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c_z81ja0r36aly | They said that Arias had used a gas can and purchased gas in advance in order to hide her trip to Alexander's. The prosecution called Ryan Burns, who testified Arias was acting "normal" when she visited him the day after Alexander's death. Burns said that Arias told him that she had cut her hands on broken glass while ... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_jipcc9p1wfkt | The prosecution closed its case by, when confronting a witness who defended Arias's character, displaying nude photos of Arias and of Alexander's corpse.Arias took the stand in her own defense on February 4, 2013, testifying for a total of 18 days, a duration described by criminal defense attorney Mark Geragos as "unpr... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_avh3irw9gsea | Arias testified that Alexander harbored pedophilic desires and that she tried to help him with those urges. She also said that her relationship with Alexander became increasingly physically and emotionally abusive. After detailing one argument in which she held out her hand to block Alexander from kicking her, she held... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_mq2nzhpjrpaw | Arias said that she killed Alexander in self-defense after he had attacked her when she dropped his camera, forcing her to fight for her life. Alyce LaViolette, a psychotherapist who specializes in domestic violence, testified for the defense that Arias was a victim of domestic abuse, and that most victims do not tell ... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_0l0kgk3sn3jf | The defense tried to enter the emails into evidence, but the trial judge ruled that they were hearsay. A 2011 court filing revealed the contents of some of the emails the DV expert alluded to, including one in which Alexander expressed anger that the Hughes had discouraged Arias from romantically pursuing Alexander. In... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_0xaw0y3q4ubb | Alexander allegedly responded by saying, "I am a bit of a sociopath". Hughes testified during the trial, saying that, while he knew Alexander was seeing multiple women, he and his wife had been manipulated by Arias, and that they had had a falling out with Arias just months after the emails when they twice caught her e... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_o0ajj18dea53 | He said that Arias had likely been suffering from acute stress at the time of the murder, sending her body into a "fight or flight" mode to defend herself, which caused her brain to stop retaining memory. In response to a juror's question asking whether this scenario could occur even if this was a premeditated murder, ... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_am941zrk5x6n | Yes. Is it probable? | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_p47xw97ez2bp | No." Samuels also diagnosed Arias with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Martinez attacked Samuels' credibility, accusing him of bias and of having formed a relationship with Arias; Samuels had previously testified that he had compassion for Arias. The Arizona Court of Appeals later castigated Martinez's impeachme... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_5x12zw0egjru | In rebuttal, prosecution witness Janeen DeMarte, a clinical psychologist, testified that Arias was not a victim of abuse and did not have PTSD, diagnosing her, instead, with borderline-personality disorder. In response to DeMarte's testimony, the defense asked for and received permission to call a rebuttal witness, psy... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_97mv6a0wlqi2 | The prosecution's final rebuttal witness, forensic neuropsychologist Jill Hayes, disputed Geffner's testimony that the MMPI test was not geared toward diagnosing borderline personality disorder.In closing arguments, Martinez accused Arias of being a manipulative liar, showed a text that Alexander had sent calling Arias... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_pkmt7fdq3227 | At the close of arguments, jurors were instructed that they could find Arias guilty of first degree murder if each of them, individually, found that she had premeditated the murder or had caused the death while committing a felony. On May 8, 2013, after 15 hours of deliberation, Arias was found guilty of first-degree m... | Murder of Travis Alexander |
c_6o2dgwjwn0yw | In operant conditioning, behavior is influenced by outside stimulus, such as a drug. The operant conditioning theory of learning is useful in understanding why the mood-altering or stimulating consequences of drug use can reinforce continued use (an example of positive reinforcement) and why the addicted person seeks t... | Reward sensitization |
c_zj4w0fsxq7t1 | In operant conditioning, concurrent schedules of reinforcement are schedules of reinforcement that are simultaneously available to an animal subject or human participant, so that the subject or participant can respond on either schedule. For example, in a two-alternative forced choice task, a pigeon in a Skinner box is... | Negative reinforcement |
c_4ejcwyjjxd5r | It is not necessary for responses on the two schedules to be physically distinct. In an alternate way of arranging concurrent schedules, introduced by Findley in 1958, both schedules are arranged on a single key or other response device, and the subject can respond on a second key to change between the schedules. In su... | Negative reinforcement |
c_k7wrwmqb6bvv | Concurrent schedules often induce rapid alternation between the keys. To prevent this, a "changeover delay" is commonly introduced: each schedule is inactivated for a brief period after the subject switches to it. | Negative reinforcement |
c_j149ahgkc1tm | When both the concurrent schedules are variable intervals, a quantitative relationship known as the matching law is found between relative response rates in the two schedules and the relative reinforcement rates they deliver; this was first observed by R.J. Herrnstein in 1961. Matching law is a rule for instrumental be... | Negative reinforcement |
c_b85xg9emofnr | In operant conditioning, punishment is any change in a human or animal's surroundings which, occurring after a given behavior or response, reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. As with reinforcement, it is the behavior, not the human/animal, that is punished. Whether a change is or is n... | Positive punishment |
c_qg7vma7dkk2q | MO can be categorized in abolishing operations, decrease the effectiveness of the stimuli and establishing, increase the effectiveness of the stimuli. For example, a painful stimulus which would act as a punisher for most people may actually reinforce some behaviors of masochistic individuals. There are two types of pu... | Positive punishment |
c_s75uyqe05m3f | Positive punishment involves the introduction of a stimulus to decrease behavior while negative punishment involves the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior. While similar to reinforcement, punishment's goal is to decrease behaviors while reinforcement's goal is to increase behaviors. | Positive punishment |
c_5w5boez831yq | Different kinds of stimuli exist as well. There are rewarding stimuli which are considered pleasant and aversive stimuli, which are considered unpleasant. There are also two types of punishers. | Positive punishment |
c_26n985tchu23 | There are primary punishers which directly affect the individual such as pain and are a natural response and then there are secondary punishers which are things that are learned to be negative like a buzzing sound when getting an answer wrong on a game show. Conflicting findings have been found on the effectiveness of ... | Positive punishment |
c_7k2k58p3onmn | Punishment can also lead to lasting negative unintended side effects as well. Punishment has been found to be effective in countries that are wealthy, high in trust, cooperation, and democracy. Punishment has been used in a lot of different applications. | Positive punishment |
c_zwsf19l65vv4 | Punishment has been used in applied behavioral analysis, specifically in situations to try and punish dangerous behaviors like head banging. Punishment has also been used to psychologically manipulate individuals to gain control over victims. It has also been used in scenarios where an abuser may try punishment in orde... | Positive punishment |
c_eo9aj86sb2dd | In operant conditioning, the matching law is a quantitative relationship that holds between the relative rates of response and the relative rates of reinforcement in concurrent schedules of reinforcement. For example, if two response alternatives A and B are offered to an organism, the ratio of response rates to A and ... | Matching law |
c_ydea4s6uip01 | For example, an animal pressing a lever for food might pause for a drink of water. The matching law was first formulated by R.J. Herrnstein (1961) following an experiment with pigeons on concurrent variable interval schedules. Pigeons were presented with two buttons in a Skinner box, each of which led to varying rates ... | Matching law |
c_wndtmyh3lrzc | In operating batteries and fuel cells, charge transfer coefficient is the parameter that signifies the fraction of overpotential that affects the current density. This parameter has had a mysterious significance in electrochemical kinetics for over three quarters of the previous century. It can also be said that charge... | Charge transfer coefficient |
c_8jjcv80q8qv8 | In operating system boot manager programs, chain loading is used to pass control from the boot manager to a boot sector. The target boot sector is loaded in from disk, replacing the in-memory boot sector from which the boot manager itself was bootstrapped, and executed. | Chain loader |
c_lpyepzg1zi21 | In operating systems architecture a reference monitor concept defines a set of design requirements on a reference validation mechanism, which enforces an access control policy over subjects' (e.g., processes and users) ability to perform operations (e.g., read and write) on objects (e.g., files and sockets) on a system... | Reference monitor |
c_6f0s08zwxn5e | The reference validation mechanism must be Always invoked. Without this property, it is possible for the mechanism to not perform when intended, allowing an attacker to violate the security policy. The reference validation mechanism must be Tamper-proof. | Reference monitor |
c_34s8aytt6p0m | Without this property, an attacker can undermine the mechanism itself and hence violate the security policy.For example, Windows 3.x and 9x operating systems were not built with a reference monitor, whereas the Windows NT line, which also includes Windows 2000 and Windows XP, was designed to contain a reference monitor... | Reference monitor |
c_gyoyaz7x6m44 | In operating systems that support GPT-based boot through BIOS services rather than EFI, the first sector may also still be used to store the first stage of the bootloader code, but modified to recognize GPT partitions. The bootloader in the MBR must not assume a sector size of 512 bytes. | Hybrid MBR |
c_fauyof3c18ji | In operating systems that use virtual memory, every process is given the impression that it is working with large, contiguous sections of memory. Physically, the memory of each process may be dispersed across different areas of physical memory, or may have been moved (paged out) to secondary storage, typically to a har... | Page table |
c_rqaubzhdb9dq | In operating systems using a command line interface, the user types short commands often followed by various parameters and options. | Default (computer science) |
c_6130s4oti6fi | In operating systems, a giant lock, also known as a big-lock or kernel-lock, is a lock that may be used in the kernel to provide concurrency control required by symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems. A giant lock is a solitary global lock that is held whenever a thread enters kernel space and released when the thread... | Giant lock |
c_zqqyttuob4hw | By isolating the kernel from concurrency, many parts of the kernel no longer need to be modified to support SMP. However, as in giant-lock SMP systems only one processor can run the kernel code at a time, performance for applications spending significant amounts of time in the kernel is not much improved. Accordingly, ... | Giant lock |
c_bb3xjjvx4yyy | In operating systems, a task manager is a system monitor program used to provide information about the processes and applications running on a computer, as well as the general status of the computer. Some implementations can also be used to terminate processes and applications, as well as change the processes' scheduli... | Task Manager |
c_obnf348id0dx | In operating systems, an interrupt storm is an event during which a processor receives an inordinate number of interrupts that consume the majority of the processor's time. Interrupt storms are typically caused by hardware devices that do not support interrupt rate limiting. | Interrupt storm |
c_7lrzdk4u07fu | In operating systems, feedback vertex sets play a prominent role in the study of deadlock recovery. In the wait-for graph of an operating system, each directed cycle corresponds to a deadlock situation. In order to resolve all deadlocks, some blocked processes have to be aborted. A minimum feedback vertex set in this g... | Feedback vertex set |
c_dlqwop7l7mfc | The feedback vertex set problem has applications in VLSI chip design. Another application is in complexity theory. Some computational problems on graphs are NP-hard in general, but can be solved in polynomial time for graphs with bounded FVS number. Some examples are graph isomorphism and the path reconfiguration probl... | Feedback vertex set |
c_j9of8be8ykjb | In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. : 105–208 The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memor... | Memory management (operating systems) |
c_yg5u7z7cpnmh | In operating systems, processes are loaded into memory, and wait for their turn to be executed by the central processing unit (CPU). CPU scheduling manages process states and decides when a process will be executed next by using the input queue. | Input queue |
c_tvgxr6yqhb4t | In operating systems, the term terminal host denotes a time-sharing computer or multi-user software providing services to computer terminals, or a computer that provides services to smaller or less capable devices, such as a mainframe computer serving teletype terminals or video terminals. Other examples of this archit... | Internet host |
c_tap7fefxg6ln | In operating systems, write barrier is a mechanism for enforcing a particular ordering in a sequence of writes to a storage system in a computer system. For example, a write barrier in a file system is a mechanism (program logic) that ensures that in-memory file system state is written out to persistent storage in the ... | Write barrier |
c_y32rmyjrwjfu | In operating-system-level virtualization, a physical server is virtualized at the operating system level, enabling multiple isolated and secure virtualized servers to run on a single physical server. The "guest" operating system environments share the same running instance of the operating system as the host system. Th... | Partial virtualization |
c_ukxyjfqy468i | In operation since 1985, the incinerator's tall white smokestack that reads "Baltimore" is considered to be a distinctive landmark for travelers on nearby Interstate 95 and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway. Formally known as BRESCO (Baltimore Refuse Energy Systems Co. ), the incinerator has been plagued by controversy ... | Wheelabrator Incinerator |
c_smqnicbcm5ej | based Environmental Integrity Project (EIP), the Baltimore Harbor Waterkeeper, the Chesapeake Climate Action Network, and Clean Water Action have successfully intervened in the Wheelabrator's permit-renewal process, which prompted the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to order the Maryland Department of the En... | Wheelabrator Incinerator |
c_5m66ckqdtcki | EIP staff attorney Jennifer Peterson stated: This is excellent news for cleaner air and cleaner water in Maryland. Without monitoring of emissions, we are really flying blind—neither the public nor MDE can be sure what's coming out of the Wheelabrator stacks. Emission monitoring helps make sure that companies are actua... | Wheelabrator Incinerator |
c_6ni1lxj1js86 | In operation the PGK screws into the nose of the projectile much like conventional fuzes. In addition to the fuzing function it provides a GPS guidance package and control surfaces to correct the flight of the shell. This is analogous to the addition of a Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) tail-kit to a dumb iron bomb... | Precision Guidance Kit |
c_evxcoqups79d | This has made unguided artillery dangerous to use in close combat for fear of friendly fire and collateral damage. The M982 Excalibur was fielded as a guided shell that effectively hit within 6 m (20 ft) of a target, but the Army developed the XM1156 as a cheaper alternative. The PGK fuse can be screwed onto existing M... | Precision Guidance Kit |
c_1umuebcqx1n1 | Its GPS receiver compares the PGK's flight pattern to the coordinates of where it should hit, and the fins adjust its path to match where the round will actually impact. A fail safe exists where if the shell does not impact within 150 m (490 ft) of the intended target, it will land but not explode; the PGK "decides" fi... | Precision Guidance Kit |
c_l0bls08i7hzg | The PGK fuze weighs 3 lb (1.4 kg), 1 lb (0.45 kg) more than a standard fuze because of the addition of fins and an alternator. The self-contained system does not need a battery since the alternator inside generates power in flight. Not only is the PGK fuze cheaper to produce than whole purpose-built guided artillery sh... | Precision Guidance Kit |
c_yfvvez1uxaj6 | In operation the overheads line had built up an internal coating of iron sulphide. This so-called pacification layer protected the inside of the carbon steel pipe from corrosion. However, the water wash acted to wash away the protective layer and exposed the steel to attack from corrosive agents in the vapour stream. T... | 2001 Humber Refinery explosion |
c_2yjp8qtxys99 | At the time of the incident the wall thickness had been reduced from 7-8mm to as little as 0.3mm. The pipe could no longer contain the pressure (27.6 barg) and burst catastrophically releasing the vapour in the line, and in the upstream and downstream plant such as the de-ethaniser column. | 2001 Humber Refinery explosion |
c_bs2hekc9olg8 | It was estimated that 80 tonnes of flammable vapour were released from the SGP plant producing a vapour cloud 175m by 80m. The cloud exploded and damaged the SGP causing further release of material which ignited and led to a large fire. This sustained fire damaged plant and weakened pipework leading to further releases... | 2001 Humber Refinery explosion |
c_dgsku3slep2s | In operation the transmitter sends out signals coded "A" or "N" in each of the four quadrants around the beacon. The signals overlap on the range, providing the pilot of the aircraft an indication of his position in relation to location of the beacon. Thus, if he is heading toward the beacon he will receive an aural si... | SCR-277 |
c_pkl8kpqu4lym | In operation, a signal is delivered to the voice coil by means of electrical wires, from the amplifier through speaker cable, then through flexible tinsel wire to the moving coil. The current creates a magnetic field that causes the diaphragm to be alternately forced one way or the other, by the magnetic field produced... | Speaker driver |
c_e7t56mza39kh | In addition, each contributes to centering the voice coil and cone, both concentrically within the magnet assembly, and front-to-back, restoring the voice coil to a critical position within the magnetic gap, neither toward one end nor the other. The voice coil and magnet essentially form a linear motor working against ... | Speaker driver |
c_9nrvdimfb9ss | In operation, all three discs of a Schmidt coupling rotate with equal velocity. The bearing-mounted connections of links to discs are spaced 120° apart on same-diameter pitch circles. The distance between the shafts can be varied steplessly between the minimum value and a maximum of twice the length of the links. While... | Schmidt coupling |
c_lw5xv70dkuws | The constant-velocity relationship between input and output shafts joined by a Schmidt coupling is unaffected by changes in radial displacement. This relationship is similarly unaffected by initial radial reaction forces which could otherwise imbalance the system. Schmidt couplings maintain constant velocity between th... | Schmidt coupling |
c_wv0j799vhh0g | In operation, fluid is injected at pressures high enough to hold open the interconnected network of joints against the Earth stresses, and to effectively circulate fluid through the HDR reservoir at a high rate. During routine energy production, the injection pressure is maintained at just below the level that would ca... | Enhanced geothermal system |
c_2yb401ioehyj | In operation, progressing cavity pumps are fundamentally fixed flow rate pumps, like piston pumps and peristaltic pumps, and this type of pump needs a fundamentally different understanding than the types of pumps to which people are more commonly introduced, namely ones that can be thought of as generating pressure. Th... | Progressive cavity pump |
c_t08pb8adjcav | At the points where the rotor touches the stator, the surfaces are generally traveling transversely, so small areas of sliding contact occur. These areas need to be lubricated by the fluid being pumped (hydrodynamic lubrication). This can mean that more torque is required for starting, and if allowed to operate without... | Progressive cavity pump |
c_899hcmfiltvc | In operation, the board to be jointed is held with its face against the fence and the edge to be jointed resting on the infeed table. The board is fed across the cutter head and onto the outfeed table. The knives in the revolving cutter head remove an amount of material and the relationship of the two tables and the fe... | Jointer |
c_px5n8zvl9ctw | This procedure is often performed prior to edge jointing so that the board has a flat reference face for subsequent operations. To straighten a piece of bowed timber, the guard is temporarily swung out of the way. The machine is switched on and the timber is slowly lowered to the machine table, with the concave side do... | Jointer |
c_a7u9zbqqqg1s | A few cuts are made out of the red section "A". The timber is turned end for end and the same procedure is done to the section "B". This is repeated as required with the operator sighting along the length of the timber from time to time to check on straightness of the timber. | Jointer |
c_bfdli30pie68 | When the timber is almost straight, the guard is replaced and the last cut is made in the normal way. Twisted material is treated in a similar way. | Jointer |
c_iyhxkqjmemfu | The operator lays the timber on the bed of the machine and rocks it slowly from side to side to estimate the amount of twist. If there is, say, 20mm of twist in the board, he holds the board level and takes 10mm off one end, then repeats it for the other end. Jointers are also used for making rebates (also known as rab... | Jointer |
c_6rqbkrcb0hkf | The fence is set to the width of the rebate and the infeed table is set to the depth. A jointer that is used for rebating has the outside ends of its blades also sharpened and set with a small clearance from the cutter head. A jointer cannot be used to create a board of even thickness along its length. | Jointer |
c_y9qv8w6qw77m | For this task, after jointing one face, a thickness planer is used. Thickness planers and jointers are often combined into one machine, with the work piece passing underneath the same rotating blade for thicknessing, but in the opposite direction. In the US this is called a planer–thicknesser or over-and-under. | Jointer |
c_y1waiwo8ri7i | In operation, the bolt is turned up to the vertical position until the two opposed front locking lugs are released from the receiver. At the end of the bolt's opening phase, a ramp on the receiver bridge forces the bolt to the rear thus providing leveraged extraction of the fired case. The rifle is fitted with a two-pi... | Lebel rifle |
c_3qdek24wghku | The ladder rear sight is adjustable from 850 to 2,400 meters. Flipping forward that ladder sight reveals the commonly used fixed combat sight up to 400 meters. The Mle 1886 Lebel rifle has a 10-round capacity (eight in the under barrel tube magazine, one in the elevator, and one in the chamber). | Lebel rifle |
c_pyzs1zzxp8yu | The Lebel rifle features a magazine cutoff on the right side of the receiver. When activated, it prevents feeding cartridges from the magazine.The Mle 1886 Lebel rifle was issued with a long needle-like quadrangular épée bayonet, the Épée-Baïonnette Modèle 1886, with a length of 52 cm. | Lebel rifle |
c_tman5xj5y7dd | (20 in.). With its X-shaped cross section, the épée bayonet was optimized for thrusting, designed to readily penetrate thick clothing and leather. The bayonet was dubbed "Rosalie" by French soldiers who were issued it during World War I. | Lebel rifle |
c_6hhgla3n9l4t | In operation, the driver blows into IIDs to enable the car's starter. After a variable time period of approximately 20–40 minutes, the driver is required to re-certify (blow again) within a time period consistent with safely pulling off the roadway. If the driver fails to re-certify within the time period, the car will... | Ignition interlock device |
c_fcmijhnqwqt7 | In operation, the table is set to the desired height and then the machine is switched on. The board is fed into the machine until it makes contact with the in-feed roller which grips the board and draws it into the machine and past the rotating cutter head. The knives remove material on the way through and the out-feed... | Thickness planer |
c_rfr4bkm22z07 | The board is fed with this reference face flat on the table and the cutter head removes an amount of material from the opposite face so that it is made parallel to the reference face. The reference face is often created by first passing the board over a jointer. If the lower face is not flat, the feed roller pressure p... | Thickness planer |
c_hglio5rkz38p | One problem often encountered when using a thickness planer is snipe. This manifests as a deeper cut on a short section of the board at either end and is caused by incorrect feeding or misalignment of the in-feed or out-feed tables, or an unnecessarily high setting of the rollers recessed in the surface of the in-feed ... | Thickness planer |
c_fjz4kdo5y327 | In operational numerical weather prediction, forecast models are used to predict future states of the atmosphere, based on how the climate system evolves with time from an initial state. The initial state provided as input to the forecast must consist of data values for a range of "prognostic" meteorological fields – t... | Meteorological reanalysis |
c_ez4w6jidhoon | In operational use, the display system of Red Steer was found to be difficult to interpret correctly. This was due to the spiral scan display, which showed the zenith angle of the target relative to the tail of the aircraft directly, but the angle out from the centreline was shown as the length of the blip and the rang... | Red Steer |
c_lg5jhj8umr2c | The system abandoned the spiral-scan display and instead used an X-Y scan (C-scope) that swept horizontally across 70 degrees in azimuth and then stepped up or down to make another sweep at a different elevation, making a complete cycle from 25 degrees above to below the centreline over a period of eight horizontal sca... | Red Steer |
c_69d8vzxxe48l | These units were known as ARI 5952 in service.Mark 2 units remained in service through the lifetime of the V-force, leaving front-line bomber service in 1984. Their only use in combat was on the Vulcans taking part in Operation Black Buck during the 1982 Falklands War. In this case, the unit aboard XM607 failed when th... | Red Steer |
c_webmbzw097mc | The last units to see action were those aboard the Victor air tankers during the Gulf War in 1992. These were officially retired in 1994. The operational details of the Red Steer signals remain classified to this day. | Red Steer |
c_bf74bxl7zbp3 | In operations management and industrial engineering, production flow analysis refers to methods which share the following characteristics: Classification of machines Technological cycles information control Generating a binary product-machines matrix (1 if a given product requires processing in a given machine, 0 other... | Production flow analysis |
c_4v26hj5ibt8o | In operations on numerical values, problems can arise that result in unexpected output, slowing of a process, or crashing. These can be from a lack of awareness of the qualities of the data storage such as a loss of precision due to rounding, numerically unstable algorithms, arithmetic overflow and underflow, or from l... | Programming bugs |
c_5pd38mu68eua | In operations research and engineering, a criticality matrix is a representation (often graphical) of failure modes along with their probabilities and severities. | Criticality matrix |
c_hhh4jm7b9eso | In operations research and social choice, the proportional-fair (PF) rule is a rule saying that, among all possible alternatives, one should pick an alternative that cannot be improved, where "improvement" is measured by the sum of relative improvements possible for each individual agent. It aims to provide a compromis... | Proportional-fair rule |
c_fmnohk4m3007 | In operations research, cuckoo search is an optimization algorithm developed by Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb in 2009. It was inspired by the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their eggs in the nests of host birds of other species. Some host birds can engage direct conflict with the intruding cuck... | Cuckoo search |
c_216mr7enaajr | Some cuckoo species such as the New World brood-parasitic Tapera have evolved in such a way that female parasitic cuckoos are often very specialized in the mimicry in colors and pattern of the eggs of a few chosen host species. Cuckoo search idealized such breeding behavior, and thus can be applied for various optimiza... | Cuckoo search |
c_yoqyu0crzqmh | In operations research, the Big M method is a method of solving linear programming problems using the simplex algorithm. The Big M method extends the simplex algorithm to problems that contain "greater-than" constraints. It does so by associating the constraints with large negative constants which would not be part of ... | Big M method |
c_w3qkhlc5cw56 | In operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal, into pieces of specified sizes while minimizing material wasted. It is an optimization problem in mathematics that arises from applications in industry. In terms of co... | Cutting stock problem |
c_1s5lpcjynhzj | In operations research, the makespan of a project is the length of time that elapses from the start of work to the end. This type of multi-mode resource constrained project scheduling problem (MRCPSP) seeks to create the shortest logical project schedule, by efficiently using project resources, adding the lowest number... | Makespan |
c_k9cmgigu998x | In operator algebra, the Koecher–Vinberg theorem is a reconstruction theorem for real Jordan algebras. It was proved independently by Max Koecher in 1957 and Ernest Vinberg in 1961. It provides a one-to-one correspondence between formally real Jordan algebras and so-called domains of positivity. Thus it links operator ... | Koecher–Vinberg theorem |
c_pnxu2134a7fp | In operator algebras, the Toeplitz algebra is the C*-algebra generated by the unilateral shift on the Hilbert space l2(N). Taking l2(N) to be the Hardy space H2, the Toeplitz algebra consists of elements of the form T f + K {\displaystyle T_{f}+K\;} where Tf is a Toeplitz operator with continuous symbol and K is a comp... | Toeplitz algebra |
c_73y1x9yal3fl | This extension is called the Toeplitz extension. By Atkinson's theorem, an element of the Toeplitz algebra Tf + K is a Fredholm operator if and only if the symbol f of Tf is invertible. In that case, the Fredholm index of Tf + K is precisely the winding number of f, the equivalence class of f in the fundamental group o... | Toeplitz algebra |
c_rys04qhvadfj | This is a special case of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem. Wold decomposition characterizes proper isometries acting on a Hilbert space. From this, together with properties of Toeplitz operators, one can conclude that the Toeplitz algebra is the universal C*-algebra generated by a proper isometry; this is Coburn's theo... | Toeplitz algebra |
c_672mdf2w6r5d | In operator algebras, the enveloping von Neumann algebra of a C*-algebra is a von Neumann algebra that contains all the operator-algebraic information about the given C*-algebra. This may also be called the universal enveloping von Neumann algebra, since it is given by a universal property; and (as always with von Neum... | Enveloping von Neumann algebra |
c_tu6t884egjog | In operator theory, Atkinson's theorem (named for Frederick Valentine Atkinson) gives a characterization of Fredholm operators. | Atkinson's theorem |
c_zlg7sbig3kjk | In operator theory, Naimark's dilation theorem is a result that characterizes positive operator valued measures. It can be viewed as a consequence of Stinespring's dilation theorem. | Naimark's dilation theorem |
c_ciqxplfwin9h | In operator theory, a Toeplitz operator is the compression of a multiplication operator on the circle to the Hardy space. | Toeplitz operator |
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