id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
|---|---|---|
c_r9hvpd8ix23s | A variant of PLCs, used in remote locations is the remote terminal unit or RTU. An RTU is typically a low power, ruggedized PLC whose key function is to manage the communications links between the site and the central control system (typically SCADA) or in some modern systems, "The Cloud". Unlike factory automation usi... | Programmable logic controllers |
c_yo1d79pg7i1c | To account for the reduced reliability, RTU will buffer messages or switch to alternate communications paths. When buffering messages, the RTU will timestamp each message so that a full history of site events can be reconstructed. RTUs, being PLCs, have a wide range of I/O and are fully programmable, typically with lan... | Programmable logic controllers |
c_oaz62co4z5yf | In more recent years, the Comma has become relevant to the King James Only Movement, a Protestant development most prevalent within the fundamentalist and Independent Baptist branch of the Baptist churches. Many proponents view the Comma as an important Trinitarian text. The defense of the verse by Edward Freer Hills i... | Johannine Comma |
c_4nh1r6owpo89 | In more recent years, the appropriate technology movement has continued to decline in prominence. Germany's German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE) and Holland's Technology Transfer for Development (TOOL) are examples of organizations no longer in operation. Recently, a study looked at the continued barriers to A... | Intermediate Technology |
c_fmtv59e3qq9x | For example, Paul Polak, founder of International Development Enterprises (an organization that designs and manufactures products that follow the ideals of appropriate technology), declared appropriate technology dead in a 2010 blog post.Polak argues the "design for the other 90 percent" movement has replaced appropria... | Intermediate Technology |
c_6o3kxczk092c | In 1983, the OECD published the results of an extensive survey of appropriate technology organizations titled, The World of Appropriate Technology, in which it defined appropriate technology as characterized by "low investment cost per work-place, low capital investment per unit of output, organizational simplicity, hi... | Intermediate Technology |
c_ljqw66u60ife | In more recent years, the explorations and investigations of the Norwegian ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl, 1914–2002, have resulted in a better appreciation of the construction and capabilities of reed boats. Heyerdahl wanted to demonstrate that ancient Mediterranean or African people could have crossed the... | Reed boat |
c_r3b6c0ve3wnt | The boat was built by boatmen from Lake Chad in the Republic of Chad with papyrus reeds from Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It was launched off the coast of Morocco, and set sail in an attempt to cross the Atlantic. After several weeks, its crew modified the vessel in a manner that caused Ra to sag and take on water. | Reed boat |
c_ib14j2uuz2i6 | Eventually Ra broke apart and was abandoned. The following year, Heyerdahl organized the building of another similar boat, the Ra II. Boat builders from Lake Titicaca built this in Bolivia. | Reed boat |
c_kznzx9k3rd3m | Again, the vessel set sail from Morocco, succeeding this time and reaching Barbados.In 1978, Heyerdahl constructed a third reed boat, the Tigris, named for the Tigris River, which defines the eastern boundary of Mesopotamia. The purpose of building this vessel was to demonstrate that Mesopotamia could have been linked ... | Reed boat |
c_4k3akoi6yqbl | In more recent years, the original Piagetian object permanence account has been challenged by a series of infant studies suggesting that much younger infants do have a clear sense that objects exist even when out of sight. Bower showed object permanence in 3-month-olds. This goes against Piaget's coordination of second... | Object permanence |
c_jccnp9bhg9ku | The two studies below demonstrate this idea. The first study showed infants a toy car that moved down an inclined track, disappeared behind a screen, and then reemerged at the other end, still on the track. The researchers created a "possible event" where a toy mouse was placed behind the tracks but was hidden by the s... | Object permanence |
c_teocxg04w70z | Then, researchers created an "impossible event". In this situation, the toy mouse was placed on the tracks but was secretly removed after the screen was lowered so that the car seemed to go through the mouse. The infants were surprised by the impossible event, which suggests they remembered not only that the toy mouse ... | Object permanence |
c_567kkqfjk2sf | Also in the 1991 study the researchers used an experiment involving two differently sized carrots (one tall and one short) in order to test the infants’ response when the carrots would be moved behind a short wall. The wall was specifically designed to make the short carrot disappear, as well as tested the infants for ... | Object permanence |
c_tmjjyt3zynnj | The same was true of the tall carrot in the second experiment. This research suggests that infants understand more about objects earlier than Piaget proposed.There are primarily four challenges to Piaget's framework: Whether or not infants without disabilities actually demonstrate object permanence earlier than Piaget ... | Object permanence |
c_9c112mfzjg3z | Controversy concerns whether or not perception of object permanence can be achieved or measured without the motor acts that Piaget regarded as essential. The nature of inferences that can be made from the A-not-B error has been challenged. Studies that have contributed to this discussion have examined the contribution ... | Object permanence |
c_yavk3yga26l7 | In more severe cases, medications that modulate the immune system (primarily corticosteroids and immunosuppressants) are used to control the disease and prevent recurrence of symptoms (known as flares). Depending on the dosage, people who require steroids may develop Cushing's syndrome, symptoms of which may include ob... | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
c_x36z4ykioyht | Numerous new immunosuppressive drugs are being actively tested for SLE. Rather than broadly suppressing the immune system, as corticosteroids do, they target the responses of specific types of immune cells. Some of these drugs are already FDA-approved for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, however due to high-toxicity,... | Systemic lupus erythematosus |
c_s69gi0kdhmjw | In more sophisticated crystal receivers, the tuning coil is replaced with an adjustable air core antenna coupling transformer which improves the selectivity by a technique called loose coupling. This consists of two magnetically coupled coils of wire, one (the primary) attached to the antenna and ground and the other (... | Diode detector |
c_aawqzdslj1uo | Both the primary and secondary were tuned to the frequency of the station. The two circuits interacted to form a resonant transformer. Reducing the coupling between the coils, by physically separating them so that less of the magnetic field of one intersects the other, reduces the mutual inductance, narrows the bandwid... | Diode detector |
c_3u1czcrfcdh2 | However, the looser coupling also reduced the power of the signal passed to the second circuit. The transformer was made with adjustable coupling, to allow the listener to experiment with various settings to gain the best reception. One design common in early days, called a "loose coupler", consisted of a smaller secon... | Diode detector |
c_5kf60esd3lth | The smaller coil was mounted on a rack so it could be slid linearly in or out of the larger coil. If radio interference was encountered, the smaller coil would be slid further out of the larger, loosening the coupling, narrowing the bandwidth, and thereby rejecting the interfering signal. The antenna coupling transform... | Diode detector |
c_ziat2bjm5ywu | In more sophisticated systems such as large cities, this concept is further extended: some streets are marked as being one-way, and on those streets all traffic must flow in only one direction. Pedestrians on the sidewalks are generally not limited to one-way movement. Drivers wishing to reach a destination they have a... | Road traffic |
c_e1avhtuor27w | In more strict terms, slime molds comprise the mycetozoan group of the amoebozoa. Mycetozoa include the following three groups: Myxogastria or myxomycetes: syncytial, plasmodial, or acellular slime molds Dictyosteliida or dictyostelids: cellular slime molds Protosteloids: amoeboid slime molds that form fruiting bodiesE... | Slime molds |
c_dogiwjz472c0 | The most commonly encountered are the Myxogastria. A common slime mold that forms tiny brown tufts on rotting logs is Stemonitis. Another form, which lives in rotting logs and is often used in research, is Physarum polycephalum. | Slime molds |
c_n604c6f5d7uv | In logs, it has the appearance of a slimy web-work of yellow threads, up to a few feet in size. Fuligo forms yellow crusts in mulch. | Slime molds |
c_1lyscrd96zi7 | The Dictyosteliida – cellular slime molds – are distantly related to the plasmodial slime molds and have a very different lifestyle. Their amoebae do not form huge coenocytes, and remain individual. They live in similar habitats and feed on microorganisms. | Slime molds |
c_nr7gc4roe6kk | When food is depleted and they are ready to form sporangia, they do something radically different. They release signal molecules into their environment, by which they find each other and create swarms. These amoebae then join up into a tiny multicellular slug-like coordinated creature, which crawls to an open lit place... | Slime molds |
c_jtgpin5pa9pu | Some of the amoebae become spores to begin the next generation, but some of the amoebae sacrifice themselves to become a dead stalk, lifting the spores up into the air. The protosteloids have characters intermediate between the previous two groups, but they are much smaller, the fruiting bodies only forming one to a fe... | Slime molds |
c_3ly1ooxsj5is | They have a similar life style to Dictyostelids, but their amoebae behave differently, having eruptive pseudopodia. They used to belong to the defunct phylum of Acrasiomycota. Plasmodiophorids (order Plasmodiophorida): parasitic protists which belong to the supergroup Rhizaria. | Slime molds |
c_kd5lf3c69gbi | They can cause cabbage club root disease and powdery scab tuber disease. The Plasmodiophorids also form coenocytes, but are internal parasites of plants (e.g., club root disease of cabbages). Labyrinthulomycota: slime nets, which belong to the superphylum Heterokonta as the class Labyrinthulomycetes. | Slime molds |
c_6pmtn386euel | They are marine and form labyrinthine networks of tubes in which amoeba without pseudopods can travel. Fonticula is a cellular slime mold that forms a fruiting body in a "volcano" shape. Fonticula is not closely related to either the Dictyosteliida or the Acrasidae. A 2009 paper finds it to be related to Nuclearia, whi... | Slime molds |
c_qj3sd2o8k8z0 | In more technical geographical literature, the term had been abandoned as city views and city maps became more and more sophisticated and demanded a set of skills that required not only skilled draftsmanship but also some knowledge of scientific surveying. However, its use was revived for a second time in the late nine... | Chorography |
c_ymp3cehstdfd | In more technical terms, let us assume that we have a theory described by a certain function Z {\displaystyle Z} of the state variables { s i } {\displaystyle \{s_{i}\}} and a certain set of coupling constants { J k } {\displaystyle \{J_{k}\}} . This function may be a partition function, an action, a Hamiltonian, etc. ... | Renormalization group flow |
c_r3w3jqy4ok88 | If this is achievable by a certain change in the parameters, { J k } → { J ~ k } {\displaystyle \{J_{k}\}\to \{{\tilde {J}}_{k}\}} , then the theory is said to be renormalizable. Most fundamental theories of physics such as quantum electrodynamics, quantum chromodynamics and electro-weak interaction, but not gravity, a... | Renormalization group flow |
c_0vlkfkulzjn5 | The change in the parameters is implemented by a certain beta function: { J ~ k } = β ( { J k } ) {\displaystyle \{{\tilde {J}}_{k}\}=\beta (\{J_{k}\})} , which is said to induce a renormalization group flow (or RG flow) on the J {\displaystyle J} -space. The values of J {\displaystyle J} under the flow are called runn... | Renormalization group flow |
c_ax4ao923g6fa | The possible macroscopic states of the system, at a large scale, are given by this set of fixed points. If these fixed points correspond to a free field theory, the theory is said to exhibit quantum triviality, possessing what is called a Landau pole, as in quantum electrodynamics. | Renormalization group flow |
c_4e67z9txtfm5 | For a φ4 interaction, Michael Aizenman proved that this theory is indeed trivial, for space-time dimension D ≥ 5. For D = 4, the triviality has yet to be proven rigorously (pending recent submission to the arxiv), but lattice computations have provided strong evidence for this. This fact is important as quantum trivial... | Renormalization group flow |
c_cbvtjuzmb0ab | In more technical terms, let us assume that we have a theory described by a certain function Z {\displaystyle Z} of the state variables { s i } {\displaystyle \{s_{i}\}} and a certain set of coupling constants { J k } {\displaystyle \{J_{k}\}} . This function may be a partition function, an action, a Hamiltonian, etc. ... | Renormalization |
c_u2nat8rc0x9k | Now let us try to rewrite the Z {\displaystyle Z} function only in terms of the s ~ i {\displaystyle {\tilde {s}}_{i}} . If this is achievable by a certain change in the parameters, { J k } → { J ~ k } {\displaystyle \{J_{k}\}\to \{{\tilde {J}}_{k}\}} , then the theory is said to be renormalizable. The possible macrosc... | Renormalization |
c_9rm8gqmbhyyz | In more technical terms, roaming refers to the ability for a cellular customer to automatically make and receive voice calls, send and receive data, or access other services, including home data services, when travelling outside the geographical coverage area of the home network, by means of using a visited network. Fo... | Roaming |
c_7ofdhl22w4kq | In more than 75% of people the pain resolves without any specific treatment. Otherwise treatments may include paracetamol or NSAIDs. A well fitting bra may also help. In those with severe pain tamoxifen or danazol may be used.Bromocriptine may be used as well.Spironolactone, low dose oral contraceptives, and low-dose e... | Breast pain |
c_2frwms6onzaj | Topical anti-inflammatory medications can be used for localized pain. Vitamin E is not effective in relieving pain nor is evening primrose oil. Vitamin B6 and vitamin A have not been consistently found to be beneficial. | Breast pain |
c_iinrt1xtppaa | Flaxseed has shown some activity in the treatment of cyclic mastalgia.Pain may be relieved by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or, for more severe localized pain, by local anaesthetic. Pain may be relieved by reassurance that it does not signal a serious underlying problem, and an active life style can a... | Breast pain |
c_zgkdk15dzvll | Women on hormone replacement therapy may benefit from a dose adjustment. Another non-pharmacological measure to help relieve symptoms of pain may be to use good bra support. | Breast pain |
c_6vlzk265gg10 | Breasts change during adolescence and menopause and refitting may be beneficial. Applying heat and/or ice can bring relief. | Breast pain |
c_x2rjuya4mnac | Dietary changes may also help with the pain. Methylxanthines can be eliminated from the diet to see if a sensitivity is present. Some clinicians recommending a reduction in salt, though no evidence supports this practice. | Breast pain |
c_joawolcxwzsx | In more than 90% of cases, the cause is a viral infection. These viruses may spread through the air when people cough or by direct contact. Risk factors include exposure to tobacco smoke, dust, and other air pollutants. A small number of cases are due to bacteria such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or Bordetella pertussis. | Chronic bronchitis |
c_vjfg0mejnjuc | In more than half of the cases, death occurs in the neonatal period due to respiratory distress, generally related to small chest size or insufficient development of the trachea and other upper airway structures.Among survivors of CMD, the skeletal malformations change over time to include worsening scoliosis or kyphos... | Campomelic dysplasia |
c_u9zmx444lj0k | In more than three dimensions, polyhedra generalize to polytopes, with higher-dimensional convex regular polytopes being the equivalents of the three-dimensional Platonic solids. In the mid-19th century the Swiss mathematician Ludwig Schläfli discovered the four-dimensional analogues of the Platonic solids, called conv... | Regular solid |
c_rgfbv1lh1im0 | In more than two dimensions, the spin–statistics theorem states that any multiparticle state of indistinguishable particles has to obey either Bose–Einstein or Fermi–Dirac statistics. For any d > 2, the Lie groups SO(d,1) (which generalizes the Lorentz group) and Poincaré(d,1) have Z2 as their first homotopy group. Bec... | Fractional statistics |
c_1w2qcjr4w1mm | The situation changes in two dimensions. Here the first homotopy group of SO(2,1), and also Poincaré(2,1), is Z (infinite cyclic). This means that Spin(2,1) is not the universal cover: it is not simply connected. | Fractional statistics |
c_6oz6i9uxelo9 | In detail, there are projective representations of the special orthogonal group SO(2,1) which do not arise from linear representations of SO(2,1), or of its double cover, the spin group Spin(2,1). Anyons are evenly complementary representations of spin polarization by a charged particle. This concept also applies to no... | Fractional statistics |
c_kxlp0r280c3n | The relevant part here is that the spatial rotation group SO(2) has an infinite first homotopy group. This fact is also related to the braid groups well known in knot theory. The relation can be understood when one considers the fact that in two dimensions the group of permutations of two particles is no longer the sym... | Fractional statistics |
c_oh66910mfunq | In more traditional processor architectures, a processor is usually programmed by defining the executed operations and their operands. For example, an addition instruction in a RISC architecture could look like the following. add r3, r1, r2 This example operation adds the values of general-purpose registers r1 and r2 a... | Transport triggered architecture |
c_lqq5ohzvhxqn | The interconnection network is used to transfer the current values of registers r1 and r2 to the function unit that is capable of executing the add operation, often called ALU as in Arithmetic-Logic Unit. Finally, a control signal selects and triggers the addition operation in ALU, of which result is transferred back t... | Transport triggered architecture |
c_igw7w7gg9ea2 | Operation itself is triggered by writing data to a triggering operand of an operation. Thus, an operation is executed as a side effect of the triggering data transport. Therefore, executing an addition operation in TTA requires three data transport definitions, also called moves. | Transport triggered architecture |
c_i7m0rnus8lvc | A move defines endpoints for a data transport taking place in a transport bus. For instance, a move can state that a data transport from function unit F, port 1, to register file R, register index 2, should take place in bus B1. In case there are multiple buses in the target processor, each bus can be utilized in paral... | Transport triggered architecture |
c_lbr619kgpbgh | Thus, it is possible to exploit data transport level parallelism by scheduling several data transports in the same instruction. An addition operation can be executed in a TTA processor as follows: r1 -> ALU.operand1 r2 -> ALU.add.trigger ALU.result -> r3 The second move, a write to the second operand of the function un... | Transport triggered architecture |
c_g2bc7swen00d | In more urban areas, apartments close to the downtown area have the benefits of proximity to jobs and/or public transportation. However, prices per square foot are often much higher than in suburban areas. Moving up in size from studio flats are one-bedroom apartments, which contain a bedroom enclosed from the other ro... | History of Apartments |
c_couxutus0vrp | Apartments with more than three bedrooms are rare. Small apartments often have only one entrance. Large apartments often have two entrances, perhaps a door in the front and another in the back, or from an underground or otherwise attached parking structure. Depending on the building design, the entrance doors may be co... | History of Apartments |
c_qj8e94r4jit8 | In more urban societies, some of these natural phenomena were no longer at hand, and most were of much less consequence to the inhabitants. Artificial means of dividing and measuring time were needed. Plautus complained of the social effect of the invention of such divisions in his lines complaining of the sundial: The... | Time discipline |
c_4pbdeq9oc2n2 | In morpheme-based morphology, word forms are analyzed as arrangements of morphemes. A morpheme is defined as the minimal meaningful unit of a language. In a word such as independently, the morphemes are said to be in-, de-, pend, -ent, and -ly; pend is the (bound) root and the other morphemes are, in this case, derivat... | Linguistic paradigm |
c_6b2iioytyw53 | In its simplest and most naïve form, this way of analyzing word forms, called "item-and-arrangement", treats words as if they were made of morphemes put after each other ("concatenated") like beads on a string. More recent and sophisticated approaches, such as distributed morphology, seek to maintain the idea of the mo... | Linguistic paradigm |
c_g3veri4dqs5w | Bloomfield's "sign base" morpheme hypothesis: As morphemes, they are dualistic signs, since they have both (phonological) form and meaning. Bloomfield's "lexical morpheme" hypothesis: morphemes, affixes and roots alike are stored in the lexicon.Morpheme-based morphology comes in two flavours, one Bloomfieldian and one ... | Linguistic paradigm |
c_5o5dh92t66st | For Hockett, morphemes are "meaning elements", not "form elements". For him, there is a morpheme plural using allomorphs such as -s, -en and -ren. Within much morpheme-based morphological theory, the two views are mixed in unsystematic ways so a writer may refer to "the morpheme plural" and "the morpheme -s" in the sam... | Linguistic paradigm |
c_ltq2j8kgfs2g | In morphological dormancy, the embryo is underdeveloped or undifferentiated. Some seeds have fully differentiated embryos that need to grow more before seed germination, or the embryos are not differentiated into different tissues at the time of fruit ripening. Immature embryos – some plants release their seeds before ... | Seed dormancy |
c_0x1rudlefovp | In morphology and lexicography, a lemma is the canonical form of a set of words. In English, for example, run, runs, ran, and running are forms of the same lexeme, so we can select one of them; ex. run, to represent all the forms. Lexical databases such as Unitex use this kind of representation. Lemmatisation is the pr... | Canonicalization |
c_3ct4nhbxe8gb | In morphology and syntax, words are often organized into lexical categories or word classes, such as "noun", "verb", "adjective", and so on. These word classes have grammatical features (also called categories or inflectional categories), which can have one of a set of potential values (also called the property, meanin... | Grammatical feature |
c_nw0pq4d06o03 | English pronouns also have the number feature, which can have a value of either "singular" or "plural". As a result, we can describe the English pronoun "they" as a pronoun with and . | Grammatical feature |
c_7w38mfdetjgp | Third person singular pronouns in English also have a gender feature: "she" is , "he" and "it . Different lexical categories realise or are specified for different grammatical features: for example, verbs in English are specified for tense, aspect and mood features, as well as person and number. The features that a ca... | Grammatical feature |
c_r7cozbtmyr4r | Other types of grammatical features, by contrast, may be relevant to semantics (morphosemantic features), such as tense, aspect and mood, or may only be relevant to morphology (morphological features). Inflectional class (a word's membership of a particular verb class or noun class) is a purely morphological feature, b... | Grammatical feature |
c_oouldvzbwbwk | In morphology, a null morpheme or zero morpheme is a morpheme that has no phonetic form. In simpler terms, a null morpheme is an "invisible" affix. It is a concept useful for analysis, by contrasting null morphemes with alternatives that do have some phonetic realization. | Null morpheme |
c_mn3a56jw0l1n | The null morpheme is represented as either the figure zero (0) or the empty set symbol ∅. In most languages, it is the affixes that are realized as null morphemes, indicating that the derived form does not differ from the stem. For example, plural form sheep can be analyzed as combination of sheep with added null affix... | Null morpheme |
c_z04vgo6lhcj0 | In morphology, analogous traits arise when different species live in similar ways and/or a similar environment, and so face the same environmental factors. When occupying similar ecological niches (that is, a distinctive way of life) similar problems can lead to similar solutions. The British anatomist Richard Owen was... | Evolved convergently |
c_z4sguwkk6ra9 | In morphology, fenestrae are found in cancellous bones, particularly in the skull. In anatomy, the round window and oval window are also known as the fenestra rotunda and the fenestra ovalis. In microanatomy, fenestrae are found in endothelium of fenestrated capillaries, enabling the rapid exchange of molecules between... | Vessel fenestrations |
c_em6mrfcasoau | In morphology, taxonomy and other descriptive disciplines in which a term for such shapes is necessary, terms such as trapezoidal or trapeziform commonly are useful in descriptions of particular organs or forms. | Right trapezoid |
c_tm6h0t5mmtpp | In morphometrics, landmark point or shortly landmark is a point in a shape object in which correspondences between and within the populations of the object are preserved. In other disciplines, landmarks may be known as vertices, anchor points, control points, sites, profile points, 'sampling' points, nodes, markers, fi... | Landmark point |
c_88wx5rbbcki8 | An anatomical landmark is a biologically-meaningful point in an organism. Usually experts define anatomical points to ensure their correspondences within the same species. Examples of anatomical landmark in shape of a skull are the eye corner, tip of the nose, jaw, etc. Anatomical landmarks determine homologous parts o... | Landmark point |
c_9pdll36eihqi | Mathematical landmarks are points in a shape that are located according to some mathematical or geometrical property, for instance, a high curvature point or an extreme point. A computer program usually determines mathematical landmarks used for an automatic pattern recognition. Pseudo-landmarks are constructed points ... | Landmark point |
c_ky75mp2o9e0v | In mosaics the figures and other areas in colours were normally added first, then the gold placed around them. In painting the opposite sequence was used, with the figures "reserved" around their outline in the underdrawing. | Gold ground |
c_svin2zwnru3w | In mosses, an annulus is a complete ring of cells around the tip of the sporangium, which dissolve to allow the cap to fall off and the spores to be released. | Annulus (botany) |
c_36ooc92pn28k | In mosses, liverworts and hornworts, an unbranched sporophyte produces a single sporangium, which may be quite complex morphologically. Most non-vascular plants, as well as many lycophytes and most ferns, are homosporous (only one kind of spore is produced). Some lycophytes, such as the Selaginellaceae and Isoetaceae,:... | Sporangium |
c_u594eddj8rr6 | Most heterosporous plants there are two kinds of sporangia, termed microsporangia and megasporangia. Sporangia can be terminal (on the tips) or lateral (placed along the side) of stems or associated with leaves. In ferns, sporangia are typically found on the abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf and are densely aggre... | Sporangium |
c_2qntamx3c9y8 | Sori may be covered by a structure called an indusium. Some ferns have their sporangia scattered along reduced leaf segments or along (or just in from) the margin of the leaf. Lycophytes, in contrast, bear their sporangia on the adaxial surface (the upper side) of leaves or laterally on stems. | Sporangium |
c_a6eolubuh6o5 | Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls. If the plant is heterosporous, the sporangia-bearing leaves are distinguished as either microsporophylls or megasporophylls. In seed plants, sporangia are typically located within strobili or flowers. | Sporangium |
c_6qrmla7icory | Cycads form their microsporangia on microsporophylls which are aggregated into strobili. Megasporangia are formed into ovules, which are borne on megasporophylls, which are aggregated into strobili on separate plants (all cycads are dioecious). Conifers typically bear their microsporangia on microsporophylls aggregated... | Sporangium |
c_3vjzrxtn2an3 | Flowering plants contain microsporangia in the anthers of stamens (typically four microsporangia per anther) and megasporangia inside ovules inside ovaries. In all seed plants, spores are produced by meiosis and develop into gametophytes while still inside the sporangium. The microspores become microgametophytes (polle... | Sporangium |
c_we866a62no9b | In mosses, the peristome is a specialized structure in the sporangium that allows for gradual spore discharge, instead of releasing them all at once. Most mosses produce a capsule with a lid (the operculum) which falls off when the spores inside are mature and thus ready to be dispersed. The opening thus revealed is ca... | Peristome |
c_jxljtuyg3776 | There are usually 16 such teeth in a single peristome, separate from each other and able to both fold in to cover the stoma as well as fold back to open the stoma. This articulation of the teeth is termed arthrodontous and is found in the moss subclass Bryopsida. In other groups of mosses, the capsule is either nematod... | Peristome |
c_4vpc56nwrmia | There are two subtypes of arthrodontous peristome. The first is termed haplolepidous and consists of a single circle of 16 peristome teeth. The second type is the diplolepidous peristome found in subclass Bryidae. | Peristome |
c_2u2cpukfe1wg | In this type, there are two rings of peristome teeth—an inner endostome (short for endoperistome) and an exostome. The endostome is a more delicate membrane, and its teeth are aligned between the teeth of the exostome. There are a few mosses in the Bryopsida that have no peristome in their capsules. These mosses still ... | Peristome |
c_o6n71ouceqpq | In most "gaited" breeds, an ambling gait is a hereditary trait. However, some representatives of these breeds may not always gait, and some horses of other breeds not considered "gaited" may have ambling-gaited ability, particularly with training. A 2012 DNA study of movement in Icelandic horses, harness racing horse b... | Ambling gait |
c_kpr0r00wfh89 | This mutation may be a dominant gene, in that even one copy of the mutated allele will produce gaitedness. Horses who are homozygous for the gene may have a stronger gaited ability than those who are heterozygous. Horses can now be tested for the presence or absence of this allele. | Ambling gait |
c_zsibvke0dipd | In 2012, the mutated gene was found in the Icelandic horse, the Tennessee Walking Horse, the Peruvian Paso, and the Kentucky Mountain Saddle Horse. In 2014, a new study of the DMRT3 gene, now dubbed the "gait keeper" gene, examined over 4000 horses worldwide and DNA study found that gaitedness originated in a single an... | Ambling gait |
c_i9zsmojkssys | The two-beat lateral pace is also sometimes classified with the ambling gaits as an "alternate" gait, and may be linked to the same genetic mechanism as the lateral ambling gaits. The pacing horses studied were all homozygous for the DMTR3 mutation. But not all horses with the homozygous mutation could pace, suggesting... | Ambling gait |
c_mj23iwvbobag | Although ambling gaits are seen in some Mustangs, and other Colonial Spanish Horses, DMRT3 mutations are rarely seen in feral or wild horses. Researchers theorize that this is due to the difficulty that horses with this mutation have in moving from an ambling gait to a gallop, leading them to be easy prey for predators... | Ambling gait |
c_hyb9h8js852m | In most 3D computer animation systems, an animator creates a simplified representation of a character's anatomy, which is analogous to a skeleton or stick figure. They are arranged into a default position known as a bind pose, or T-Pose. The position of each segment of the skeletal model is defined by animation variabl... | Web animation |
c_2r57mbbv7qrk | The character "Woody" in Toy Story, for example, uses 712 Avars (212 in the face alone). The computer does not usually render the skeletal model directly (it is invisible), but it does use the skeletal model to compute the exact position and orientation of that certain character, which is eventually rendered into an im... | Web animation |
c_iiss10bn89kq | There are several methods for generating the Avar values to obtain realistic motion. Traditionally, animators manipulate the Avars directly. | Web animation |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.