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c_0n0qlpo57i1h | In modern literature, colloquial alternative names of Alpha Centauri include Rigil Kent (also Rigel Kent and variants; ) and Toliman (the latter of which became the proper name of Alpha Centauri B on 10 August 2018 by approval of the International Astronomical Union). Rigil Kent is short for Rigil Kentaurus, which is s... | Alpha Centauri |
c_acshl4f5nsbl | Tolimân is Golius' latinisation of the Arabic name الظلمان al-Ẓulmān "the ostriches", the name of an asterism of which Alpha Centauri formed the main star.During the 19th century, the northern amateur popularist Elijah H. Burritt used the now-obscure name Bungula, possibly coined from "β" and the Latin ungula ("hoof").... | Alpha Centauri |
c_hslou0h7gyto | In modern literature, some writers have mentioned this fruit: Saki uses medlars in his short stories, which often play on the decay of Edwardian society. In "The Peace of Mowsle Barton", the outwardly quiet farmstead features a medlar tree and corrosive hatred. In "The Boar Pig", the titular animal, Tarquin Superbus, i... | Common medlar |
c_brjs2a315h6r | In modern literature, the trickster survives as a character archetype, not necessarily supernatural or divine, sometimes no more than a stock character. Often, the trickster is distinct in a story by their acting as a sort of catalyst; their antics are the cause of other characters' discomfiture, but they are left unto... | Trickster god |
c_4q12l5vfz4jl | Another once-famous example was the character Froggy the Gremlin on the early USA children's television show "Andy's Gang". A cigar-puffing puppet, Froggy induced the adult humans around him to engage in ridiculous and self-destructive hi-jinks.For example, many European fairy tales have a king who wants to find the be... | Trickster god |
c_w09ncz5fk703 | With the help of his wits and cleverness, instead of fighting, they evade or fool monsters, villains and dangers in unorthodox ways. Against expectations, the most unlikely candidate passes the trials and receives the reward. More modern and obvious examples of the same type include Bugs Bunny in the USA and from Swede... | Trickster god |
c_krhvlglb1rdg | In modern logic theory this scenario is not a paradox. The law of implication reconciles what Uncle Joe claims are incompatible hypotheticals. This law states that "if X then Y" is logically identical to "X is false or Y is true" (¬X ∨ Y). For example, given the statement "if you press the button then the light comes o... | Barbershop paradox |
c_oykp2qxlh8fk | In modern logic, the term "proposition" is often used for sentences of a formal language. In this usage, propositions are formal syntactic objects which can be studied independently of the meaning they would receive from a semantics. Propositions are also called sentences, statements, statement forms, formulas, and wel... | Proposition (logic) |
c_s5tdve22im2j | A formal language begins with different types of symbols. These types can include variables, operators, function symbols, predicate (or relation) symbols, quantifiers, and propositional constants. (Grouping symbols such as delimiters are often added for convenience in using the language, but do not play a logical role.... | Proposition (logic) |
c_qhw0zihdsi26 | Symbols are concatenated together according to recursive rules, in order to construct strings to which truth-values will be assigned. The rules specify how the operators, function and predicate symbols, and quantifiers are to be concatenated with other strings. A proposition is then a string with a specific form. | Proposition (logic) |
c_v650796i8ga9 | The form that a proposition takes depends on the type of logic. The type of logic called propositional, sentential, or statement logic includes only operators and propositional constants as symbols in its language. The propositions in this language are propositional constants, which are considered atomic propositions, ... | Proposition (logic) |
c_zbo5lgd0c6bb | Application here is simply a short way of saying that the corresponding concatenation rule has been applied. The types of logics called predicate, quantificational, or n-order logic include variables, operators, predicate and function symbols, and quantifiers as symbols in their languages. The propositions in these log... | Proposition (logic) |
c_1fwb8yr17kh0 | First, one typically starts by defining a term as follows: A variable, or A function symbol applied to the number of terms required by the function symbol's arity.For example, if + is a binary function symbol and x, y, and z are variables, then x+(y+z) is a term, which might be written with the symbols in various order... | Proposition (logic) |
c_7d6igiddw179 | In modern machines, the time to fetch a variable from the data cache is often several times longer than the time needed for basic ALU operations. A program runs faster without stalls if its memory loads can be started several cycles before the instruction that needs that variable. Complex machines can do this with a de... | Zero address arithmetic |
c_nqsrqukuqr7v | The load step becomes a separate instruction, and that instruction is statically scheduled much earlier in the code sequence. The compiler puts independent steps in between. Scheduling memory accesses requires explicit, spare registers. | Zero address arithmetic |
c_2df15b2vw0bs | It is not possible on stack machines without exposing some aspect of the micro-architecture to the programmer. For the expression A B -, B must be evaluated and pushed immediately prior to the Minus step. Without stack permutation or hardware multithreading, relatively little useful code can be put in between while wai... | Zero address arithmetic |
c_2nhyr1sjkw14 | Stack machines can work around the memory delay by either having a deep out-of-order execution pipeline covering many instructions at once, or more likely, they can permute the stack such that they can work on other workloads while the load completes, or they can interlace the execution of different program threads, as... | Zero address arithmetic |
c_7d540oywqpam | In modern management usage, the term data is increasingly replaced by information or even knowledge in a non-technical context. Thus data management has become information management or knowledge management. This trend obscures the raw data processing and renders interpretation implicit. | Data lifecycle |
c_7acsyf7cks1l | The distinction between data and derived value is illustrated by the information ladder. However, data has staged a comeback with the popularisation of the term big data, which refers to the collection and analyses of massive sets of data. Several organisations have established data management centers (DMC) for their o... | Data lifecycle |
c_sba421a65pby | In modern mapping, a topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features, usually using contour lines (connecting points of equal elevation), but historically using a variety of methods. Traditional definitions require a topographi... | Topographic Map |
c_ztgneufm4vo4 | A topographic map series uses a common specification that includes the range of cartographic symbols employed, as well as a standard geodetic framework that defines the map projection, coordinate system, ellipsoid and geodetic datum. Official topographic maps also adopt a national grid referencing system. Natural Resou... | Topographic Map |
c_s0u4kzi1fvze | In modern market economies, if competition is imperfect; information unevenly distributed; opportunities to acquire education and skills unequal; market failure results. Many such imperfect conditions exist in virtually every market. According to Joseph Stiglitz this means that there is an enormous potential role for g... | Socioeconomic inequality |
c_iva7lo84ltne | In modern mathematical language, class field theory (CFT) can be formulated as follows. Consider the maximal abelian extension A of a local or global field K. It is of infinite degree over K; the Galois group G of A over K is an infinite profinite group, so a compact topological group, and it is abelian. The central ai... | Abelian number field |
c_0lrv1h95ik08 | The fundamental result of general class field theory states that the group G is naturally isomorphic to the profinite completion of CK, the multiplicative group of a local field or the idele class group of the global field, with respect to the natural topology on CK related to the specific structure of the field K. Equ... | Abelian number field |
c_actc4zryplo4 | In this case the reciprocity isomorphism of class field theory (or Artin reciprocity map) also admits an explicit description due to the Kronecker–Weber theorem. However, principal constructions of such more detailed theories for small algebraic number fields are not extendable to the general case of algebraic number f... | Abelian number field |
c_qyddxz8ksjj6 | The latter property is called the global reciprocity law and is a far reaching generalization of the Gauss quadratic reciprocity law. One of the methods to construct the reciprocity homomorphism uses class formation which derives class field theory from axioms of class field theory. This derivation is purely topologica... | Abelian number field |
c_od7h1s38nvsi | In modern mathematical language, the problem posed on the tablet is the following: a rectangle has area A = 0.75 and diagonal c = 1.25. What are the lengths a and b of the sides of the rectangle? The solution can be understood as proceeding in two stages: in stage 1, the quantity c 2 − 2 A {\displaystyle {\sqrt {c^{2}-... | IM 67118 |
c_qqbx8nz9a330 | Geometrically this is the problem of computing the lengths of the sides of a rectangle whose area A and side-length difference b−a are known, which was a recurring problem in Old Babylonian mathematics. In this case it is found that b = 1 and a = 0.75. The solution method suggests that whoever devised the solution was ... | IM 67118 |
c_fcluwva0f38i | It must be emphasized, however, that the modern notation for equations and the practice of representing parameters and unknowns by letters were unheard of in ancient times. It is now widely accepted as a result of Jens Høyrup's extensive analysis of the vocabulary of Old Babylonian mathematics, that underlying the proc... | IM 67118 |
c_ju5nnnck0i4y | The remainder is the small square in the center of the figure.The geometric procedure for computing the lengths of the sides of a rectangle of given area A and side-length difference b − a was to transform the rectangle into a gnomon of area A by cutting off a rectangular piece of dimensions a×½(b − a) and pasting this... | IM 67118 |
c_94o9wkrgmby5 | The quantity ½(b − a)=0.125 is then added to the horizontal side of the square and subtracted from the vertical side. The resulting line segments are the sides of the desired rectangle.One difficulty in reconstructing Old Babylonian geometric diagrams is that known tablets never include diagrams in solutions—even in ge... | IM 67118 |
c_4qgah0403emv | Høyrup argues that the cut-and paste geometry would have been performed in some medium other than clay, perhaps in sand or on a "dust abacus", at least in the early stages of a scribe's training before mental facility with geometric calculation had been developed.Friberg does describe some tablets containing drawings o... | IM 67118 |
c_qo03xr3bk16p | He goes on to argue that this idea is implicit in the text of IM 67118. He also invites a comparison with the diagram of YBC 7329, in which two concentric squares are shown. The band separating the squares is not subdivided into four rectangles on this tablet, but the numerical value of the area of one of the rectangle... | IM 67118 |
c_n7tnzy353qip | In modern mathematical logic, the excluded middle has been argued to result in possible self-contradiction. It is possible in logic to make well-constructed propositions that can be neither true nor false; a common example of this is the "Liar's paradox", the statement "this statement is false", which is argued to itse... | Principle of the excluded middle |
c_wr8zkj19jsjm | In set theory, such a self-referential paradox can be constructed by examining the set "the set of all sets that do not contain themselves". This set is unambiguously defined, but leads to a Russell's paradox: does the set contain, as one of its elements, itself? However, in the modern Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, this... | Principle of the excluded middle |
c_i72sqvvdo90l | In modern mathematics it is common to study a category by associating to every object of this category a simpler object that still retains sufficient information about the object of interest. Homotopy groups are such a way of associating groups to topological spaces. That link between topology and groups lets mathemati... | Homotopy group |
c_sn0y3jjqbavy | For example, the torus is different from the sphere: the torus has a "hole"; the sphere doesn't. However, since continuity (the basic notion of topology) only deals with the local structure, it can be difficult to formally define the obvious global difference. The homotopy groups, however, carry information about the g... | Homotopy group |
c_l6p4169gj2xr | As for the example: the first homotopy group of the torus T {\displaystyle T} is because the universal cover of the torus is the Euclidean plane R 2 , {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{2},} mapping to the torus T ≅ R 2 / Z 2 . {\displaystyle T\cong \mathbb {R} ^{2}/\mathbb {Z} ^{2}.} Here the quotient is in the category of ... | Homotopy group |
c_2r9fzvclu8op | In modern mathematics spaces are defined as sets with some added structure. They are frequently described as different types of manifolds, which are spaces that locally approximate to Euclidean space, and where the properties are defined largely on local connectedness of points that lie on the manifold. There are howev... | Physical space |
c_x1h3660akhyy | In modern mathematics, a common proof involves Bézout's identity, which was unknown at Euclid's time. Bézout's identity states that if x and y are coprime integers (i.e. they share no common divisors other than 1 and −1) there exist integers r and s such that r x + s y = 1. {\displaystyle rx+sy=1.} Let a and n be copri... | Euclid's lemma |
c_qahp7jcge9i4 | By Bézout's identity, there are r and s such that r n + s a = 1. {\displaystyle rn+sa=1.} Multiply both sides by b: r n b + s a b = b . {\displaystyle rnb+sab=b.} The first term on the left is divisible by n, and the second term is divisible by ab, which by hypothesis is divisible by n. Therefore their sum, b, is also ... | Euclid's lemma |
c_2d8gdpc639c2 | In modern mathematics, given the multitude of geometries, the concept of a line is closely tied to the way the geometry is described. For instance, in analytic geometry, a line in the plane is often defined as the set of points whose coordinates satisfy a given linear equation, but in a more abstract setting, such as i... | Straight line |
c_bdm6nxtqxyyw | One advantage to this approach is the flexibility it gives to users of the geometry. Thus in differential geometry, a line may be interpreted as a geodesic (shortest path between points), while in some projective geometries, a line is a 2-dimensional vector space (all linear combinations of two independent vectors). Th... | Straight line |
c_9lfyn4hk720f | In modern mathematics, one often studies spaces whose points are themselves mathematical objects. A distance function on such a space generally aims to measure the dissimilarity between two objects. Here are some examples: Functions to a metric space. If X is any set and M is a metric space, then the set of all bounded... | Metric distance |
c_n9mzd6he7ebq | If M is complete, then this function space is complete as well; moreover, if X is also a topological space, then the subspace consisting of all bounded continuous functions from X to M is also complete. When X is a subspace of R n {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} , this function space is known as a classical Wiener spa... | Metric distance |
c_r28fgs6cvl6l | String metrics and edit distances. There are many ways of measuring distances between strings of characters, which may represent sentences in computational linguistics or code words in coding theory. Edit distances attempt to measure the number of changes necessary to get from one string to another. | Metric distance |
c_6mfam82r7s9t | For example, the Hamming distance measures the minimal number of substitutions needed, while the Levenshtein distance measures the minimal number of deletions, insertions, and substitutions; both of these can be thought of as distances in an appropriate graph. Graph edit distance is a measure of dissimilarity between t... | Metric distance |
c_jx9ao2hc08s7 | The Wasserstein distance between two measures is, roughly speaking, the cost of transporting one to the other. The set of all m by n matrices over some field is a metric space with respect to the rank distance d ( A , B ) = r a n k ( B − A ) {\displaystyle d(A,B)=\mathrm {rank} (B-A)} . The Helly metric in game theory ... | Metric distance |
c_8japev9rlcj7 | In modern mathematics, the sum of an infinite series is defined to be the limit of the sequence of its partial sums, if it exists. The sequence of partial sums of Grandi's series is 1, 0, 1, 0, ..., which clearly does not approach any number (although it does have two accumulation points at 0 and 1). Therefore, Grandi'... | Grandi's series |
c_fc6i5986zf51 | Otherwise these operations can alter the result of summation. Further, the terms of Grandi's series can be rearranged to have its accumulation points at any interval of two or more consecutive integer numbers, not only 0 or 1. For instance, the series 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 + 1 + 1 − ... | Grandi's series |
c_m72vcd82h66o | In modern mechanical watch designs, production of a highly accurate watch does not require a tourbillon. There is even debate amongst horologists as to whether tourbillons ever improved the accuracy of mechanical watches, even when first introduced, or whether the watches of the day were inherently inaccurate due to de... | Tourbillon |
c_etwudymyh2uj | Previously such models were very rare, either antique or new. Any watch with a tourbillon will cost a great deal more than an equivalent piece without the feature. The prices of Swiss models typically start at $40,000 and the prices of more expensive tourbillon watches can reach six figures. | Tourbillon |
c_atf5m453qavb | The prices of some Chinese models can range from hundreds of dollars to nearly $5000.Modern implementations typically allow the tourbillon to be seen through a window in the watch face. In addition to the decorative effect, a tourbillon can act as a second hand for some watches, if the tourbillon rotates exactly once p... | Tourbillon |
c_mt7y35ykkezb | Some tourbillons rotate faster than this (Greubel Forsey's 24 second tourbillon for example). Also, many quotidian watches feature their oscillating balance wheel. Sometimes termed, appropriately enough, the "open heart", these are sometimes misrepresented by unscrupulous dealers as a tourbillon (and "tourbillon-style"... | Tourbillon |
c_j9jkcxu2dvg2 | In modern mechanized farming, generally a farmer will use two harrows, one after the other. The disk harrow is used first to slice up the large clods left by the mould-board plough, followed by the spring-tooth harrow. To save time and fuel they may be pulled by one tractor; the disk hitched to the tractor, and the spr... | Spike harrow |
c_tuz9lgtcdbak | In modern media, images of partial and full nudity are used in advertising to draw attention. In the case of attractive models this attention is due to the visual pleasure the images provide; in other cases it is due to the relative rarity of such images. The use of nudity in advertising tends to be carefully controlle... | Depictions of nudity |
c_niadwl87d3nd | The success of sexually provocative advertising is claimed in the truism "sex sells." However, responses to nudity in American advertisements have been more mixed; nudity in the advertisements of Calvin Klein, Benetton, and Abercrombie & Fitch, for example, has provoked negative as well as positive responses. An exampl... | Depictions of nudity |
c_majn87r7x54h | In modern medicine there are multiple options to limit the effect of cancer treatment on fertility. One of the preventative measures in females is transposition of gonadal organs further from local therapeutic agents with a success rate over 90%. Another less invasive method used for many years is lead shielding of gon... | Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility |
c_ahmmha10hz0c | The most common solution is cryopreservation of sperms in post pubertal males and cryopreservation of oocytes or embryos for females with smaller age constrain compared to males who can then utilise multiple assisted reproductive techniques (ART) methods such as intrauterine insemination, IVF or ICSI as an alternative ... | Side effects of radiotherapy on fertility |
c_axydeeztj7kl | In modern merchandising, distribution responsibilities are absent, and focus is placed on planning and analysis. A separate team is tasked with distribution. Large organizations separate merchandisers by type. There are retail merchandisers and product merchandisers. | Fashion merchandising |
c_pwc5yq5rrx6c | Retail merchandisers manage store allocation and must maximize sales. Product merchandisers manage the flow of materials to suppliers and then the flow of product to stores. Product merchandisers then pass control of product to the retail merchandisers. | Fashion merchandising |
c_wlsz6x1jk8rm | Modern Structure Many large organizations have concluded that distribution requires highly detailed work and that it is necessary to have a team specifically for that purpose. This is due to the fine details of allocation, which require focus on aspects such as colour and sizes for a specific store. This approach not o... | Fashion merchandising |
c_4zm13n37yt5t | Organizations that do not conduct distribution this way risk losing control of their stock at both the highest and lowest level. This is a result of the lack of uniformity and oversight. | Fashion merchandising |
c_e1rqbt0dnan0 | The distribution team specializes not only in managing distribution, but they are also focused on sales and profit. They employ detailed, accurate information about distribution points sourced from product planners. They possess the ability to manage dynamic stock demands. | Fashion merchandising |
c_yu43qvxtvo7s | They partner with buyers and merchandisers for any necessary repeat buying. Though they are positioned to manage stock, they still operate within the limits of the buying plan, and merchandisers ensure they remain within this realm. Buyers provide guidelines for distribution, such as the type of stores where product sh... | Fashion merchandising |
c_397f6a20bw12 | The team also supports the goals of an organization through being instrumental in responding to trends. The nature of modern analysis has allowed many merchandisers to plan as much as four seasons ahead, and they are expected to apply the data. This further increases the demands placed on their roles and emphasizes the... | Fashion merchandising |
c_6dm9s5v1sy7x | In modern military engineering, a berm is the earthen or sod wall or parapet, especially a low earthen wall adjacent to a ditch. The digging of the ditch (often by a bulldozer or military engineering vehicle) can provide the soil from which the berm is constructed. Walls constructed in this manner are an obstacle to ve... | Berm |
c_17jajzm14630 | In modern mixed economies such as those of the OECD countries, it is currently the most common form of work arrangement. Although most labour is organised as per this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs, professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments, ... | Wage labor |
c_blybqr0wqb8e | In modern moral psychology, morality is sometimes considered to change through personal development. Several psychologists have produced theories on the development of morals, usually going through stages of different morals. Lawrence Kohlberg, Jean Piaget, and Elliot Turiel have cognitive-developmental approaches to m... | Moral consciousness |
c_rdzfvd49lsfu | In the Ethics of care approach established by Carol Gilligan, moral development occurs in the context of caring, mutually responsive relationships which are based on interdependence, particularly in parenting but also in social relationships generally. Social psychologists such as Martin Hoffman and Jonathan Haidt emph... | Moral consciousness |
c_0q81euooc43h | Of historical interest in psychology are the theories of psychoanalysts such as Sigmund Freud, who believe that moral development is the product of aspects of the super-ego as guilt-shame avoidance. Theories of moral development therefore tend to regard it as positive moral development: the higher stages are morally hi... | Moral consciousness |
c_n06jqip6sfdb | As an alternative to viewing morality as an individual trait, some sociologists as well as social- and discursive psychologists have taken upon themselves to study the in-vivo aspects of morality by examining how persons conduct themselves in social interaction.A new study analyses the common perception of a decline in... | Moral consciousness |
c_48wbljn50le9 | Subsequently, they indicate that people ascribe this decay to the declining morality of individuals as they age and the succeeding generations. Thirdly, the authors demonstrate that people's evaluations of the morality of their peers have not decreased over time, indicating that the belief in moral decline is an illusi... | Moral consciousness |
c_0wx7zltu41t8 | In modern multitasking environment, an application process usually has in its address space (or spaces) chunks of memory of following types: Machine code, including: program's own code (historically known as code segment or text segment); shared libraries. Data, including: initialized data (data segment); uninitialized... | Absolute address |
c_3y3ji9qqpg2z | In modern musical notation and tuning, an enharmonic equivalent is a note, interval, or key signature that is equivalent to some other note, interval, or key signature but "spelled", or named differently. The enharmonic spelling of a written note, interval, or chord is an alternative way to write that note, interval, o... | Enharmonic |
c_cigrlpbfllvb | In modern mysticism, the infinity symbol has become identified with a variation of the ouroboros, an ancient image of a snake eating its own tail that has also come to symbolize the infinite, and the ouroboros is sometimes drawn in figure-eight form to reflect this identification—rather than in its more traditional cir... | Infinity symbol |
c_hygx1mihxlfx | In modern neoclassical economics, exchange value itself is no longer explicitly theorised. The reason is that the concept of money-price is deemed sufficient in order to understand trading processes and markets. Exchange value thus becomes simply the price for which a good will trade in a given market which is identica... | Exchange value |
c_lpq6hgkww57u | Market realities are therefore understood in terms of supply and demand curves which sets price at a level where supply equals demand. Professor John Eatwell criticizes this approach as follows: Since the markets are driven by average opinion about what average opinion will be, an enormous premium is placed on any info... | Exchange value |
c_hha68tehqe4o | These signals have to be simple and clear-cut. Sophisticated interpretations of the economic data would not provide a clear lead. So the money markets and foreign exchange markets become dominated by simple slogans—larger fiscal deficits lead to higher interest rates, an increased money supply results in higher inflati... | Exchange value |
c_ryoxb0e15nhb | To these simplistic rules of the game there is added a demand for governments to publish their own financial targets, to show that their policy is couched within a firm financial framework. The main purpose of insisting on this government commitment to financial targeting is to aid average opinion in guessing how avera... | Exchange value |
c_7mdjoj4r2l7m | In modern news, social media has become a major source of amateur reporting. The Arab Spring is believed to have been aided by citizen journalism that was reported using and disseminated by Facebook and Twitter. The Top 15 Most Popular Social Media Sites range from 15 million users to 900 million users, and as their us... | Mass amateurization |
c_7z4344eu6ll6 | In modern notation, a breve is commonly represented in either of two ways: by a hollow oval note head, like a whole note, with one or two vertical lines on either side, as on the left and right of the image, or as the rectangular shape also found in older notation, shown in the middle of the image.Because it lasts long... | Double whole note |
c_n0xvg1818ako | In modern notation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the natural minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F♯). Major and ... | Melodic minor scale |
c_amj11aa0ekgm | In modern operating systems, non-system (i.e. user-mode) applications are prevented from accessing any memory locations not explicitly authorized by the virtual memory controller (called memory management unit (MMU)). In addition to containing damage that may be caused by software flaws and allowing more efficient use ... | DMA attack |
c_dz20zozqr2yl | The OHCI 1394 specification allows devices, for performance reasons, to bypass the operating system and access physical memory directly without any security restrictions. But SBP2 devices can easily be spoofed, making it possible to trick an operating system into allowing an attacker to both read and write physical mem... | DMA attack |
c_q6tixnjraen8 | In modern operating systems, rasterization is normally provided by a shared library common to many applications. Such a shared library may be built into the operating system or the desktop environment, or may be added later. In principle, each application may use a different font rasterization library, but in practice ... | Font rendering |
c_y9kqw5jpjjve | On the other hand, the standard Microsoft rasterizer without ClearType is an example of one that prioritizes type designer's intent of clarity; by forcing text into integral coordinate positions, following the type designer's intent of hinting, and even not antialiasing certain fonts at certain sizes, following the typ... | Font rendering |
c_gxhnxk8ldq9g | The Quartz renderer has, since macOS Mojave, removed subpixel rendering, relying purely on greyscale anti-aliasing instead. This change is acceptable to HiDPI "retina" screens, but make text on external monitors harder to read.Most other systems use the FreeType library, which depending on the settings, can fall anywhe... | Font rendering |
c_ih4wstsj59ql | In modern parallel computing systems, memory consistency must be maintained to avoid undesirable outcomes. Strict consistency models like sequential consistency are intuitively composed but can be quite restrictive in terms of performance as they would disable instruction level parallelism which is widely applied in se... | Release Consistency |
c_trtaklbpmfye | In modern particle accelerators at high energies, the predictions of special relativity are routinely confirmed, and are necessary for the design and theoretical evaluation of collision experiments, especially in the ultrarelativistic limit. For instance, time dilation must be taken into account to understand the dynam... | Tests of relativistic energy and momentum |
c_of10tu2nas6y | In modern particle physics, forces and the acceleration of particles are explained as a mathematical by-product of exchange of momentum-carrying gauge bosons. With the development of quantum field theory and general relativity, it was realized that force is a redundant concept arising from conservation of momentum (4-m... | Physical force |
c_gd0tqudr6zn6 | : 199–128 While sophisticated mathematical descriptions are needed to predict, in full detail, the result of such interactions, there is a conceptually simple way to describe them through the use of Feynman diagrams. In a Feynman diagram, each matter particle is represented as a straight line (see world line) traveling... | Physical force |
c_o0013bozaw88 | World lines of particles intersect at interaction vertices, and the Feynman diagram represents any force arising from an interaction as occurring at the vertex with an associated instantaneous change in the direction of the particle world lines. Gauge bosons are emitted away from the vertex as wavy lines and, in the ca... | Physical force |
c_sprbew26oshc | In modern peacekeeping operations, which involve both civilian and military operations, more comprehensive (not just military) doctrines are now emerging such as the 2008 United Nations peacekeeping operations' "Capstone Doctrine" which speaks to integrated civilian and military operations. | Religious doctrine |
c_klifnxoe37n9 | In modern personal computers, almost every peripheral device uses an adapter to communicate with a system bus, for example: Display adapters used to transmit signals to a display device Universal Serial Bus (USB) adapters for printers, keyboards and mice, among others Network adapters used to connect a computer to a ne... | Adapter (computing) |
c_rqp6ucxzp8o6 | In modern philosophical use, the term phenomena means things as they are experienced through the senses and processed by the mind as distinct from things in and of themselves (noumena). In his inaugural dissertation, titled On the Form and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World, Immanuel Kant (1770) theorize... | Scientific phenomenon |
c_jjf0z0dkep66 | In modern philosophy, nominalism was revived by Thomas Hobbes and Pierre Gassendi.In contemporary analytic philosophy, it has been defended by Rudolf Carnap, Nelson Goodman, H. H. Price, and D. C. Williams.Lately, some scholars have been questioning what kind of influences nominalism might have had in the conception of... | Medieval nominalism |
c_x5f84a6qusmi | Furthermore, "Nominalism turned this world on its head," he argues. "For the nominalists, all real being was individual or particular and universals were thus mere fictions. "Another scholar, Victor Bruno, follows the same line. | Medieval nominalism |
c_4rs7uylrm2ke | According to Bruno, nominalism is one of the first signs of rupture in the medieval system. "The dismembering of the particulars, the dangerous attribution to individuals to a status of totalization of possibilities in themselves, all this will unfold in an existential fissure that is both objective and material. The r... | Medieval nominalism |
c_q4rz701u5q1k | In modern philosophy, the coherence theory of truth was defended by Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Harold Henry Joachim (who is credited with the definitive formulation of the theory). However, Spinoza and Kant have also been int... | Coherence theory of truth |
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