learning theory |
c_c0ybhp26dje9 | Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness and efficiency of the social learning algorithm, which has in turn also verified through computer simulations the outcomes of the social learning behavior in human society.Another example is the social cognitive optimization, which is a population-based metaheuri... | Social learning theory |
c_bj2dzw6ch5jg | In modern finance, a flash crash is a very rapid, deep, and volatile fall in security prices occurring within a very short time period followed by a quick recovery. Flash crashes are frequently blamed by media on trades executed by black-box trading, combined with high-frequency trading, whose speed and interconnectedn... | Flash crash |
c_8m2wy5ixmsqn | In modern finance, a sinking fund is, generally, a method by which an organization sets aside money over time to retire its indebtedness. More specifically, it is a fund into which money can be deposited, so that over time preferred stock, debentures or stocks can be retired. See also "sinking fund provision" under Bon... | Sinking fund |
c_t8zallja88i4 | In modern financial accounting usage, the term fixed assets can be ambiguous. Instead, the term non-current assets (used by the IFRS and U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) XBRL reporting taxonomies) is preferred when referring to assets that will not be liquidated in the current fiscal period. Specifi... | Long-term asset |
c_myttk5zyuk1p | A baking firm's current assets would be its inventory (flour, yeast, etc.), the value of sales owed to the firm from credit extended (i.e. debtors or accounts receivable), and cash held in the bank. Its non-current assets would be the oven used to bake bread, motor vehicles used to transport deliveries, and cash regist... | Long-term asset |
c_vglctt3ytn56 | Non-current (fixed) assets are items of value that the organization has bought and will use for an extended period of time, typically including land and buildings, motor vehicles, furniture, office equipment, computers, fixtures and fittings, and plant and machinery. These often receive a favorable tax treatment (in th... | Long-term asset |
c_dd366yv8dt9d | In modern football, the terms winger or wide player refer to a non-defender who plays on the left or right sides of the pitch. These terms can apply to left or right midfielders, left or right attacking midfielders, or left or right forwards. Left or right-sided defenders such as wing-backs or full-backs are generally ... | Central midfielder |
c_yjv4plq4hfau | Traditionally, wingers were purely attacking players and were not expected to track back and defend. This began to change in the 1960s. In the 1966 World Cup, England manager Alf Ramsey did not select wingers from the quarter-final onwards. | Central midfielder |
c_kkln20er1t7e | This team was known as the "Wingless Wonders" and led to the modern 4–4–2 formation.This has led to most modern wide players having a more demanding role in the sense that they are expected to provide defensive cover for their full-backs and track back to repossess the ball, as well as provide skillful crosses for cent... | Central midfielder |
c_326y3nlmfczo | Even more demanding is the role of wing-back, where the wide player is expected to provide both defence and attack. As the role of winger can be classed as a forward or a midfielder, this role instead blurs the divide between defender and midfielder. Italian manager Antonio Conte has been known to use wide midfielders ... | Central midfielder |
c_zgy77iocr84n | For example, certain managers have been known to use a "wide target man" on the wing, namely a large and physical player who usually plays as a centre-forward, and who will attempt to win aerial challenges and hold up the ball on the flank, or drag full-backs out of position; Romelu Lukaku, for example, has been used i... | Central midfielder |
c_cbbwzimf9n95 | Wingers such as Stanley Matthews or Jimmy Johnstone used to be classified as outside forwards in traditional W-shaped formations, and were formally known as "Outside Right" or "Outside Left", but as tactics evolved through the last 40 years, wingers have dropped to deeper field positions and are now usually classified ... | Central midfielder |
c_nt3f6aectout | To read passes from the midfield that give them a clear crossing opportunity, when going wide, or that give them a clear scoring opportunity, when cutting inside towards the goal. To double up on the opposition winger, particularly when they are being "double-marked" by both the team's full back and winger.The prototyp... | Central midfielder |
c_k016y8sav8hg | Some wingers prefer to cut infield (as opposed to staying wide) and pose a threat as playmakers by playing diagonal passes to forwards or taking a shot at goal. Even players who are not considered quick, have been successfully fielded as wingers at club and international level for their ability to create play from the ... | Central midfielder |
c_pqtbdvtxpltf | The typical abilities of wingers include: Technical skill to beat a full-back in a one-to-one situation. Pace, to beat the full-back one-on-one. Crossing ability when out wide. | Central midfielder |
c_m50xymxxy4sc | Good off-the-ball ability when judging a pass from the midfield or from fellow attackers. Good passing ability and composure, to retain possession while in opposition territory. | Central midfielder |
c_62qr7haf00o4 | The modern winger should also be comfortable on either wing so as to adapt to quick tactical changes required by the coach.Although wingers are a familiar part of football, the use of wingers is by no means universal. There are many successful football teams who operate without wingers. A famous example is Carlo Ancelo... | Central midfielder |
c_vjg8a71wp6kk | In modern form, the Klopman-Salem equation is commonly given as Δ E = ( − ∑ a , b ( q a + q b ) β a b S a b ) + ( ∑ k < ℓ Q k Q ℓ ε R k ℓ ) + ( ∑ r o c c . ∑ s u n o c c . − ∑ s o c c . | Klopman-Salem equation |
c_3dk4r9jrhjr6 | ∑ r u n o c c . 2 ( ∑ a , b c r a c s b β a b ) 2 E r − E s ) {\displaystyle \Delta E={\Big (}-\sum _{a,b}(q_{a}+q_{b})\beta _{ab}S_{ab}{\Big )}+{\Big (}\sum _{k<\ell }{\frac {Q_{k}Q_{\ell }}{\varepsilon R_{k\ell }}}{\Big )}+{\Big (}\sum _{r}^{\mathrm {occ.} }\sum _{s}^{\mathrm {unocc.} | Klopman-Salem equation |
c_v63fxsyszyx3 | }-\sum _{s}^{\mathrm {occ.} }\sum _{r}^{\mathrm {unocc.} }{\frac {2(\sum _{a,b}c_{ra}c_{sb}\beta _{ab})^{2}}{E_{r}-E_{s}}}{\Big )}} ,where q a {\displaystyle q_{a}} is the electron population in atomic orbital a, β a b {\displaystyle \beta _{ab}} , S a b {\displaystyle S_{ab}} are the resonance and overlap integrals fo... | Klopman-Salem equation |
c_ot42zdrpd3cm | The second term describes the Coulombic attraction or repulsion between the atoms of the reactants (ionic contribution, electrostatic effects). Finally, the third term accounts for all possible interactions between the occupied and unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (two-electron filled-unfilled interaction... | Klopman-Salem equation |
c_3buwrs2myswo | Because of the difference in MO energies appearing in the denominator of the third term, energetically close orbitals make the biggest contribution. Hence, approximately speaking, analysis can often be simplified by considering only the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals of the reactants (the HOM... | Klopman-Salem equation |
c_xy8l30b5iy0r | In modern gas turbines, the turbine entry temperature (~1750K) exceeds superalloy incipient melting temperature (~1600K), with the help of surface engineering. | Superalloy |
c_dwgfbuwub3fx | In modern grammar, a particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., it does not have its own lexical definition. According to this definition, particles are a separate part of speech and are distinct from other classes of function words, such as articles, prepos... | Particle (grammar) |
c_5sn7lkf3u478 | In modern heraldry, a royal cypher is a monogram or monogram-like device of a country's reigning sovereign, typically consisting of the initials of the monarch's name and title, sometimes interwoven and often surmounted by a crown. Such a cypher as used by an emperor or empress is called an imperial cypher. In the syst... | Royal Cypher |
c_4n2s4arcoua5 | Previously, 'I' stood for 'imperator' or 'imperatrix' (Latin for "emperor" and "empress") of the Indian Empire.Royal cyphers appear on some government buildings, impressed upon royal and state documents, and are used by governmental departments. They may also appear on other governmental structures built under a partic... | Royal Cypher |
c_qvte20r77ir3 | In modern high-rise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls. The façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating, for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spr... | Façade |
c_wy160mul3iat | In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, but due to their cost and susceptibility to panel edge staining these have not been popular. Whether rated or not, fire protection is always a design consideration. | Façade |
c_5gvxhugih66f | The melting point of aluminium, 660 °C (1,220 °F), is typically reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Fire stops for such building joints can be qualified, too. Putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. | Façade |
c_8po80fhx652c | The extended use of new materials, like polymers, resulted in an increase of high-rise building façade fires over the past few years, since they are more flammable than traditional materials. Some building codes also limit the percentage of window area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the perimet... | Façade |
c_iq953qbo16en | In modern history, Peru underwent a period of hyperinflation in the 1980s to the early 1990s starting with President Fernando Belaúnde's second administration, heightened during Alan García's first administration, to the beginning of Alberto Fujimori's term. 1 US dollar was worth over S/3,210,000,000. Garcia's term int... | Inflationary spiral |
c_4ci9yxx6bn5k | In modern human populations, life expectancy has increased greatly due to advances in medicine lowering death in childbirth and preventing fatal childhood infections. This has led to a shift in the distribution of death from younger to older people, and was accompanied by a transition from extrinsic factors in death to... | Extrinsic mortality |
c_265tvo1s21rq | In modern humans, the appendix is sometimes believed to be a vestige of a redundant organ that in ancestral species had digestive functions, much as it still does in extant species in which intestinal flora hydrolyze cellulose and similar indigestible plant materials. This view has changed over the past decades, with r... | Human vestigiality |
c_1jyop8tkvw1k | It does not however seem to have much digestive function, if any, and is not present in all herbivores, even those with large caeca. As shown in the accompanying pictures however, the human appendix typically is about comparable to that of the rabbit's in size, though the caecum is reduced to a single bulge where the i... | Human vestigiality |
c_0daxzbc2bukv | In line with the possibility of vestigial organs developing new functions, some research suggests that the appendix may guard against the loss of symbiotic bacteria that aid in digestion, though that is unlikely to be a novel function, given the presence of vermiform appendices in many herbivores. Intestinal bacterial ... | Human vestigiality |
c_ipzyjari8xks | In modern installations in Italy (and in other countries where Type L plugs are used) it is usual to find sockets that can accept more than one standard. The simplest type, designated CEI 23-50 P 17/11, has a central round hole flanked by two figure-8 shaped holes, allowing the insertion of CEI 23-50 S 10 (Italian 10 A... | Domestic AC power plugs and sockets |
c_3so7xcg0eteh | A second, quite common type is called CEI 23-50 P 30 and looks like a Schuko socket, but adds a central earthing hole (optional according to CEI 23-50, but virtually always present). This design can accept CEE 7/4 (German), CEE 7/7 (German/French), CEE 7/16, CEE 7/17 (Konturenstecker, German/French unearthed), CEI 23-5... | Domestic AC power plugs and sockets |
c_1ig1cgnb9uhf | In modern landscape design olive trees are frequently used as ornamental features for their distinctively gnarled trunks and "evergreen" silvery gray foliage. | Olive |
c_e092xi0qh9az | In modern language, a "torpedo" is an underwater self-propelled explosive, but historically, the term also applied to primitive naval mines and spar torpedoes. These were used on an ad hoc basis during the early modern period up to the late 19th century. In the early 17th century, torpedoes were created by the Dutchman... | Homing torpedo |
c_sc87snc1ql87 | In the early 1800s, the American inventor Robert Fulton, while in France, "conceived the idea of destroying ships by introducing floating mines under their bottoms in submarine boats". He coined the term "torpedo" about the explosive charges with which he outfitted his submarine Nautilus. However, both the French and t... | Homing torpedo |
c_galifacinhr5 | Fulton then concentrated on developing the torpedo-like weapon independent of a submarine deployment, and in 1804 succeeded in convincing the British government to employ his 'catamaran' against the French. An April 1804 torpedo attack on French ships anchored at Boulogne, and a follow-up attack in October, produced se... | Homing torpedo |
c_eishvxkmp4y6 | Further development languished as Fulton focused on his "steam-boat matters". After the War of 1812 broke out, the Royal Navy established a blockade of the East Coast of the United States. During the war, American forces unsuccessfully attempted to destroy the British ship of the line HMS Ramillies while it was lying a... | Homing torpedo |
c_8hzfqi4q8dgi | This prompted the captain of Ramillies, Sir Thomas Hardy, 1st Baronet, to warn the Americans to cease using this "cruel and unheard-of warfare" or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed". The fact that Hardy had been previously so lenient and considerate to the Americans led them to abandon such att... | Homing torpedo |
c_w3ld2oo1q3o9 | During the American Civil War, the term torpedo was used for what is today called a contact mine, floating on or below the water surface using an air-filled demijohn or similar flotation device. These devices were very primitive and apt to prematurely explode. They would be detonated on contact with the ship or after a... | Homing torpedo |
c_uvoaw8wsoj54 | USS Cairo was the first warship to be sunk in 1862 by an electrically-detonated mine. Spar torpedoes were also used; an explosive device was mounted at the end of a spar up to 30 feet (9.1 m) long projecting forward underwater from the bow of the attacking vessel, which would then ram the opponent with the explosives. ... | Homing torpedo |
c_amdz9nfsngeq | Rear Admiral David Farragut's famous/apocryphal command during the Battle of Mobile Bay in 1864, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" refers to a minefield laid at Mobile, Alabama. On 26 May 1877, during the Romanian War of Independence, the Romanian spar torpedo boat Rândunica attacked and sank the Ottoman river mo... | Homing torpedo |
c_lg0vpllewjos | In modern language, the law states the following: Assuming SI units, F is measured in newtons (N), m1 and m2 in kilograms (kg), r in meters (m), and the constant G is 6.67430(15)×10−11 m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2. The value of the constant G was first accurately determined from the results of the Cavendish experiment conducted by the ... | Newtonian gravitational theory |
c_nxwecprqa8w5 | In modern languages, macro expansion in a preprocessor is a key example of de facto dynamic scope. The macro language itself only transforms the source code, without resolving names, but since the expansion is done in place, when the names in the expanded text are then resolved (notably free variables), they are resolv... | Dynamic scoping |
c_ac7srudnei71 | In modern linguistic theory, tense is understood as a category that expresses (grammaticalizes) time reference; namely one which, using grammatical means, places a state or action in time. Nonetheless, in many descriptions of languages, particularly in traditional European grammar, the term "tense" is applied to verb f... | Grammatical tense |
c_fquclc6w15u9 | In Latin and French, for example, the imperfect denotes past time in combination with imperfective aspect, while other verb forms (the Latin perfect, and the French passé composé or passé simple) are used for past time reference with perfective aspect. The category of mood is used to express modality, which includes su... | Grammatical tense |
c_b24wa6qry2th | Mood can be bound up with tense, aspect, or both, in particular verb forms. Hence, certain languages are sometimes analysed as having a single tense–aspect–mood (TAM) system, without separate manifestation of the three categories. The term tense, then, particularly in less formal contexts, is sometimes used to denote a... | Grammatical tense |
c_dodvo5xv0vna | As regards English, there are many verb forms and constructions which combine time reference with continuous and/or perfect aspect, and with indicative, subjunctive or conditional mood. Particularly in some English language teaching materials, some or all of these forms can be referred to simply as tenses (see below). | Grammatical tense |
c_q9owi4u8tp2o | Particular tense forms need not always carry their basic time-referential meaning in every case. For instance, the historical present is a use of the present tense to refer to past events. The phenomenon of fake tense is common crosslinguistically as a means of marking counterfactuality in conditionals and wishes. | Grammatical tense |
c_uy3cjwvvth5f | In modern linguistics, the wave model has contributed greatly to improve, but not supersede, the tree model approach of the comparative method. Some scholars have even proposed that the wave model does not complement the tree model but should replace it for the representation of language genealogy. The recent works hav... | Wave theory |
c_6adhx628wfl6 | In modern linguistics, there are many theories as to how humans are able to develop language ability. According to Stephen Krashen's acquisition-learning hypothesis, there are two independent ways in which we develop our linguistic skills: acquisition and learning. This theory is at the core of modern language acquisit... | Input hypothesis |
c_oi7jxk75m83c | Acquisition of language is a natural, intuitive, and subconscious process of which individuals need not be aware. One is unaware of the process as it is happening and, when the new knowledge is acquired, the acquirer generally does not realize that they possess any new knowledge. According to Krashen, both adults and c... | Input hypothesis |
c_kqduwvotivp5 | This process is similar to the process that children undergo when learning their native language. Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language, during which the acquirer is focused on meaning rather than form.Learning a language, on the other hand, is a conscious process, much like what one experi... | Input hypothesis |
c_62fdftk6m9qt | In modern literature, Cockney rhyming slang is used frequently in the novels and short stories of Kim Newman, for instance in the short story collections "The Man from the Diogenes Club" (2006) and "Secret Files of the Diogenes Club" (2007), where it is explained at the end of each book.It is also parodied in Going Pos... | Cockney rhyming slang |
c_uqjkv8utxt2o | The Black Watch had a minor blemish on its record of otherwise unbroken squares. Fistfights ensued. In Dashiell Hammett's The Dain Curse, the protagonist exhibits familiarity with Cockney rhyming slang. | Cockney rhyming slang |
c_0l73qkl7y8ty | referring to gambling at dice with the phrase "rats and mice." Cockney rhyming slang is one of the main influences for the dialect spoken in A Clockwork Orange (1962). The author of the novel, Anthony Burgess, also believed the phrase "as queer as a clockwork orange" was Cockney slang having heard it in a London pub in... | Cockney rhyming slang |
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