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c_mlf0x8zpb3bi | The p orbitals of the bridgehead atom and adjacent atoms are orthogonal and thus are not aligned properly for the formation of pi bonds. Fawcett quantified the rule by defining S as the number of non-bridgehead atoms in a ring system, and postulated that stability required S ≥ 9 in bicyclic systems and S ≥ 11 in tricyc... | Bredt's rule |
c_u2w08uiaxpvw | The above norbornene system has S = 5 and so they are not preparable. Bredt's rule can be useful for predicting which isomer is obtained from an elimination reaction in a bridged ring system. | Bredt's rule |
c_uicoyv1tqh9o | It can also be applied to reaction mechanisms that go via carbocations and, to a lesser degree, via free radicals, because these intermediates, like carbon atoms involved in a double bond, prefer to have a planar geometry with 120 degree angles and sp2 hybridization. The rule also allows the rationalisation of observat... | Bredt's rule |
c_6wbqx3wo4zw3 | The mechanism of decarboxylation involves an enolate intermediate, which is an S = 9 species in the former case and an S = 5 species in the latter, preventing the decarboxylation in the smaller ring system.An anti-bredt molecule is one that is found to exist and be stable (within certain parameters) despite this rule. ... | Bredt's rule |
c_0mka641l9ypw | In organic chemistry, Carnelley's rule, established in 1882 by Thomas Carnelley, states that high molecular symmetry is associated with high melting point. Carnelley based his rule on examination of 15,000 chemical compounds. For example, for three structural isomers with molecular formula C5H12 the melting point incre... | Liquefaction point |
c_vurhtehtwsh2 | Likewise in xylenes and also dichlorobenzenes the melting point increases in the order meta, ortho and then para. Pyridine has a lower symmetry than benzene hence its lower melting point but the melting point again increases with diazine and triazines. Many cage-like compounds like adamantane and cubane with high symme... | Liquefaction point |
c_zbus9g0ha9wq | In organic chemistry, Eschenmoser's salt (named for Albert Eschenmoser) is the ionic, organic compound I. It is the iodide salt of the dimethylaminomethylene cation +. The dimethylaminomethylene cation is a strong dimethylaminomethylating agent, used to prepare derivatives of the type RCH2N(CH3)2. Enolates, silyl enol ... | Eschenmoser's salt |
c_295slm7y3xne | In organic chemistry, Fehling's solution is a chemical reagent used to differentiate between water-soluble carbohydrate and ketone (>C=O) functional groups, and as a test for reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars, supplementary to the Tollens' reagent test. The test was developed by German chemist Hermann von Fehling... | Fehling's reagent |
c_evcrzbdcccoj | In organic chemistry, GM2 is a type of ganglioside. G refers to ganglioside, the M is for monosialic (as in it has one sialic acid), and 2 refers to the fact that it was the second monosialic ganglioside discovered. It is associated with GM2 gangliosidoses such as Tay–Sachs disease. | GM2 (ganglioside) |
c_o3isl4wddflh | In organic chemistry, H3PO2 can be used for the reduction of arenediazonium salts, converting ArN+2 to Ar–H. When diazotized in a concentrated solution of hypophosphorous acid, an amine substituent can be removed from arenes. Owing to its ability to function as a mild reducing agent and oxygen scavenger it is sometimes... | H3O2P |
c_74mc4lhldwt0 | In organic chemistry, Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature, also called the extended Hantzsch–Widman system (named for Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch and Karl Oskar Widman), is a type of systematic chemical nomenclature used for naming heterocyclic parent hydrides having no more than ten ring members. Some common heterocyclic compound... | Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature |
c_a3jhwdiw9fua | In organic chemistry, Hückel's rule predicts that a planar ring molecule will have aromatic properties if it has 4n + 2 π electrons, where n is a non-negative integer. The quantum mechanical basis for its formulation was first worked out by physical chemist Erich Hückel in 1931. The succinct expression as the 4n + 2 ru... | Hückel rule |
c_ab28vbofysaz | In organic chemistry, KF can be used for the conversion of chlorocarbons into fluorocarbons, via the Finkelstein (alkyl halides) and Halex reactions (aryl chlorides). Such reactions usually employ polar solvents such as dimethyl formamide, ethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. More efficient fluorination of aliphati... | Potassium fluoride |
c_asiqiij85924 | In organic chemistry, Madelung synthesis is a chemical reaction that produces (substituted or unsubstituted) indoles by the intramolecular cyclization of N-phenylamides using strong base at high temperature. The Madelung synthesis was reported in 1912 by Walter Madelung, when he observed that 2-phenylindole was synthes... | Madelung synthesis |
c_ssv6gsvcyqwx | In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870. | Markovnikov product |
c_19zcimiibwkt | In organic chemistry, Möbius aromaticity is a special type of aromaticity believed to exist in a number of organic molecules. In terms of molecular orbital theory these compounds have in common a monocyclic array of molecular orbitals in which there is an odd number of out-of-phase overlaps, the opposite pattern compar... | Möbius aromaticity |
c_y20pexs8y1rl | Due to incrementally twisted nature of the orbitals of a Möbius aromatic system, stable Möbius aromatic molecules need to contain at least 8 electrons, although 4 electron Möbius aromatic transition states are well known in the context of the Dewar-Zimmerman framework for pericyclic reactions. Möbius molecular systems ... | Möbius aromaticity |
c_8rjwc8vnyt6d | In organic chemistry, Nef synthesis is the addition of sodium acetylides to aldehydes and ketones to yield acetylenic carbinols. It is named for John Ulric Nef, who discovered the reaction in 1899. This process is often erroneously referred to as the Nef reaction, which is an unrelated chemical transformation discovere... | Nef synthesis |
c_rmllwcxxu3ml | In organic chemistry, S-nitrosothiols, also known as thionitrites, are organic compounds or functional groups containing a nitroso group attached to the sulfur atom of a thiol. S-Nitrosothiols have the general formula R−S−N=O, where R denotes an organic group. Originally suggested by Ignarro to serve as intermediates i... | S-Nitrosothiol |
c_tcsi6geovpbc | More recently, S-nitrosothiols have been implicated as primary mediators of protein S-nitrosylation, the oxidative modification of cysteine thiol that provides ubiquitous regulation of protein function. S-Nitrosothiols have received much attention in biochemistry because they serve as donors of both the nitrosonium ion... | S-Nitrosothiol |
c_angnzbothh55 | The addition of a nitroso group to a sulfur atom of an amino acid residue of a protein is known as S-nitrosylation or S-nitrosation. This is a reversible process and a major form of posttranslational modification of proteins.S-Nitrosylated proteins (SNO-proteins) serve to transmit nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and to r... | S-Nitrosothiol |
c_jdffwzpguvcg | In organic chemistry, Wittig reagents are organophosphorus compounds of the formula R3P=CHR', where R is usually phenyl. They are used to convert ketones and aldehydes to alkenes: | Wittig reagents |
c_dmrtwl47nxr3 | In organic chemistry, a 1,3-dipolar compound or 1,3-dipole is a dipolar compound with delocalized electrons and a separation of charge over three atoms. They are reactants in 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions.The dipole has at least one resonance structure with positive and negative charges having a 1,3 relationship which can... | 1,3-dipole |
c_0scsdb6b4ebe | In organic chemistry, a Bechgaard salt is any one of a number of organic charge-transfer complexes that exhibit superconductivity at low temperatures. They are named for chemist Klaus Bechgaard, who was one of the first scientists to synthesize them and demonstrate their superconductivity with the help of physicist Den... | Bechgaard salt |
c_62eks4w1bavw | These properties help the final salt conduct electrons by shuttling them through the orbital vacancies left in the donor molecules. All Bechgaard salts have a variation on a single tetrathiafulvalene motif—different superconductors have been made with appendages to the motif, or using a tetraselenafulvalene center inst... | Bechgaard salt |
c_i80ptlsnsh52 | In organic chemistry, a Platonic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon (molecule) whose structure matches one of the five Platonic solids, with carbon atoms replacing its vertices, carbon–carbon bonds replacing its edges, and hydrogen atoms as needed.Not all Platonic solids have molecular hydrocarbon counterparts; those that do... | Platonic hydrocarbons |
c_ythxxvt6vxoo | In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure R1R2C=NR3 (R3 = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of S... | Schiff bases |
c_640llsyef998 | In organic chemistry, a bent bond, also known as a banana bond, is a type of covalent chemical bond with a geometry somewhat reminiscent of a banana. The term itself is a general representation of electron density or configuration resembling a similar "bent" structure within small ring molecules, such as cyclopropane (... | Bent bond |
c_ka2ogtv5fy1s | In organic chemistry, a benzylidene acetal is the functional group with the structural formula C6H5CH(OR)2 (R = alkyl, aryl). Benzylidene acetals are used as protecting groups in glycochemistry. These compounds can also be oxidized to carboxylic acids in order to open important biological molecules, such as glycosamino... | Benzylidene acetal |
c_mqylyrsq037q | They arise from the reaction of a 1,2- or 1,3-diols with benzaldehyde. Other aromatic aldehydes are also used. == References == | Benzylidene acetal |
c_cdd50wv6ev14 | In organic chemistry, a bipolaron is a molecule or part of a macromolecular chain containing two positive charges in a conjugated system. The charges can be located in the centre of the chain or at its termini. Bipolarons and polarons are encountered in doped conducting polymers such as polythiophene. It is possible to... | Bipolaron |
c_tvce2n03agi8 | The diamagnetic bis(triaryl)amine dication 2 in scheme 1 is prepared from the neutral precursor 1 in dichloromethane by reaction with 4 equivalents of antimony pentachloride. Two resonance structures exist for the dication. Structure 2a is a (singlet) diradical and 2b is the closed shell quinoid. The experimental bond ... | Bipolaron |
c_lk6lnuswcafi | In organic chemistry, a bisthiosemicarbazone is a derivative from an elimination reaction between a thiosemicarbazide and a diketone. Their structure is H2NHC(=S)NN=C(R1)−R2−C(R3)=NNHC(=S)NH2. A 'thiosemicarbazone' contains a sulfur atom in lieu of the ketonic oxygen in semicarbazone. Bisthiosemicarbazones are known to... | Bisthiosemicarbazone |
c_pqr7acsnsdsa | In organic chemistry, a carbamate is a category of organic compounds with the general formula R2NC(O)OR and structure >N−C(=O)−O−, which are formally derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH). The term includes organic compounds (e.g., the ester ethyl carbamate), formally obtained by replacing one or more of the hydrogen at... | Carbamate insecticide |
c_njse7fnmxfsh | In organic chemistry, a carbanion is an anion in which carbon is negatively charged.Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: R3CH + B− → R3C− + HBwhere B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp2 carbon), arenes (at an sp2 carbon... | CH acidity |
c_b8bxo5ru9h1t | A carbanion is one of several reactive intermediates in organic chemistry. In organic synthesis, organolithium reagents and Grignard reagents are commonly treated and referred to as "carbanions." This is a convenient approximation, although these species are generally clusters or complexes containing highly polar, but ... | CH acidity |
c_n1mgkrz1hy9u | In organic chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a valence of two and two unshared valence electrons. The general formula is R−:C−R' or R=C: where the R represents substituents or hydrogen atoms. The term "carbene" may also refer to the specific compound :CH2, also called methylene, t... | Carbene |
c_27jtn8ljfmu0 | In organic chemistry, a carbodiimide (systematic IUPAC name: methanediimine) is a functional group with the formula RN=C=NR. On Earth they are exclusively synthetic, but in interstellar space the parent compound HN=C=NH has been detected by its maser emissions.A well known carbodiimide is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, whic... | Carbodiimide |
c_h6a46ks4056a | In organic chemistry, a carbonate ester (organic carbonate or organocarbonate) is an ester of carbonic acid. This functional group consists of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R−O−C(=O)−O−R' and they are related to esters (R−O−C(=O)−R'), ethers (R−O−R') and als... | Organic carbonate |
c_vmp7ngko7pjc | In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group characterizes the following types of compounds: Other organic carbonyls are urea and the carbamates, the derivatives of acyl chlorides chloroformates and phosgene, carbonate esters, thioesters, lactones, lactams, hydroxamates, and isocyanates. Examples of inorganic carbonyl compou... | Carbonyl compounds |
c_77yh8scast5g | In organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula C=O, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom. It is common to several classes of organic compounds (such as aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids), as part of many larger functional groups... | Carbonyl group |
c_2wsyzgggej4b | In organic chemistry, a carboxylate is the conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, RCOO− (or RCO−2). It is an ion with negative charge. Carboxylate salts are salts that have the general formula M(RCOO)n, where M is a metal and n is 1, 2,.... Carboxylate esters have the general formula RCOOR′ (also written as RCO2R′), wher... | Carboxylate salt |
c_zyqwler3nmqy | In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group (C(=O)OH) attached to an R-group. The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R−COOH or R−CO2H, with R referring to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other group. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acid... | -oic acid |
c_kwkltih6w0i7 | In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose structure consists of an electrically neutral carbon atom connected by a single covalent bond and has three non-bonded electrons. The carbon atom has either one or three unpaired electrons, depending on its excitation state; making it a radical. T... | Carbyne |
c_45czm20i703s | In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ... | Condensation reaction |
c_2xltp80k5q8e | The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to t... | Condensation reaction |
c_s5ptrcwg3d60 | In organic chemistry, a coupling reaction is a type of reaction in which two reactant molecules are bonded together. Such reactions often require the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (where R = organic group, M = main group centre metal atom) ... | Reductive coupling |
c_nlnz3fnrd2jq | The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction.Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions.Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized: Homocouplings joining t... | Reductive coupling |
c_dlbgtrj6hv42 | In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalysts. | Palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction |
c_xinsjbyvw8mh | One important reaction type is this: R−M + R'−X → R−R' + MX (R, R' = organic fragments, usually aryle; M = main group center such as Li or MgX; X = halide)These reactions are used to form carbon–carbon bonds but also carbon-heteroatom bonds. Cross-coupling reaction are a subset of coupling reactions. Richard F. Heck, E... | Palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction |
c_bjat4vc5kad3 | In organic chemistry, a cyanohydrin or hydroxynitrile is a functional group found in organic compounds in which a cyano and a hydroxy group are attached to the same carbon atom. The general formula is R2C(OH)CN, where R is H, alkyl, or aryl. Cyanohydrins are industrially important precursors to carboxylic acids and som... | Cyanohydrin |
c_xi0jx5eufk2q | Cyanohydrins can be formed by the cyanohydrin reaction, which involves treating a ketone or an aldehyde with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of excess amounts of sodium cyanide (NaCN) as a catalyst: RR’C=O + HCN → RR’C(OH)CNIn this reaction, the nucleophilic CN− ion attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon in t... | Cyanohydrin |
c_8ginypqtzg6k | In organic chemistry, a cycloaddition is a chemical reaction in which "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity". The resulting reaction is a cyclization reaction. Many but not all cycloaddi... | Cycloaddition reaction |
c_ts28y4uq0fd4 | As a class of addition reaction, cycloadditions permit carbon–carbon bond formation without the use of a nucleophile or electrophile. Cycloadditions can be described using two systems of notation. An older but still common notation is based on the size of linear arrangements of atoms in the reactants. | Cycloaddition reaction |
c_e0r0f89xzx9v | It uses parentheses: (i + j + …) where the variables are the numbers of linear atoms in each reactant. The product is a cycle of size (i + j + …). In this system, the standard Diels-Alder reaction is a (4 + 2)-cycloaddition, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is a (3 + 2)-cycloaddition and cyclopropanation of a carbene with... | Cycloaddition reaction |
c_h2q6hzmlqdp9 | In organic chemistry, a cycloalkene or cycloolefin is a type of alkene hydrocarbon which contains a closed ring of carbon atoms and either one or more double bonds, but has no aromatic character. Some cycloalkenes, such as cyclobutene and cyclopentene, can be used as monomers to produce polymer chains. Due to geometric... | Cycloalkene |
c_57b4ex578unl | In greater carbon number cycloalkenes, the addition of CH2 substituents decreases strain. trans-Cycloalkenes with 7 or fewer carbons in the ring will not occur under normal conditions because of the large amount of ring strain needed. In larger rings (8 or more atoms), cis–trans isomerism of the double bond may occur. ... | Cycloalkene |
c_mmll39j1gc9j | In organic chemistry, a cycloalkyne is the cyclic analog of an alkyne (−C≡C−). A cycloalkyne consists of a closed ring of carbon atoms containing one or more triple bonds. Cycloalkynes have a general formula CnH2n−4. Because of the linear nature of the C−C≡C−C alkyne unit, cycloalkynes can be highly strained and can on... | Cyclopropyne |
c_harez2ttyc17 | Large alkyne-containing carbocycles may be virtually unstrained, while the smallest constituents of this class of molecules may experience so much strain that they have yet to be observed experimentally. Cyclooctyne (C8H12) is the smallest cycloalkyne capable of being isolated and stored as a stable compound. Despite t... | Cyclopropyne |
c_sjx3tht7o6kg | In organic chemistry, a cyclocarbon (or simply cyclocarbon) is a chemical compound consisting solely of a number n of carbon atoms covalently linked in a ring. Since the compounds are composed only of carbon atoms, they are allotropes of carbon. Possible bonding patterns include all double bonds (a cyclic cumulene) or ... | Cyclocarbon |
c_sgmctkj8dkfg | In organic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is a molecule containing two carbonyl (C=O) groups. Although this term could refer to any organic compound containing two carbonyl groups, it is used more specifically to describe molecules in which both carbonyls are in close enough proximity that their reactivity is changed, such as... | 1,3-dicarbonyl compound |
c_jae3ccewia14 | In organic chemistry, a dicarboxylic acid is an organic compound containing two carboxyl groups (−COOH). The general molecular formula for dicarboxylic acids can be written as HO2C−R−CO2H, where R can be aliphatic or aromatic. In general, dicarboxylic acids show similar chemical behavior and reactivity to monocarboxyli... | Dicarboxylic acid |
c_asphurgl50z9 | The most widely used dicarboxylic acid in the industry is adipic acid, which is a precursor in the production of nylon. Other examples of dicarboxylic acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, two amino acids in the human body. The name can be abbreviated to diacid. | Dicarboxylic acid |
c_rq1iqwkwo75o | In organic chemistry, a diene ( DY-een); also diolefin, dy-OH-lə-fin) or alkadiene) is a covalent compound that contains two double bonds, usually among carbon atoms. They thus contain two alkene units, with the standard prefix di of systematic nomenclature. As a subunit of more complex molecules, dienes occur in natur... | Cumulated double bond |
c_jwebopizwcjz | In organic chemistry, a diethynylbenzene dianion is an anion consisting of two ethynyl anions as substituents on a benzene ring. With the chemical formula C6H4C2−4, three positional isomers are possible, differing in the relative positions of the two substituents around the ring: ortho-diethynylbenzene dianion meta-die... | Diethynylbenzene dianion |
c_bfaukic5gffy | In organic chemistry, a dioxazolone is a cyclic carbonate incorporated into C2NO2 ring. It is an uncommon heterocyclic compound. They arise by the phosgenation of hydroxamic acids: RC(O)NHOH + COCl2 → RC=NO2CO + 2 HClAlthough dioxazolones are often explosive, they are of interest as precursors to isocyanates: RC=NO2CO ... | Dioxazolone |
c_2o3hpundhm20 | In organic chemistry, a dipolar compound or simply dipole is an electrically neutral molecule carrying a positive and a negative charge in at least one canonical description. In most dipolar compounds the charges are delocalized. Unlike salts, dipolar compounds have charges on separate atoms, not on positive and negati... | Dipolar compound |
c_vqpdcwfof1mq | Dipolar compounds can be represented by a resonance structure. Contributing structures containing charged atoms are denoted as zwitterions. Some dipolar compounds can have an uncharged canonical form. | Dipolar compound |
c_i8rrmered7ej | In organic chemistry, a dithiocarbamate is a functional group with the general formula R2N−C(=S)−S−R and structure >N−C(=S)−S−. It is the analog of a carbamate in which both oxygen atoms are replaced by sulfur atoms (when only 1 oxygen is replaced the result is thiocarbamate). Dithiocarbamate also refers to the dithioc... | Ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) |
c_bh5cyjzd2vdd | In organic chemistry, a dithiol is a type of organosulfur compound with two thiol (−SH) functional groups. Their properties are generally similar to those of monothiols in terms of solubility, odor, and volatility. They can be classified according to the relative location of the two thiol groups on the organic backbone... | Dithiol |
c_z4dvfo7ansbl | In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the rest of the molecule's composition. This enables systematic prediction of chemic... | Chemical group |
c_bv29vw40z8f3 | Functional group interconversion can be used in retrosynthetic analysis to plan organic synthesis. A functional group is a group of atoms in a molecule with distinctive chemical properties, regardless of the other atoms in the molecule. The atoms in a functional group are linked to each other and to the rest of the mol... | Chemical group |
c_1tla1q7omi8e | For repeating units of polymers, functional groups attach to their nonpolar core of carbon atoms and thus add chemical character to carbon chains. Functional groups can also be charged, e.g. in carboxylate salts (–COO−), which turns the molecule into a polyatomic ion or a complex ion. Functional groups binding to a cen... | Chemical group |
c_0ccimpkd147o | Complexation and solvation are also caused by specific interactions of functional groups. In the common rule of thumb "like dissolves like", it is the shared or mutually well-interacting functional groups which give rise to solubility. For example, sugar dissolves in water because both share the hydroxyl functional gro... | Chemical group |
c_miwi30dyhmfu | Plus, when functional groups are more electronegative than atoms they attach to, the functional groups will become polar, and the otherwise nonpolar molecules containing these functional groups become polar and so become soluble in some aqueous environment. Combining the names of functional groups with the names of the... | Chemical group |
c_sco2418h1f57 | IUPAC conventions call for numeric labeling of the position, e.g. 4-aminobutanoic acid. In traditional names various qualifiers are used to label isomers, for example, isopropanol (IUPAC name: propan-2-ol) is an isomer of n-propanol (propan-1-ol). The term moiety has some overlap with the term "functional group". Howev... | Chemical group |
c_lcsw7lf6c341 | In organic chemistry, a group transfer reaction is a pericyclic process where one or more groups of atoms is transferred from one molecule to another. They can sometimes be difficult to identify when separate reactant molecules combine into a single product molecule (like in the ene reaction). Unlike other pericyclic r... | Group transfer reaction |
c_r904y2pue3xa | In organic chemistry, a guanamine is an organic compound with the formula (H2NC)2N3CR. They are heterocycles of the triazine class. Guanamines are closely related to melamine ((H2NC)3N3), except with one amino substituent replaced by an organic group. With two amines, guanamines are bifunctional, whereas melamine is tr... | Guanamine |
c_zgqlle5j9zuz | This difference is exploited in the use of guanamines to modify the crosslink density in melamine resins. They are white or colorless solids of low toxicity.Some popular guanamines are the phenyl, methyl and nonyl derivatives, called benzoguanamine, acetoguanamine, and capriguanamine. They are all prepared by the conde... | Guanamine |
c_mlmdp9sgjdt8 | In organic chemistry, a hemiaminal (also carbinolamine) is a functional group or type of chemical compound that has a hydroxyl group and an amine attached to the same carbon atom: −C(OH)(NR2)−. R can be hydrogen or an alkyl group. Hemiaminals are intermediates in imine formation from an amine and a carbonyl by alkylimi... | Hemiaminal |
c_u4ql6jvi8zni | In organic chemistry, a homologation reaction, also known as homologization, is any chemical reaction that converts the reactant into the next member of the homologous series. A homologous series is a group of compounds that differ by a constant unit, generally a methylene (−CH2−) group. The reactants undergo a homolog... | Homologation reactions |
c_eci4tsyi9pjm | For example, the reaction of aldehydes or ketones with diazomethane or methoxymethylenetriphenylphosphine to give the next homologue in the series. Examples of homologation reactions include: Kiliani-Fischer synthesis, where an aldose molecule is elongated through a three-step process consisting of: Nucleophillic addit... | Homologation reactions |
c_c1t589legwsn | Has been used to convert β-amino esters from α-amino esters through an ynolate intermediate. Seyferth–Gilbert homologation in which an aldehyde is converted to a terminal alkyne and then hydrolyzed back to an aldehyde.Some reactions increase the chain length by more than one unit. For example, the DeMayo reaction can b... | Homologation reactions |
c_q0w85417o03n | In organic chemistry, a homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties in which the members of the series can be branched or unbranched, or differ by molecular formula of CH2 and molecular mass of 14u. This can be the length of a carbon chain, for example in ... | Homologous series |
c_7bst2yiozsso | These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by mere differences in molecular size and mass. The name "homologous series" is also often used for any collection of compounds that have similar structures or include the same functional group, such as the general alka... | Homologous series |
c_tf7n2tz8h1xh | In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the hydration, i.e. "Addition of water or of the elements of water (i.e. H and OH) to a molecular entity". For example: ethanol, CH3−CH2−OH, is the product of the hydration reaction of ethene, CH2=CH2, formed by the addition of H to one C and OH to the other C, an... | Hydrate |
c_1odp2shmmuwd | Many organic molecules, as well as inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule (water of crystallization). The sugar trehalose, for example, exists in both an anhydrous form (melting point 203 °C) and as a dihydrate (meltin... | Hydrate |
c_wlvzpykqecsm | Molecules are also labeled as hydrates for historical reasons not covered above. Glucose, C6H12O6, was originally thought of as C6(H2O)6 and described as a carbohydrate. Hydrate formation is common for active ingredients. Many manufacturing processes provide an opportunity for hydrates to form and the state of hydratio... | Hydrate |
c_dbexushh46bm | In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. : 620 Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic; their odor is usually faint, and may be similar to that of gasoline or lighter fluid. | Hydrocarbon |
c_occ763h7nx8p | They occur in a diverse range of molecular structures and phases: they can be gases (such as methane and propane), liquids (such as hexane and benzene), low melting solids (such as paraffin wax and naphthalene) or polymers (such as polyethylene and polystyrene). In the fossil fuel industries, hydrocarbon refers to natu... | Hydrocarbon |
c_j54tel3zc81b | In organic chemistry, a ketene is an organic compound of the form RR'C=C=O, where R and R' are two arbitrary monovalent chemical groups (or two separate substitution sites in the same molecule). The name may also refer to the specific compound ethenone H2C=C=O, the simplest ketene.Although they are highly useful, most ... | Ketene |
c_rfnspxme4exr | In organic chemistry, a ketone is a functional group with the structure R−C(=O)−R', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents. Ketones contain a carbonyl group −C(=O)− (which contains a carbon-oxygen double bond C=O). The simplest ketone is acetone (where R and R' is methyl), with the formula (C... | Ketone group |
c_7pu3k5od1q38 | In organic chemistry, a lactol is the cyclic equivalent of a hemiacetal or a hemiketal. The compound is formed by the intramolecular nucleophilic addition of a hydroxyl group to the carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone.A lactol is often found as an equilibrium mixture with the corresponding hydroxyaldehyde. The eq... | Lactol |
c_hqrwz1f7sjz5 | In organic chemistry, a methine group or methine bridge is a trivalent functional group =CH−, derived formally from methane. It consists of a carbon atom bound by two single bonds and one double bond, where one of the single bonds is to a hydrogen. The group is also called methyne or methene, but its IUPAC systematic n... | Methine group |
c_x28dt58qdsd0 | In organic chemistry, a methiodide is a chemical derivative produced by the reaction of a compound with methyl iodide. Methiodides are often formed through the methylation of tertiary amines: R3N + CH3I → (CH3)R3N+I−Whereas the parent amines are hydrophobic and often oily, methiodides, being salts, are somewhat hydroph... | Methiodide |
c_0m9r7j1wkl0q | In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula R−O−CH3. On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the para position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at t... | Methoxy group |
c_ulyf44ywilsr | In organic chemistry, a methoxymethyl ether is a functional group with the formula ROCH2OCH3, abbreviated MOM. Methoxymethyl ethers are often employed in organic synthesis to protect alcohols. They are usually derived from 2-methoxymethyl chloride. Closely related to MOM ethers are methoxyethoxymethoxy (MEM) protecting... | Methoxymethyl ether |
c_syom5xu1enh1 | In organic chemistry, a methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms, having chemical formula CH3. In formulas, the group is often abbreviated as Me. This hydrocarbon group occurs in many organic compounds. It is a very stable group in most molecules. | Methyl anion |
c_y5pi7lbtixuq | While the methyl group is usually part of a larger molecule, bounded to the rest of the molecule by a single covalent bond (−CH3), it can be found on its own in any of three forms: methanide anion (CH−3), methylium cation (CH+3) or methyl radical (CH•3). The anion has eight valence electrons, the radical seven and the ... | Methyl anion |
c_7ze8nmmfwo7a | In organic chemistry, a methylene bridge, methylene spacer, or methanediyl group is any part of a molecule with formula −CH2−; namely, a carbon atom bound to two hydrogen atoms and connected by single bonds to two other distinct atoms in the rest of the molecule. It is the repeating unit in the skeleton of the unbranch... | Active methylene compound |
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