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c_e0uhu9c4m3h6 | In northwestern Africa (the Maghrib or Maghreb), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, madrasas began to be constructed in the 13th century under the Marinid and Hafsid dynasties. In Tunisia (or Ifriqiya), the earliest Hafsid madrasa was the Madrasa al-Shamma'iyya founded in 1238: 209 (or in 1249 according to some s... | Koran school |
c_p8lg2hb6i5bs | The Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes, built in 1350–1355, distinguished itself from other madrasas by its size and by being the only madrasa which also officially functioned as a public Friday mosque. The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in Tlemcen.In Morocco, madrasas were generally built in brick and wo... | Koran school |
c_dx4rmu0n78l6 | The Bou Inania Madrasa in Fes also contained two side-chambers opening off the lateral sides of its courtyard, which may reflect an influence of the older four-iwan layout. : 293 However, most other Moroccan madrasas did not have this feature and the courtyards were instead flanked by ornate galleries. By contrast with... | Koran school |
c_q7qgtoiamdqr | In northwestern Africa (the Maghrib or Maghreb), including Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, the appearance of madrasas was delayed until after the fall of the Almohad dynasty, who espoused a reformist doctrine generally considered unorthodox by other Sunnis. As such, it only came to flourish in the region in the 13th cen... | Koran school |
c_9vnrnjpfjegk | The Marinids also built madrasas in Algeria, particularly in Tlemcen.As elsewhere, rulers in the Maghreb built madrasas to bolster their political legitimacy and that of their dynasty. The Marinids used their patronage of madrasas to cultivate the loyalty of Morocco's influential but independent religious elites and al... | Koran school |
c_c5a97vcr8ntx | A number of madrasas also played a supporting role to major learning institutions like the older Qarawiyyin Mosque-University and the al-Andalusiyyin Mosque (both located in Fes) because they provided accommodations for students coming from other cities. : 137: 110 Many of these students were poor, seeking sufficient e... | Koran school |
c_bwnqmzo0f925 | In northwestern Mexico, the Seri people continue to "sew" baskets using splints of the limberbush plant, Jatropha cuneata. | Basket weaving |
c_ip9wwt9iq48f | In northwestern Sichuan, China, Volemys millicens is found in the Wolong National Nature Reserve, and likely also occurs in Wenchuan Caopo, Heishuihe, Fengtongzhai, Anzihe, and Longhixihongkou Nature Reserves. | Szechuan vole |
c_ru5acebk2elw | In nosological literature relating to the symptom or disorder of apathy, clinicians have used cognitive inertia as one of the three main criteria for diagnosis. The description of cognitive inertia differs from its use in cognitive and industrial psychology in that lack of motivation plays a key role. As a clinical dia... | Cognitive inertia |
c_lzbb2h3cfi9g | In notation, a grace note is distinguished from a standard note by print size. A grace note is indicated by printing a note much smaller than an ordinary note, sometimes with a slash through the note stem (if two or more grace notes, there might be a slash through the note stem of the first note but not the subsequent ... | Grace notes |
c_q4ycbxi1t9t8 | In notes dating to 1779, Darwin made a sketch of a simple hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine, with gas tanks connected by plumbing and pumps to an elongated combustion chamber and expansion nozzle, a concept not to be seen again until one century later. | Erasmus Darwin |
c_bb3k3kuufiv9 | In nouns, the thematic vowel is almost always *o, and only becomes *e when there is no ending or when followed by *h₂ in the neuter nominative/accusative plural. Here is an example paradigm for *h₂ŕ̥tḱos 'bear', a thematic animate noun, supplemented by the neuter *h₂érh₃trom 'plough' for the nominative/accusative: Agai... | Thematic vowel |
c_89ds0ghgsagi | In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and shutting of sets of nozzles rather than regulating its pressure. In this method groups of two, three or more nozzles form a set and each set is controlled by a separate valve. The actuation of individual valve closes the corresponding set of nozzle ... | Steam turbine governing |
c_fq2p7sykz2tw | In actual turbine, nozzle governing is applied only to the first stage whereas the subsequent stages remain unaffected. Since no regulation to the pressure is applied, the advantage of this method lies in the exploitation of full boiler pressure and temperature. Figure 2 shows the mechanism of nozzle governing applied ... | Steam turbine governing |
c_3vrkyvq8gnr9 | In nuclear EMP all of the components of the electromagnetic pulse are generated outside of the weapon.For high-altitude nuclear explosions, much of the EMP is generated far from the detonation (where the gamma radiation from the explosion hits the upper atmosphere). This electric field from the EMP is remarkably unifor... | Nuclear EMP |
c_aclev47fax74 | "The text also states that, "... over most of the area affected by the EMP the electric field strength on the ground would exceed 0.5Emax. For yields of less than a few hundred kilotons, this would not necessarily be true because the field strength at the Earth's tangent could be substantially less than 0.5Emax. | Nuclear EMP |
c_02lyt83ac8oz | "(Emax refers to the maximum electric field strength in the affected area.) In other words, the electric field strength in the entire area that is affected by the EMP will be fairly uniform for weapons with a large gamma-ray output. For smaller weapons, the electric field may fall at a faster rate as distance increases... | Nuclear EMP |
c_8xqj31fhkpci | In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. Its application is important in areas such as radiation protection, ion implantation and nuclear medicine... | Stopping power (particle radiation) |
c_ucu742fkiymr | In nuclear and particle physics, the energy profile of a resonance is described by the relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution, while the Cauchy distribution is the (non-relativistic) Breit–Wigner distribution. | Lorentzian distribution |
c_lx1z5g05ya08 | In nuclear and particle physics, σ is used to denote cross sections in general (see also RCS), while Σ represents macroscopic cross sections . The symbol is to denote the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. In relation to fundamental properties of material, σ is often used to signify electrical conductivity. In electrostatics, ... | Final sigma |
c_1fd8gyumnked | In continuum mechanics, σ is used to signify stress. In condensed matter physics, Σ denotes self-energy. The symbol can be used to signify surface tension (alternatively, γ or T are also used instead). | Final sigma |
c_vrw0xy5hl814 | In quantum mechanics, σ is used to indicate Pauli matrices. In astronomy, σ represents velocity dispersion. In astronomy, the prefix Σ is used to designate double stars of the Catalogus Novus Stellarum Duplicium by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve. In particle physics, Σ represents a class of baryons. | Final sigma |
c_925y0dsnqem6 | In nuclear astrophysics, the rapid neutron-capture process, also known as the r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that is responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron, the "heavy elements", with the other half produced by the p-process and s-process. The r-process usual... | R process |
c_orm0r9mfoz78 | The r-process entails a succession of rapid neutron captures (hence the name) by one or more heavy seed nuclei, typically beginning with nuclei in the abundance peak centered on 56Fe. The captures must be rapid in the sense that the nuclei must not have time to undergo radioactive decay (typically via β− decay) before ... | R process |
c_wzruofoie3xn | The r-process therefore must occur in locations where there exists a high density of free neutrons. Early studies theorized that 1024 free neutrons per cm3 would be required, for temperatures about 1 GK, in order to match the waiting points, at which no more neutrons can be captured, with the mass numbers of the abunda... | R process |
c_b6bxgk53r30t | Traditionally this suggested the material ejected from the reexpanded core of a core-collapse supernova, as part of supernova nucleosynthesis, or decompression of neutron-star matter thrown off by a binary neutron star merger in a kilonova. The relative contribution of each of these sources to the astrophysical abundan... | R process |
c_24kmrhpjbqw3 | The r-process contrasts with the s-process, the other predominant mechanism for the production of heavy elements, which is nucleosynthesis by means of slow captures of neutrons. In general, isotopes involved in the s-process have half-lives long enough to enable their study in laboratory experiments, but this is not ty... | R process |
c_81up5l4iy567 | The s-process is secondary, meaning that it requires pre-existing heavy isotopes as seed nuclei to be converted into other heavy nuclei by a slow sequence of captures of free neutrons. The r-process scenarios create their own seed nuclei, so they might proceed in massive stars that contain no heavy seed nuclei. Taken t... | R process |
c_c7hzqx7h69wm | In nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics, J-couplings (also called spin-spin coupling or indirect dipole–dipole coupling) are mediated through chemical bonds connecting two spins. It is an indirect interaction between two nuclear spins that arises from hyperfine interactions between the nuclei and local electrons. In N... | Spin coupling |
c_hjmxfjg88f8p | In nuclear chemistry, the actinide concept (also known as actinide hypothesis) proposed that the actinides form a second inner transition series homologous to the lanthanides. Its origins stem from observation of lanthanide-like properties in transuranic elements in contrast to the distinct complex chemistry of previou... | Actinide concept |
c_73djt5kjjqz9 | In nuclear electronics, a microstrip detector is a particle detector that consists of a large number of identical semiconductor strips laid out along one axis of a two-dimensional structure, generally by lithography. The geometrical layout of the components allows to accurately reconstruct the track of an incoming part... | Microstrip detector |
c_j59eemcb4ze6 | In nuclear energy studies, xenon is used in bubble chambers, probes, and in other areas where a high molecular weight and inert chemistry is desirable. A by-product of nuclear weapon testing is the release of radioactive xenon-133 and xenon-135. These isotopes are monitored to ensure compliance with nuclear test ban tr... | Xenon compounds |
c_ctpiu4g6ey8m | When a WIMP collides with a xenon nucleus, theory predicts it will impart enough energy to cause ionization and scintillation. Liquid xenon is useful for these experiments because its density makes dark matter interaction more likely and it permits a quiet detector through self-shielding. | Xenon compounds |
c_cs7kehkjsiej | Xenon is the preferred propellant for ion propulsion of spacecraft because it has low ionization potential per atomic weight and can be stored as a liquid at near room temperature (under high pressure), yet easily evaporated to feed the engine. Xenon is inert, environmentally friendly, and less corrosive to an ion engi... | Xenon compounds |
c_by1l20fkge3k | It was later employed as a propellant for JPL's Deep Space 1 probe, Europe's SMART-1 spacecraft and for the three ion propulsion engines on NASA's Dawn Spacecraft.Chemically, the perxenate compounds are used as oxidizing agents in analytical chemistry. Xenon difluoride is used as an etchant for silicon, particularly in... | Xenon compounds |
c_cxn2j8kwjcko | In nuclear engineering and astrophysics contexts, the shake is sometimes used as a conveniently short period of time. 1 shake is defined as 10 nanoseconds. | List of unusual units of measurement |
c_9k2pcvfuuzaq | In nuclear engineering and nuclear safety, all safety activities, whether organizational, behavioural or equipment related, are subject to layers of overlapping provisions, so that if a failure should occur it would be compensated for or corrected without causing harm to individuals or the public at large. Defence in d... | Defence in depth (non-military) |
c_mb7w6q5u6rgc | In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surrou... | Critical mass (nuclear) |
c_j8dsjgqsuwha | In nuclear engineering, a delayed neutron is a neutron emitted after a nuclear fission event, by one of the fission products (or actually, a fission product daughter after beta decay), any time from a few milliseconds to a few minutes after the fission event. Neutrons born within 10−14 seconds of the fission are termed... | Delayed neutrons |
c_7gsosri8ldfd | A small fraction of them are excited enough to be able to beta-decay by emitting a delayed neutron in addition to the beta. The moment of beta decay of the precursor nuclides - which are the precursors of the delayed neutrons - happens orders of magnitude later compared to the emission of the prompt neutrons. Hence the... | Delayed neutrons |
c_qou1tx1oogk0 | However, the "delay" in the neutron emission is due to the delay in beta decay (which is slower since controlled by the weak force), since neutron emission, like gamma emission, is controlled by the strong nuclear force and thus either happens at fission, or nearly simultaneously with the beta decay, immediately after ... | Delayed neutrons |
c_24j8d93gznjd | In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely more susceptible than fast neutrons to propagate a nuclear chain reaction of u... | Neutron moderator |
c_itb0no5m21iy | In nuclear engineering, a prompt neutron is a neutron immediately emitted (neutron emission) by a nuclear fission event, as opposed to a delayed neutron decay which can occur within the same context, emitted after beta decay of one of the fission products anytime from a few milliseconds to a few minutes later. Prompt n... | Prompt neutron |
c_aqcp2sfn3gbm | The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines a prompt neutron as a neutron emerging from fission within 10−14 seconds. This emission is controlled by the nuclear force and is extremely fast. By contrast, so-called delayed neutrons are delayed by the time delay associated with beta decay (mediated by the weak force) t... | Prompt neutron |
c_ncvgmi2vcxjn | In nuclear engineering, fissile material is material that can undergo nuclear fission when struck by a neutron of low energy. A self-sustaining thermal chain reaction can only be achieved with fissile material. The predominant neutron energy in a system may be typified by either slow neutrons (i.e., a thermal system) o... | Fissionable material |
c_8wk9knnbcurl | In nuclear engineering, prompt criticality describes a nuclear fission event in which criticality (the threshold for an exponentially growing nuclear fission chain reaction) is achieved with prompt neutrons alone and does not rely on delayed neutrons. As a result, prompt supercriticality causes a much more rapid growth... | Prompt critical |
c_zqn9ggy7g235 | In nuclear engineering, the temperature coefficient of reactivity is a measure of the change in reactivity (resulting in a change in power), brought about by a change in temperature of the reactor components or the reactor coolant. This may be defined as α T = ∂ ρ ∂ T {\displaystyle \alpha _{T}={\frac {\partial \rho }{... | Negative temperature coefficient |
c_6lkn7vsfecb4 | A negative α T {\displaystyle \alpha _{T}} is broadly cited as important for reactor safety, but wide temperature variations across real reactors (as opposed to a theoretical homogeneous reactor) limit the usability of a single metric as a marker of reactor safety. In water moderated nuclear reactors, the bulk of react... | Negative temperature coefficient |
c_0qxahrn9kw9q | However each element of the core has a specific temperature coefficient of reactivity (e.g. the fuel or cladding). The mechanisms which drive fuel temperature coefficients of reactivity are different from water temperature coefficients. While water expands as temperature increases, causing longer neutron travel times d... | Negative temperature coefficient |
c_w99h5jklt3c3 | In nuclear engineering, the void coefficient (more properly called void coefficient of reactivity) is a number that can be used to estimate how much the reactivity of a nuclear reactor changes as voids (typically steam bubbles) form in the reactor moderator or coolant. Net reactivity in a reactor is the sum total of mu... | Void coefficient |
c_7meo6y1cxntt | In nuclear fusion power research, the plasma-facing material (or materials) (PFM) is any material used to construct the plasma-facing components (PFC), those components exposed to the plasma within which nuclear fusion occurs, and particularly the material used for the lining the first wall or divertor region of the re... | Plasma facing material |
c_zcbranwq2d32 | Ion implantation causing displacement damage and chemical composition changes High-heat fluxes (e.g. 10 MW/m 2 {\displaystyle ^{2}} ) due to ELMS and other transients. Limited tritium codeposition and sequestration. Stable thermomechanical properties under operation. | Plasma facing material |
c_ld3o6uqaxbwx | Limited number of negative nuclear transmutation effectsCurrently, fusion reactor research focuses on improving efficiency and reliability in heat generation and capture and on raising the rate of transfer. Generating electricity from heat is beyond the scope of current research, due to existing efficient heat-transfer... | Plasma facing material |
c_4oivmmft9bn5 | In nuclear fusion, there are two types of reactors stable enough to conduct fusion: magnetic confinement reactors and inertial confinement reactors. The former method of fusion seeks to lengthen the time that ions spend close together in order to fuse them together, while the latter aims to fuse the ions so fast that t... | Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor |
c_jyyvp52p7dzz | However, with magnetic confinement reactors you avoid the problem of having to find a material that can withstand the high temperatures of nuclear fusion reactions. The heating current is induced by the changing magnetic fields in central induction coils and exceeds a million amperes. Magnetic fusion devices keep the h... | Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor |
c_nfeabz0ab577 | In nuclear fusion, two low-mass nuclei come into very close contact with each other so that the strong force fuses them. It requires a large amount of energy for the strong or nuclear forces to overcome the electrical repulsion between the nuclei in order to fuse them; therefore nuclear fusion can only take place at ve... | Nuclear research |
c_gz0219tw7mxx | Stars like the Sun are powered by the fusion of four protons into a helium nucleus, two positrons, and two neutrinos. The uncontrolled fusion of hydrogen into helium is known as thermonuclear runaway. A frontier in current research at various institutions, for example the Joint European Torus (JET) and ITER, is the dev... | Nuclear research |
c_l8p07u0ulefq | In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the chemical shift is the resonant frequency of an atomic nucleus relative to a standard in a magnetic field. Often the position and number of chemical shifts are diagnostic of the structure of a molecule. Chemical shifts are also used to describe signals in other forms... | Chemical shift anisotropy |
c_qmm3p9dlbo3j | Some atomic nuclei possess a magnetic moment (nuclear spin), which gives rise to different energy levels and resonance frequencies in a magnetic field. The total magnetic field experienced by a nucleus includes local magnetic fields induced by currents of electrons in the molecular orbitals (electrons have a magnetic m... | Chemical shift anisotropy |
c_pjmxojklv8jq | This is reflected in the spin energy levels (and resonance frequencies). The variations of nuclear magnetic resonance frequencies of the same kind of nucleus, due to variations in the electron distribution, is called the chemical shift. The size of the chemical shift is given with respect to a reference frequency or re... | Chemical shift anisotropy |
c_ft02kmucd71m | In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, three prominent nuclear magnetic interactions, dipolar coupling, chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), and first-order quadrupolar coupling, depend on the orientation of the interaction tensor with the external magnetic field. By spinning the sample around a given axis, thei... | Magic angle |
c_jt2qyvei0ofs | The angle θr, however, can be decided by the experimenter. If one sets θr = θm ≈ 54.7°, then the average angular dependence goes to zero. | Magic angle |
c_hhdj5vxhj3h0 | Magic angle spinning is a technique in solid-state NMR spectroscopy which employs this principle to remove or reduce the influence of anisotropic interactions, thereby increasing spectral resolution. For a time-independent interaction, i.e. heteronuclear dipolar couplings, CSA and first-order quadrupolar couplings, the... | Magic angle |
c_3hnzk1qi24q2 | In nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), various relaxations are the properties that it measures. | Dynamical relaxation |
c_0mpmysk7iiwj | In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging, the Ernst angle is the flip angle (a.k.a. "tip" or "nutation" angle) for excitation of a particular spin that gives the maximal signal intensity in the least amount of time when signal averaging over many transients. In other words, the highest ... | Ernst angle |
c_7oel84yy3w4k | This sequence is repeated back-to-back many times and the sum or the average of all recorded FIDs ("transients") is calculated. If the longitudinal relaxation time T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} of the specific spin in question is short compared to the sum of a t {\displaystyle a_{t}} and d 1 {\displaystyle d_{1}} , the spi... | Ernst angle |
c_yrdcvppmdi2q | For shorter intervals between excitation pulses compared to the longitudinal relaxation, partial longitudinal relaxation until the next excitation pulse leads to signal loss in the subsequent FID. This signal loss can be minimized by reducing the flip angle. The optimal signal-to-noise ratio for a given combination of ... | Ernst angle |
c_fej9pnpjyxbl | For example, to obtain the highest signal-to-noise ratio for a signal with d 1 + a t {\displaystyle d_{1}+a_{t}} set to match the signal's T 1 {\displaystyle T_{1}} , the optimal flip angle is 68°. An NMR spectrum or an in vivo MR spectrum most of the time consists of signals of more than one spin species which can exh... | Ernst angle |
c_ehi5v9yqvq9i | In contrast in standard MRI, the detected signal of interest is predominantly that of a single spin species, the water 1H spins. This relationship is especially important in magnetic resonance imaging where the sum of interscan delay d 1 {\displaystyle d_{1}} and acquisition time a t {\displaystyle a_{t}} is often shor... | Ernst angle |
c_pvzi0m0ekhdm | In the MRI community, this sum is often known as repetition time T R = d 1 + a t {\displaystyle T_{R}=d_{1}+a_{t}} , thus cos ( θ E ) = e − T R / T 1 {\displaystyle \cos(\theta _{E})=e^{-T_{R}/T_{1}}} , and, consequently, θ E = arccos ( e − T R T 1 ) . {\displaystyle \theta _{E}=\arccos \left(e^{-{\frac {T_{R}}{T_{... | Ernst angle |
c_yimibkyznvyi | In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the highly abundant 12C isotope does not produce any signal whereas the comparably rare 13C isotope is easily detected. As a result, carbon isotopomers of a compound can be studied by carbon-13 NMR to learn about the different carbon atoms in the structure. Each individual st... | Isotopomer |
c_aganb8jadc1p | Nearly all of the carbon in normal samples of carbon-based chemicals is 12C, with only about 1% abundance of 13C, so there is only about a 1% abundance of the total of the singly-substituted isotopologues, and exponentially smaller amounts of structures having two or more 13C in them. The rare case where two adjacent c... | Isotopomer |
c_b524yxav2kz7 | In nuclear medicine imaging, radiopharmaceuticals are taken internally, for example, through inhalation, intravenously or orally. Then, external detectors (gamma cameras) capture and form images from the radiation emitted by the radiopharmaceuticals. This process is unlike a diagnostic X-ray, where external radiation i... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_usta9tqusd0t | 3D: SPECT is a 3D tomographic technique that uses gamma camera data from many projections and can be reconstructed in different planes. Positron emission tomography (PET) uses coincidence detection to image functional processes. Nuclear medicine tests differ from most other imaging modalities in that diagnostic tests p... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_we7thu2ywk3u | Nuclear medicine imaging studies are generally more organ-, tissue- or disease-specific (e.g.: lungs scan, heart scan, bone scan, brain scan, tumor, infection, Parkinson etc.) than those in conventional radiology imaging, which focus on a particular section of the body (e.g.: chest X-ray, abdomen/pelvis CT scan, head C... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_ps4irt5i2g6b | While the ability of nuclear metabolism to image disease processes from differences in metabolism is unsurpassed, it is not unique. Certain techniques such as fMRI image tissues (particularly cerebral tissues) by blood flow and thus show metabolism. Also, contrast-enhancement techniques in both CT and MRI show regions ... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_ipx467juq3yk | Diagnostic tests in nuclear medicine exploit the way that the body handles substances differently when there is disease or pathology present. The radionuclide introduced into the body is often chemically bound to a complex that acts characteristically within the body; this is commonly known as a tracer. In the presence... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_r3hzpteuo3br | For example, the ligand methylene-diphosphonate (MDP) can be preferentially taken up by bone. By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for imaging. Any increased physiological function, such as due to a fracture in the bone, will usually... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_jab1xq1ylmm9 | This often results in the appearance of a "hot spot", which is a focal increase in radio accumulation or a general increase in radio accumulation throughout the physiological system. Some disease processes result in the exclusion of a tracer, resulting in the appearance of a "cold spot". Many tracer complexes have been... | Nuclear cardiology |
c_sr14rl9vrmb5 | In nuclear medicine, an atomic cocktail is also used to describe a real-life radioactive mixture that is drunk by patients with hyperthyroidism and was discovered in 1941 through the work of Dr. Saul Hertz and others. The "Atomic Cocktail" song was released by Slim Gaillard in 1945 and included the following lyrics:"It... | Atomic (cocktail) |
c_ir29tv1dq4s3 | In nuclear physics a superdeformed nucleus is a nucleus that is very far from spherical, forming an ellipsoid with axes in ratios of approximately 2:1:1. Normal deformation is approximately 1.3:1:1. Only some nuclei can exist in superdeformed states. The first superdeformed states to be observed were the fission isomer... | Superdeformation |
c_kvwfoiu6kgb9 | The strong force decays much faster than the Coulomb force, which becomes stronger when nucleons are greater than 2.5 femtometers apart. For this reason, these elements undergo spontaneous fission. | Superdeformation |
c_v47gilaaxlmw | In the late 1980s, high-spin superdeformed rotational bands were observed in other regions of the periodic table. Specific elements include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, and mercury. The existence of superdeformed states occurs because of a combination of macroscopic and micros... | Superdeformation |
c_tllksv5l1xk7 | Macroscopically, the nucleus can be described by the liquid drop model. The liquid drop's energy as a function of deformation is at a minimum for zero deformation, due to the surface tension term. However, the curve may become soft with respect to high deformations because of the Coulomb repulsion (especially for the f... | Superdeformation |
c_ra2l9eq6tv2k | Modulating this macroscopic behavior, the microscopic shell correction creates certain superdeformed magic numbers that are analogous to the spherical magic numbers. For nuclei near these magic numbers, the shell correction creates a second minimum in the energy as a function of deformation. Even more deformed states (... | Superdeformation |
c_yxbg3pe33f97 | In nuclear physics and atomic physics, weak charge refers to the Standard Model weak interaction coupling of a particle to the Z boson. For example, for any given nuclear isotope, the total weak charge is approximately −0.99 per neutron, and +0.07 per proton. It also shows an effect of parity violation during electron ... | Weak charge |
c_gj3vedh11agv | In nuclear physics and chemistry, the Q value for a reaction is the amount of energy absorbed or released during the nuclear reaction. The value relates to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction or the energy of radioactive decay products. It can be determined from the masses of reactants and products. | Q value (nuclear science) |
c_2j9gtm1cbzfl | Q values affect reaction rates. In general, the larger the positive Q value for the reaction, the faster the reaction proceeds, and the more likely the reaction is to "favor" the products. Q = ( m r − m p ) × 0.9315 GeV {\displaystyle Q=(\,m_{\text{r}}-m_{\text{p}}\,)\times {\text{0.9315 GeV }}} where the masses are in... | Q value (nuclear science) |
c_g3s3dk9rqa5x | In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleu... | Nuclear reactions |
c_k2p6al3sv6nb | The term "nuclear reaction" may refer either to a change in a nuclide induced by collision with another particle or to a spontaneous change of a nuclide without collision. Natural nuclear reactions occur in the interaction between cosmic rays and matter, and nuclear reactions can be employed artificially to obtain nucl... | Nuclear reactions |
c_64o0zgm2i1mm | In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, the fission barrier is the activation energy required for a nucleus of an atom to undergo fission. This barrier may also be defined as the minimum amount of energy required to deform the nucleus to the point where it is irretrievably committed to the fission process. The energy... | Fission barrier |
c_bdwn9zw5u1zy | In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin (I) is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. More specifically, isospin symmetry is a subset of the flavour symmetry seen more broadly in the interactions of baryons and mesons. The name of the concept contains the term spin because ... | Isospin |
c_i97oavtiemtw | Etymologically, the term was derived from isotopic spin, a confusing term to which nuclear physicists prefer isobaric spin, which is more precise in meaning. Before the concept of quarks was introduced, particles that are affected equally by the strong force but had different charges (e.g. protons and neutrons) were co... | Isospin |
c_k135sd10unh0 | In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, which is also often called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into proton, neutron, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where ... | Strong nuclear force |
c_a7l46zxeiycs | On a larger scale (of about 1 to 3 fm), it is the force (carried by mesons) that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom. On the smaller scale (less than about 0.8 fm, the radius of a nucleon), it is the force (carried by gluons) that holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons... | Strong nuclear force |
c_9xyoimx6r170 | The strong force inherently has such a high strength that hadrons bound by the strong force can produce new massive particles. Thus, if hadrons are struck by high-energy particles, they give rise to new hadrons instead of emitting freely moving radiation (gluons). This property of the strong force is called color confi... | Strong nuclear force |
c_h2rkgkscj1st | In the context of atomic nuclei, the same strong interaction force (that binds quarks within a nucleon) also binds protons and neutrons together to form a nucleus. In this capacity it is called the nuclear force (or residual strong force). So the residuum from the strong interaction within protons and neutrons also bin... | Strong nuclear force |
c_e6bjvtp0unq6 | As such, the residual strong interaction obeys a distance-dependent behavior between nucleons that is quite different from that when it is acting to bind quarks within nucleons. Additionally, distinctions exist in the binding energies of the nuclear force of nuclear fusion vs nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion accounts fo... | Strong nuclear force |
c_5jfg1u70eex3 | Nuclear fission allows for decay of radioactive elements and isotopes, although it is often mediated by the weak interaction. Artificially, the energy associated with the nuclear force is partially released in nuclear power and nuclear weapons, both in uranium or plutonium-based fission weapons and in fusion weapons li... | Strong nuclear force |
c_jpp4sychpege | In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, which is also often called the weak force or weak nuclear force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation. It is the mechanism of interaction between subatomic particl... | Nuclear weak force |
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