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c_5mlzt2rodk6b | For example, in a country music song, the guitarist will be expected to be able to perform a chord progression using an intricate fingerpicking style; in a heavy metal song, the guitarist will be expected to play power chords and complex, precise rhythmic patterns; in a jazz song, a guitarist will be expected to be able to play "jazz voicings" of the chords, which emphasize the third, seventh and often the sixth or ninth chord tones (this contrasts with the barre chord voicings used in pop and rock, which emphasize the root, fifth, and to a lesser degree, the third of the chord). Drummers and percussionists are expected to be able to improvise or prepare rhythm parts that suit the style of a given song. In some cases, an arranger, orchestrator or composer will provide a written-out bass part or drum part written in music notation (the five-line staff in which the notes are round symbols with or without stems). It is rare in jazz or rock for chords to be written out in music notation; the arranger or songwriter typically writes the chord symbol and expects the guitarist to improvise the appropriate chord voicing. | Rhythm section |
c_d8o04boebn3g | In modern scholarship, the Christ myth theory is considered a fringe theory, and finds virtually no support from scholars, to the point of being addressed in footnotes or almost completely ignored due to the obvious weaknesses they espouse. Common criticisms against the Christ myth theory include: general lack of expertise or relationship to academic institutions and current scholarship; reliance on arguments from silence, lack of evidence, dismissal or distortion of what sources actually state, questionable methodologies, and outdated or superficial comparisons with mythologies.According to agnostic scholar Bart D. Ehrman, nearly all scholars who study the early Christian period believe that Jesus did exist, and Ehrman observes that mythicist writings are generally of poor quality because they are usually authored by amateurs and non-scholars who have no academic credentials or have never taught at academic institutions. Maurice Casey, an agnostic scholar of New Testament and early Christianity, stated that the belief among professors that Jesus existed is generally completely certain. According to Casey, the view that Jesus did not exist is "the view of extremists", "demonstrably false" and "professional scholars generally regard it as having been settled in serious scholarship long ago". | Christ myth theory |
c_fllkbdegaijc | In 1977, classical historian and popular author Michael Grant in his book Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, concluded that "modern critical methods fail to support the Christ-myth theory". In support, Grant quoted Roderic Dunkerley's 1957 opinion that the Christ myth theory has "again and again been answered and annihilated by first-rank scholars". He also quoted Otto Betz' 1968 opinion that in recent years "no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non-historicity of Jesus—or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary". | Christ myth theory |
c_fvp5i5qbc20r | In the same book, he also wrote: If we apply to the New Testament, as we should, the same sort of criteria as we should apply to other ancient writings containing historical material, we can no more reject Jesus' existence than we can reject the existence of a mass of pagan personages whose reality as historical figures is never questioned. Graeme Clarke, Emeritus Professor of Classical Ancient History and Archaeology at Australian National University stated in 2008: "Frankly, I know of no ancient historian or biblical historian who would have a twinge of doubt about the existence of a Jesus Christ—the documentary evidence is simply overwhelming". R. Joseph Hoffmann, who had created the Jesus Project, which included both mythicists and historicists to investigate the historicity of Jesus, wrote that an adherent to the Christ myth theory asked to set up a separate section of the project for those committed to the position. | Christ myth theory |
c_bxk0e0so3maf | Hoffmann felt that to be committed to mythicism signaled a lack of necessary skepticism and he noted that most members of the project did not reach the mythicist conclusion. Hoffmann also called the mythicist theory "fatally flawed".Philip Jenkins, Distinguished Professor of History at Baylor University, wrote, "What you can't do, though, without venturing into the far swamps of extreme crankery, is to argue that Jesus never existed. The 'Christ-Myth Hypothesis' is not scholarship, and is not taken seriously in respectable academic debate. | Christ myth theory |
c_35bk96qg8jwc | The grounds advanced for the 'hypothesis' are worthless. The authors proposing such opinions might be competent, decent, honest individuals, but the views they present are demonstrably wrong. | Christ myth theory |
c_duo36spr4ndk | ... Jesus is better documented and recorded than pretty much any non-elite figure of antiquity. "According to Daniel Gullotta, most of the mythicist literature contains "wild theories, which are poorly researched, historically inaccurate, and written with a sensationalist bent for popular audiences. "According to James F. McGrath and Christopher Hansen, mythicists sometimes rely on questionable and outdated methods like Rank and Raglan mythotypes that end up resulting in misclassifying real historical persons as mythical figures. | Christ myth theory |
c_hhyll3lre274 | In modern science and its applied fields such as technology and medicine, a knowledge of classical languages is not as rigid a prerequisite as it used to be. However, traces of their influence remain. Firstly, languages such as Greek, Latin and Arabic – either directly or via more recently derived languages such as French – have provided not only most of the technical terms used in Western science, but also a de facto vocabulary of roots, prefixes and suffixes for the construction of new terms as required. Echoes of the consequences sound in remarks such as "Television? | Scientific terminology |
c_plzzvso9v4t8 | The word is half Latin and half Greek. No good can come of it." | Scientific terminology |
c_pn28mz89enmd | (referring to it being a hybrid word). A special class of terminology that overwhelmingly is derived from classical sources, is biological classification, in which binomial nomenclature still is most often based on classical origins. The derivations are arbitrary however and can be mixed variously with modernisms, late Latin, and even fictional roots, errors and whims. | Scientific terminology |
c_j73s8ehnysz9 | However, in spite of the chaotic nature of the field, it still is helpful to the biologist to have a good vocabulary of classical roots. Branches of science that are based, however tenuously, on fields of study known to the ancients, or that were established by more recent workers familiar with Greek and Latin, often use terminology that is fairly correct descriptive Latin, or occasionally Greek. Descriptive human anatomy or works on biological morphology often use such terms, for example, musculus gluteus maximus simply means the "largest rump muscle", where musculus was the Latin for "little mouse" and the name applied to muscles. | Scientific terminology |
c_u6brqmo4pioe | During the last two centuries there has been an increasing tendency to modernise the terminology, though how beneficial that might be is subject to discussion. In other descriptive anatomical terms, whether in vertebrates or invertebrates, a frenum (a structure for keeping something in place) is simply the Latin for a bridle; and a foramen (a passage or perforation) also is the actual Latin word.All such words are so much terminology. It does not much matter whether modern users know that they are classical or not. | Scientific terminology |
c_ukdukwtqqum7 | Some distinct term is necessary for any meaningful concept, and if it is not classical, a modern coinage would not generally be any more comprehensible (consider examples such as "byte" or "dongle"). Another modern use of classical language however, is the subject of often acrimonious debate. It is the use of foreign or classical (commonly Latin) expressions terms, or "tags", where it would be possible to use the vernacular instead. This is common in everyday speech in some circles, saying "requiescat in pace" instead of "rest in peace" might be pretension or pleasantry, but in law and science among other fields, there are many Latin expressions in use, where it might be equally practical to use the vernacular. Consider the following discussion of the Latin term "sensu". | Scientific terminology |
c_4ko9zoh6gdpt | In modern science falsifiability is generally considered important. In De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Copernicus had published both a theoretical description of the universe and a set of tables and calculating methods for working out the future positions of the planets. In Letters on Sunspots Galileo did as Copernicus had done – he elaborated his ideas on the form and substance of sunspots, and accompanied this with tables of predictions for the position of the moons of Jupiter. In part this was to demonstrate that Scheiner was wrong in comparing sunspots with the moons. More generally, Galileo was using his predictions to establish the validity of his ideas – if he could be demonstrably right about the complex movements of many small moons, his readers could take that as a token of his wider credibility. This approach was the opposite of the method of Aristotelian astronomers, who did not build theoretical models based on data, but looked for ways of explaining how the available data could be accommodated within existing theory. | Letters on Sunspots |
c_x5wismbiwn8s | In modern scientific usage, weight and mass are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an intrinsic property of matter, whereas weight is a force that results from the action of gravity on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word "weight" is used when, strictly, "mass" is meant. For example, most people would say that an object "weighs one kilogram", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass. The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. | Weight |
c_mvwbjj66bb28 | In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is directly proportional to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, weighing (using a weighing scale) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a balance measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. | Weight |
c_3lab6gjuw7qc | Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same gravitational field, the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement. The Earth's gravitational field is not uniform but can vary by as much as 0.5% at different locations on Earth (see Earth's gravity). These variations alter the relationship between weight and mass, and must be taken into account in high-precision weight measurements that are intended to indirectly measure mass. | Weight |
c_r86fn38vo9si | Spring scales, which measure local weight, must be calibrated at the location at which the objects will be used to show this standard weight, to be legal for commerce.This table shows the variation of acceleration due to gravity (and hence the variation of weight) at various locations on the Earth's surface. The historical use of "weight" for "mass" also persists in some scientific terminology – for example, the chemical terms "atomic weight", "molecular weight", and "formula weight", can still be found rather than the preferred "atomic mass", etc. In a different gravitational field, for example, on the surface of the Moon, an object can have a significantly different weight than on Earth. The gravity on the surface of the Moon is only about one-sixth as strong as on the surface of the Earth. A one-kilogram mass is still a one-kilogram mass (as mass is an intrinsic property of the object) but the downward force due to gravity, and therefore its weight, is only one-sixth of what the object would have on Earth. So a man of mass 180 pounds weighs only about 30 pounds-force when visiting the Moon. | Weight |
c_tey8zw7h3l9b | In modern set-theoretic mathematics, a more abstract construction allowing one to define arithmetical operations without any case distinction is often used instead. The integers can thus be formally constructed as the equivalence classes of ordered pairs of natural numbers (a,b).The intuition is that (a,b) stands for the result of subtracting b from a. To confirm our expectation that 1 − 2 and 4 − 5 denote the same number, we define an equivalence relation ~ on these pairs with the following rule: ( a , b ) ∼ ( c , d ) {\displaystyle (a,b)\sim (c,d)} precisely when a + d = b + c . {\displaystyle a+d=b+c.} Addition and multiplication of integers can be defined in terms of the equivalent operations on the natural numbers; by using to denote the equivalence class having (a,b) as a member, one has: + := . | Integer number |
c_p1h8lmibbnso | {\displaystyle +:=.} ⋅ := . {\displaystyle \cdot :=.} | Integer number |
c_1bnuopgrhcol | The negation (or additive inverse) of an integer is obtained by reversing the order of the pair: − := . {\displaystyle -:=.} Hence subtraction can be defined as the addition of the additive inverse: − := . | Integer number |
c_481f2cmbo833 | {\displaystyle -:=.} The standard ordering on the integers is given by: < {\displaystyle <} if and only if a + d < b + c . {\displaystyle a+d | Integer number |
c_7bri9drb5572 | In modern signal processing, devices, such as operational amplifiers, are designed to have an input impedance several orders of magnitude higher than the output impedance of the source device connected to that input. This is called impedance bridging. The losses due to input impedance (loss) in these circuits will be minimized, and the voltage at the input of the amplifier will be close to voltage as if the amplifier circuit was not connected. | Input impedance |
c_cy2d6nejm8rr | When a device whose input impedance could cause significant degradation of the signal is used, often a device with a high input impedance and a low output impedance is used to minimize its effects. Voltage follower or impedance-matching transformers are often used for these effects. The input impedance for high-impedance amplifiers (such as vacuum tubes, field effect transistor amplifiers and op-amps) is often specified as a resistance in parallel with a capacitance (e.g., 2.2 MΩ ∥ 1 pF). Pre-amplifiers designed for high input impedance may have a slightly higher effective noise voltage at the input (while providing a low effective noise current), and so slightly more noisy than an amplifier designed for a specific low-impedance source, but in general a relatively low-impedance source configuration will be more resistant to noise (particularly mains hum). | Input impedance |
c_k5uvvsxskdp0 | In modern slang, the term "skid mark" means a fecal stain or smear on the back of one's underwear. It may also apply to a pet experiencing anal irritation and sliding (or scooting) across the floor to relieve the itching or obstruction, leaving a line of feces behind. | Skid mark |
c_pbxtjvdtvbui | In modern societies, a large portion of the population does not yet know what paralysis (sometimes called freezing) is, when it happens and how often. For example, a 2021 Dutch survey of I & O Research commissioned by Amnesty International involving 1,059 Dutch-speaking students showed that 22% had never heard of freezing (in the sense of 'paralysis') before, and 25% had heard of it, but did not know exactly what it meant; the remaining 53% did know. : 5 59% of the students aged 18 or younger did not know what it was; 42% had never even heard of it. : 20 However, the older the students, the more they knew about it (61% of those aged 25 and older knew what paralysis). | Rape paralysis |
c_azozk0jpuvog | : 20 Moreover, only 33% of the students who did not know from personal experience or from others what sexual penetration without consent was, knew what freezing was. : 5 The survey also showed that 29% of the men had never heard of it (26% had, but did not know what it was), while only 15% of women had never heard of it (23% did, without knowing what it was). | Rape paralysis |
c_cbk62zslrhmq | : 19 Finally, many students found that someone should clearly say 'no' if they do not want sexual penetration, even if they knew what paralysis was and that a paralysed person is unable to say 'no'. The biggest difference was between the 145 women who knew what paralysis was and found that you (therefore) do not have to say 'no' if you do not want sex (36% of all women who knew what paralysis was) and the 91 men who had never heard of paralysis and found that you should clearly say 'no' if you do not want sex (77% of all men who had never heard of paralysis). : 26 Although men can also be victims of sexual violence and can also be paralysed by fear, it happens to women more often, and usually by male perpetrators, although there are also female perpetrators. | Rape paralysis |
c_h6gt0omysxc1 | In modern society, the role of marriage and its termination through divorce have become political issues. As people live increasingly mobile lives, the conflict of laws and its choice of law rules are highly relevant to determine: the circumstances in which people may obtain divorces in states in which they have no permanent or habitual residence; and when one state will recognize and enforce a divorce granted in another state | Conflict of divorce laws |
c_mu4g9ibpmjsh | In modern solid-state physics, it is common to classify systems according to the kind of degrees of freedom they have available, like electron (metals) or spin (magnetism). In crystals that can display the JTE, and before this effect is realised by symmetry-breaking distortions, it is found that there exists an orbital degree of freedom consisting of how electrons occupy the local degenerate orbitals. As initially discussed by Kugel and Khomskii, not all configurations are equivalent. The key is the relative orientation of these occupied orbital, in the same way that spin orientation is important in magnetic systems, and the ground state can only be realised for some particular orbital pattern. | Jahn–Teller distortion |
c_bl4sac6bghjh | Both this pattern and the effect giving rise to this phenomenon is usually denominated orbital-ordering. In order to predict the orbital-ordering pattern, Kugel and Khomskii used a particularisation of the Hubbard model. In particular they established how superexchange interactions, usually described by the Anderson–Kanamori–Goodenough rules, change in the presence of degenerate orbitals. | Jahn–Teller distortion |
c_hgrg5zwp0m1s | Their model, using a pseudospin representation for the local orbitals, leads to a Heisenberg-like model in which the ground state is a combination of orbital and spin patterns. Using this model it can be shown, for example, that the origin of the unusual ground insulating ferromagnetic state of a solid like K2CuF4 can be traced to its orbital ordering. | Jahn–Teller distortion |
c_nqe2ndhoc3bq | Even when starting from a relatively high-symmetry structure the combined effect of exchange interactions, spin–orbit coupling, orbital-ordering and crystal deformations activated by the JTE can lead to very low symmetry magnetic patterns with specific properties. For example, in CsCuCl3 an incommensurable helicoidal pattern appears both for the orbitals and the distortions along the z {\displaystyle z} -axis. Moreover, many of these compounds show complex phase diagrams when varying temperature or pressure. | Jahn–Teller distortion |
c_evw0v1sjgd2r | In modern sources, the Adian–Rabin theorem is usually stated as follows:Let P be a Markov property of finitely presentable groups. Then there does not exist an algorithm that, given a finite presentation G = ⟨ X ∣ R ⟩ {\displaystyle G=\langle X\mid R\rangle } , decides whether or not the group G {\displaystyle G} defined by this presentation has property P. The word 'algorithm' here is used in the sense of recursion theory. More formally, the conclusion of Adian–Rabin theorem means that set of all finite presentations ⟨ x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , ⋯ ∣ R ⟩ {\displaystyle \langle x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\dots \mid R\rangle } (where x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , … {\displaystyle x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},\dots } is a fixed countably infinite alphabet, and R {\displaystyle R} is a finite set of relations in these generators and their inverses) defining groups with property P, is not a recursive set. | Adian–Rabin theorem |
c_hoap3ptz8tj9 | In modern sources, the proof of the Adian–Rabin theorem proceeds by a reduction to the Novikov–Boone theorem via a clever use of amalgamated products and HNN extensions. Let P {\displaystyle P} be a Markov property and let A + , A − {\displaystyle A_{+},A_{-}} be as in the definition of the Markov property above. Let G = ⟨ X ∣ R ⟩ {\displaystyle G=\langle X\mid R\rangle } be a finitely presented group with undecidable word problem, whose existence is provided by the Novikov–Boone theorem. The proof then produces a recursive procedure that, given a word w {\displaystyle w} in the generators X ∪ X − 1 {\displaystyle X\cup X^{-1}} of G {\displaystyle G} , outputs a finitely presented group G w {\displaystyle G_{w}} such that if w = G 1 {\displaystyle w=_{G}1} then G w {\displaystyle G_{w}} is isomorphic to A + {\displaystyle A_{+}} , and if w ≠ G 1 {\displaystyle w\neq _{G}1} then G w {\displaystyle G_{w}} contains A − {\displaystyle A_{-}} as a subgroup. Thus G w {\displaystyle G_{w}} has property P {\displaystyle P} if and only if w = G 1 {\displaystyle w=_{G}1} . Since it is undecidable whether w = G 1 {\displaystyle w=_{G}1} , it follows that it is undecidable whether a finitely presented group has property P {\displaystyle P} . | Adian–Rabin theorem |
c_kszri46l9thl | In modern standard-quality quartz clocks, the quartz crystal resonator or oscillator is cut in the shape of a small tuning fork (XY-cut), laser-trimmed or precision lapped to vibrate at 32768 Hz. This frequency is equal to 215 cycles per second. A power of 2 is chosen so a simple chain of digital divide-by-2 stages can derive the 1 Hz signal needed to drive the watch's second hand. In most clocks, the resonator is in a small cylindrical or flat package, about 4 mm to 6 mm long. | Quartz watch |
c_uc3813jx2m78 | The 32768 Hz resonator has become so common due to a compromise between the large physical size of low-frequency crystals for watches and the larger current drain of high-frequency crystals, which reduces the life of the watch battery. The basic formula for calculating the fundamental frequency (f) of vibration of a cantilever as a function of its dimensions (quadratic cross-section) is f = 1.875104 2 2 π a l 2 E 12 ρ , {\displaystyle f={\frac {1.875104^{2}}{2\pi }}{\frac {a}{l^{2}}}{\sqrt {\frac {E}{12\rho }}},} where 1.875104 (rounded) is the smallest positive solution of the equation cos(x) cosh(x) = −1, l is the length of the cantilever, a is its thickness along the direction of motion, E is its Young's modulus, ρ is its density.A cantilever made of quartz (E = 1011N/m2 = 100 GPa and ρ = 2634 kg/m3) with a length of 3mm and a thickness of 0.3mm has thus a fundamental frequency around 33 kHz. The crystal is tuned to exactly 215 = 32768 Hz or runs at a slightly higher frequency with inhibition compensation (see below). | Quartz watch |
c_b1q1nc5cjid9 | In modern states, constitutional law lays out the foundations of the state. Above all, it postulates the supremacy of law in the functioning of the state – the rule of law. Secondly, it sets out the form of government – how its different branches work, how they are elected or appointed, and the division of powers and responsibilities between them. Traditionally, the basic elements of government are the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. | Public law |
c_5i0byztf1r5c | And thirdly, in describing what are the basic human rights, which must be protected for every person, and what further civil and political rights citizens have, it sets the fundamental borders to what any government must and must not do. In most jurisdictions, constitutional law is enshrined in a written document, the Constitution, sometimes together with amendments or other constitutional laws. In some countries, however, such a supreme entrenched written document does not exist for historical and political reasons – the Constitution of the United Kingdom is an unwritten one. | Public law |
c_17yavys5rb66 | In modern swept wing aircraft, yaw damping control systems are used to dampen and stabilize the Dutch-roll motion of an aircraft in flight. However, when a pilot inputs a command to yaw the aircraft for maneuvering (such as steady turns), the rudder becomes a single control surface that functions to dampen the Dutch-roll motion and yaw the aircraft. The result is a suppressed yaw rate and more required input from the pilot to counter the suppression. To counter the yaw command suppression, the installation of washout filters before the yaw dampers and rudder actuators will allow the yaw damper feedback loop in the control system to filter out the low frequency signals or state inputs. | Washout filter |
c_e0x6847fwhlo | In the case of a steady turn during flight, the low frequency signal is the pilot command and the washout filter will allow the turn command signal to not be dampened by the yaw damper in the feedback circuit. An example of this use of can be located at Yaw Damper Design for a 747® Jet Aircraft. == References == | Washout filter |
c_mssgn9oq1o1b | In modern systems, the backspace key is often mapped to the delete character (0x7f in ASCII or Unicode), although the backspace key's function of deleting the character before the cursor remains.The backspace key is commonly used to go back a page or up one level in graphical web or file browsers. | Backspace key |
c_mrb2alkn4wip | In modern tanks, the turret is armoured for crew protection and rotates a full 360 degrees carrying a single large-calibre tank gun, typically in the range of 105 mm to 125 mm calibre. Machine guns may be mounted inside the turret, which on modern tanks is often on a "coaxial" mount, parallel with the larger main gun. Early designs often featured multiple weapons mounts. This concept was carried forwards into the early interwar years in Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, arguably reaching its most absurd expression in the British Vickers A1E1 Independent tank, though this attempt was soon abandoned while the Soviet Union's similar effort produced a 'land battleship' which was actually produced and fought in defence of the Soviet Union. | Wing turret |
c_mjysyktd7n4n | In modern tanks, the turret houses all the crew except the driver (who is located in the hull). The crew located in the turret typically consist of tank commander, gunner, and often a gun loader (except in tanks that have an autoloader), while the driver sits in a separate compartment with a dedicated entry and exit, though often one that allows the driver to exit via the turret basket (fighting compartment). | Wing turret |
c_33yr1h6j7csv | For other combat vehicles, the turrets are equipped with other weapons dependent on role. An infantry fighting vehicle may carry a smaller calibre gun or an autocannon, or an anti-tank missile launcher, or a combination of weapons. A modern self-propelled gun mounts a large artillery gun but less armour. | Wing turret |
c_rs10orw5iw2s | Lighter vehicles may carry a one-man turret with a single machine gun, occasionally the same model being shared with other classes of vehicle, such as the Cadillac Gage T50 turret/weapons station. The size of the turret is a factor in combat vehicle design. One dimension mentioned in terms of turret design is "turret ring diameter" which is the size of the aperture in the top of the chassis into which the turret is seated. | Wing turret |
c_s649wl2ce71g | In modern telecommunications networks, information (voice, video, data) is transferred as packet data (termed packet switching) which is in contrast to older telecommunications networks that carried information as analog signals such as in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or analog TV/Radio networks. The processing of these packets has resulted in the creation of integrated circuits (IC) that are optimised to deal with this form of packet data. Network processors have specific features or architectures that are provided to enhance and optimise packet processing within these networks. Network processors have evolved into ICs with specific functions. | Network processor |
c_mtjwkrll6npf | This evolution has resulted in more complex and more flexible ICs being created. The newer circuits are programmable and thus allow a single hardware IC design to undertake a number of different functions, where the appropriate software is installed. Network processors are used in the manufacture of many different types of network equipment such as: Routers, software routers and switches (Inter-network processors) Firewalls Session border controllers Intrusion detection devices Intrusion prevention devices Network monitoring systems Network security (secure cryptoprocessors) | Network processor |
c_9swgnmwehex8 | In modern telephony a remote concentrator, remote concentrator unit (RCU), or remote line concentrator (RLC) is a concentrator at the lowest level in the telephone switch hierarchy. Subscribers' analogue telephone/PSTN lines are terminated on concentrators. They have three main functions: Digitize: convert voice (and sometimes data) from analogue to a digital form. Connect off-hook lines to the local exchange — the concentration function. | Remote concentrator |
c_lvog41w86ppc | Multiplex, interleaving many calls together on a single wire or optical fiber.Only a few hundred telephone lines attach to each remote concentrator. In North America concentrators are located in a serving area interface (SAI) or other enclosure in each neighborhood. In Europe the buildings which once contained local Strowger switch telephone exchanges are now usually empty except for a remote concentrator. | Remote concentrator |
c_n6qy0zu2q518 | Only call packets from or destined to a phone serviced by the concentrator actually are processed by the concentrator — nonlocal phones' time slots just pass through the concentrator unchanged. If the concentrator malfunctions, a fail-safe relay connects the "in" wires to the "out" wires, and nonlocal phones detect no difference. The central switch periodically counts concentrators, and schedules maintenance, probably before users notice the failure. Concentrators for several hundred customers can be threaded on this loop like pearls. The interface between remote concentrators and their parent telephone switches has been standardised by ETSI as the V5 interface. | Remote concentrator |
c_3q69572180yq | In modern terminology, a concordat is an international convention, specifically one concluded between the Holy See and the civil power of a country to define the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters in which both are concerned. Concordats began during the First Crusade's end in 1098.The Concordat of Worms (Latin: Concordatum Wormatiense) is sometimes called the Pactum Callixtinum by papal historians, since the term "concordat" was not in use until Nicolas of Cusa's De concordantia catholica of 1434. | Investiture controversy |
c_t6198kcuxt29 | In modern terminology, a spread is an inhabited closed set of sequences. Spreads are defined via a spread function, which performs a (decidable) "check" on finite sequences. If all the finite initial parts of an infinite sequence satisfy a spread function's "check", then we say that the infinite sequence is admissible to the spread. The notion of a spread and its spread function are interchangeable in the literature. | Spread (intuitionism) |
c_wzlql7m9xyyb | Graph theoretically, one may think of a spread in terms of a rooted, directed tree with numerical vertex labels. A fan, also known as finitary spread, is a special type of spread. In graph terms, it is finitely branching. Finally, a dressed spread is a spread together some function acting on finite sequences. | Spread (intuitionism) |
c_spj313o4g8lw | In modern terminology, angles would normally be measured in degrees or radians. Modern school textbooks often define separate figures called lines (infinite), rays (semi-infinite), and line segments (of finite length). Euclid, rather than discussing a ray as an object that extends to infinity in one direction, would normally use locutions such as "if the line is extended to a sufficient length", although he occasionally referred to "infinite lines". A "line" in Euclid could be either straight or curved, and he used the more specific term "straight line" when necessary. | Two-dimensional geometry |
c_6tcxk8y6qfv2 | In modern terminology, the area of a plane figure is proportional to the square of any of its linear dimensions, A ∝ L 2 {\displaystyle A\propto L^{2}} , and the volume of a solid to the cube, V ∝ L 3 {\displaystyle V\propto L^{3}} . Euclid proved these results in various special cases such as the area of a circle and the volume of a parallelepipedal solid. Euclid determined some, but not all, of the relevant constants of proportionality. E.g., it was his successor Archimedes who proved that a sphere has 2/3 the volume of the circumscribing cylinder. | Euclidean plane geometry |
c_uxgc6vdz66c2 | In modern terms, given a probability distribution p(x|θ) for an observable quantity x conditional on an unobserved variable θ, the "inverse probability" is the posterior distribution p(θ|x), which depends both on the likelihood function (the inversion of the probability distribution) and a prior distribution. The distribution p(x|θ) itself is called the direct probability. The inverse probability problem (in the 18th and 19th centuries) was the problem of estimating a parameter from experimental data in the experimental sciences, especially astronomy and biology. | Inverse probability |
c_1v7ozndqo53g | A simple example would be the problem of estimating the position of a star in the sky (at a certain time on a certain date) for purposes of navigation. Given the data, one must estimate the true position (probably by averaging). This problem would now be considered one of inferential statistics. The terms "direct probability" and "inverse probability" were in use until the middle part of the 20th century, when the terms "likelihood function" and "posterior distribution" became prevalent. | Inverse probability |
c_7ql7nnd8z6cc | In modern times Smarta-views have been highly influential in both the Indian and western understanding of Hinduism via Neo-Vedanta. Vivekananda was an advocate of Smarta-views, and Radhakrishnan was himself a Smarta-Brahman. According to iskcon.org, Many Hindus may not strictly identify themselves as Smartas but, by adhering to Advaita Vedanta as a foundation for non-sectarianism, are indirect followers. Influential in spreading Hinduism to a western audience were Swami Vivekananda, Paramahansa Yogananda, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (Hare Krishna movement), Sri Aurobindo, Meher Baba, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (Transcendental Meditation), Jiddu Krishnamurti, Sathya Sai Baba, Mother Meera, among others. | Hindu synthesis |
c_w82yz2auf5lr | In modern times charcoal biscuits are made in the form of crackers to accompany cheeses. The biscuits have a slight hint of charcoal taste that is described by some as pleasing. The biscuits have also been marketed as a pet care product to control flatulence in pets, and as aids to digestion or stomach problems in humans. | Charcoal biscuit |
c_uyq61qptyjzw | In modern times cigarette cases are also made of plastic. Some cigarette cases come with additional features, such as built-in lighters or ashtrays. Due to the compactness of a cigarette case, being just small enough to conveniently fit in a pocket, they can also be used to store or conceal other small items. | Cigarette case |
c_j9tqfgml08hn | In modern times collection is done by a dedicated government tax collection agency known as a revenue services, a revenue agency or a taxation authority. | Tax collector |
c_36ioq589ty3h | In modern times economists have sought to classify the different types of money supply. The different measures of the money supply have been classified by various central banks, using the prefix "M". The supply classifications often depend on how narrowly a supply is specified, for example the "M"s may range from M0 (narrowest) to M3 (broadest). The classifications depend on the particular policy formulation used: M0: In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, M0 includes bank reserves, so M0 is referred to as the monetary base, or narrow money. | History of money |
c_uffl3gguvcmx | MB: is referred to as the monetary base or total currency. This is the base from which other forms of money (like checking deposits, listed below) are created and is traditionally the most liquid measure of the money supply. M1: Bank reserves are not included in M1. | History of money |
c_30qw0xpl17gt | M2: Represents M1 and "close substitutes" for M1. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. M2 is a key economic indicator used to forecast inflation. | History of money |
c_2182lqe9gd9w | M3: M2 plus large and long-term deposits. Since 2006, M3 is no longer published by the U.S. | History of money |
c_txjyqram6u94 | central bank. However, there are still estimates produced by various private institutions. MZM: Money with zero maturity. It measures the supply of financial assets redeemable at par on demand. Velocity of MZM is historically a relatively accurate predictor of inflation. | History of money |
c_a6unyvfub7gx | In modern times many academies have pressured researchers at publicly funded universities and research institutions to engage in a mix of sharing research and making some technological developments proprietary. Some research products have the potential to generate commercial revenue, and in hope of capitalizing on these products, many research institutions withhold information and technology which otherwise would lead to overall scientific advancement if other research institutions had access to these resources. It is difficult to predict the potential payouts of technology or to assess the costs of withholding it, but there is general agreement that the benefit to any single institution of holding technology is not as great as the cost of withholding it from all other research institutions. | Open Science |
c_jjgpp6yz5kb0 | In modern times peas are usually boiled or steamed, which breaks down the cell walls and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable. Along with broad beans and lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North Africa and Europe during the Middle Ages. By the 17th and 18th centuries, it had become popular to eat peas "green", that is, while they are immature and right after they are picked. New cultivars of peas were developed by the English during this time, which became known as "garden" or "English" peas. | Pea |
c_qav1abzcwo10 | The popularity of green peas spread to North America. Thomas Jefferson grew more than 30 cultivars of peas on his estate. | Pea |
c_eb7dw7mwiu8q | With the invention of canning and freezing of foods, green peas became available year-round, and not just in the spring as before. Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Salt and pepper are also commonly added to peas when served. | Pea |
c_l0is55tebyez | Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (snow peas and snap peas) are used in stir-fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly, are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within a few hours of harvest.In India, fresh peas are used in various dishes such as aloo matar (curried potatoes with peas) or mattar paneer (paneer cheese with peas), though they can be substituted with frozen peas as well. | Pea |
c_v4q8ikdy0c7q | Peas are also eaten raw, as they are sweet when fresh off the bush. Green Peas known as Hasiru Batani in Kannada are used to make curry and Gasi. Split peas are also used to make dal, particularly in Guyana, and Trinidad, where there is a significant population of Indians. | Pea |
c_0ap6p2v9ihxj | Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. In Japan, China, Taiwan and some Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, the Philippines and Malaysia, peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. In the Philippines, peas, while still in their pods, are a common ingredient in viands and pansit. | Pea |
c_l3xal62q452g | In the UK, dried yellow or green split peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. In North America, a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup.Pea soup is eaten in many other parts of the world, including northern Europe, parts of middle Europe, Russia, Iran, Iraq and India.In Chinese cuisine, the tender new growth dou miao (豆苗; dòu miáo) are commonly used in stir-fries. Much like picking the leaves for tea, the farmers pick the tips off of the pea plant.In Greece, Tunisia, Turkey, Cyprus, and other parts of the Mediterranean, peas are made into a stew with lamb and potatoes.In Hungary and Serbia, pea soup is often served with dumplings and spiced with hot paprika.In the United Kingdom, dried, rehydrated and mashed marrowfat peas, or cooked green split peas, known as mushy peas, are popular, originally in the north of England, but now ubiquitously, and especially as an accompaniment to fish and chips or meat pies, particularly in fish and chip shops. | Pea |
c_lxj6gt7a7hsk | Sodium bicarbonate is sometimes added to soften the peas. In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed the pea to be Britain's seventh favourite culinary vegetable.Processed peas are mature peas which have been dried, soaked and then heat treated (processed) to prevent spoilage—in the same manner as pasteurizing. Cooked peas are sometimes sold dried and coated with wasabi, salt, or other spices.In North America pea milk is produced and sold as an alternative to cow milk for a variety of reasons. | Pea |
c_pe2nwtpzaep1 | In modern times proponents of science denialism, pseudoscience, and conspiracy theories often try to disguise their viewpoints as "scientific dissent" to take an advantage of the benefit of doubt. Such cases are typically recognized by lack of crucial elements of scientific approach: insufficient evidence base, lack of rigor and control, etc.Lack of discussion of claims coming from fringe science may be presented as suppression by mainstream science. This was described as "manufacturing dissent" and discussed in the context of neo-creationism.In the introduction to Creating Scientific Controversies, David Harker summarizes the history of how the tobacco industry worked towards manufacturing a controversy regarding the health effects of tobacco.In what is sometimes known as the "Galileo gambit", pseudoscientists will sometimes compare themselves to Galileo, arguing that opposition from established scientists is actually a point in favour of their ideas. Jean Paul Van Bendegem writes that "No doubt the most famous example of mistaken analogy is the abuse of Galileo Galilei's case resulting in his conviction by the Holy Inquisition. The basic strategy consists of equating Galileo with the poor astrologer or parapsychologist and equating the Inquisition with the scientific establishment." | Scientific dissent |
c_ae527dc5o24s | In modern times some academic scholars have regarded descriptions by Muslim scholars of the 40 or so differences in the rasm (skeleton text) of the four copies of the Uthmanic codex sent out to Medina, Syria, and the garrison towns of Basra and Kufa, to be scribal errors in those copies, especially after Michael Cook (who expresses this view) established from these descriptions that they form a stemma (tree structure), widely considered to prove a written copying process. All subsequent manuscripts can be grouped into these regional families based on the inherited differences. Marijn Van Putten and Hythem Sidky have noted that the canonical readers strongly tended to include the differences found in the codex given to their region and adapted their readings accordingly, while Shady Nasser gives a somewhat more complex picture, with a more comprehensive list of the documented differences including those that are less well attested. | Quran reading |
c_j4s6ug4o63od | He also identifies examples where different readers from the same town sometimes seem to have used codices from elsewhere. Hythem Sidky too notes some such examples, suggesting that as knowledge of regionally isolated variants proliferated, new options became available to the readers or that codices became contaminated through copying from multiple exemplars. He also finds that the less well attested variants in the rasm literature have a "poor agreement" with the regionality found in early manuscripts, whereas the well attested variants in the rasm literature (which form a stemma) have an "excellent agreement" with the manuscript evidence. He finds that "by all indications, documentation of the regional variants was an organic process", rather than being known at the time the codices were produced. | Quran reading |
c_hsrhlyn7ypxn | In modern times sports protests have become increasingly significant, causing more people to take notice. Sporting protests can be about any number of things ranging from racial justice to political wrongdoings. Some of the most prominent sports figures being Tommie Smith, Jhon Carlos, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robison, Colin Kaepernick and Billie Jean King have all pushed forward change by this method of protest. | Political protest |
c_11701cav13fh | However, the majority of people don't believe sports and politics belong together, saying,“ Most of us who love sports want to forget about politics when we watch games.” Nevertheless, this statement can still be controversial since others believe that sports athletes should use their platform and wealth to encourage change. Either way protesting in sports is an important form of protest that has gotten significant media attention and has caused significant change throughout modern times. During a sporting event, under certain circumstances, one side may choose to play a game "under protest", usually when they feel the rules are not being correctly applied. | Political protest |
c_7zxhwvq9id6h | The event continues as normal, and the events causing the protest are reviewed after the fact. If the protest is held to be valid, then the results of the event are changed. Each sport has different rules for protests. | Political protest |
c_rdtrc6g3amda | In modern times the fillings of steak and kidney pies and steak and kidney puddings are generally identical, but until the mid-19th century the norms were steak puddings and kidney pies. Bell's Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 1826, records a large dish of kidney pies in the window of a baker near Smithfield, and ten years later a kidney-pie stand outside what is now the Old Vic, emitting sparks every time the vendor opened his portable oven to hand a hot kidney pie to a customer. "Rump Steak and Kidney Pie" was served in a Liverpool restaurant in 1847, and in 1863 a Birmingham establishment offered "Beef Steak and Kidney Pie". But until the 1870s kidney pies are far more frequently mentioned in the newspapers, including one thrown at a policeman during an affray in Knightsbridge in 1862, and an assault case in Lambeth in 1867 when a customer attacked a waitress for bringing her a beef pie instead of a kidney one. | Steak and kidney pie |
c_jt2se137407p | By the mid-1870s steak and kidney pies were as often mentioned as kidney ones. Both appeared in verse of the period: According to the cookery writer Jane Grigson, the first published recipe for the combination of steak and kidney was in 1859 in Mrs Beeton's Household Management. Beeton used it in a pudding rather than a pie. | Steak and kidney pie |
c_m9l0u58fr8tt | She had been sent the recipe by a correspondent in Sussex in south-east England, and Grigson speculates that it was until then a regional dish, unfamiliar to cooks in other parts of Britain.Beeton suggested that steak and kidney could be "very much enriched" by the addition of mushrooms or oysters. In those days oysters were the cheaper of the two: mushroom cultivation was still in its infancy in Europe and oysters were still commonplace. In the following century Dorothy Hartley (1954) recommended the use of black-gilled mushrooms rather than oysters, because long cooking is "apt to make go hard".Neither Beeton nor Hartley specified the type of animal from which the kidneys were to be used in a steak and kidney recipe. Grigson (1974) calls for either veal or ox kidney, as does Marcus Wareing. Other cooks of modern times have variously specified lamb or sheep kidney (Marguerite Patten, Nigella Lawson and John Torode), ox kidney (Mary Berry, Delia Smith and Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall), veal kidney (Gordon Ramsay), either pork or lamb (Jamie Oliver), and either ox, lamb or veal kidneys (Gary Rhodes). | Steak and kidney pie |
c_w1gmzooc6g91 | In modern times the main intent of war memorials is not to glorify war, but to honor those who have died. Sometimes, as in the case of the Warsaw Genuflection of Willy Brandt, they may also serve as focal points of increasing understanding between previous enemies. Using modern technology an international project is currently archiving all post-1914 Commonwealth war graves and Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials to create a virtual memorial (see The War Graves Photographic Project for further details). | War memorial |
c_3ma1e1704lu4 | In modern times the most commonly known type of Japanese sword is the Shinogi-Zukuri katana, which is a single-edged and usually curved longsword traditionally worn by samurai from the 15th century onwards. Western historians have said that Japanese katana were among the finest cutting weapons in world military history, for their intended use.Other types of Japanese swords include: tsurugi or ken, which is a double-edged sword; ōdachi, tachi, which are older styles of a very long single-edged sword; wakizashi, a medium-sized sword; and tantō, which is an even smaller knife-sized sword. Naginata and yari, despite being polearms, are still considered to be swords, which is a common misconception; naginata, yari and even odachi are in reality not swords.The type classifications for Japanese swords indicate the combination of a blade and its mounts as this, then, determines the style of use of the blade. An unsigned and shortened blade that was once made and intended for use as a tachi may be alternately mounted in tachi koshirae and katana koshirae. | Japanese swords |
c_jmnc137ka762 | It is properly distinguished, then, by the style of mount it currently inhabits. A long tanto may be classified as a wakizashi due to its length being over 30 cm, however it may have originally been mounted and used as a tanto making the length distinction somewhat arbitrary but necessary when referring to unmounted short blades. When the mounts are taken out of the equation, a tanto and wakizashi will be determined by length under or over 30 cm, unless their intended use can be absolutely determined or the speaker is rendering an opinion on the intended use of the blade. | Japanese swords |
c_4li4fky4m4kj | In this way, a blade formally attributed as a wakizashi due to length may be informally discussed between individuals as a tanto because the blade was made during an age where tanto were popular and the wakizashi as a companion sword to katana did not yet exist.The following are types of Japanese swords: Tsurugi/Ken (剣, "sword"): A straight two edged sword that was mainly produced prior to the 10th century. After the 10th century, they completely disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. Chokutō (直刀, "straight sword"): A straight single edged sword that was mainly produced prior to the 10th century. | Japanese swords |
c_857he8ljnw67 | Since the 10th century, they disappeared as weapons and came to be made only as offerings to Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. Tachi (太刀, "long sword"): A sword that is generally longer and more curved than the later katana, with curvature often centered from the middle or towards the tang, and often including the tang. Tachi were worn suspended, with the edge downward. | Japanese swords |
c_7sfp7xl3iwii | The tachi was in vogue before the 15th century. Kodachi (小太刀, "small Tachi"): A shorter version of the tachi, but with similar mounts and intended use, mostly found in the 13th century or earlier. Ōdachi (大太刀, "big Tachi")/Nodachi (野太刀, "field Tachi"): Very large tachi, some in excess of 90 cm, and usually a blade of the late 14th century. | Japanese swords |
c_j0buiksdtnhx | Nagamaki (長巻, "long wrapping"): A sword with an exceptionally long handle, usually about as long as the blade. The name refers to the length of the handle wrapping. Uchigatana (打刀, "striking sword"): A sword with a curved blade longer than 60 cm (there is no upper length limit but generally they are shorter than 90 cm), worn with the edge upwards in the sash. | Japanese swords |
c_4b95sqf2x62o | It was developed from sasuga, a kind of tantō, around the 14th century, and became the mainstream replacing tachi from the 15th century. Wakizashi (脇差, "side inserted "): A general term for a sword between one and two shaku long (30 cm and 60 cm in modern measurement), predominantly made after 1600. Generally it is the short blade that accompanies a katana in the traditional samurai daisho pairing of swords, but may be worn by classes other than the samurai as a single blade, also worn edge up as the katana. | Japanese swords |
c_yauofcjmvszs | The name derives from the way the sword would be stuck at one's side through the obi (sash/belt). Tantō (短刀, "short blade"): A sword with a blade shorter than 30 cm. Tantō is generally classified as a sword, but its usage is the same as that of a knife. | Japanese swords |
c_s6o49lpszn5p | Usually one-edged, but some were double-edged, though asymmetrical.There are bladed weapons made in the same traditional manner as Japanese swords, which are not swords, but which are still Japanese swords (nihontō) (as "tō" means "blade", rather than specifically "sword"): Naginata (なぎなた, 薙刀): A polearm with a curved single-edged blade. Naginata mounts consist of a long wooden pole, different from a nagamaki mount, which is shorter and wrapped. Yari (槍, "spear"): A spear, or spear-like polearm. | Japanese swords |
c_hx9xaezi0j64 | Yari have various blade forms, from a simple double edged and flat blade, to a triangular cross section double edged blade, to those with a symmetric cross-piece (jumonji-yari) or those with an asymmetric cross piece. The main blade is symmetric and straight, unlike a naginata, and usually smaller, but can be as large as or bigger than some naginata blades.Other edged weapons or tools that are made using the same methods as Japanese swords: Arrowheads for war, yajiri (or yanone). Kogatana (小刀, "small blade"): An accessory or utility knife, sometimes found mounted in a pocket on the side of the scabbard of a sword. | Japanese swords |
c_0qse4g1wgzx7 | A typical blade is about 10 cm long and 1 cm wide, and is made using the same techniques as the larger sword blades. Also referred to as a "Kozuka" (小柄), which literally means 'small handle', but this terminology can also refer to the handle and the blade together. In entertainment media, the kogatana is sometimes shown as a throwing weapon, but its real purpose was the same as a 'pocket knife' in the West. | Japanese swords |
c_zk8aruhp993p | In modern times the name, often with the spelling Tanith, has been used as a female given name, both for real people and in fiction. | Tanit |
c_itvu5f7ley7w | In modern times the pottery has three many lines: production of construction bricks; production of various clay dishes (tiles, clay pipe); production of faience and porcelain. | Pottery in Azerbaijan |
c_ww6ztytyeto0 | In modern times the practice of leaving coins for the dead has been primarily for the military graves. The practice of leaving coins at military personnel grave markers is primarily both American and Canadian tradition. It is seen as a way to show respect for the person's sacrifice. | Coins for the dead |
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