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c_zpfyhklp9y13 | During this period, the car reverted to its original name of Volkswagen and the town was renamed Wolfsburg. The first 1,785 Type 1s were made in 1945.After initially building mostly Beetles for the British military, in 1947 production transitioned to purely civilian Beetles, for the first time featuring chromed bumpers... | VW beetle |
c_12o73hsgj88k | The late 1940s Beetles still had an understressed 1131 cc engine with just 25 horsepower, but it could effortlessly maintain cruising at the car's 60-mile-per-hour (97 km/h) top speed. This was already an enlarged engine, compared to the finalized pre-war design, and in some export markets, these early civilian models ... | VW beetle |
c_r8yd9exuvhv2 | Under Nordhoff, production increased dramatically over the following decade, with the one-millionth car coming off the assembly line by 1955. During this post-war period, the Beetle had superior performance in its category with a top speed of 115 km/h (71 mph) and 0–100 kilometres per hour (0–62 mph) in 27.5 seconds wi... | VW beetle |
c_t6ak90fx0qy0 | This was far superior to the Citroën 2CV, which was aimed at a low speed/poor road rural peasant market, and Morris Minor, designed for a market with no motorways or freeways; it was even competitive with more advanced small city cars like the Austin Mini upon its introduction in 1959. In Small Wonder, Walter Henry Nel... | VW beetle |
c_e2478b3e4s0d | It has tolerable road-handling and is economical to maintain. Although a small car, the engine has great elasticity and gave the feeling of better output than its small nominal size. There were other, less-numerous models, as well. A total of 696 convertible Hebmüller Cabriolets were built between 1949 and 1953, and 20... | VW beetle |
c_hdjm3gnlbhck | In oceanic biogeochemistry, the continental shelf pump is proposed to operate in the shallow waters of the continental shelves, acting as a mechanism to transport carbon (as either dissolved or particulate material) from surface waters to the interior of the adjacent deep ocean. | Continental shelf pump |
c_lilthvqu0x24 | In oceanic biogeochemistry, the f-ratio is the fraction of total primary production fuelled by nitrate (as opposed to that fuelled by other nitrogen compounds such as ammonium). The ratio was originally defined by Richard Eppley and Bruce Peterson in one of the first papers estimating global oceanic production. This fr... | F-ratio (oceanography) |
c_7mh3hbmx7g9q | In oceanic biogeochemistry, the solubility pump is a physico-chemical process that transports carbon as dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the ocean's surface to its interior. | Solubility pump |
c_w9am4bsjifp6 | In oceanic islands and offshore waters other than the above-mentioned areas, very little about the presence and recovery status of southern right whales is known. Right whales' historical ranges were much greater than today; during the whaling era of the 19th century whales were known to occur in lower latitude areas s... | Southern right whale |
c_ffz0a4raepxq | In oceanography and limnology, the sediment–water interface is the boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column. The term usually refers to a thin layer (approximately 1 cm deep, though variable) of water at the very surface of sediments on the seafloor. In the ocean, estuaries, and lakes, this layer in... | Sediment–water interface |
c_z56w2tn8p0gf | In oceanography and marine biology, the idea of the littoral zone is extended roughly to the edge of the continental shelf. Starting from the shoreline, the littoral zone begins at the spray region just above the high tide mark. From here, it moves to the intertidal region between the high and low water marks, and then... | Littoral zone |
c_rpl303xdiahh | In oceanography and meteorology, backtesting is also known as hindcasting: a hindcast is a way of testing a mathematical model; researchers enter known or closely estimated inputs for past events into the model to see how well the output matches the known results. Hindcasting usually refers to a numerical-model integra... | Backtesting |
c_03h7kfpxs9q3 | Oceanographic observations of salinity and temperature as well as observations of surface-wave parameters such as the significant wave height are much scarcer than meteorological observations, making hindcasting more common in oceanography than in meteorology. Also, since surface waves represent a forced system where t... | Backtesting |
c_dn8xw3ojaguy | In oceanography wind fetch, also known as fetch length or simply fetch, is the length of water over which a given wind has blown without obstruction. Fetch is used in geography and meteorology and its effects are usually associated with sea state and when it reaches shore it is the main factor that creates storm surge ... | Wind fetch |
c_kbw4wg68h6sh | In oceanography, Ekman velocity – also referred as a kind of the residual ageostrophic velocity as it deviates from geostrophy – is part of the total horizontal velocity (u) in the upper layer of water of the open ocean. This velocity, caused by winds blowing over the surface of the ocean, is such that the Coriolis for... | Ekman velocity |
c_mgl89xe1k07i | In oceanography, a front is a boundary between two distinct water masses. The formation of fronts depends on multiple physical processes and small differences in these lead to a wide range of front types. They can be as narrow as a few hundreds of metres and as wide as several tens of kilometres. While most fronts form... | Front (oceanography) |
c_11aviesprgik | In oceanography, a gyre () is any large system of circulating ocean surface currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect; planetary vorticity, horizontal friction and vertical friction determine the circulatory patterns from the wind stress curl (torque).Gyre ... | Ocean gyre |
c_356yho5r47f8 | In oceanography, a halocline (from Greek hals, halos 'salt' and klinein 'to slope') is a cline, a subtype of chemocline caused by a strong, vertical salinity gradient within a body of water. Because salinity (in concert with temperature) affects the density of seawater, it can play a role in its vertical stratification... | Halocline |
c_jc057qrpmuol | In oceanography, a prime example of a limiting factor is a limiting nutrient. Nutrient availability in freshwater and marine environments plays a critical role in determining what organisms survive and thrive. Nutrients are the building blocks of all living organisms, as they support biological activity. | Limiting nutrient |
c_y60dvgihhjh5 | They are required to make proteins, DNA, membranes, organelles, and exoskeletons. The major elements that constitute >95% of organic matter mass are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Minor elements are iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc and copper. | Limiting nutrient |
c_khxw23e0pbul | These minor elements are often only present in trace amounts but they are key as co-limiting factors as parts of enzymes, transporters, vitamins and amino acids. Within aquatic environments, nitrogen and phosphorus are leading contenders for most limiting nutrients. Discovery of the Redfield ratio was a major insight t... | Limiting nutrient |
c_22sw9jpnxtgo | Redfield was able to notice elemental consistencies between carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus when looking at larger organisms living in the ocean (C:N:P = 106:16:1). He also observed consistencies in nutrients within the water column; nitrate to phosphate ratio was 16:1. The overarching idea was that the environment fun... | Limiting nutrient |
c_2fhp1qpxjlpe | Redfield’s opening statement in his 1934 paper explains “It is now well recognized that the growth of plankton in the surface layers of the sea is limited in part by the quantities of phosphate and nitrate available for their use and that the changes in the relative quantities of certain substances in seawater are dete... | Limiting nutrient |
c_w62anqzt1bb8 | When discussing dissolved nutrient stoichiometry, large deviations from the original Redfield ratio can determine if an environment is phosphorus limited or nitrogen limited. When discussing suspended particle stoichiometry, higher N:P ratios are noted in oligotrophic waters (environments dominated by cyanobacteria; lo... | Limiting nutrient |
c_ubu363krbka1 | In oceanography, a sofar bomb (Sound Fixing And Ranging bomb), occasionally referred to as a sofar disc, is a long-range position-fixing system that uses impulsive sounds in the deep sound channel (SOFAR channel) of the ocean to enable pinpointing of the location of ships or crashed planes. The deep sound channel is id... | SOFAR bomb |
c_z2rlghew8yn9 | In oceanography, a tidal resonance occurs when the tide excites one of the resonant modes of the ocean. The effect is most striking when a continental shelf is about a quarter wavelength wide. Then an incident tidal wave can be reinforced by reflections between the coast and the shelf edge, the result producing a much ... | Tidal resonance |
c_z0zcyedkq76s | Less well known is Leaf Bay, part of Ungava Bay near the entrance of Hudson Strait (Canada), which has tides similar to those of the Bay of Fundy. Other resonant regions with large tides include the Patagonian Shelf and on the continental shelf of northwest Australia.Most of the resonant regions are also responsible fo... | Tidal resonance |
c_q9tf6za1ngns | In oceanography, geomorphology, and geoscience, a shoal is a natural submerged ridge, bank, or bar that consists of, or is covered by, sand or other unconsolidated material and rises from the bed of a body of water to near the surface. It often refers to those submerged ridges, banks, or bars that rise near enough to t... | Shoal |
c_y5nw3ayq2jfp | In oceanography, phytodetritus is the organic particulate matter resulting from phytoplankton and other organic material in surface waters falling to the seabed. This process takes place almost continuously as a "marine snow" of descending particles, falling at the rate of about 100 to 150 m (328 to 492 ft) per day. Un... | Phytodetritus |
c_gochb0xjg0ay | If the amount is greater than the benthic detritivores can process, the phytodetritus forms a fluffy layer on the surface of the sediment. It accumulates in many shallow and deep water locations throughout the world.Phytodetritus varies in colour and appearance and may be greenish, brown or grey, flocculent or gelatino... | Phytodetritus |
c_uypkdf7bxpp9 | One of the most important genera of forams is Globigerina; vast areas of the ocean floor are covered with "Globigerina ooze", so named by Murray and Renard in 1873, dominated by the shells of planktonic forms. Larger materials may also be present including large animal remains such as carcases, large fragments of plant... | Phytodetritus |
c_9t8aa0og75fb | In oceanography, sea state is the general condition of the free surface on a large body of water—with respect to wind waves and swell—at a certain location and moment. A sea state is characterized by statistics, including the wave height, period, and spectrum. The sea state varies with time, as the wind and swell condi... | Sea state |
c_a8j23ns6dupj | In the case of buoy measurements, the statistics are determined for a time interval in which the sea state can be considered to be constant. This duration has to be much longer than the individual wave period, but shorter than the period in which the wind and swell conditions can be expected to vary significantly. Typi... | Sea state |
c_apbshma2nau4 | In oceanography, temperature-salinity diagrams, sometimes called T-S diagrams, are used to identify water masses. In a T-S diagram, rather than plotting each water property as a separate "profile," with pressure or depth as the vertical coordinate, potential temperature (on the vertical axis) is plotted versus salinity... | Temperature–salinity diagram |
c_znl5b1590g07 | In oceanography, terrigenous sediments are those derived from the erosion of rocks on land; that is, they are derived from terrestrial (as opposed to marine) environments. Consisting of sand, mud, and silt carried to sea by rivers, their composition is usually related to their source rocks; deposition of these sediment... | Terrigenous sediment |
c_ffveimi623wb | In oceanography, the Richardson number has a more general form which takes stratification into account. It is a measure of relative importance of mechanical and density effects in the water column, as described by the Taylor–Goldstein equation, used to model Kelvin–Helmholtz instability which is driven by sheared flows... | Richardson number |
c_kkjuer6dz04t | A negative value of N² (i.e. complex N) indicates unstable density gradients with active convective overturning. Under such circumstances the magnitude of negative Ri is not generally of interest. It can be shown that Ri < 1/4 is a necessary condition for velocity shear to overcome the tendency of a stratified fluid to... | Richardson number |
c_dn66o34f5xxi | In oceanography, the microwave brightness temperature, as measured by satellites looking at the ocean surface, depends on salinity as well as on the temperature of the water. == References == | Brightness temperature |
c_i1zxfq3rhong | In oceanography, the sverdrup (symbol: Sv) is a non-SI metric unit of volumetric flow rate, with 1 Sv equal to 1 million cubic metres per second (264,172,052 US gal/s). It is equivalent to the SI derived unit cubic hectometer per second (symbol: hm3/s or hm3⋅s−1): 1 Sv is equal to 1 hm3/s. It is used almost exclusively... | Sverdrup |
c_f3f8zpex8enh | One sverdrup is about five times what is carried by the world’s largest river, the Amazon. In the context of ocean currents, a volume of one million cubic meters may be imagined as a "slice" of ocean with dimensions 1 km × 1 km × 1 m (width × length × thickness). At this scale, these units can be more easily compared i... | Sverdrup |
c_ujgdpvx0za1t | Thus, a hypothetical current 50 km wide, 500 m (0.5 km) deep, and moving at 2 m/s would be transporting 50 Sv of water. The sverdrup is distinct from the SI sievert unit or the non-SI svedberg unit. All three use the same symbol. They are not related. | Sverdrup |
c_j0kjoh3rfngb | In oceanography, the term spice refers to spatial variations in the temperature and salinity of seawater whose effects on density cancel each other. Such density compensated thermohaline variability is ubiquitous in the upper ocean. Warmer, saltier water is more spicy while cooler, less salty water is more minty. For a... | Spice (oceanography) |
c_eikqhvymmpx8 | In octahedral Schwarz triangles, the maximum numerator allowed is 4. There also exist octahedral Schwarz triangles which use 4/2 as a number, but these only lead to degenerate uniform polyhedra as 4 and 2 have a common factor. | List of uniform polyhedra by Schwarz triangle |
c_z66fi49c2u2f | In off-axis configuration, with a slow camera and a laser diode, holographic interferometry is sensitive enough to enable wide-field, laser Doppler imaging of optical fluctuations in amplitude and phase, either with a slow or a fast camera. A slow (e.g. video rate) camera will record time-averaged holographic interfero... | Holographic interferometry |
c_1ok9jnpc2ktl | This method permits microvascular blood flow imaging, and wide-field measurement of photoplethysmograms by detection of out-of-plane tissue motion. The wide temporal bandwidth of a high throughput camera can enable wideband detection and analysis of optical fluctuations. It can be used for pulsatile blood flow imaging. | Holographic interferometry |
c_yzaufx7c4j1k | In off-line PIN validation, the ATM is not connected to the central database. A condition for off-line PIN validation is that the ATM should be able to compare the customer's entered PIN against the PIN of reference. the terminal must be able to perform cryptographic operations and it must have the required encryption ... | Security of automated teller machines |
c_ofs3ixqs9l37 | In off-network syndication, a program whose first airing was on network television (or, in some cases, first-run syndication) is licensed for local broadcast on individual stations. Reruns are usually found on stations affiliated with smaller networks like The CW or MyNetworkTV, especially since these networks broadcas... | First-run syndication |
c_1635k4maqacv | In off-road racing, various classes of specially modified vehicles, including cars, compete in races through off-road environments. In North America these races often take place in the desert, such as the famous Baja 1000. Another format for off-road racing happens on closed-course short course tracks such as Crandon I... | Race car |
c_nyc36f4fn7b3 | In offset printing, a spot color or solid color is any color generated by an ink (pure or mixed) that is printed using a single run, whereas a process color is produced by printing a series of dots of different colors.The widespread offset-printing process is composed of the four spot colors cyan, magenta, yellow, and ... | Spot colour |
c_4wsr060k4ehc | However, offset technicians around the world use the term spot color to mean any color generated by a non-standard offset ink; such as metallic, fluorescent, or custom hand-mixed inks. When making a multi-color print with a spot color process, every spot color needs its own lithographic film. All the areas of the same ... | Spot colour |
c_fl6ygsim76vq | In offshore and coastal engineering, metocean refers to the syllabic abbreviation of meteorology and (physical) oceanography. | Metocean |
c_vo6mgzn7zt53 | In offshore and marine engineering, control systems and mechanical structures are generally designed in parallel. Testing the control systems is only possible after integration. As a result, many errors are found that have to be solved during the commissioning, with the risks of personal injuries, damaging equipment an... | Hardware-in-the-loop simulation |
c_b85kc9y0wie2 | In offshore balancing, the United States would refrain from significant involvement in security affairs overseas except to prevent a state from establishing hegemony in what offshore balancers identify as the world's three key strategic regions: Europe, Northeast Asia, and the Persian Gulf. This strategy advocates a si... | Grand strategy |
c_8dz2xbukvjrb | In offshore construction, the splash zone is the transition from air to water when lowering heavy burdens into the sea. The overall efforts applied on the crane change dramatically when the load starts touching water, up to the point where it is completely submerged. Its buoyancy reduces the static mass that the crane ... | Splash zone |
c_z6qg1ss35y1n | In offshore pipeline engineering, it is the ratio of the maximum allowable stress to the stress generally modelled at that section. In power plant, utilization varies according to the demand on the plant from the electricity market. | Utilization factor |
c_s0eguvlwtcoj | In oil and gas industry polyacrylamide derivatives especially co-polymers have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conven... | Polyacrylamide |
c_q5k5b4zdk4fo | In oil and gas production a choke manifold is used to lower the pressure from the well head. It consist of a set of high pressure valves and at least two chokes. These chokes can be fixed or adjustable or a mix of both. The redundancy is needed so that if one choke has to be taken out of service, the flow can be direct... | Choke manifold |
c_izzcw6u3167o | In oil drilling and borehole mining, a casing shoe or guide shoe is a bull-nose shaped device which is attached to the bottom of the casing string. A casing hanger, which allows the casing to be suspended from the wellhead, is attached to the top of the casing. == References == | Casing shoe |
c_fl8ywjym0d6s | In oil drilling, a casing head is a simple metal flange welded or screwed onto the top of the conductor pipe (also known as drive-pipe) or the casing and forms part of the wellhead system for the well. | Casing head |
c_d33ipilik7bo | In oil field tubing, buttress thread is a pipe thread form designed to provide a tight hydraulic seal. The thread form is similar to that of Acme thread but there are two distinct threaded portions of differing diameters and profiles, the larger having a wedging profile, with a tapered sealing portion in between the la... | Buttress thread |
c_3mje24sj2e4x | In oil or gas well drilling, lost circulation occurs when drilling fluid, known commonly as "mud", flows into one or more geological formations instead of returning up the annulus. Lost circulation can be a serious problem during the drilling of an oil well or gas well. | Lost circulation |
c_l8en15480y1a | In oil refineries, that stripped gas is mostly H2S, much of which often comes from a sulfur-removing process called hydrodesulfurization. This H2S-rich stripped gas stream is then usually routed into a Claus process to convert it into elemental sulfur. In fact, the vast majority of the 64,000,000 metric tons of sulfur ... | Amine gas treating |
c_q8lrgjeg0555 | Another sulfur-removing process is the WSA Process which recovers sulfur in any form as concentrated sulfuric acid. In some plants, more than one amine absorber unit may share a common regenerator unit. The current emphasis on removing CO2 from the flue gases emitted by fossil fuel power plants has led to much interest... | Amine gas treating |
c_hrykm1ycdocu | In the specific case of the industrial synthesis of ammonia, for the steam reforming process of hydrocarbons to produce gaseous hydrogen, amine treating is one of the commonly used processes for removing excess carbon dioxide in the final purification of the gaseous hydrogen. In the biogas production it is sometimes ne... | Amine gas treating |
c_7tdkfpd8kpjz | In oil well control, a kick should be able to be detected promptly, and if a kick is detected, proper kick prevention operations must be taken immediately to avoid a blowout. There are various tell-tale signs that signal an alert crew that a kick is about to start. Knowing these signs will keep a kicking oil well under... | Oil well control |
c_fdlsdmikpi5s | In old Chinese tradition, the hours of a day-night period were divided into 12 double-hours, each corresponding to one of the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac, with similar symbolic motif and astrological significance. The first of the twelve double hours encompasses midnight, at the middle of the double hour, corres... | Rat (zodiac) |
c_u9jby68w2gi4 | In old English law, a cocket was a custom house seal; or a certified document given to a shipper as a warrant that his goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. Hence, in Scotland, there was an officer called the clerk of the cocket. It may have given its name to cocket bread, which was perhaps stamped as though... | Ecclesiastical seal |
c_nh5ibzvua9c5 | In old English the word landmearc (from land + mearc (mark)) was used to describe a boundary marker, an "object set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate, etc.". Starting from around 1560, this understanding of "landmark" was replaced by a more general one. A landmark became a "conspicuous object in a landscap... | Landmark |
c_qv4w933bqju8 | A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example, the Table Mountain near Cape Town, South Africa was used as a landmark to help sailors to navigate around the southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration. Artificial structures a... | Landmark |
c_be7b48fr6l24 | The Lighthouse of Alexandria and the Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port. In modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the main term used to designate places that might be of i... | Landmark |
c_6hx8q8r7qvi4 | Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation, such as giving directions. This is done in American English as well.In urban studies as well as in geography, a landmark is furthermore defined as an external point of reference that helps orientation in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. L... | Landmark |
c_uf0i1xaywhxe | In old Germanic peoples the word for "hostage" (gīsl and similar) sometimes occurred as part of a man's name: Ēadgils, Cynegils, Gīslheard, Gīslbeorht, etc.; sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of Æscferð son of... | Hostage crisis |
c_lqqkhew1a628 | In old Hungarian tradition, Orion is known as "Archer" (Íjász), or "Reaper" (Kaszás). In recently rediscovered myths, he is called Nimrod (Hungarian: Nimród), the greatest hunter, father of the twins Hunor and Magor. The π and o stars (on upper right) form together the reflex bow or the lifted scythe. In other Hungaria... | Orion constellation |
c_tjh3r19w5b5u | Another name for the asterism of Alnilam, Alnitak and Mintaka is "Väinämöinen's Belt" (Väinämöisen vyö) and the stars "hanging" from the belt as "Kaleva's sword" (Kalevanmiekka). In Siberia, the Chukchi people see Orion as a hunter; an arrow he has shot is represented by Aldebaran (Alpha Tauri), with the same figure as... | Orion constellation |
c_elvdrg6g0uyo | In old Israel there were: Androgynos: both male and female genitalia (eternal doubt of legal gender) Aylonit: Barren female. Female genitalia, barren. Nekeva: female Saris: castrated or naturally infertile male (often translated as "eunuch") Tumtum: genitalia concealed by skin (unknown gender, unless skin removed) Zach... | Third gender |
c_r997nq8tmyi6 | In old Latin, a form of the subjunctive with -s-, known as the sigmatic aorist subjunctive, is preserved (faxim, servāssim etc.). One use of this is for wishes for the future: dī tē servāssint semper! (Plautus) 'may the gods preserve you always! 'deī faxint ut liceat! | Latin tenses |
c_mw29w4zyz66s | (Cicero) 'may the gods ensure that it be allowed'id tē Iuppiter prohibessit! (Plautus) 'may Jupiter protect you from that! 'In Plautus this subjunctive is also used in prohibitions, when it exists: nīl mē cūrāssīs! | Latin tenses |
c_o65aqdvnvvj5 | (Plautus) 'don't worry about me! 'It also occurs once in Terence: nē mē istōc posthāc nōmine appellāssīs! (Terence) 'please don't call me by that name again! 'In other phrases it has a potential meaning and can be translated with 'would': male faxim lubēns (Plautus) 'I would willingly do him harm! 'nec satis sciō, nec,... | Latin tenses |
c_uecon9rrzkf4 | In old age, facial symmetry has been associated with better cognitive aging, as lower levels of FA have been associated with higher intelligence and more efficient information processing in older men. However, it has been found that risk of mortality cannot be predicted accurately from levels of FA in photographs of ol... | Fluctuating asymmetry |
c_4i9it5mz1n0b | In old age, the costal cartilages are prone to superficial ossification, particularly in women with age of 50 years and over.In costochondritis and Tietze syndrome, inflammation of the costal cartilage occurs. This is a common cause of chest pain.Severe trauma may lead to fracture of the costal cartilage. Such injuries... | Costal cartilage |
c_qmfby6sjixks | Surgery is typically used to fix the costal cartilage back onto either the rib or sternum.Costal cartilage may be harvested for reparative use elsewhere in the body. Whilst this is typically conducted using a general anaesthetic, IV sedation can also be used. The procedure presents a minor risk of pleural tear. | Costal cartilage |
c_h0w1c4b5yyhy | In old pharmacy, a cucupha or cucufa was a cap, or cover for the head, with cephalic spices quilted in it, worn for certain nervous distempers, particularly those affecting the head. | Cucupha |
c_xu4394tnr94j | In old times, the hour was detected by observation of the position of the sun, or when the first three stars appeared in the night sky. During the first six hours of the day, the sun is seen in the eastern sky. At the sixth hour, the sun is always at its zenith in the sky, meaning, it is either directly overhead, or pa... | Relative hour |
c_mgcclabik3js | From the 6th and a half hour to the 12th hour, the sun inclines towards the west, until it sets. The conclusion of a day at the end of twilight may slightly vary in minutes from place to place, depending on the elevation and the terrain. Typically, nightfall ushers in more quickly in the low-lying valleys, than it does... | Relative hour |
c_gyx24q32q6si | Although this is known as the opinion of the Magen Avraham, he only says it explicitly with regards to the Recital of the Shema because the time for that mitzvah begins at ʿalot hashachar ("break of dawn"). Nevertheless, this is the opinion of Tosafot, the Rashba, the Ritva, the Ra'ah, the Terumat ha-deshen, the Bach, ... | Relative hour |
c_r3gd4ghi3xs0 | However, the common practice in Jerusalem (following the Tucazinsky luach) is to compute it using 20 degrees (90 minutes at the equinox). Another variation of this opinion is to consider the day as beginning at daybreak (מעלות השחר), reckoning the "first hour" of the day with the rise of dawn (Hebrew: עמוד השחר), that... | Relative hour |
c_mmeo9lb1yhhh | In the Talmud, twilight is estimated at being the time that it takes a person to walk three quarters of a biblical mile (i.e. 1,500 cubits, insofar that a biblical mile is equal to 2,000 cubits). According to Maran's Shulhan Arukh, a man traverses a biblical mile in 18 minutes, meaning, one is able to walk three quarte... | Relative hour |
c_2mub7s2mptq7 | In Jewish law, the short period of dusk or twilight (from the moment the sun has disappeared over the horizon until the appearance of the first three stars) is a space of time whose designation is doubtful, partly considered day and partly considered night. When the first medium-size star appears in the night sky, it i... | Relative hour |
c_kcg7nhl43l1q | Between the break of dawn and the first three medium-size stars that appear in the night sky there are always 12 hours. This version of this opinion is followed by many Sephardic communities. | Relative hour |
c_hi6g447aq1pp | Nevertheless, Rabbi Yehosef Schwartz, Rabbi Yechiel Michel Tucazinsky, Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh, Rabbi Yitzchok Yaakov Weiss, Rabbi Aharon Kotler and many others reject this opinion because it causes "midday" to be at a time when the sun is not at its highest point, and the Talmud says explicitly that the sun is at its... | Relative hour |
c_pfsvpf70zlei | The Vilna Gaon holds that although "daytime" activities can start as early as daybreak and end as late as nightfall, their proper time lechatchila (ab initio) is from sunrise to sunset, so one calculates the day from sunrise to sunset and divides that period into twelve parts. This is also the opinion of Rav Nisim Gaon... | Relative hour |
c_1d1151r39f90 | Since according to the first opinion, the day begins approximately 72 minutes before sunrise and ends approximately 72 minutes after sunset (and according to the variant understanding of this opinion, ends approximately 13½ or 18 minutes after sunset), or begins at sunrise and ends at sunrise according to the second op... | Relative hour |
c_r29mgb15h8sz | In old-fashioned French schoolrooms, misbehaving students were sent to sit in a corner of the room wearing a sign that said "Âne", meaning donkey, and were forced to wear a jester's cap with donkey's ears, sometimes conical in shape, known as a "bonnet d'âne", meaning "donkey's cap". In traditional British and American... | Mark of shame |
c_821jp3su4hf7 | In old-line Spiritualism, a portion of the services, generally toward the end, is given over to demonstrations of mediumship through purported contact with the spirits of the dead. A typical example of this way of describing a mediumistic church service is found in the 1958 autobiography of C. Dorreen Phillips. She wri... | Mediumistic automatism |
c_hcw3rz3vpeqh | "Today "demonstration of mediumship" is part of the church service at all churches affiliated with the National Spiritualist Association of Churches (NSAC) and the Spiritualists' National Union (SNU). Demonstration links to NSAC's Declaration of Principal #9. "We affirm that the precepts of Prophecy and Healing are Div... | Mediumistic automatism |
c_6h1019q6qwss | In olden times, people in India used hand-made pens (known as Kalam or boru (बोरू)) made from thin bamboo sticks (with diameters of 5–10 mm and lengths of 100–150 mm) by simply peeling them on one side and making a nib-like pattern at the end. The pen would then be dipped in ink for writing. | Bamboo |
c_kjenispv76lm | In older English, as in other Germanic languages, the plough was traditionally known by other names, e.g. Old English sulh (modern dialectal sullow), Old High German medela, geiza, huohilī(n), Old Norse arðr (Swedish årder), and Gothic hōha, all presumably referring to the ard (scratch plough). The modern word comes fr... | Heavy plow |
c_406gs2t2n2kt | Words with the same root appeared with related meanings: in Raetic plaumorati "wheeled heavy plough" (Pliny, Nat. Hist. | Heavy plow |
c_ssw4fwkhd7wi | 18, 172), and in Latin plaustrum "farm cart", plōstrum, plōstellum "cart", and plōxenum, plōximum "cart box". The word must have originally referred to the wheeled heavy plough, common in Roman north-western Europe by the 5th century AD.Many view plough as a derivative of the verb *plehan ~ *plegan 'to take responsibil... | Heavy plow |
c_su4bk2umenii | In older Finnish, years were expressed by counting centuries. Use of this convention is archaic. For instance, yhdeksäntoistasataa kaksikymmentäkaksi "1922", instead of the modern tuhatyhdeksänsataa kaksikymmentäkaksi. Long numbers (like 32534756) are separated in three-digit sections with spaces beginning from the end... | Finnish numerals |
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