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c_8t1dw9fl6gf9 | Some models of a camera may have a dedicated AF-ON button, and menu options to disable the focus via shutter button half-press. When photographing at golden hour and fighting off sun flare, the back button focus can become an essential tool to use. Back button focus gives the benefit of being able to work with the thre... | Digital camera modes |
c_ddwo11r5t88o | In most divisions of Judaism boys prior to bar mitzvah cannot act as a Chazzen for prayer services that contain devarim sheb'kidusha, i.e. Kaddish, Barechu, the amida, etc., or receive an aliya or chant the Torah for the congregation. Since Kabbalat Shabbat and Pesukei D'zimra do not technically require a chazzan at al... | Jewish prayer services |
c_yk6ixtvu647m | Under the Moroccan, Yemenite, and Mizrachi customs, a boy prior to bar mitzvah may lead certain prayers, read the Torah, and have an aliyah. It is customary among many Ashkenazim to have children sing "Adon 'Olam" after Mussaf and "Yigdal" after Shabbat and Holiday Maariv. Among Sefardim, Mizrachim, Yemenites, and some... | Jewish prayer services |
c_i376cuo17xfe | In most doctoral programs, students must take a series of written cumulative examinations on the subject of their study in the first year or two of the PhD program. These cumulative exams are often given on a pass/fail basis and a graduate student who seeks to continue in the PhD program must pass a minimum number of t... | Comprehensive examination |
c_9i1slt0q4r7n | In others, a written exam is taken, and depending on the grade, the student may or may not have to continue with an oral exam. In some fields, the level of detailed knowledge required is relatively limited, while in others such as economics the level of detail is similar to a final exam.Comprehensive examinations are o... | Comprehensive examination |
c_9xatoph3colc | This reading list may comprise dozens or hundreds of books and other works. For some social science and many humanities disciplines, graduate students might not have studied the discipline at the undergraduate level. | Comprehensive examination |
c_5uf5mafgv5u7 | These examinations will be the first set of comprehensive exams, and be based either on graduate coursework or on specific preparatory reading (sometimes up to a year's work in reading). Preparing for comprehensive exams is normally both stressful and time consuming. Passing them allows the student to stay, begin docto... | Comprehensive examination |
c_p37z0v6eyb4w | Failing usually results in the student leaving the program or re-taking the test after some time has passed. A second failure normally guarantees dismissal from the graduate program, though progress on previous attempts may convince the student's program to grant a third, final attempt. Some schools have an intermediat... | Comprehensive examination |
c_2l51j5qx25xo | graduate programs, particularly in the natural sciences, the majority of students do not have master's degrees when they begin doctoral work, and the successful students will earn doctorates without getting master's degrees on the way. In these programs, a student who does not pass "comps" or "prelims" on the second at... | Comprehensive examination |
c_o07akynruab3 | Other institutions issue an All But Dissertation certificate after a student has passed the comprehensive exams.PhD students at some Canadian universities must complete their comprehensive exams by the end of their second year; those who fail to pass with a sufficiently high mark may retake the examination usually only... | Comprehensive examination |
c_23rw7shhb2wz | In most drum kits and drum/percussion kits, cymbals are as prominent as the drums themselves. The oldest idiophones in music are cymbals, a version of which were used throughout the ancient Near East very early in the Bronze Age period. Cymbals are mostly associated with Turkey and Turkish craftsmanship, where Zildjian... | Drum kits |
c_7rgz0adozjr3 | Some contain only three cymbals, using a crash/ride instead of the separate ride and crash. The sizes closely follow those given in Common configurations below. Most drummers extend the normal configuration by adding another crash, a splash, and/or a china/effects cymbal. | Drum kits |
c_2u9s2ply6n3u | In most dynamically-typed languages, the list of methods on an object can be altered at runtime. This requires late binding. | Late binding |
c_hbfdd6uizvft | In most earthquakes, the isoseismals define a single clear area of maximum intensity, which is known as the epicentral or meizoseismal area. In some earthquakes, more than one maximum exists because of the effect of ground conditions or complexities in the rupture propagation, and other information is, therefore, requi... | Isoseismal map |
c_z9fbq3ulgyl8 | In most elderly people, presence of severe WMH and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) was linked with an increase in frequency of mild cognitive deficits. Studies suggest that a combination of MTA and severe WMH showed more than a fourfold increase in the frequency of mild cognitive deficits. Severe WMH is consistently... | White matter lesion |
c_zks6zjmybc3x | Speed of cognitive processes and frontal skills may also be impaired in people with WMH. Pathological signs of oligodendritic apoptosis and damage to axonal projections have been evident. Sufficient damage to the axons that course through WMH can cause adequate interference with normal neuronal functions.It is also tho... | White matter lesion |
c_tqt0iko02khw | In most electric fish, the electric organs are oriented to fire along the length of the body, usually lying along the length of the tail and within the fish's musculature, as in the elephantnose fish and other Mormyridae. However, in two marine groups, the stargazers and the torpedo rays, the electric organs are orient... | Electric organ discharge |
c_25mhcxibysj5 | In most electric power systems, some or all consumers pay a fixed price per unit of electricity independent of the cost of production at the time of consumption. The consumer price may be established by the government or a regulator, and typically represents an average cost per unit of production over a given timeframe... | Demand-side technology |
c_3s9geyx9jqs1 | In economic terms, consumers' usage of electricity is inelastic in short time frames since the consumers do not face the actual price of production; if consumers were to face the short run costs of production they would be more inclined to change their use of electricity in reaction to those price signals. A pure econo... | Demand-side technology |
c_lzeaeg3c8ghe | In a similar manner, the department store cost of sales at 9.00 am might therefore be 5-10 times that of its cost of sales at 3.00 pm, but it would be far-fetched to claim that the customer, by not paying significantly more for the article at 9.00 am than at 3.00 pm, had a 'call option' on the $10 article. In virtually... | Demand-side technology |
c_mvxo3xwe2cx5 | Thus the variation in pricing can be significant: for example, in Ontario between August and September 2006, wholesale prices (in Canadian Dollars) paid to producers ranged from a peak of $318 per MW·h to a minimum of - (negative) $3.10 per MW·h. It is not unusual for the price to vary by a factor of two to five due to... | Demand-side technology |
c_5kive88wjtn7 | This generally occurs at night when demand falls to a level where all generators are operating at their minimum output levels and some of them must be shut down. The negative price is the inducement to bring about these shutdowns in a least-cost manner.Two Carnegie Mellon studies in 2006 looked at the importance of dem... | Demand-side technology |
c_bevingzzjdji | An approximately 10% reduction in peak demand (achievable depending on the elasticity of demand) would result in systems savings of between $8 and $28 billion. In a discussion paper, Ahmad Faruqui, a principal with the Brattle Group, estimates that a 5 percent reduction in US peak electricity demand could produce appro... | Demand-side technology |
c_4qz2ykk3vtxx | In most engines, each connecting rod is attached a single crankshaft, which results in the angle of the connecting rod varying as the piston moves through its stroke. This variation in angle pushes the pistons against the cylinder wall, which causes friction between the piston and cylinder wall. To prevent this, some e... | Crankshaft |
c_nv1hibr6cyie | In most entries, the year when the supernova was seen is part of the designation (1st column). | List of supernovae |
c_eikczks2jv87 | In most environmental situations the presence or absence of an organism is determined by a complex web of interactions only some of which will be related to measurable chemical or biological parameters. Flow rate, turbulence, inter and intra specific competition, feeding behaviour, disease, parasitism, commensalism and... | River chemistry |
c_39yujayofrvs | However, there are some cases where a chemical constituent exerts a toxic effect. i.e. where the concentration can kill or severely inhibit the normal functioning of the organism. Where a toxic effect has been demonstrated this may be noted in the sections below dealing with the individual parameters. | River chemistry |
c_1vpeegnqcr61 | In most eukaryotes, a cell carries two versions of each gene, each referred to as an allele. Each parent passes on one allele to each offspring. An individual gamete inherits a complete haploid complement of alleles on chromosomes that are independently selected from each pair of chromatids lined up on the metaphase pl... | Chromosomal crossover |
c_bfmxg57ojsq1 | Meiotic recombination allows a more independent segregation between the two alleles that occupy the positions of single genes, as recombination shuffles the allele content between homologous chromosomes. Recombination results in a new arrangement of maternal and paternal alleles on the same chromosome. Although the sam... | Chromosomal crossover |
c_dywbywouwsgt | In this way, it is theoretically possible to have any combination of parental alleles in an offspring, and the fact that two alleles appear together in one offspring does not have any influence on the statistical probability that another offspring will have the same combination. This principle of "independent assortmen... | Chromosomal crossover |
c_s29tlh4tg2zt | This leads to the notion of "genetic distance", which is a measure of recombination frequency averaged over a (suitably large) sample of pedigrees. Loosely speaking, one may say that this is because recombination is greatly influenced by the proximity of one gene to another. If two genes are located close together on a... | Chromosomal crossover |
c_p71olx5q73vb | Genetic linkage describes the tendency of genes to be inherited together as a result of their location on the same chromosome. Linkage disequilibrium describes a situation in which some combinations of genes or genetic markers occur more or less frequently in a population than would be expected from their distances apa... | Chromosomal crossover |
c_4d5hrtfww5gz | In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments and is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called "dictyosomes"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contai... | Golgi membrane |
c_3yhmik1aeph8 | The CGN is the first cisternal structure, and the TGN is the final, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stack, but can also be separate from it. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plan... | Golgi membrane |
c_ut6p63gfk126 | In some yeasts, Golgi stacking is not observed. Pichia pastoris does have stacked Golgi, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not. In plants, the individual stacks of the Golgi apparatus seem to operate independently.The Golgi apparatus tends to be larger and more numerous in cells that synthesize and secrete large amou... | Golgi membrane |
c_sdp2mx0om0uh | In all eukaryotes, each cisternal stack has a cis entry face and a trans exit face. These faces are characterized by unique morphology and biochemistry. Within individual stacks are assortments of enzymes responsible for selectively modifying protein cargo. These modifications influence the fate of the protein. The com... | Golgi membrane |
c_kher4c8vrzz1 | In most eukaryotic cells, Kinesin-5 is thought to form cross-bridges between pairs of oppositely oriented microtubules in prophase and prometaphase and drives apart duplicated centrosomes during the formation of the mitotic spindle. This permits the establishment of a steady-state bipolar microtubule spindle structure.... | Kinesin 5 |
c_v9ux2pfh2vmr | The one exception to this effect is mitosis within the nematode, C. elegans, in which Kinesin-5 is not strictly essential for mitosis, but nonetheless has considerable impact on the overall fidelity of cell division.The discovery of small chemical inhibitors of human Kinesin-5 through a pioneering in vitro phenotypic s... | Kinesin 5 |
c_l543as8ywu4y | Also, the binding of the Kinesin-5 inhibitors to an allosteric site on the motor interrupts the mechanism by which this enzyme converts the chemical energy of ATP hydrolysis into the mechanical work of moving microtubules, thus providing insight on how this enzyme works. There are many models that attempt to explain th... | Kinesin 5 |
c_f5lzjqs1y572 | Still, it is not clear whether all the structural elements required for spindle assembly are known, or how the motors, including Kinesin-5, might be regulated in space and time. Such caveats make assessment of such models difficult. Recent data, however, finds that aspects of the 'force balance' model that posit spindl... | Kinesin 5 |
c_8iu02e99ao71 | In most experiments, measurements are repeatedly made at the same two locations. A local hidden variable theory could exploit the memory of past measurement settings and outcomes in order to increase the violation of a Bell inequality. Moreover, physical parameters might be varying in time. It has been shown that, prov... | Bell test experiments |
c_43itwmhzaw8s | In most export control regimes, legislation lists the items which are deemed 'controlled', and lists the destinations to which exports are restricted in some way. The lists of what is controlled often arise from some harmonised regime. | Export control |
c_i2lynsl3ktev | In most ferns, for example, in the leptosporangiate fern Dryopteris, the gametophyte is a photosynthetic free living autotrophic organism called a prothallus that produces gametes and maintains the sporophyte during its early multicellular development. However, in some groups, notably the clade that includes Ophiogloss... | Gametophyte |
c_cn6yq5grfu9m | In most fields of astronomy, the ellipticity is defined as 1 − q {\displaystyle 1-q~} , where q = b a {\displaystyle q={\frac {b}{a}}} is the axis ratio of the ellipse. In weak gravitational lensing, two different definitions are commonly used, and both are complex quantities which specify both the axis ratio and the p... | Gravitational Lensing Formalism |
c_x18qtzfufino | In most fighting games, players may select from a variety of playable characters with unique fighting styles, special moves, and personalities. This became a strong convention for the genre with the release of Street Fighter II, and these character choices have led to deeper game strategy and replay value.Custom charac... | Fighting game |
c_d5l38tzoiga4 | In most films, time portals are used to take a group of people or a single person back in time. The most popular of all time travels would be traveling back to the time of the dinosaurs. In some films time portals can also be set as a hazard, for example, they can begin to go haywire which makes them accidentally trans... | Time vortex |
c_7og8c7mw6fzr | In most flowering plants, the pollen tube enters the ovule through the micropyle opening in the integuments for fertilization (porogamy). In chalazogamous fertilization, the pollen tubes penetrate the ovule through the chalaza rather than the micropyle opening. Chalazogamy was first discovered in monoecious plant speci... | Chalaza |
c_m6q8498lam07 | In most flows of liquids, and of gases at low Mach number, the density of a fluid parcel can be considered to be constant, regardless of pressure variations in the flow. Therefore, the fluid can be considered to be incompressible, and these flows are called incompressible flows. Bernoulli performed his experiments on l... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_p15w2sx4xne4 | The energy per unit of mass of liquid in a reservoir is uniform throughout the reservoir so if the reservoir feeds liquid into a pipe or a flow field, Bernoulli's equation and the Bernoulli constant can be used to analyse the fluid flow everywhere except where viscous forces exist and erode the energy per unit mass. : ... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_fu4mr35j5z32 | By multiplying with the fluid density ρ, equation (A) can be rewritten as: or: where q = 1/2ρv2 is dynamic pressure, h = z + p/ρg is the piezometric head or hydraulic head (the sum of the elevation z and the pressure head) and p0 = p + q is the stagnation pressure (the sum of the static pressure p and dynamic pressure ... | Bernoulli's equation |
c_rzdblc0cw9bb | In liquids—when the pressure becomes too low—cavitation occurs. The above equations use a linear relationship between flow speed squared and pressure. At higher flow speeds in gases, or for sound waves in liquid, the changes in mass density become significant so that the assumption of constant density is invalid. | Bernoulli's equation |
c_9ea9r6dqrv46 | In most forces a layered approach is used to deliver a defense in depth. Peacetime doctrine is to maintain the integrity of the perimeter through the use of watch posts and/or remote sensors, and if deemed necessary patrols within the perimeter. In the event of the perimeter being penetrated, heavily armed and mobile f... | Air force ground forces and special forces |
c_pg7vicdgfxt0 | In most formalisms that use syntactic predicates, the syntax of the predicate is noncommutative, which is to say that the operation of predication is ordered. For instance, using the above example, consider the following pseudo-grammar, where X ::= Y PRED Z is understood to mean: "Y produces X if and only if Y also sat... | Syntactic predicate |
c_w50thmse1s1e | In most forms of English, percent is usually written as two words (per cent), although percentage and percentile are written as one word. In American English, percent is the most common variant (but per mille is written as two words). In the early 20th century, there was a dotted abbreviation form "per cent. ", as oppo... | Percentage |
c_3zzmzh8zbq47 | The form "per cent." is still in use in the highly formal language found in certain documents like commercial loan agreements (particularly those subject to, or inspired by, common law), as well as in the Hansard transcripts of British Parliamentary proceedings. | Percentage |
c_39svjc34kpfc | The term has been attributed to Latin per centum. The concept of considering values as parts of a hundred is originally Greek. The symbol for percent (%) evolved from a symbol abbreviating the Italian per cento. | Percentage |
c_2wj9rq46s4gg | In some other languages, the form procent or prosent is used instead. Some languages use both a word derived from percent and an expression in that language meaning the same thing, e.g. Romanian procent and la sută (thus, 10% can be read or sometimes written ten for hundred, similarly with the English one out of ten).... | Percentage |
c_hq2q6e2cbpa6 | Grammar and style guides often differ as to how percentages are to be written. For instance, it is commonly suggested that the word percent (or per cent) be spelled out in all texts, as in "1 percent" and not "1%". Other guides prefer the word to be written out in humanistic texts, but the symbol to be used in scientif... | Percentage |
c_1lscktsrz3q6 | Most guides agree that they always be written with a numeral, as in "5 percent" and not "five percent", the only exception being at the beginning of a sentence: "Ten percent of all writers love style guides." Decimals are also to be used instead of fractions, as in "3.5 percent of the gain" and not "3+1⁄2 percent of th... | Percentage |
c_xm53ly9ox4c9 | (When interest rates are very low, the number 0 is included if the interest rate is less than 1%, e.g. "0+3⁄4% Treasury Stock", not "3⁄4% Treasury Stock".) It is also widely accepted to use the percent symbol (%) in tabular and graphic material. In line with common English practice, style guides—such as The Chicago Man... | Percentage |
c_h3xynmiw0onn | In most forms of Latin scribal abbreviation, an overline or macron indicates omitted letters similar to use of apostrophes in English contractions. Letters with macrons or overlines continue to be used in medical abbreviations in various European languages, particularly for prescriptions. Common examples include a, a̅,... | Overhead bar |
c_c25r1a8g5m5j | In most full-term infant boys with cryptorchidism but no other genital abnormalities, a cause cannot be found, making this a common, sporadic, unexplained (idiopathic) birth defect. A combination of genetics, maternal health, and other environmental factors may disrupt the hormones and physical changes that influence t... | Undescended testes |
c_pw41tc01e2m7 | A contributing role of environmental chemicals called endocrine disruptors that interfere with normal fetal hormone balance has been proposed. The Mayo Clinic lists "parents' exposure to some pesticides" as a known risk factor. Risk factors may include exposure to regular alcohol consumption during pregnancy (five or m... | Undescended testes |
c_xozn2hjbkhzg | Cigarette smoking is also a known risk factor. Family history of undescended testicles or other problems of genital development Cryptorchidism occurs at a much higher rate in a large number of congenital malformation syndromes. Among the more common are Down syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, and Noonan syndrome. | Undescended testes |
c_pzzvotxu88mk | In vitro fertilization, use of cosmetics by the mother, and pre-eclampsia have also been recognized as risk factors for development of cryptorchidism. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome generally manifests itself in Cryptorchidism. In CAIS the testis are generally located completely undescended where the ovaries usually a... | Undescended testes |
c_yaxmf8dmzip1 | This also occurs with 5α-Reductase 2 deficiency (DHT insensitivity) however the testis generally descend during puberty.In 2008, a study was published that investigated the possible relationship between cryptorchidism and prenatal exposure to a chemical called phthalate (DEHP), which is used in the manufacture of plast... | Undescended testes |
c_j4ulkjw4f6wh | women had phthalate levels similar to the levels that were found to be associated with sexual abnormalities.A 2010 study examined the prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism among offspring whose mothers had taken mild analgesics, primarily over-the-counter pain medications including ibuprofen (e.g. Advil) and paraceta... | Undescended testes |
c_2vxptzoqy5vn | In most functional programming languages, such as Scheme, nested functions are a common way of implementing algorithms with loops in them. A simple (tail) recursive inner function is created, which behaves as the algorithm's main loop, while the outer function performs startup actions that only need to be done once. In... | Nested function |
c_j8qerp50kjyu | In most games, a specially designated player typically called the game master (GM) purchases or prepares a set of rules and a fictional setting in which each player acts out the role of a single character. The GM describes the game world and its inhabitants; the other players describe the intended actions of their char... | Tabletop role-playing game |
c_1yjeajl3n3oy | In most games, it's considered bad manners to quit before the game has ended.However, in other games, such as FIFA 21, the opposite is somewhat true: it is sometimes considered a good thing for a losing player to quit a game after it is clear that it is not feasible for them to win, in an effort to save both players’ t... | Gaming etiquette |
c_npd2c1uokuiw | In most genres of popular music, including jazz, pop, and rock, a chord name and the corresponding symbol are typically composed of one or more parts. In these genres, chord-playing musicians in the rhythm section (e.g., electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, Hammond organ, etc.) typically improvise the specific "voi... | Chord symbol |
c_rirunn77uikv | If no chord quality is specified, the chord is assumed to be a major triad by default. Number(s) indicating the stacked intervals above the root note (e.g., 7 or 13). | Chord symbol |
c_per08xw20s5c | Additional musical symbols or abbreviations for special alterations (e.g., ♭5, ♯5 or add13). An added slash "/" and an upper case letter indicates that a bass note other than the root should be played. These are called slash chords. | Chord symbol |
c_egw7lnw1tbt5 | For instance, C/F indicates that a C major triad should be played with an added F in the bass. In some genres of modern jazz, two chords with a slash between them may indicate an advanced chord type called a polychord, which is the playing of two chords simultaneously. The correct notation of this should be F/C, which ... | Chord symbol |
c_ohhnwm1spr03 | In most girls, menarche does not mean that ovulation has occurred. In postmenarchal girls, about 80% of the cycles were anovulatory in the first year after menarche, 50% in the third and 10% in the sixth year. Regular ovulation is usually indicated by predictable and consistent intervals between menses, predictable and... | Menarche |
c_8fpb8r3el1w4 | An anthropological term for this state of potential fertility is nubility.On the other hand, not every girl follows the typical pattern, and some girls ovulate before the first menstruation. Although unlikely, it is possible for a girl who has engaged in sexual intercourse shortly before her menarche to conceive and be... | Menarche |
c_2nsqm7tkz4mn | In most glossaries, begin each glossary term with a lower-case letter, unless it is a proper name or an acronym/initialism. While capitalizing the first letter of each term would produce a more uniform, outline-like result (which is why this is the standard for ordered and unordered lists on Wikipedia), natural capital... | Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries |
c_2vbwbiuo26pt | In most gram-positive bacteria, certain proteins are targeted for export across the plasma membrane and subsequent covalent attachment to the bacterial cell wall. A specialized enzyme, sortase, cleaves the target protein at a characteristic recognition site near the protein C-terminus, such as an LPXTG motif (where X c... | Protein translocation |
c_axbvhvp7cd49 | In most hang gliders, the pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a stationary control frame, also known as a triangle control frame, or an A-frame. The control frame normally consists of 2 "down-tubes" and a control bar/base bar/base-t... | Hang gliders |
c_yf0l4xeylkrh | In many of these configurations additional wheels or other equipment can be suspended from the bottom bar or rod ends. Images showing a triangle control frame on Otto Lilienthal's 1892 hang glider shows that the technology of such frames has existed since the early design of gliders, but he did not mention it in his pa... | Hang gliders |
c_vh15is3uqzmf | In most high-power Stirling engines, both the minimum pressure and mean pressure of the working fluid are above atmospheric pressure. This initial engine pressurization can be realized by a pump, or by filling the engine from a compressed gas tank, or even just by sealing the engine when the mean temperature is lower t... | Stirling Cryocooler |
c_45qwd9qcneb0 | If the heat exchangers are well designed and can supply the heat flux needed for convective heat transfer, then the engine, in a first approximation, produces power in proportion to the mean pressure, as predicted by the West number, and Beale number. In practice, the maximum pressure is also limited to the safe pressu... | Stirling Cryocooler |
c_vj66h7vjyzwi | In most homes, sewer gas may have an unpleasant odor, but does not often pose a significant health hazard. Residential sewer pipes primarily contain the gases found in air (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc.). Often, methane is the gas of next highest concentration, but typically remains at nontoxic levels, especia... | Sewer gas |
c_7sv0xv050j7o | However, if sewer gas has a distinct “rotten egg” smell, especially in sewage mains, septic tanks, or other sewage treatment facilities, it may be due to hydrogen sulfide content, which can be detected by human olfactory senses in concentrations as low as parts per billion. Exposure to low levels of this chemical can i... | Sewer gas |
c_pcx3gwcy99b4 | High concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (>150 ppm) can produce olfactory fatigue, whereby the scent becomes undetectable. At higher concentrations (>300 ppm), hydrogen sulfide can cause loss of consciousness and death. Very high concentrations (>1000 ppm) can result in immediate collapse, occurring after a single breat... | Sewer gas |
c_tr69hdkyecpx | In most horse races, entry is restricted to certain breeds; that is, the horse must have a sire (father) and a dam (mother) who are studbook-approved individuals of whatever breed is racing. For example, in a normal harness race, the horse's sire and dam must both be pure Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quar... | Horse racing |
c_fjl7npwm4ben | An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse... | Horse racing |
c_vqg2j40mil47 | In most households, cooking was done on an open hearth in the middle of the main living area, to make efficient use of the heat. This was the most common arrangement, even in wealthy households, for most of the Middle Ages, where the kitchen was combined with the dining hall. Towards the Late Middle Ages a separate kit... | Medieval cuisine |
c_pzhilzpdl6vp | This way, the smoke, odors and bustle of the kitchen could be kept out of sight of guests, and the fire risk lessened. Few medieval kitchens survive as they were "notoriously ephemeral structures".Many basic variations of cooking utensils available today, such as frying pans, pots, kettles, and waffle irons, already ex... | Medieval cuisine |
c_9eoseurxfiu2 | There were also cranes with adjustable hooks so that pots and cauldrons could easily be swung away from the fire to keep them from burning or boiling over. Utensils were often held directly over the fire or placed into embers on tripods. To assist the cook there were also assorted knives, stirring spoons, ladles and gr... | Medieval cuisine |
c_d8thdbwvs2zl | In wealthy households one of the most common tools was the mortar and sieve cloth, since many medieval recipes called for food to be finely chopped, mashed, strained and seasoned either before or after cooking. This was based on a belief among physicians that the finer the consistency of food, the more effectively the ... | Medieval cuisine |
c_kpbqwzxy8m6o | Fine-textured food was also associated with wealth; for example, finely milled flour was expensive, while the bread of commoners was typically brown and coarse. A typical procedure was farcing (from the Latin farcio 'to cram'), to skin and dress an animal, grind up the meat and mix it with spices and other ingredients ... | Medieval cuisine |
c_zd7j6q6u3z9q | The kitchen staff of huge noble or royal courts occasionally numbered in the hundreds: pantlers, bakers, waferers, sauciers, larderers, butchers, carvers, page boys, milkmaids, butlers, and numerous scullions. While an average peasant household often made do with firewood collected from the surrounding woodlands, the m... | Medieval cuisine |
c_oy18kspwmlxs | In most human cultures, feces elicits varying degrees of disgust. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the sense of taste (either perceived or imagined) and, secondarily to anything that causes a similar feeling by sense of smell, touch, or vision. As such, human feces is regarded as something to be avoided ... | Human fecal matter |
c_tyw74h3xsvuj | An example of repulsion by feces from the ancient world is found in the writings called Deuteronomy used by Jews and Christians:Designate a place outside the camp where you can go to relieve yourself. As part of your equipment have something to dig with, and when you relieve yourself, dig a hole and cover up your excre... | Human fecal matter |
c_fuwfmxrkz1df | In most human tissues, TMEM104 has a modest expression level (25–50th percentile), relative to all human proteins, according to RNA-seq data. | TMEM104 |
c_1muhxmvat2m9 | In most hydrogen-fusing stars, including the Sun, a chemical cycle involved in stellar nucleosynthesis occurs which is known as a carbon-nitrogen-oxygen or (CNO cycle). In addition to this cycle, stars also have a helium cycle. Various cycles involving gas and dust have been found to occur in galaxies. | Chemical cycling |
c_5i0hz27aviek | In most illustrations of the gambler's fallacy and the reverse gambler's fallacy, the trial (e.g. flipping a coin) is assumed to be fair. In practice, this assumption may not hold. For example, if a coin is flipped 21 times, the probability of 21 heads with a fair coin is 1 in 2,097,152. Since this probability is so sm... | D'Alembert system |
c_dvst5jjmk57j | In this case, the smart bet is "heads" because Bayesian inference from the empirical evidence — 21 heads in a row — suggests that the coin is likely to be biased toward heads. Bayesian inference can be used to show that when the long-run proportion of different outcomes is unknown but exchangeable (meaning that the ran... | D'Alembert system |
c_lbb57vlze65a | In most implementations, a cell, or group of cells in a column or row, can be "named" enabling the user to refer to those cells by a name rather than by a grid reference. Names must be unique within the spreadsheet, but when using multiple sheets in a spreadsheet file, an identically named cell range on each sheet can ... | Spreadsheet software |
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