id stringlengths 14 14 | text stringlengths 9 3.55k | source stringlengths 1 250 |
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c_wq9bsigshebg | They can therefore rely on diffusion across their cell membranes to carry out the gas exchange needed for respiration.In organisms that have circulatory systems associated with their specialized gas-exchange surfaces, a great variety of systems are used for the interaction between the two. In a countercurrent flow syst... | Gas exchange |
c_ic03a4p8qaor | This is the situation seen in the gills of fish and many other aquatic creatures. The gas-containing environmental water is drawn unidirectionally across the gas-exchange surface, with the blood-flow in the gill capillaries beneath flowing in the opposite direction. Although this theoretically allows almost complete tr... | Gas exchange |
c_fuet72c56s1r | and dead-end air-filled sac systems found in the lungs of mammals. In a cocurrent flow system, the blood and gas (or the fluid containing the gas) move in the same direction through the gas exchanger. This means the magnitude of the gradient is variable along the length of the gas-exchange surface, and the exchange wil... | Gas exchange |
c_j2nziu39pfzl | In multicellular organisms with dedicated reproductive cells, mutations can be subdivided into germline mutations, which can be passed on to descendants through their reproductive cells, and somatic mutations (also called acquired mutations), which involve cells outside the dedicated reproductive group and which are no... | Loss-of-function mutation |
c_qgf4izeqv946 | A heterozygous mutation is a mutation of only one allele. A homozygous mutation is an identical mutation of both the paternal and maternal alleles. Compound heterozygous mutations or a genetic compound consists of two different mutations in the paternal and maternal alleles. | Loss-of-function mutation |
c_08nifmri20lz | In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organisms,... | Stem-cell research |
c_xws365urqpqo | In mammals, roughly 50–150 cells make up the inner cell mass during the blastocyst stage of embryonic development, around days 5–14. These have stem-cell capability. In vivo, they eventually differentiate into all of the body's cell types (making them pluripotent). | Stem-cell research |
c_5xpdybge6y29 | This process starts with the differentiation into the three germ layers – the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm – at the gastrulation stage. However, when they are isolated and cultured in vitro, they can be kept in the stem-cell stage and are known as embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Adult stem cells are found in a few sele... | Stem-cell research |
c_8stc4dp6qlnl | They exist to replenish rapidly lost cell types and are multipotent or unipotent, meaning they only differentiate into a few cell types or one type of cell. In mammals, they include, among others, hematopoietic stem cells, which replenish blood and immune cells, basal cells, which maintain the skin epithelium, and mese... | Stem-cell research |
c_r0mxddg7e4js | As of 2016, the only established medical therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, first performed in 1958 by French oncologist Georges Mathé. Since 1998 however, it has been possible to culture and differentiate human embryonic stem cells (in stem-cell lines). The process of isolating these ... | Stem-cell research |
c_25zzvrw1qqk9 | Sources for isolating ESCs have been restricted in some European countries and Canada, but others such as the UK and China have promoted the research. Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a cloning method that can be used to create a cloned embryo for the use of its embryonic stem cells in stem cell therapy. In 2006, a Jap... | Stem-cell research |
c_kwutyxiyf0kv | In multicellular organisms, worn-out and ineffective cells are dismantled and recycled for the greater good of the whole organism in a process called apoptosis. It is believed that phenoptosis is an evolutionary mechanism that culls out the damaged, aged, infectious, or those in direct competition with their own offspr... | Phenoptosis |
c_q9zpxzsrnerl | The elimination of parts detrimental to the organism or individuals detrimental to the species has been deemed "The samurai law of biology" – it is better to die than to be wrong.Stress-induced, acute, or fast phenoptosis is the rapid deterioration of an organism induced by a life event such as breeding. Elimination of... | Phenoptosis |
c_w0xun4tovoxl | In short, it has been proposed that aging, heart disease, cancer, and other age related ailments are means of phenoptosis. "Death caused by aging clears the population of ancestors and frees space for progeny carrying new useful traits." It has also been proposed that age provides a selective advantage to brains over b... | Phenoptosis |
c_uz98cwlucwt0 | In multicellular systems the function of each individual cell is impacted by their spatial location and surroundings. Thus, implementation of DBiT-seq to profile both mRNA and protein levels across a tissue in a spatial context could lead to a better understanding of many biological processes. DBiT-seq can be utilized ... | Deterministic Barcoding in Tissue for Spatial Omics Sequencing |
c_v2zoov1z6rqj | In multichannel scaling (MCS) mode, the MCA records a pulse count-rate over time. Unlike PHA, MCS does not differentiate pulses of different amplitudes. Instead, the MCA records all measured counts in one channel for a set time interval (called the "dwell time"), then switches to the next channel to record the subseque... | Multichannel analyzer |
c_lcuk55fxql5e | In multicolor character mode (160×200 pixels, which most games use) characters have 4×8 pixels (the characters are still approximately square since the pixels are double width) and 4 colors out of 16 colors. Three of the colors are the same for the entire screen (the background color, multicolor 1, and multicolor 2 reg... | MOS Technology VIC-II |
c_57wp5s4w7t62 | Some games reload shared colors during the raster interrupt; for example, the game Turrican II's underwater area (which was vertically distinct) has different colors. Others, such as Epyx's Summer Games and COMPUTE! | MOS Technology VIC-II |
c_tjmcsn588yd2 | 's Gazette's Basketball Sam & Ed, overlay two high-resolution sprites to allow two foreground colors to be used without sacrificing horizontal resolution . Of course, this technique reduces the number of available sprites by half. On PAL C64s, the PAL delay line in the monitor or TV which averages the color hue, but no... | MOS Technology VIC-II |
c_67ttocbmhefn | There are seven such pairs of colors in the VIC chip. The C64's team did not spend much time on mathematically computing the 16 color palette. Robert Yannes, who was involved with the development of the VIC-II, said: I'm afraid that not nearly as much effort went into the color selection as you think. | MOS Technology VIC-II |
c_0kf2ihiqyqsz | Since we had total control over hue, saturation and luminance, we picked colors that we liked. In order to save space on the chip, though, many of the colors were simply the opposite side of the color wheel from ones that we picked. This allowed us to reuse the existing resistor values, rather than having a completely ... | MOS Technology VIC-II |
c_y9so2q27bejt | In multifunction or all-in-one printers, fax machines, photocopiers and scanners, an automatic document feeder or ADF is a feature which takes several pages and feeds the paper one page at a time into a scanner or copier, allowing the user to scan, and thereby copy, print, or fax, multiple-page documents without having... | Automatic document feeder |
c_0r55mdealra1 | ADF is so ubiquitous in fax machines that some fax machine owners use the machine as a scanner, faxing multi-page documents to themselves. Document feeders are described by speed, in pages per minute or ppm, and capacity, usually in a range from 10 sheets to 200. There are two kinds of document feeders capable of two-s... | Automatic document feeder |
c_xabdjdc59kr3 | A duplexing automatic document feeder or DADF scans both sides in one pass. The advantage of the DADF is faster speed for two-sided originals. RADFs and DADFs are rated in images per minute (IPM), the number of sides they can scan each minute; this may depend upon the resolution being used (rather than the maximum reso... | Automatic document feeder |
c_7c67kh1jjz90 | In multijunction photovoltaic cells, tunnel junctions form the connections between consecutive p-n junctions. They function as an ohmic electrical contact in the middle of a semiconductor device. | Tunnel junctions |
c_hztk83b1qx88 | In multilevel processor sharing a finite set of thresholds are defined and jobs partitioned according to how much service they have received. The lowest level (containing jobs which have received the least service) has the highest priority and higher levels monotonically decreasing priorities. Within each level an inte... | Processor sharing |
c_rt5nk9rwvtdz | In multilevel security mode of operation (also called Controlled Security Mode), all users must have: Signed NDA for ALL information on the system. Proper clearance for SOME information on the system. Formal access approval for SOME information on the system. A valid need to know for SOME information on the system.All ... | Security Modes |
c_zfh6hjryrkxj | In multilinear algebra, a multivector, sometimes called Clifford number, is an element of the exterior algebra Λ(V) of a vector space V. This algebra is graded, associative and alternating, and consists of linear combinations of simple k-vectors (also known as decomposable k-vectors or k-blades) of the form v 1 ∧ ⋯ ∧ v... | Multivector |
c_uay7ta1da4la | In multilinear algebra, a reshaping of tensors is any bijection between the set of indices of an order- M {\displaystyle M} tensor and the set of indices of an order- L {\displaystyle L} tensor, where L < M {\displaystyle L | Tensor reshaping |
c_sqfytmwzbqqw | In multilinear algebra, a tensor contraction is an operation on a tensor that arises from the natural pairing of a finite-dimensional vector space and its dual. In components, it is expressed as a sum of products of scalar components of the tensor(s) caused by applying the summation convention to a pair of dummy indice... | Tensor contraction |
c_4x2apfyw4frq | In Einstein notation this summation is built into the notation. The result is another tensor with order reduced by 2. Tensor contraction can be seen as a generalization of the trace. | Tensor contraction |
c_dufqv2tyvf7y | In multilinear algebra, a tensor decomposition is any scheme for expressing a "data tensor" (M-way array) as a sequence of elementary operations acting on other, often simpler tensors. Many tensor decompositions generalize some matrix decompositions.Tensors are generalizations of matrices to higher dimensions (or rathe... | Tensor decomposition |
c_qpq791qynkmn | In multilinear algebra, applying a map that is the tensor product of linear maps to a tensor is called a multilinear multiplication. | Multilinear multiplication |
c_mze8f333ht5v | In multilinear algebra, mode-m flattening, also known as matrixizing, matricizing, or unfolding, is an operation that reshapes a multi-way array A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} into a matrix denoted by A {\displaystyle A_{}} (a two-way array). Matrixizing may be regarded as a generalization of the mathematical concep... | Mode-k flattening |
c_dtwiex2oqcw5 | In multilinear algebra, one considers multivariable linear transformations, that is, mappings that are linear in each of a number of different variables. This line of inquiry naturally leads to the idea of the dual space, the vector space V* consisting of linear maps f: V → F where F is the field of scalars. Multilinea... | Linear Algebra |
c_i1csou0e8q03 | In multilinear algebra, the higher-order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) of a tensor is a specific orthogonal Tucker decomposition. It may be regarded as one type of generalization of the matrix singular value decomposition. It has applications in computer vision, computer graphics, machine learning, scientific co... | Higher-order singular value decomposition |
c_q7jgix5iy1yu | Some aspects can be traced as far back as F. L. Hitchcock in 1928, but it was L. R. Tucker who developed for third-order tensors the general Tucker decomposition in the 1960s, further advocated by L. De Lathauwer et al. in their Multilinear SVD work that employs the power method, or advocated by Vasilescu and Terzopoul... | Higher-order singular value decomposition |
c_1g3ggo8n230e | In multilinear algebra, the tensor rank decomposition or the r a n k − R {\displaystyle rank-R} decomposition of a tensor is the decomposition of a tensor in terms of a sum of minimum R {\displaystyle R} r a n k − 1 {\displaystyle rank-1} tensors. This is an open problem. Canonical polyadic decomposition (CPD) is a var... | Canonical polyadic decomposition |
c_hafk8ta2fk0m | The CP decomposition has found some applications in linguistics and chemometrics. The CP rank was introduced by Frank Lauren Hitchcock in 1927 and later rediscovered several times, notably in psychometrics. The CP decomposition is referred to as CANDECOMP, PARAFAC, or CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP). PARAFAC2 rank decomposition... | Canonical polyadic decomposition |
c_bcvpxrqx3fph | In multilingual Singapore, dubbing is rare for western programs. English-language programs on the free-to-air terrestrial channels are usually subtitled in Chinese or Malay. Chinese, Malay and Tamil programs (except for news bulletins and other live shows), usually have subtitles in English and the original language du... | Dub localization |
c_w12465r5kuak | The deliberate policy to encourage Mandarin among citizens made it required by law for programs in other Chinese dialects (Hokkien, Cantonese and Teochew) to be dubbed into Mandarin, with the exception of traditional operas. Cantonese and Hokkien shows from Hong Kong and Taiwan, respectively, are available on VCD and D... | Dub localization |
c_2rlss0ogurk4 | In multilingual computer systems, different logical characters may have identical appearances. For example, Unicode character U+0430, Cyrillic small letter a ("а"), can look identical to Unicode character U+0061, Latin small letter a, ("a") which is the lowercase "a" used in English. Hence wikipediа.org (xn--wikipedi-8... | IDN homograph attack |
c_p5kg57c6rbfl | From the viewpoint of the user, a Cyrillic "а" within a Latin string is a Latin "a"; there is no difference in the glyphs for these characters in most fonts. However, the computer treats them differently when processing the character string as an identifier. Thus, the user's assumption of a one-to-one correspondence be... | IDN homograph attack |
c_fnl4ia2yyhx0 | Internationalized domain names provide a backward-compatible way for domain names to use the full Unicode character set, and this standard is already widely supported. However this system expanded the character repertoire from a few dozen characters in a single alphabet to many thousands of characters in many scripts; ... | IDN homograph attack |
c_snwt9bw60wem | An attacker could register a domain name that looks just like that of a legitimate website, but in which some of the letters have been replaced by homographs in another alphabet. The attacker could then send e-mail messages purporting to come from the original site, but directing people to the bogus site. The spoof sit... | IDN homograph attack |
c_ch84taedwpid | The victims may never notice the difference, until suspicious or criminal activity occurs with their accounts. In December 2001 Evgeniy Gabrilovich and Alex Gontmakher, both from Technion, Israel, published a paper titled "The Homograph Attack", which described an attack that used Unicode URLs to spoof a website URL. T... | IDN homograph attack |
c_xo94fgh74gz7 | Problems of this kind were anticipated before IDN was introduced, and guidelines were issued to registries to try to avoid or reduce the problem. For example, it was advised that registries only accept characters from the Latin alphabet and that of their own country, not all of Unicode characters, but this advice was n... | IDN homograph attack |
c_j8txww9chn3h | In multimode fiber optics, mandrel wrapping is a technique used to preferentially attenuate high-order mode power of a propagating optical signal. Consequently, if the fibre is propagating substantial energy in affected modes, the modal distribution will be changed. A cylindrical rod wrap consists of a specified number... | Mandrel wrapping |
c_u66cyxmtig1f | If the launch fibre is fully filled ahead of the mandrel wrap, the higher-order modes will be stripped off, leaving only lower-order modes. If the launch fibre is underfilled, for example as a consequence of being energized by a laser diode or edge-emitting LED, there will be no effect on the mode power distribution or... | Mandrel wrapping |
c_u52sj3iqhwbq | Numerical addition (in decibels) of the measured loss of multiple fibre segments and/or components overestimates the loss of the concatenated set if each segment or component has been measured with a full mode power distribution. In single mode optical fibre measurements, it is used to enforce true single mode propagat... | Mandrel wrapping |
c_tvjufd5l0uta | In this use, it is commonly termed a High Order Mode Filter (HOMF). Ultimately, the effect of mandrel wrapping on optical measurements depends on the propagating mode power distribution. An additional loss mechanism has no effect unless power is present in the affected modes. | Mandrel wrapping |
c_03kscizpf1o2 | In multimode optical fiber with many wavelengths propagating, it is sometimes hard to identify the dispersed wavelength out of all the wavelengths that are present, if there is not yet a service degradation issue. One can compare the present optical power of each wavelength to the designed values and look for differenc... | Modal dispersion |
c_3532eke9rbs0 | If no loss is found, then most probably there is dispersion with that particular wavelength. Normally engineers start testing the fiber section by section until they reach the affected section; all wavelengths are tested and the affected wavelength produces a loss at the far end of the fiber. One can easily calculate h... | Modal dispersion |
c_kac1bdzbl3z7 | In multipath fading two or more different routes taken by the signal, due to reflections, can cause the signal to cancel out each other at certain locations, and to be stronger in other places (upfade). | Wireless terminal |
c_gabf83ht9nae | In multiphase flow in porous media, the relative permeability of a phase is a dimensionless measure of the effective permeability of that phase. It is the ratio of the effective permeability of that phase to the absolute permeability. It can be viewed as an adaptation of Darcy's law to multiphase flow. For two-phase fl... | Relative permeability |
c_vx3ukbal7p8q | The subscript i {\displaystyle i} indicates that the parameters are for phase i {\displaystyle i} . k i {\displaystyle k_{i}} is here the phase permeability (i.e., the effective permeability of phase i {\displaystyle i} ), as observed through the equation above. Relative permeability, k r i {\displaystyle k_{\mathit {r... | Relative permeability |
c_snf0svewwkem | Relative permeability must be between zero and one. In applications, relative permeability is often represented as a function of water saturation; however, owing to capillary hysteresis one often resorts to a function or curve measured under drainage and another measured under imbibition. Under this approach, the flow ... | Relative permeability |
c_fk2ukatnfj4t | Thus the sum of relative permeabilities over all phases is less than 1. However, apparent relative permeabilities larger than 1 have been obtained since the Darcean approach disregards the viscous coupling effects derived from momentum transfer between the phases (see assumptions below). This coupling could enhance the... | Relative permeability |
c_xdyxfmftxfjn | In multiphase reactors, the flow regime gives information about the behaviour of the gas phase and its interaction with the continuous liquid phase. The flow regime can vary significantly depending on several factors, including gas and liquid flow rates, geometric aspects of the column (column diameter, column height, ... | Bubble column reactor |
c_u5lq7jdwb5j6 | Small bubbles with a positive lift coefficient move towards the column wall, and large bubbles with a negative lift coefficient move towards the column center. The heterogeneous flow regime occurs at very high gas velocity and represents a chaotic and unsteady flow pattern, with high liquid recirculation and vigorous m... | Bubble column reactor |
c_1miizqmv363f | The slug and the annular flow regimes are usually observed in small-diameter bubble columns with an inner diameter of less than 0.15 m. The former is characterized by giant bubbles, named Taylor bubbles, that occupy the entire cross-sectional area of the column. The latter is characterized by a central core of gas surr... | Bubble column reactor |
c_0s4g7yj5hvt8 | When dealing with industrial applications, larger-diameter bubble columns are typically employed so that the slug flow regime is not usually observed due to the so-called Rayleight-Taylor instabilities. The quantification of these instabilities at the reactor-scale is obtained by comparing the dimensionless bubble diam... | Bubble column reactor |
c_kdyy8ck0qv7f | In multiphase systems Relative permeability curves of each fluid phase (i.e., water, oil, gas, CO2) can be averaged using the concept of TEM-function as: | Relative permeability |
c_ytiea553c6my | In multiphase-field models, microstructure is described by set of order parameters, each of which is related to a specific phase or crystallographic orientation. This model is mostly used for solid-state phase transformations where multiple grains evolve (e.g. grain growth, recrystallization or first-order transformati... | Phase field models |
c_dyrg5qtdiqa1 | In multiphysics systems—systems involving multiple physical fields that interact with one another—linearization with respect to each of the physical fields may be performed. This linearization of the system with respect to each of the fields results in a linearized monolithic equation system that can be solved using mo... | Linearization |
c_4thy94f63ej7 | In multiplayer video games, matchmaking is the process of connecting players together for online play sessions. | Game server browser |
c_moyufxa8v4eb | In multiplayer video games, particularly in MOBAs, first-person shooters, MMORPGs and MUDs, kill stealing is the practice of obtaining credit for killing an enemy when another player has put more effort into the kill. This usually happens when a game only keeps track of which player defeats an enemy, rather than which ... | Kill stealing |
c_hkck0phc1s0g | Kill stealing is common when the rewards for finishing enemies off are highly desired within the game. Some players feel that kill stealing is a dishonorable practice. A good faith attempt to secure a kill on an enemy that might otherwise have gotten away can sometimes be perceived as a kill steal if the other player b... | Kill stealing |
c_1mj6lh8n3yka | In multiplayer, a first in the series, gameplay has an emphasis on teamwork. Lara is able to use Totec's shield as a portable platform as he holds it above his head. She may also balance on spears that Totec throws in the wall, but Totec cannot, as they are not able to hold his weight. Totec can tightrope walk using La... | Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light |
c_dksj8gfw3hus | As the game progresses, Totec learns from Lara how to use modern weapons, such as rifles. When enemies are killed, point scores appear above their bodies—red or blue—depending on whether Lara (red) or Totec (blue) scored the kill. There are pick-ups, such as gems, scattered throughout the levels that increase the playe... | Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light |
c_55fvvzlgb1v8 | Receiving high scores in each level rewards the players with new weapons and upgrades. To add competitiveness into the game, there are a limited number of enemies and gems in the world so the players may compete to kill and grab them all. The multiplayer mode reportedly features approximately six to eight hours of game... | Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light |
c_vc62evf4lcl3 | In multiple American and international studies, cancer-causing chemicals have been found in the blood of umbilical cords. These originate from certain plastics, computer circuit boards, fumes and synthetic fragrances among others. Over 300 chemical toxicants have been found, including bisphenol A (BPA), tetrabromobisph... | Umbilical cord knot |
c_nbhz4n60xdz0 | In multiple countries home economists have contributed in strengthening these programs aimed at women, families, and children. These programs aim to teach women formally and informally education, increase understanding and appreciation of other cultures, improving public health, and improving the process of introducing... | Consumer education |
c_zv6o8csp7fd2 | In multiple countries rape is defined with penetrative sex, which means that by law, men cannot be raped as they are being forced to penetrate. This includes New Zealand, England and Wales, the Philippines, and Switzerland. | Discrimination against men |
c_fp0f5bv6zf8q | In multiple countries' curriculums, social studies is the integrated study of multiple fields of social science and the humanities, including history, culture, geography and political science. The term was first coined by American educators around the turn of the twentieth century as a catch-all for these subjects, as ... | Social studies |
c_nm3xj05bu3dg | In multiple criteria decision aiding (MCDA), multicriteria classification (or sorting) involves problems where a finite set of alternative actions should be assigned into a predefined set of preferentially ordered categories (classes). For example, credit analysts classify loan applications into risk categories (e.g., ... | Multicriteria classification |
c_0revd709brzk | In multiple electrode aggregometry, anticoagulated whole blood is mixed with saline and a platelet agonist in a single-use cuvette with two pairs of electrodes. The increase in impedance between the electrodes as platelets aggregate onto them, is measured and visualized as a curve. | Blood platelet |
c_3083pug41yj8 | In multiple myeloma, genetic analyzes of the tumor is used to detect risks markers such as specific mutation, deletion, insertion etc. Helping to assess the Prognosis of the patient. But there is a discrepancy between patients, some patients associated with a good risk will relapse earlier than expected. In addition, i... | Tumour heterogeneity |
c_5v1b5gy9kwwp | Furthermore, this study indicated that patients with risks markers detectable only at relapse are indeed associated with a bad prognosis. With some risk anomaly there is no difference in the life expectancy (overall survival) between patients with the anomaly detected from the diagnosis and those with the anomaly only ... | Tumour heterogeneity |
c_jkrchoehots1 | Open question remains about the effect of the treatment on clonal selection. The therapeutic implication of this result is extensively developed in a paper: "Thus, sensitive detection approaches are required to detect these subclones at diagnosis together with innovative treatment strategies to eradicate low-frequency,... | Tumour heterogeneity |
c_cnm7vcfvmrou | In multiple myeloma, staging helps with prognostication but does not guide treatment decisions. The Durie-Salmon staging system was used historically and was replaced by the International Staging System (ISS), published by the International Myeloma Working Group In 2005. The revised ISS (R-ISS) was published in 2015 an... | Multiple myeloma |
c_3xj4erqz8k3v | In multiple pregnancies, which often result from use of assisted reproductive technology, there is a high risk of preterm birth. Selective reduction is used to reduce the number of fetuses to two or three. | Premature birth |
c_pfuv0s2cng7r | In multiple recorded interviews under somewhat casual circumstances, comparing the conflagrations of World War I and II to the ongoing lower-intensity wars of the 21st century, Pope Francis has said, "The world is at war because it has lost the peace", and "perhaps one can speak of a third war, one fought piecemeal". | World War III |
c_0d84amsqhpbj | In multiple regression, the omnibus test is an ANOVA F test on all the coefficients, that is equivalent to the multiple correlations R Square F test. The omnibus F test is an overall test that examines model fit, thus failure to reject the null hypothesis implies that the suggested linear model is not significantly sui... | Omnibus test |
c_p4gx9rq6c0cr | In multiple sclerosis (MS), the VLA-4 integrin is essential in the processes by which T-cells gain access to the brain. It allows the cells to penetrate the blood brain barrier that normally restricts immune cell access. It has been found that the severity of MS is positively correlated with the expression of alpha 4. | Integrin alpha4beta1 |
c_g1bm4htruwnc | One approach to prevent an autoimmune reaction has been to block the action of VLA-4 (as with natalizumab) so that pathogenic T-cells are unable to enter the brain and thus unable to attack myelin protein. It has been found that in mice, anti-alpha 4 integrin antibodies resulted in an increase of circulating stem cell ... | Integrin alpha4beta1 |
c_gw57d01ffvid | In multiple sclerosis, inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration are observed together. Some clinical trials have shown that the inflammation produces both the relapses and the demyelination, and that neurodegeneration (axonal transection) is independent from inflammation, produces the accumulative disability,... | Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis |
c_ynp1sqllysto | In particular, some PPMS patients having a special clinical course named rapidly progressive multiple sclerosis could have a special genetic cause and a different development process. Several types of damage appear in the brain: normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and characteristic lesions. Changes in NAWM include ax... | Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis |
c_kt2s19v5onzf | In multiple sequence alignment, the purpose is to align all sequences to a common reference. However, this common reference is usually unknown. In addition, there is also structural information among the sequences. | Graphical time warping |
c_yc6fsk7l1pea | Though GTW cannot be directly applied in these applications, a two-stage framework called ncGTW was built upon GTW to solve this problem. In the first stage, the prior structural knowledge among the sequences is utilized to obtain the warping functions. In the second stage, these warping functions help to jointly align... | Graphical time warping |
c_movzq6fbq935 | In multiple studies, GHB has been found to impair spatial memory, working memory, learning and memory in rats with chronic administration. These effects are associated with decreased NMDA receptor expression in the cerebral cortex and possibly other areas as well. In addition, the neurotoxicity appears to be caused by ... | GHB overdose |
c_f83kmp0c3xhc | In multiple tests of the same hypothesis, the probability of the occurrence of falses positives (familywise error rate) increase and some strategy are used to control this occurrence. This is commonly achieved by using a more stringent threshold to reject null hypotheses. The Bonferroni correction defines an acceptable... | Biostatistics |
c_w8jdr485h6sx | When m is large, the Bonferroni correction may be overly conservative. An alternative to the Bonferroni correction is to control the false discovery rate (FDR). The FDR controls the expected proportion of the rejected null hypotheses (the so-called discoveries) that are false (incorrect rejections). This procedure ensu... | Biostatistics |
c_6uk1t8g6vkzv | In multiprocessing, omega networks may be used as connectors between the CPUs and their shared memory, in order to decrease the probability that the CPU-to-memory connection becomes a bottleneck. This class of networks has been built into the Illinois Cedar Multiprocessor, into the IBM RP3, and into the NYU Ultracomput... | Omega network |
c_d3l0cahkanab | In multiprocessing, the processors can be used to execute a single sequence of instructions in multiple contexts (single instruction, multiple data or SIMD, often used in vector processing), multiple sequences of instructions in a single context (multiple instruction, single data or MISD, used for redundancy in fail-sa... | Multicore programming |
c_jw6mp6m52fsr | In multiprocessor computer systems, software lockout is the issue of performance degradation due to the idle wait times spent by the CPUs in kernel-level critical sections. Software lockout is the major cause of scalability degradation in a multiprocessor system, posing a limit on the maximum useful number of processor... | Software lockout |
c_uhtipnag7azq | In multiprocessor systems, a processor may send an interrupt request to another processor via inter-processor interrupts (IPI). | Level triggered interrupt |
c_1f8t535v4cio | In multisensory integration research, Point of Subjective Simultaneity (PSS), typically measured in milliseconds, is defined as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) at which a pair of signals from different sensory modalities is perceived as most simultaneous or synchronous. In other words, at PSS, an individual is most... | Point of subjective simultaneity |
c_fsb6c5zfn2vp | In multitasking computer operating systems, a daemon ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than being under the direct control of an interactive user. Traditionally, the process names of a daemon end with the letter d, for clarification that the process is in fact a daemon, and for diff... | Operating system service management |
c_loh3zzjaf5zj | A daemon is usually created either by a process forking a child process and then immediately exiting, thus causing init to adopt the child process, or by the init process directly launching the daemon. In addition, a daemon launched by forking and exiting typically must perform other operations, such as dissociating th... | Operating system service management |
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