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c_dqvu63iyxw61 | In object-oriented programming, a wrapper class is a class that encapsulates types, so that those types can be used to create object instances and methods in another class that needs those types. So a primitive wrapper class is a wrapper class that encapsulates, hides or wraps data types from the eight primitive data t... | Wrapper class |
c_gjh2ncv2g5f4 | In object-oriented programming, an indexer allows instances of a particular class or struct to be indexed just like arrays. It is a form of operator overloading. | Indexer (programming) |
c_bsv4l6mu44sm | In object-oriented programming, an object diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a diagram that shows a complete or partial view of the structure of a modeled system at a specific time. | Object diagram |
c_0fyecq1kmp72 | In object-oriented programming, behavior is sometimes shared between classes which are not related to each other. For example, many unrelated classes may have methods to serialize objects to JSON. Historically, there have been several approaches to solve this without duplicating the code in every class needing the beha... | Trait (abstract type) |
c_whgmfsg7md2x | Traits solve these problems by allowing classes to use the trait and get the desired behavior. If a class uses more than one trait, the order in which the traits are used does not matter. The methods provided by the traits have direct access to the data of the class. | Trait (abstract type) |
c_r4b0ubdtd0oi | In object-oriented programming, behavioral subtyping is the principle that subclasses should satisfy the expectations of clients accessing subclass objects through references of superclass type, not just as regards syntactic safety (such as the absence of "method-not-found" errors) but also as regards behavioral correc... | Inheritance semantics |
c_y08ojzz71x20 | Suppose the documentation associated with these types specifies that type Stack's methods shall behave as expected for stacks (i.e. they shall exhibit LIFO behavior), and that type Queue's methods shall behave as expected for queues (i.e. they shall exhibit FIFO behavior). Suppose, now, that type Stack was declared as ... | Inheritance semantics |
c_xwweq6y0gmq0 | Since, for each method of type Queue, type Stack provides a method with a matching name and signature, this check would succeed. However, clients accessing a Stack object through a reference of type Queue would, based on Queue's documentation, expect FIFO behavior but observe LIFO behavior, invalidating these clients' ... | Inheritance semantics |
c_yw1c4b1jsvn0 | In contrast, a program where both Stack and Queue are subclasses of a type Bag, whose specification for get is merely that it removes some element, does satisfy behavioral subtyping and allows clients to safely reason about correctness based on the presumed types of the objects they interact with. Indeed, any object th... | Inheritance semantics |
c_psnz7op3cy3r | Indeed, type T need not even have an implementation; it might be a purely abstract class. As another case in point, type Stack above is a behavioral subtype of type Bag even if type Bag's implementation exhibits FIFO behavior: what matters is that type Bag's specification does not specify which element is removed by me... | Inheritance semantics |
c_djvwh6yk2t5i | In object-oriented programming, dynamic dispatch selects an object method at runtime, though whether the actual name binding is done at compile time or run time depends on the language. De facto dynamic scope is common in macro languages, which do not directly do name resolution, but instead expand in place. Some progr... | Lexically scoped |
c_sv2cjoxk08g6 | In object-oriented programming, if the methods that serve a class tend to be similar in many aspects, then the class is said to have high cohesion. In a highly cohesive system, code readability and reusability is increased, while complexity is kept manageable. Cohesion is increased if: The functionalities embedded in a... | Cohesion (computer science) |
c_4ss0txfylql3 | Methods carry out a small number of related activities, by avoiding coarsely grained or unrelated sets of data. Related methods are in the same source file or otherwise grouped together; for example, in separate files but in the same sub-directory/folder.Advantages of high cohesion (or "strong cohesion") are: Reduced m... | Cohesion (computer science) |
c_661gln1twfba | Increased module reusability, because application developers will find the component they need more easily among the cohesive set of operations provided by the module.While in principle a module can have perfect cohesion by only consisting of a single, atomic element – having a single function, for example – in practic... | Cohesion (computer science) |
c_k84crkh9ikfl | In object-oriented programming, in languages such as C++, and Object Pascal, a virtual function or virtual method is an inheritable and overridable function or method for which dynamic dispatch is facilitated. This concept is an important part of the (runtime) polymorphism portion of object-oriented programming (OOP). ... | Virtual function |
c_rnk7wtjfg8f2 | In object-oriented programming, inheritance is the mechanism of basing an object or class upon another object (prototype-based inheritance) or class (class-based inheritance), retaining similar implementation. Also defined as deriving new classes (sub classes) from existing ones such as super class or base class and th... | Implementation inheritance |
c_e29vj66urxyl | The relationships of objects or classes through inheritance give rise to a directed acyclic graph. An inherited class is called a subclass of its parent class or super class. | Implementation inheritance |
c_ja3dxohty0ev | The term "inheritance" is loosely used for both class-based and prototype-based programming, but in narrow use the term is reserved for class-based programming (one class inherits from another), with the corresponding technique in prototype-based programming being instead called delegation (one object delegates to anot... | Implementation inheritance |
c_yv7psl9aixvf | To distinguish these concepts, subtyping is sometimes referred to as interface inheritance (without acknowledging that the specialization of type variables also induces a subtyping relation), whereas inheritance as defined here is known as implementation inheritance or code inheritance. Still, inheritance is a commonly... | Implementation inheritance |
c_47xuzfan9b25 | In object-oriented programming, method cascading is syntax which allows multiple methods to be called on the same object. This is particularly applied in fluent interfaces. For example, in Dart, the cascade: is equivalent to the individual calls: Method cascading is much less common than method chaining – it is found o... | Method cascading |
c_qa6y1dlt0w3u | In object-oriented programming, mock objects are simulated objects that mimic the behaviour of real objects in controlled ways, most often as part of a software testing initiative. A programmer typically creates a mock object to test the behaviour of some other object, in much the same way that a car designer uses a cr... | Mock Object |
c_iqs5k8ksbxyz | In object-oriented programming, object copying is creating a copy of an existing object, a unit of data in object-oriented programming. The resulting object is called an object copy or simply copy of the original object. Copying is basic but has subtleties and can have significant overhead. There are several ways to co... | Object copying |
c_bjwcwyqp2fst | Copying is done mostly so the copy can be modified or moved, or the current value preserved. If either of these is unneeded, a reference to the original data is sufficient and more efficient, as no copying occurs. Objects in general store composite data. While in simple cases copying can be done by allocating a new, un... | Object copying |
c_hoz2vwizi94z | In object-oriented programming, resources are encapsulated within objects that use them, such as a file object having a field whose value is a file descriptor (or more general file handle). This allows the object to use and manage the resource without users of the object needing to do so. However, there is a wide varie... | Resource tracking |
c_qxtuj52a5d2s | Objects can own resources (via object composition, a strong "has a" relationship). Objects can view resources (via object aggregation, a weak "has a" relationship). Objects can communicate with other objects that have resources (via Association).Objects that have a resource can acquire and release it in different ways,... | Resource tracking |
c_usz93obiifk1 | Acquire/release during object creation/destruction (in the initializer and finalizer). Neither acquire nor release the resource, instead simply having a view or reference to a resource managed externally to the object, as in dependency injection; concretely, an object that has a resource (or can communicate with one th... | Resource tracking |
c_fzn4dzil1ox9 | In object-oriented programming, sequential coupling (also known as temporal coupling) is a form of coupling where a class requires its methods to be called in a particular sequence. This may be an anti-pattern, depending on context. Methods whose name starts with Init, Begin, Start, etc. may indicate the existence of s... | Sequential coupling |
c_jsg86q8h5ng2 | Using a car as an analogy, if the user steps on the gas without first starting the engine, the car does not crash, fail, or throw an exception - it simply fails to accelerate. Sequential coupling can be refactored with the template method pattern to overcome the problems posed by the usage of this anti-pattern. == Refe... | Sequential coupling |
c_hymuk6hwuxmu | In object-oriented programming, the command pattern is a behavioral design pattern in which an object is used to encapsulate all information needed to perform an action or trigger an event at a later time. This information includes the method name, the object that owns the method and values for the method parameters. F... | Command pattern |
c_womtbisyoqlf | Values for parameters of the receiver method are stored in the command. The receiver object to execute these methods is also stored in the command object by aggregation. The receiver then does the work when the execute() method in command is called. | Command pattern |
c_sjs8z0vi4f3t | An invoker object knows how to execute a command, and optionally does bookkeeping about the command execution. The invoker does not know anything about a concrete command, it knows only about the command interface. Invoker object(s), command objects and receiver objects are held by a client object, the client decides w... | Command pattern |
c_rghtp9k0w2c7 | The client decides which commands to execute at which points. To execute a command, it passes the command object to the invoker object. | Command pattern |
c_lrwd2ytboikc | Using command objects makes it easier to construct general components that need to delegate, sequence or execute method calls at a time of their choosing without the need to know the class of the method or the method parameters. Using an invoker object allows bookkeeping about command executions to be conveniently perf... | Command pattern |
c_h5yggu7c36pc | In object-oriented programming, the decorator pattern is a design pattern that allows behavior to be added to an individual object, dynamically, without affecting the behavior of other objects from the same class. The decorator pattern is often useful for adhering to the Single Responsibility Principle, as it allows fu... | Decorator pattern |
c_lxdi3pee3oi7 | In object-oriented programming, the dispose pattern is a design pattern for resource management. In this pattern, a resource is held by an object, and released by calling a conventional method – usually called close, dispose, free, release depending on the language – which releases any resources the object is holding o... | Dispose pattern |
c_z110dfgfhexl | In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled. For exa... | Iterator pattern |
c_nz33d5xkjo2m | In object-oriented programming, the open–closed principle (OCP) states "software entities (classes, modules, functions, etc.) should be open for extension, but closed for modification"; that is, such an entity can allow its behaviour to be extended without modifying its source code. The name open–closed principle has b... | Open/closed principle |
c_ed5s15kbp3hp | In object-oriented programming, the safe navigation operator (also known as optional chaining operator, safe call operator, null-conditional operator, null-propagation operator) is a binary operator that returns null if its first argument is null; otherwise it performs a dereferencing operation as specified by the seco... | Safe navigation operator |
c_23lqg5d5ibwp | leads to an error if applied to a null object, the safe navigation operator stops the evaluation of a method/field chain and returns null as the value of the chain expression. It was first used by Groovy 1.0 in 2007 and is currently supported in languages such as C#, Swift, TypeScript, Ruby, Kotlin, Rust and others. Th... | Safe navigation operator |
c_13kbqaezg9ee | The main advantage of using this operator is that it avoids the pyramid of doom. Instead of writing multiple nested ifs, programmers can just use usual chaining, but add question mark symbols before dots (or other characters used for chaining). While the safe navigation operator and null coalescing operator are both nu... | Safe navigation operator |
c_f8ks9kzwe2q4 | In object-oriented programming, the template method is one of the behavioral design patterns identified by Gamma et al. in the book Design Patterns. The template method is a method in a superclass, usually an abstract superclass, and defines the skeleton of an operation in terms of a number of high-level steps. These s... | Template Method |
c_330ww05u9wj3 | In object-oriented programming, there is also the concept of a static member variable, which is a "class variable" of a statically defined class, i.e., a member variable of a given class which is shared across all instances (objects), and is accessible as a member variable of these objects. A class variable of a dynami... | Static memory allocation |
c_0cr467tselpe | In object-oriented programming, users can inherit the properties and behaviour of a superclass in subclasses. A subclass can override methods of its superclass, substituting its own implementation of the method for the superclass's implementation. Sometimes the overriding method will completely replace the correspondin... | Call super |
c_46ps1fjratsw | The call super anti-pattern relies on the users of an interface or framework to derive a subclass from a particular class, override a certain method and require the overridden method to call the original method from the overriding method: This is often required, since the superclass must perform some setup tasks for th... | Call super |
c_aelir8i9pd5q | In objecting to the design of the Union Flag adopted in 1606, whereby the cross of Saint George surmounted that of Saint Andrew, a group of Scots took up the matter with John Erskine, 19th Earl of Mar, and were encouraged by him to send a letter of complaint to James VI, via the Privy Council of Scotland, which stated ... | Union Jack |
c_jho53ehrfrs6 | This flag's design is also described in the 1704 edition of The Present State of the Universe by John Beaumont, which contains as an appendix The Ensigns, Colours or Flags of the Ships at Sea: Belonging to The several Princes and States in the World.On land, evidence confirming the use of this flag appears in the depic... | Union Jack |
c_yrp61ujkb5ew | On The North Prospect of the City of Edenburgh engraving, the flag is indistinct. On 17 April 1707, just two weeks prior to the Acts of Union coming into effect, and with Sir Henry St George, the younger, the Garter King of Arms, having presented several designs of flag to Queen Anne and her Privy Council for considera... | Union Jack |
c_l0m399roatlb | In objective video quality assessment, the outliers ratio (OR) is a measure of the performance of an objective video quality metric. It is the ratio of "false" scores given by the objective metric to the total number of scores. The "false" scores are the scores that lie outside the interval {\displaystyle } where MOS ... | Outliers ratio |
c_gpysiwpkq0nl | In obligate mutualisms, both of the organisms involved are interdependent; they cannot survive on their own. An example of this type of mutualism can be found in the plant genus Macaranga. All species of this genus provide food for ants in various forms, but only the obligate species produce domatia. Some of the most c... | Myrmecophyte |
c_viog89br2f2h | In obligate parthenogenesis, females only reproduce asexually. One example of this is the desert grassland whiptail lizard, a hybrid of two other species. Typically hybrids are infertile but through parthenogenesis this species has been able to develop stable populations.Gynogenesis is a form of obligate parthenogenesi... | Reproduce asexually |
c_x6o2qbocc2ap | In oblique projections the parallel projection rays are not perpendicular to the viewing plane as with orthographic projection, but strike the projection plane at an angle other than ninety degrees. In both orthographic and oblique projection, parallel lines in space appear parallel on the projected image. Because of i... | Graphical projection |
c_m7d04f1ablfk | In an oblique pictorial drawing, the displayed angles among the axes as well as the foreshortening factors (scale) are arbitrary. The distortion created thereby is usually attenuated by aligning one plane of the imaged object to be parallel with the plane of projection thereby creating a true shape, full-size image of ... | Graphical projection |
c_ad7jegrgv12b | In observability of continuous-time systems the map Ψ t {\displaystyle \Psi _{t}} given by ( Ψ t ) ( s ) = C e A s x {\displaystyle (\Psi _{t})(s)=C{\rm {e}}^{As}x} for s∈ and zero for s>t plays the role that Ψ n {\displaystyle \Psi _{n}} plays in discrete-time. However, the space of functions to which this operator ma... | Distributed parameter systems |
c_u8jgrv0p1vdn | In observational astronomy an On-The-Fly Calibration (OTFC) system calibrates data when a user's request for the data is processed so that users can obtain data that are calibrated with up-to-date calibration files, parameters, and software. | On-The-Fly Calibration |
c_duwd6ni6nlos | In observational astronomy, a double star or visual double is a pair of stars that appear close to each other as viewed from Earth, especially with the aid of optical telescopes. This occurs because the pair either forms a binary star (i.e. a binary system of stars in mutual orbit, gravitationally bound to each other) ... | Optical companion |
c_5ov0x4w2ydbu | If the relative motion of a pair determines a curved arc of an orbit, or if the relative motion is small compared to the common proper motion of both stars, it may be concluded that the pair is in mutual orbit as a binary star. Otherwise, the pair is optical. Multiple stars are also studied in this way, although the dy... | Optical companion |
c_cqa11z94empe | The following are three types of paired stars: Optical doubles are unrelated stars that appear close together through chance alignment with Earth. Visual binaries are gravitationally bound stars that are separately visible with a telescope. Non-visual binaries are stars whose binary status was deduced through more esot... | Optical companion |
c_6q5s52wwdqc4 | In observational astronomy, culmination is the passage of a celestial object (such as the Sun, the Moon, a planet, a star, constellation or a deep-sky object) across the observer's local meridian. These events were also known as meridian transits, used in timekeeping and navigation, and measured precisely using a trans... | Meridian transit |
c_up8jjlwzjz93 | In observational astronomy, phase angle is the angle between the light incident onto an observed object and the light reflected from the object. In the context of astronomical observations, this is usually the angle Sun-object-observer. For terrestrial observations, "Sun–object–Earth" is often nearly the same thing as ... | Phase angle (astronomy) |
c_dip5rcj8satk | The etymology of the term is related to the notion of planetary phases, since the brightness of an object and its appearance as a "phase" is the function of the phase angle. The phase angle varies from 0° to 180°. The value of 0° corresponds to the position where the illuminator, the observer, and the object are collin... | Phase angle (astronomy) |
c_i222nfroq1k0 | The value of 180° is the position where the object is between the illuminator and the observer, known as inferior conjunction. Values less than 90° represent backscattering; values greater than 90° represent forward scattering. For some objects, such as the Moon (see lunar phases), Venus and Mercury the phase angle (as... | Phase angle (astronomy) |
c_bcg25zfqa95t | The superior planets cover shorter ranges. For example, for Mars the maximum phase angle is about 45°. The brightness of an object is a function of the phase angle, which is generally smooth, except for the so-called opposition spike near 0°, which does not affect gas giants or bodies with pronounced atmospheres, and w... | Phase angle (astronomy) |
c_w5vihmtgc7rw | In observational astronomy, the experimental determination of a PSF is often very straightforward due to the ample supply of point sources (stars or quasars). The form and source of the PSF may vary widely depending on the instrument and the context in which it is used. For radio telescopes and diffraction-limited spac... | Point-spread function |
c_zb44fk39iien | A complete description of the PSF will also include diffusion of light (or photo-electrons) in the detector, as well as tracking errors in the spacecraft or telescope. For ground-based optical telescopes, atmospheric turbulence (known as astronomical seeing) dominates the contribution to the PSF. In high-resolution gro... | Point-spread function |
c_z3s1mtbeca3z | In observational astronomy, the observation arc (or arc length) of a Solar System body is the time period between its earliest and latest observations, used for tracing the body's path. It is usually given in days or years. The term is mostly used in the discovery and tracking of asteroids and comets. Arc length has th... | Observation arc |
c_zffs5lrw6h7n | In observational studies 10–15% of people who take statins experience muscle problems; in most cases these consist of muscle pain. These rates, which are much higher than those seen in randomized clinical trials have been the topic of extensive debate and discussion.Muscle and other symptoms often cause patients to sto... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_2vjalxy5tjjz | This was repeated 3 times, so there were 6 periods in random order. Patients were queried about their symptoms, which were similar on the statin and on the placebo, showing that statin intolerance depends on people knowing they're taking a statin. A smaller double-blind RCT obtained similar results. | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_u9fp0tk52akn | After being shown their symptom scores, the majority of participants in these 2 studies intended to restart statin treatment. The results of these studies help explain why statin symptom rates in observational studies are so much higher than in double-blind RCTs. The difference results from the nocebo effect, which is ... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_gggun71qygll | These create expectations of harm. Nocebo symptoms are real and bothersome and are a major barrier to treatment. | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_pzghgaqxiq1d | Because of this, many people stop taking statins, which have been proven in numerous large-scale RCTs to reduce heart attacks, stroke, and deaths – as long as people continue to take them. Serious muscle problems such as rhabdomyolysis (destruction of muscle cells) and statin-associated autoimmune myopathy occur in les... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_fl0nc8njw0fw | The risk of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis increases with older age, use of interacting medications such as fibrates, and hypothyroidism. Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) levels are decreased in statin use; CoQ10 supplements are sometimes used to treat statin-associated myopathy, though evidence of their efficacy is lacking as... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_7uyinvuqh2xd | A common variation in this gene was found in 2008 to significantly increase the risk of myopathy.Records exist of over 250,000 people treated from 1998 to 2001 with the statin drugs atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin. The incidence of rhabdomyolysis was 0.44 per 10,000 pat... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_e7e18sblrduh | Cerivastatin was withdrawn by its manufacturer in 2001.Some researchers have suggested hydrophilic statins, such as fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, and pravastatin, are less toxic than lipophilic statins, such as atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, but other studies have not found a connection. Lovastatin induces the... | HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
c_h8itc9j4qz1g | In observing the Moon, Galileo saw that the line separating lunar day from night (the terminator) was smooth where it crossed the darker regions of the Moon but quite irregular where it crossed the brighter areas. From this he deduced that the darker regions are flat, low-lying areas, and the brighter regions rough and... | Sidereus Nuncius |
c_1xw2vvvx7gkn | In obstetrics, gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy taken from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual period (LMP), or the corresponding age of the gestation as estimated by a more accurate method, if available. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization (as is po... | Gestational age |
c_okbffqq2fmy2 | Gestational age is contrasted with fertilization age which takes the date of fertilization as the start date of gestation. There are different approaches to defining the start of a pregnancy. This definition is unusual for saying that women become "pregnant" two weeks before having sex. The definition of pregnancy and ... | Gestational age |
c_c0xpwbwkq3ia | In obstetrics, the term can lead to some ambiguity for events occurring between 20 and 24 weeks, and for multiple pregnancies. == References == | Gravidity and parity |
c_ss03g865rtzt | In obstructive jaundice, no bilirubin reaches the small intestine, meaning that there is no formation of stercobilinogen. The lack of stercobilin and other bile pigments causes feces to become clay-colored. | Stercobilin |
c_01zrcvm66at3 | In obstructive lung disease, the FEV1 is reduced due to an obstruction of air escaping from the lungs. Thus, the FEV1/FVC ratio will be reduced. More specifically, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence, the diagnosis of COPD is made when the FEV1/FVC ratio is less than 0.7 or the FEV1 is less than... | FEV1/FVC ratio |
c_nqozp7qvpmdc | According to the European Respiratory Society (ERS) criteria, it is FEV1% predicted that defines when a patient has COPD—that is, when the patient's FEV1% is less than 88% of the predicted value for men, or less than 89% for women.In restrictive lung disease, the FEV1 and FVC are equally reduced due to fibrosis or othe... | FEV1/FVC ratio |
c_mx2b3hlpvjk9 | An ascending series for R J {\displaystyle R_{J}} may be found in a similar way. There is a slight difficulty because R J {\displaystyle R_{J}} is not fully symmetric; its dependence on its fourth argument, p {\displaystyle p} , is different from its dependence on x {\displaystyle x} , y {\displaystyle y} and z {\displ... | Carlson symmetric form |
c_8uslyjgcu04j | In occult and divinatory usage the suit is connected with the classical element of Earth, the physical body and possessions or wealth. Coins as a Latin suit represent the feudal class of traders, and therefore to worldly matters in general. Associated physical characteristics include dark hair and eyes, dark complexion... | Suit of coins |
c_ourg022tu2tx | In occupational health and safety, a tagging system is a system of recording and displaying the status of a machine or equipment, enabling staff to view whether it is in working order. It is a product of industry-specific legislation which sets safety standards for a particular piece of equipment, involving inspection,... | Tagging system |
c_qbqoyckqiyr4 | In occupational safety and health, biomonitoring may be done for reasons of regulatory compliance, workplace health surveillance and research, confirming effectiveness of hazard controls, or as a component of occupational risk assessment. It can also be used to reconstruct exposures following acute or accidental events... | Biological monitoring |
c_tbwppm8zub63 | Occupational health differs from environmental health in that the former has smaller number of exposed individuals, but with a wider range of exposure levels.Biomonitoring is complementary to exposure monitoring in that it measures the internal dose of a toxicant within the body rather than its concentration outside th... | Biological monitoring |
c_pl6gd7suhu2t | These are used during exposure assessment and workplace health surveillance activities to identify overexposure, and to test the validity of occupational exposure limits. These biomarkers are intended to aid in prevention by identifying early adverse affects, unlike diagnostics for clinical medicine that are designed t... | Biological monitoring |
c_3yb3fbhse84p | As of 2020 lead is the only substance that has a binding biological limit value in the EU. Voluntary lists of biological exposure limits or action levels are maintained by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, German Research Foundation, UK Health and Safety Executive, France's ANSES, and the S... | Biological monitoring |
c_nldt8gqqq96a | In occupational safety and health, hand arm vibrations (HAVs) are a specific type of occupational hazard which can lead to hand arm vibration syndrome. | Hand arm vibrations |
c_rjs42ncj124m | In occupied Europe the Nazis attempted to jam broadcasts to the continent from the BBC and other allied stations. Along with increasing transmitter power and adding extra frequencies, attempts were made to counteract the jamming by dropping leaflets over cities instructing listeners to construct a directional loop aeri... | Radio jamming |
c_ayp9f855ejxd | In occupied France, the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better, partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid culpability. For example, at Libera... | Holocaust denial |
c_njrhci1awfeh | In occupied Germany after World War II the Morgenthau Plan was implemented, although not in its most extreme version. : 530 The plan was present in the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067: 520 and in the Allied "industrial disarmament" plans. : 520 On February 2, 1946, a dispatch from Berlin reported: Some progress has ... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_h635j91ffsgf | He explained that Germany's future industrial and economic pattern was being drawn for a population of 66,500,000. On that basis, he said, the nation will need large imports of food and raw materials to maintain a minimum standard of living. General agreement, he continued, had been reached on the types of German expor... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_nzg4hxd5m66x | According to some historians, the U.S. government abandoned the Morgenthau plan as policy in September 1946 with Secretary of State James F. Byrnes' speech "Restatement of Policy on Germany".Others have argued that credit should be given to former U.S. President Herbert Hoover, who in one of his reports from Germany, d... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_q783i85yjsal | It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. "Worries about the sluggish recovery of the European economy, which before the war had depended on the German industrial base, and growing Soviet influence amongst a German population subject to food shortages and economic misery, caused the J... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_4ldw60kykcs2 | It was replaced by JCS 1779, which instead noted that "n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany. "It had taken over two months for General Clay to overcome continued resistance to the new directive JCS 1779, but on July 10, 1947, it was finally approved at a me... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_vrojozs5rhxl | The final version of the document "was purged of the most important elements of the Morgenthau plan. "Dismantling of (West) German industry ended in 1951, but "industrial disarmament" lingered in restrictions on actual German steel production, and production capacity, as well as in restrictions on key industries. All r... | Deindustrialisation by country |
c_xzleke6z40fp | In occupied Germany, the Allies followed the Morgenthau plan to remove all German war potential by complete or partial pastoralization. As part of this, in the Industrial plans for Germany, the rules for which industry Germany was to be allowed to retain were set out. German car production was set at a maximum of 10 pe... | VW beetle |
c_py6u8bgbvvu9 | However, no British car manufacturer was interested in the factory; an official report included the phrases "the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car… it is quite unattractive to the average buyer… To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise." The fact... | VW beetle |
c_tq55j0voqxxb | In March 1947, Herbert Hoover helped change policy by stating There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the annexations can be reduced to a "pastoral state". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. The re-opening of the factory is largely accredited to British Army offic... | VW beetle |
c_wtb7cb27vtfy | Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured. His first task was to remove an unexploded bomb that had fallen through the roof and lodged itself between some pieces of irreplaceable production equipment; if the bomb had exploded, the Beetle's fate would have been sea... | VW beetle |
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