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All of these must be completed under the mentorship of BSI-credentialed Quality Assessors or Quality Assessment Designees Professional Development: All individuals credentialed by the Building Science Institute must complete 6 hours of continuing education per calendar year to maintain their credential. Both organizati...
Home Energy Rating
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In order to provide evidence for the evolutionary functionality of the critical period in language acquisition, Hurford (1991) generated a computer simulation of plausible conditions of evolving generations, based on three central assumptions: Language is an evolutionary adaptation that is naturally selected for. Any g...
Critical period hypothesis
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This finding is in line with views of other researchers such as Chomsky and Pinker & Bloom (1990). For example, Steven Pinker and Paul Bloom argue that because a language is a complex design that serves a specific function that cannot be replaced by any other existing capacity, the trait of language acquisition can be ...
Critical period hypothesis
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In order to provide for less invasive wildlife tourism features and maintain ecosystem health, wild populations occasionally require maintenance measures. These measures can include the aforementioned conservation breeding programs to bolster population numbers, or culls to reduce population numbers. Population reducti...
Wildlife tourism
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In order to provide for the safety of both the rescuer and victim, a low to high risk algorithm has evolved for the implementation of various rescue methods in Swift Water Rescue. Under times of stress, the implementation of this algorithm helps to prevent a rescuer from endangering himself and the victim, thus providi...
High-water rescue
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While it is safest to talk a victim into performing a self-rescue, there exists a substantial increase in danger once a rescuer enters the water. "Talk" refers to the dialogue that takes place between the rescuer and victim, and includes the rescuer directing the victim in methods of self-rescue, such as swimming to sh...
High-water rescue
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In order to provide guaranteed enclosure, affine arithmetic operations must account for the roundoff errors in the computation of the resulting coefficients z j {\displaystyle z_{j}} . This cannot be done by rounding each z j {\displaystyle z_{j}} in a specific direction, because any such rounding would falsify the dep...
Affine arithmetic
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Thus, because of roundoff errors, even affine operations like Z = α {\displaystyle \alpha } X and Z = X + Y will add the extra term z k ϵ k {\displaystyle z_{k}\epsilon _{k}} . The handling of roundoff errors increases the code complexity and execution time of AA operations. In applications where those errors are known...
Affine arithmetic
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In order to provide high speed data services, a cable company will connect its headend to the Internet via very high capacity data links to a network service provider. On the subscriber side of the headend, the CMTS enables communication with subscribers' cable modems. Different CMTSs are capable of serving different c...
Cable modem termination system
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One way to think of a CMTS is to imagine a router with Ethernet interfaces (connections) on one side and coaxial cable RF interfaces on the other side. The Ethernet side is known as the Network Side Interface or NSI.A CMTS has separate RF interfaces and connectors for downlink and uplink signals. The RF/coax interfaces...
Cable modem termination system
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In other words, there can be a pair of RF connectors for every service group, although it is possible to configure a network with different numbers of connectors that service a set of service groups, based on the number of downstream and upstream channels the cable modems in every service group use. Every connector has...
Cable modem termination system
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A service group may serve up to 500 households. A service group has channels, whose bandwidth is shared among all members of the service group. The channels are later regrouped at the cable headend or distribution hub and serviced by CMTSs and other equipment such as Edge QAMs.
Cable modem termination system
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The RF signals from a CMTS, are connected via coaxial cable to headend RF management modules for RF splitting and combining, with other equipment such as other CMTSs so that several CMTS can service one service group, and then to an "optics platform" or headend platform, which has transmitter and receiver modules that ...
Cable modem termination system
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The trunk has one or more amplifiers along its length, and on the trunk there are distribution "taps" to which customers' modems are connected via coaxial cable. In fact, most CMTSs have both Ethernet interfaces (or other more traditional high-speed data interfaces like SONET) as well as RF interfaces. In this way, tra...
Cable modem termination system
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The traffic winds its way through the HFC to end up at the cable modem in the subscriber's home. Traffic from a subscriber's home system goes through the cable modem and out to the Internet in the opposite direction. CMTSs typically carry only IP traffic.
Cable modem termination system
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Traffic destined for the cable modem from the Internet, known as downstream traffic, is carried in IP packets encapsulated according to DOCSIS standard. These packets are carried on data streams that are typically modulated onto a TV channel using either 64-QAM or 256-QAM versions of quadrature amplitude modulation. Up...
Cable modem termination system
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This is usually done at the "subband" or "return" portion of the cable TV spectrum (also known as the "T" channels), a much lower part of the frequency spectrum than the downstream signal, usually 5–42 MHz in DOCSIS 2.0 or 5–65 MHz in EuroDOCSIS. A typical CMTS allows a subscriber's computer to obtain an IP address by ...
Cable modem termination system
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Traffic shaping is sometimes performed to prioritize application traffic, perhaps based upon subscribed plan or download usage and also to provide guaranteed Quality of service (QoS) for the cable operator's own PacketCable-based VOIP service. However, the function of traffic shaping is more likely done by a Cable Mode...
Cable modem termination system
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A customer's cable modem cannot communicate directly with other modems on the line. In general, cable modem traffic is routed to other cable modems or to the Internet through a series of CMTSs and traditional routers. However, a route could conceivably pass through a single CMTS.
Cable modem termination system
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A CCAP (Converged Cable Access Platform) combines CMTS and Edge QAM functionality in a single device so that it can provide both data (internet) with CMTS functionality, and video (TV channels) with Edge QAM functionality. Edge QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulator/Modulation) converts video sent via IP (internet protoco...
Cable modem termination system
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In order to provide mono "compatibility", the NICAM signal is transmitted on a subcarrier alongside the sound carrier. This means that the FM or AM regular mono sound carrier is left alone for reception by monaural receivers. A NICAM-based stereo-TV infrastructure can transmit a stereo TV programme as well as the mono ...
NICAM
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In this mode, the user can select which soundtrack to listen to when watching the content by operating a "sound-select" control on the receiver. This is the spectrum of NICAM on the PAL system. On the SECAM L system, the NICAM sound carrier is at 5.85 MHz, before the AM sound carrier, and the video bandwidth is reduced...
NICAM
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NICAM currently offers the following possibilities. The mode is automatically selected by the inclusion of a 3-bit type field in the data stream. One digital stereo sound channel.
NICAM
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Two completely different digital mono sound channels. One digital mono sound channel and a 352 kbit/s data channel. One 704 kbit/s data channel.The four other options could be implemented at a later date. Only the first two of the ones listed are known to be in general use however.
NICAM
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In order to provide mono compatibility, the NICAM signal is transmitted on a subcarrier alongside the sound carrier. This means that the FM or AM regular mono sound carrier is left alone for reception by monaural receivers. The NICAM packet (except for the header) is scrambled with a nine-bit pseudo-random bit-generato...
Packet (network)
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In order to provide optimal performance, pigment particles must act independently of each other in the coating film and thus must remain well dispersed throughout manufacture, storage, application, and film formation. Unfortunately, colloidal dispersions such as the pigment dispersions in liquid coatings are inherently...
Dispersing agent
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In order to provide performance guarantees to traffic flows it is necessary to specify some minimal performance of the server (depending on reservations in the network, or scheduling policy, etc.). Service curves provide a means of expressing resource availability. Several kinds of service curves exists, like weakly st...
Network calculus
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In order to provide power to equipment and experiments inside the MPLM during launch, the MPLM could be connected to the Shuttle's power supply by means of the Remotely Operated Electrical Umbilical (ROEU). The umbilical was mounted on the starboard side payload bay sidewall longeron, and was a folding arm umbilical th...
Multi Purpose Logistics Module
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In order to provide proper durability, databases need to use some form of sync in order to make sure the information written has made it to non-volatile storage rather than just being stored in a memory-based write cache that would be lost if power failed. PostgreSQL for example may use a variety of different sync call...
Sync (Unix)
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In order to provide smooth gearshifts without requiring the driver to manually match the engine revs for each gearshift, most modern passenger car transmissions use 'synchromesh' (also called 'synchronizer rings') on the forward gears. These devices automatically match the speed of the input shaft with that of the gear...
Manual gearbox
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When the driver moves the gearshift lever towards the next gear, these synchronizer rings press on the cone-shaped sleeve on the dog collar so that the friction forces can reduce the difference in rotational speeds. Once these speeds are equalized, the dog clutch can engage, and thus the new gear is now in use. In a mo...
Manual gearbox
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Many transmissions do not include synchromesh on the reverse gear (see Reverse gear section below).The synchromesh system must also prevent the collar from bridging the locking rings while the speeds are still being synchronized. This is achieved through 'blocker rings' (also called 'baulk rings'). The synchro ring rot...
Manual gearbox
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In this position, the dog clutch is prevented from engaging. Once the speeds are synchronized, friction on the blocker ring is relieved and the blocker ring twists slightly, bringing into alignment certain grooves or notches that allow the dog clutch to fall into the engagement.Common metals for synchronizer rings are ...
Manual gearbox
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The rings are sometimes coated with anti-wear linings (also called 'friction linings') made from molybdenum, iron, bronze or carbon (with the latter usually reserved for high-performance transmissions due to their high cost).Mechanical wear of the synchronizer rings and sleeves can cause the synchromesh system to becom...
Manual gearbox
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In order to provide the best possible annotation for a given protein, MobiDB combines all its data sources into a consensus annotation. This annotation differs from the ones belonging to the sources themselves in that it features a third state, in addition to "structured" and "disordered": when two authoritative source...
MobiDB
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In order to provide the best protection, children are recommended to receive vaccinations as soon as their immune systems are sufficiently developed to respond to particular vaccines, with additional "booster" shots often required to achieve "full immunity". This has led to the development of complex vaccination schedu...
Vaccine design
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To combat declining compliance rates, various notification systems have been instituted and many combination injections are now marketed (e.g., Pentavalent vaccine and MMRV vaccine), which protect against multiple diseases. Besides recommendations for infant vaccinations and boosters, many specific vaccines are recomme...
Vaccine design
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Pregnant women are often screened for continued resistance to rubella. The human papillomavirus vaccine is recommended in the U.S. (as of 2011) and UK (as of 2009). Vaccine recommendations for the elderly concentrate on pneumonia and influenza, which are more deadly to that group. In 2006, a vaccine was introduced agai...
Vaccine design
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In order to provide the long-term production of sperm, gonocytes undergo proliferation to produce a populate pool of SSCs. Once enclosed by Sertoli cells to form the testicular cords, gonocytes undergo a succession of differing fetal and neonatal periods of mitosis, with a phase of quiescence in between. The mitotic ac...
Gonocyte
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Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive metabolite of retinal, is a morphogen shown to modulate fetal gonocyte proliferation. Investigation of fetal gonocyte activity in organ cultures recorded RA to slightly stimulate proliferation. Moreover, RA inhibited differentiation by stopping the fetal gonocytes from entering mitotic...
Gonocyte
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RA, by decreasing the overall fetal gonocyte population via apoptosis, is speculated to allow the elimination of mutated and dysfunctional germ cells. The activation of protein kinase C by phorbol ester PMA also decreased fetal gonocyte mitotic activity.There are a number of factors that influence neonatal gonocyte pro...
Gonocyte
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In order to provide the maximum possible warning time of an incoming raid, the RAF's Chain Home (CH) radar stations had been positioned as far forward as possible, right on the coastline. These systems could only see targets in front of them, over the English Channel. Tracking over land fell to the Royal Observer Corps...
AI radar
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Here, in the Fighter Command's "filter room" at RAF Bentley Priory, operators would plot the map coordinates sent to them on a single large map, which allowed them to correlate multiple reports of the same target into a single track. Telephone operators, or "tellers", would then forward this information to group headqu...
AI radar
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In order to provide the necessary performance to launch polar-orbiting shuttles from the SLC-6 launch pad at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, SRBs using filament-wound cases (FWC) were designed to be more lightweight than the steel cases used on Kennedy Space Center-launched SRBs. Unlike the regular SRBs, which...
Advanced Solid Rocket Motor
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In order to provide the network broader signal coverage within the Little Rock market, on January 29, 2001, Equity transferred KKYK's WB network and syndicated programming to channel 42; the intellectual unit of KYPX—which changed its calls accordingly to KLRA-TV, in reference to its city of license—concurrently moved ...
KARZ-TV
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Under Equity ownership, channel 42 served as the group's flagship station. (Shortly after its purchase of KWBF, Equity acquired a second station, KLRA-LP , which became the market's Univision affiliate in 2001.) KWBF also relayed its programming on two low-power translators: KWBF-LP (channel 5) in Sheridan and KWBK-LP ...
KARZ-TV
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In order to purify toxin B from C. difficile cell cultures, brain heart infusion broth is used because it promotes the synthesis of toxin B. The filtration method facilitates purification of toxin B from the supernatant of C. difficile. The toxin concentration of the supernatant is proportional to the organism cell cou...
Clostridium difficile toxin B
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In order to qualify as a sustainable diet using UN guidelines, a diet must keep greenhouse gas emissions, use of fertilizers, and pollution within established targets. The diet must also reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases and promote general wellbeing. Additionally, foods produced in line with a sustainable d...
Sustainable diet
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In order to qualify as a thermoplastic elastomer, a material must have these three essential characteristics: The ability to be stretched to moderate elongations and, upon the removal of stress, return to something close to its original shape Processable as a melt at elevated temperature Absence of significant creep
Thermoplastic elastomers
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In order to qualify for RMAT status, a treatment must meet the definition of a regenerative medicine therapy, intend to treat, modify, reverse or cure a serious condition, and be supported by preliminary clinical evidence that indicates the RMAT candidate can address the clinical need.A regenerative medicine therapy is...
Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy
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In order to qualify for SQT assessment chemistry, toxicity, and in situ measurements must be collected synoptically using standardized methods of sediment quality. A control sample is necessary to evaluate impact of contaminated sites. An appropriate reference is a whole sediment sample (particles and associated pore w...
Sediment quality triad
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In order to qualify for incorporation into the dataset, however, an image must satisfy a stronger condition: P ( I | c f ) P ( I | c b ) > λ A c b − λ R c b λ R c f − λ A c f P ( c b ) P ( c f ) {\displaystyle \displaystyle {\frac {P(I|c_{f})}{P(I|c_{b})}}>{\frac {\lambda _{Ac_{b}}-\lambda _{Rc_{b}}}{\lambda _{Rc_{f}}-...
Object categorization from image search
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Once an image is accepted by meeting the above criterion and incorporated into the dataset, however, it needs to meet another criterion before it is incorporated into the 揷ache set敆the set of images to be used for training. This set is intended to be a diverse subset of the set of accepted images. If the model were tra...
Object categorization from image search
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In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique,...
Copyright Infringement
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In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar...
Copyright Infringement
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In order to qualify for the participation in the real championship, the participating teams had first to show their autonomous driving capabilities on a simulator, by completing a series of hackathon challenges of increasing difficulty, starting from a solo lap and simple obstacle avoidance to 1-to-1 full races. The si...
Indy Autonomous Challenge
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In order to qualify for this award a person normally needs to have at least 8 to 10 years professional experience in IT, with evidence of experience at a senior level (5) in the Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA), have passed a professional competency examination and successfully completed a skills assessm...
Chartered IT Professional
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In order to qualify, students – who primarily should come from developing States – are required to have a first law degree. At IMLI, 50% of the places on the course each year are reserved for women candidates. Candidates are generally nominated and supported by their Governments, but seats are also allocated to indepen...
International Maritime Law Institute
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In order to quantify and evaluate the biological integrity of a system, the index of biological integrity (IBI) was formulated by James Karr in 1981. In this index the baseline biological integrity (its function before human influence) and the current functions of an ecosystem are measured against one another to evalua...
Biological integrity
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In order to quantify the burst suppression pattern, the EEG signal must be subject to segmentation. The first segmentation used a fixed voltage-threshold, and various methods for segmentation or burst detection have developed in time domain, frequency (Fourier) domain, and both. These processes separates burst and supp...
Burst suppression
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Thus, a burst suppression ratio of 1 is associated with a state of the brain that shows no electrical activity, while a ratio of 0 indicates that the brain is active. The burst suppression ratio measures the amount of time within an interval spent in the suppressed state. This ratio increases as the brain becomes incre...
Burst suppression
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Because of the direct relationship between burst suppression ratio and brain inactivity, the ratio is an indicator of suppression intensity.Using the same binary assignments to the burst suppression pattern, another measure of the depth of burst suppression, the burst suppression probability (BSP), can be determined. M...
Burst suppression
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In order to quantify the degree of alteration that a meteorite experienced, several qualitative weathering indices have been applied to antarctic and desert samples.The most known weathering scale is based upon the effects seen in polished thin sections of chondritic meteorites and it ranges from W0 (pristine) to W6 (h...
Meteorite weathering
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Usually recently fallen meteorites are of this grade, although some are already W1. W1: small oxide rims around metal and troilite, small oxide veins. W2: moderate oxidation of metal (about 20-60% replaced).
Meteorite weathering
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W3: heavy oxidation of metal and troilite (60-95% replaced). W4: complete oxidation of metal and troilite (>95% replaced), but no alteration of silicates. W5: beginning alteration of mafic silicates, mainly along cracks.
Meteorite weathering
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W6: heavy replacement of silicates by clay minerals and oxides.The Meteorite Working Group at the Johnson Space Center uses weathering categories A B, C and E to denote the alteration of antarctic meteorites. Their official definitions are: A: Minor rustiness; rust haloes on metal particles and rust stains along fractu...
Meteorite weathering
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In order to quantify the number of substitutions, one may reconstruct the ancestral sequence and record the inferred changes at sites (straight counting – likely to provide an underestimate); fitting the substitution rates at sites into predetermined categories (Bayesian approach; poor for small data sets); and generat...
Ka/Ks ratio
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In order to quickly and accurately share the situation at the scene of an incident, Aichi Prefectural Police have introduced a system that automatically transmits video footage of police officers at the scene of an incident to the prefectural police headquarters in real time. This is the first time in Japan that a syst...
Police body camera
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When a police officer arrives at the scene, he or she uses a small camera on his or her mobile phone attached to his or her right breast. When the officer operates the radio, the camera is automatically activated and starts recording video, and the video and sound are transmitted to headquarters and the relevant depart...
Police body camera
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Until now, the situation at the scene of an incident has been communicated verbally over the radio, but from now on, detailed information on the scene of an incident, as well as the physique and clothing of the suspicious person the police officer confronts, can be instantly shared in the form of video images from the ...
Police body camera
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In order to raise awareness about the research being conducted under the auspices of ASTEP, scientists have been increasingly using blogs as a way to convey information about their studies, typically when they are performing science at a remote location on a terrestrial field test. Scientists have also begun contacting...
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
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In order to rank players, FIDE, ICCF, and most national chess organizations use the Elo rating system developed by Arpad Elo. An average club player has a rating of about 1500; the highest FIDE rating of all time, 2882, was achieved by Magnus Carlsen on the March 2014 FIDE rating list.Players may be awarded lifetime ti...
Chess
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There are other milestones a player can achieve to attain the title, such as winning the World Junior Championship. International Master (IM).
Chess
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The conditions are similar to GM, but less demanding. The minimum rating for the IM title is 2400. FIDE Master (FM).
Chess
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The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE Master title is by achieving a FIDE rating of 2300 or more. Candidate Master (CM). Similar to FM, but with a FIDE rating of at least 2200.The above titles are open to both men and women.
Chess
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There are also separate women-only titles; Woman Grandmaster (WGM), Woman International Master (WIM), Woman FIDE Master (WFM) and Woman Candidate Master (WCM). These require a performance level approximately 200 Elo rating points below the similarly named open titles, and their continued existence has sometimes been co...
Chess
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In order to reach a minimal focal distance, the aperture and the focal length of the lens are reduced (a slow wide-angle lens), to make the hyperfocal distance small. This allows the depth of field to extend from a short distance to infinity. A disadvantage of this is there will be reduction in light that will reach th...
Fixed focus
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The amount of collected light can be increased by opening the angle of view, which is achieved with an even shorter focal length resulting in a wide-angle lens. Telephoto lenses are not feasible at a reasonable lens speed. The advantage of this design is that it can be produced very inexpensively, more so than autofocu...
Fixed focus
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In order to reach its objective, the mission defined these goals: High-resolution mineralogical and chemical imaging of the permanently shadowed north- and south-polar regions To search for surface or sub-surface lunar water-ice, especially at the lunar poles Identification of chemicals in lunar highland rocks Chemical...
Chandrayaan-1
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In order to reach low pressures, it is often useful to heat the entire system above 100 °C (212 °F) for many hours (a process known as bake-out) to remove water and other trace gases which adsorb on the surfaces of the chamber. This may also be required upon "cycling" the equipment to atmosphere. This process significa...
Ultrahigh vacuum
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In order to reach the Moon or a planet at a desired time, the spacecraft must be launched within a limited range of times known as the launch window. Using a preliminary parking orbit before final injection can widen this window from seconds or minutes, to several hours. For the Apollo program's crewed lunar missions, ...
Parking orbit
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In order to reach towards a space station, a spacecraft would have to arrive at the same orbit and approach to a very close distance (e.g. within visual contact). This is done by a set of orbital maneuvers called space rendezvous. After rendezvousing with the space station, the space vehicle then docks or berths with t...
Uncrewed spaceflight
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In order to read a compressibility chart, the reduced pressure and temperature must be known. If either the reduced pressure or temperature is unknown, the reduced specific volume must be found. Unlike the reduced pressure and temperature, the reduced specific volume is not found by using the critical volume. The reduc...
Compression factor
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In a compressibility chart, reduced pressure is on the x-axis and Z is on the y-axis. When given the reduced pressure and temperature, find the given pressure on the x-axis. From there, move up on the chart until the given reduced temperature is found. Z is found by looking where those two points intersect. the same pr...
Compression factor
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In order to reap the benefits of working in this small-angle regime, one must take into consideration: The characteristic length scale of the polymer, e.g. R g {\displaystyle R_{g}} The wavelength of the scattered particlesThe ratio R g λ {\displaystyle {\frac {R_{g}}{\lambda }}} will determine the available angular sp...
Polymer scattering
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In order to reap the real benefits of a sharing economy and somehow address some issues that revolve around it, there is a great need for the government and policy-makers to create the “right enabling framework based on a set of guiding principles” proposed by the World Economic Forum. These principles are derived from...
Sharing economy
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This entails that “governments need to provide an initially encouraging environment while also building necessary infrastructure to allow for the development of innovation hubs.” The second principle is that sharing economy should be people centered. This means that policies should be focused on “increasing the overall...
Sharing economy
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The fifth principle is the data-driven government. Since most sharing economy relies on the use of digital platforms, data can be easily collected, analyzed, and shared which can boost the urban environment through public-private partnerships. The sixth principle talks about the flexible governance where actors should ...
Sharing economy
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In order to rebuild the Republic, the Admirable Campaign took Bolívar very rapidly in just a few months to Caracas on August 6, 1813. However, the whole enterprise came to an end in 1814, when the royalist troops of José Tomás Boves finally defeated the patriot forces and forced Bolívar to retreat, with the additional ...
Jamaica Letter
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In order to receive HRPT transmissions a high gain antenna is required, such as a small satellite dish, a helical antenna, or a crossed yagi. Basic reception equipment includes a parabolic dish antenna attached to an Azimuth-Elevation unit. The HRPT signal is further enhanced with a 1.7 GHz pre-amplifier. An HRPT recei...
High-resolution picture transmission
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In order to receive and administer an HBSS system, system administrators must satisfactorily complete online or in class HBSS training as well as be identified as an HBSS administrator. Online training takes 30 hours to complete while in class training requires four days, excluding travel. An advanced HBSS class is als...
Host Based Security System
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In order to receive the American Humane Certified logo, farms must pass an assessment based on a list of over 200 standards. The standards are unique for each farm animal species.The American Humane Association uses independent firms to perform annual audits on certified farms in order to ensure they are complying with...
Animal happiness certification
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In order to recognize a pedestrian, the computational system uses AI pattern recognition technology that typically uses machine learning and deep convolutional neural networks based on millions of images. In a simplified description, images from the car's camera and radar are compared to the prototypes stored in the co...
Pedestrian crash avoidance mitigation
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In order to recognize a specific sign, a tracker often has a preconceived image of what a typical sign looks like. Without preconceived images many signs may be overlooked. However, with a preconceived image of a specific animal's spoor in mind, trackers will tend to 'recognize' spoor in markings made by another animal...
Animal tracking
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Decisions made at a glance can often be erroneous, so when encountering new signs, trackers take their time to study signs in detail. While preconceived images may help in recognizing signs, the tracker must, however, avoid the preconditioned tendency to look for one set of things in the environment to the exclusion of...
Animal tracking
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They will look for such features in the footprints as well as for an individual manner of walking. Often hoofs of antelope are broken or have chipped edges, or when the animal is walking it may leave a characteristic scuff mark. Experienced trackers will memorise a spoor and be able to distinguish that individual anima...
Animal tracking
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When following a spoor, trackers will walk next to it, not on it, taking care not to spoil the trail so that it can easily be found again if the spoor is lost.The shadows cast by ridges in the spoor show up best if the spoor is kept between the tracker and the sun. With the sun shining from behind the spoor, the shadow...
Animal tracking
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Tracking is easiest in the morning and late afternoon, as the shadows cast by the ridges in the spoor are longer and stand out better than at or near midday. As the sun moves higher in the sky, the shadows grow shorter. At midday the spoor may cast no shadows at all, making them difficult to see in the glare of the sun...
Animal tracking
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By looking up, well ahead of themselves, approximately five to ten meters (15–30 feet) depending on the terrain, they are able to track much faster and with more ease. Unless they need to study the spoor more closely, it is not necessary to examine every sign. If they see a sign ten meters ahead, those in between can b...
Animal tracking
c_o7m4chmacn12
Over difficult terrain it may not be possible to see signs well ahead, so trackers will have to look at the ground in front of them and move more slowly. Trackers must also avoid concentrating all their attention on the tracks, thereby ignoring everything around them. Tracking requires varying attention, a constant ref...
Animal tracking