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c_5tm5hoeqz8jm | Debates range over the value of intermittent surveys versus other techniques (micro surveys, open feedback form, news feeds, etc.) Does the concept of work–life balance need to be revisited? To what extent are employees motivated by the mission statement of an organisation? Does human nature or neuroscience have a role... | Employee engagement |
c_jungkpmczu3m | Engagement has also been applied in relation to volunteers, for example more engaged Scout volunteers are likely to have increased satisfaction towards management. Work engagement relates to the positive internal mental state of a volunteer toward required tasks. | Employee engagement |
c_g0k0ep56053t | Dilbert comic strip #1 Dilbert comic strip #2 | Employee engagement |
c_s3c7sc5y3r1c | In common law legal systems, the term of art 'vindicatory damages' is a taxonomic label to describe a certain type of damages awarded by courts to individuals who have suffered a legal wrong. Vindicatory damages are distinct from other forms of damages, as they are awarded for the primary purpose of recognizing and aff... | Vindicatory damages |
c_psqicxh8er0q | For some jurisdictions, a 'vindicatory approach' has informed awards of damages in response to breaches of constitutional rights. This has been the case for both the Supreme Court of Canada in respect of the Canadian Charter, as well as the Constitutional Court of South Africa in respect of the South African Bill of Ri... | Vindicatory damages |
c_5nd8gkit08i0 | Jason Varuhas, a scholar of the common law has argued that vindicatory damages are a part of a long-standing tradition in common law legal systems; and criticized recent decisions by courts decline damage awards in some contexts as a 'deviation from orthodoxy'. In his book Damages and Human Rights, he has pointed to th... | Vindicatory damages |
c_sklpvt6xv89c | Health care ratings are ratings or evaluations of health care. In the United States they have been an increasingly used tool to try to drive accountability among health care providers and in the context of classic supply/demand view of Health economics, to help health care consumers make better choices.Reviews in 2008 ... | Health care ratings |
c_lz1xuysqe3tu | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions (PSC) is a voting system criterion relating to ranked voting systems. It's the essential requirement to guarantee a proportional representation of voters in multiple winner ranked voting systems. | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_fcy149y3wjjg | Informally speaking, a solid coalition is a group of voters who prefer any candidate within a certain set of candidates over any candidate not in the set. A set of voters V {\displaystyle V} is a solid coalition for a set of candidates C {\displaystyle C} , if every voter in V {\displaystyle V} ranks every candidate in... | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_1zn4whn80fil | k {\displaystyle k} –PSC is defined with respect to the Hare quota n / k {\displaystyle n/k} . If V {\displaystyle V} is a solid coalition for C {\displaystyle C} and the number of Voters in V {\displaystyle V} is at least j {\displaystyle j} Hare quotas, then at least j {\displaystyle j} candidates from C {\displaysty... | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_52ugspd6y04e | k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} –PSC is defined like k {\displaystyle k} –PSC, but with respect to the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota n / ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} instead of the Hare quota: the number of voters in V {\displaystyle V} must exceed j {\displaystyle j} Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas. (The reason it is "exceed" rat... | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_wxdzb2kdibcr | Because some authors call the fraction n / ( k + 1 ) {\displaystyle n/(k+1)} Droop quota, k + 1 {\displaystyle k+1} –PSC is also known as Droop proportionality criterion. One major implication of Droop proportionality is that a majority solid coalition will always be able to elect at least half of the seats. This is be... | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_osgbikiy7647 | The Expanding Approvals Rule, a proportional form of Bucklin voting, satisfies a stronger version of PSC which allows some voters in the solid coalition to prefer candidates not solidly supported by all other voters in the solid coalition. | Proportionality for Solid Coalitions |
c_fqdf9ixg63lm | Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is an aneuploid genetic condition where a male has an additional copy of the X chromosome. The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Usually, symptoms are subtle and subjects do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are mo... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_hcvlyn7whc26 | Often, these symptoms are noticed only at puberty. Intelligence is usually average, but reading difficulties and problems with speech are more common.Klinefelter syndrome occurs randomly. The extra X chromosome comes from the father and mother nearly equally. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_mays324g1wzo | An older mother may have a slightly increased risk of a child with KS. The syndrome is defined by the presence of at least one extra X chromosome in addition to a Y chromosome yielding a total of 47 or more chromosomes rather than the usual 46. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_2cri5j8infil | KS is diagnosed by the genetic test known as a karyotype.While no cure is known, a number of treatments may help. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, counselling, and adjustments of teaching methods may be useful. Testosterone replacement may be used in those who have significantly lowe... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_bxdy7vy1qjga | Enlarged breasts may be removed by surgery. Approximately half of affected males have a chance of fathering children with the help of assisted reproductive technology, but this is expensive and not risk free. XXY males have a ~15-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer than typical males, but still lower than that... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_cs4rr0lf7ave | People with the condition have a nearly normal life expectancy.Klinefelter syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in one to two per 1,000 live male births. It is named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who identified the condition in the 1940s. In 1956, the extra X chromosom... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_qc3h888qvhdp | The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms may be subtle and many people do not realize they are affected. Sometimes, symptoms are more prominent and may include weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, gynecomastia (breast growth), and low li... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_akqh703bvsss | An estimated 60% of pregnancies with fetuses having Klinefelter syndrome abort. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_au036s1g2jkq | As babies and children, XXY males may have weaker muscles and reduced strength. As they grow older, they tend to become taller than average. They may have less muscle control and coordination than other boys of their age.During puberty, the physical traits of the syndrome become more evident — because these boys do not... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_jua08gqy641s | In adults, possible characteristics vary widely and include little to no sign of affectedness, a lanky, youthful build and facial appearance, or a rounded body type with some degree of gynecomastia (increased breast tissue). Gynecomastia is present in approximately a third of affected individuals, a slightly higher per... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_vle05ioaxvyy | Advanced reproductive assistance is sometimes possible. An estimated 50% of males with Klinefelter syndrome can produce sperm.The term "hypogonadism" in XXY symptoms is often misinterpreted to mean "small testicles", when it instead means decreased testicular hormone/endocrine function. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_4up7h9sg35qk | Because of (primary) hypogonadism, individuals often have a low serum testosterone level, but high serum follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Despite this misunderstanding of the term, however, XXY men may also have microorchidism (i.e., small testicles).The testi... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_as9o35gqwoj8 | Some degree of language learning or reading impairment may be present, and neuropsychological testing often reveals deficits in executive functions, although these deficits can often be overcome through early intervention. Also, delays in motor development may occur, which can be addressed through occupational and phys... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_pys8x9dasf0e | It is estimated that 10% of those with Klinefelter syndrome are autistic.Additional abnormalities may include impaired attention, reduced organizational and planning abilities, deficiencies in judgment (often presented as a tendency to interpret non-threatening stimuli as threatening), and dysfunctional decision proces... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_sirvt7gxk5c8 | Klinefelter syndrome is not an inherited condition. Maternal age is the only known risk factor. Women at 40 years have a four-times-higher risk of a child with Klinefelter syndrome than women aged 24 years.The extra chromosome is retained because of a nondisjunction event during paternal meiosis I, maternal meiosis I, ... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_3fdcsy9s1qw2 | Fertilizing a normal (X) egg with this sperm produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter). Fertilizing a double X egg with a normal sperm also produces an XXY offspring (Klinefelter).Another mechanism for retaining the extra chromosome is through a nondisjunction event during meiosis II in the egg. Nondisjunction occurs whe... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_mob97jyzriao | An XX egg is produced, which when fertilized with a Y sperm, yields an XXY offspring. This XXY chromosome arrangement is one of the most common genetic variations from the XY karyotype, occurring in approximately one in 500 live male births. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_yz735h4yfgnj | See also Triple X syndrome. In mammals with more than one X chromosome, the genes on all but one X chromosome are not expressed; this is known as X inactivation. This happens in XXY males, as well as normal XX females. However, in XXY males, a few genes located in the pseudoautosomal regions of their X chromosomes have... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_9moh9peauw9w | The condition 48,XXYY or 48,XXXY occurs in one in 18,000–50,000 male births. The incidence of 49,XXXXY is one in 85,000 to 100,000 male births. These variations are extremely rare. Additional chromosomal material can contribute to cardiac, neurological, orthopedic, and other anomalies.Approximately 15–20% of males with... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_br88dp87lswu | Often, symptoms are milder in mosaic cases, with regular male secondary sex characteristics and testicular volume even falling within typical adult ranges. Another possible mosaicism is 47,XXY/46,XX with clinical features suggestive of KS and male phenotype, but this is very rare. Thus far, only approximately 10 cases ... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_b13t7lbzfxd2 | Women typically have two X chromosomes, with half of their X chromosomes switching off early in embryonic development. The same happens with people with Klinefelter's, including in both cases a small proportion of individuals with a skewed ratio between the two Xs. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_s9o83o81ed30 | The standard diagnostic method is the analysis of the chromosomes' karyotype on lymphocytes. A small blood sample is sufficient as test material. In the past, the observation of the Barr body was common practice, as well. To investigate the presence of a possible mosaicism, analysis of the karyotype using cells from th... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_vuo8923ridja | Physical characteristics of a Klinefelter syndrome can be tall stature, low body hair, and occasionally an enlargement of the breast. Usually, a small testicle volume of 1–5 ml per testicle (standard values: 12–30 ml) occurs. During puberty and adulthood, low testosterone levels with increased levels of the pituitary h... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_4szfobsa6h2h | A spermiogram can also be part of the further investigation. Often, an azoospermia is present, or rarely an oligospermia. Furthermore, Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed as a coincidental prenatal finding in the context of invasive prenatal diagnosis (amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling). Approximately 10% of K... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_mf72a0e6a4vl | As the genetic variation is irreversible, no causal therapy is available. From the onset of puberty, the existing testosterone deficiency can be compensated by appropriate hormone-replacement therapy. Testosterone preparations are available in the form of syringes, patches, or gel. If gynecomastia is present, the surgi... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_ie2cfzf8a83n | Methods of reproductive medicine, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with previously conducted testicular sperm extraction (TESE), have led to men with Klinefelter syndrome producing biological offspring. By 2010, over 100 successful pregnancies have been reported using IVF technology with surgically remov... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_ciufmdrpqjlu | The lifespan of individuals with Klinefelter syndrome appears to be reduced by around 2.1 years compared to the general male population. These results are still questioned data, are not absolute, and need further testing. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_120wnop9w7od | This syndrome, evenly distributed in all ethnic groups, has a prevalence of approximately four subjects per every 10,000 (0.04%) males in the general population. However, it is estimated that only 25% of the individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are diagnosed throughout their lives. The rate of Klinefelter syndrome amo... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_e7iqmn6koelc | The syndrome was named after American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, who in 1942 worked with Fuller Albright and E. C. Reifenstein at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and first described it in the same year. The account given by Klinefelter came to be known as Klinefelter syndrome as his nam... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_x0zfk0161297 | In 1956, Klinefelter syndrome was found to result from an extra chromosome. Plunkett and Barr found the sex chromatin body in cell nuclei of the body. This was further clarified as XXY in 1959 by Patricia Jacobs and John Anderson Strong. | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_1r72tv0t85wo | The first published report of a man with a 47,XXY karyotype was by Patricia Jacobs and John Strong at Western General Hospital in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. This karyotype was found in a 24-year-old man who had signs of KS. Jacobs described her discovery of this first reported human or mammalian chromosome aneuploid... | Klinefelter syndrome |
c_z7zhin1gzaeu | In Buddhist studies, particularly East Asian Buddhist studies, post-canonical Buddhist texts, Buddhist apocrypha or Spurious Sutras and Sastras designate texts that are not accepted as canonical by some historical Buddhist schools or communities who referred to a canon. The term is principally applied to texts that pur... | Post-canonical Buddhist texts |
c_7dmvc8hwvk4l | Innumerable Meanings Sutra Sutra of the Original Acts which Adorn the Bodhisattvas (菩薩本業瓔珞經, P'u-sa ying-lo pen-yeh ching) Sutra of Adamantine Absorption (金剛三昧經, Kŭmgang sammaegyŏng) Sutra on the Conversion of the Barbarians (老子化胡經, Lao-tzu Hua-hu ching) | Post-canonical Buddhist texts |
c_0rwdu1fzdvwz | In-Jin Yoon (born June 30, 1963) is a South Korean sociologist. | In-Jin Yoon |
c_s7rr6tzra1ws | He was born in Hongseong, South Korea and raised in Daejeon until high school. He graduated from Korea University with a BA in sociology in August 1985. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago and taught at the Asian American Studies Department of the University of California, Santa Barbara between 1992 an... | In-Jin Yoon |
c_5qzrdvj745fb | He is now professor of the Department of Sociology, Korea University and the former presidents of the Association for North Korean Migrants Studies and the Association for the Studies of Koreans Abroad, the head of the Brain Korea 21 Project Group for Conflict Society, the vice director of the Asiatic Research Institut... | In-Jin Yoon |
c_xp5zf9c2rmr4 | The Nationwide Project was an influential media audience research project conducted by the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham, England, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Its principal researchers were David Morley and Charlotte Brunsdon. | The Nationwide Project |
c_r337acp5trcr | The Media Group at the CCCS selected the BBC television current affairs programme Nationwide to study the encoding/decoding model, a part of reception theory, developed by Stuart Hall. This study was concerned with "the programme's distinctive ideological themes and with the particular ways in which Nationwide addresse... | The Nationwide Project |
c_195k8yehd655 | Morley conducted qualitative research with various participants from different educational and occupational backgrounds. He observed different responses to a clip of its budget special to see whether they would construct dominant, oppositional or negotiated readings (the three categories of readings proposed by Hall). ... | The Nationwide Project |
c_1cggymrsz4fu | Black college students, however, "fail to engage with the discourse of the programme enough to reconstruct or redefine it".The initial conclusion was that decodings cannot be traced solely to socioeconomic position, since members of the sample occupying the same class location produced different readings. However, Suje... | The Nationwide Project |
c_rbhtmk66dwfa | In the Japanese language, aizuchi (Japanese: 相槌 or あいづち, IPA: ) are interjections during a conversation that indicate the listener is paying attention or understands the speaker (backchanneling). In linguistic terms, these are a form of phatic expression. Aizuchi are considered reassuring to the speaker, indicating tha... | Aizuchi |
c_r3f4608h6ec6 | Common aizuchi include: hai (はい), ee (ええ), or un (うん, "yes", with varying degrees of formality) sō desu ne (そうですね, "I see") sō desu ka (そうですか, "is that so? ", "really?") hontō (本当), hontō ni (本当に), maji (マジ), or (in Kansai) honma (本真, "really?") naruhodo (なるほど, "I see", "that's right") noddingThese have a similar funct... | Aizuchi |
c_bhfw1q14y3av | ", "uh-huh", "oh", and so on. Aizuchi are frequently misinterpreted by non-native speakers as the listener showing agreement and approval. Business relations in particular can be hampered by non-native speakers assuming that their Japanese counterparts have been agreeing to their suggestions all along, especially with ... | Aizuchi |
c_95m4iji1tuxs | After Speaker A asks a question, Speaker B may repeat a key noun followed by desu ka to confirm what Speaker A was talking about or simply to keep communication open while Speaker B thinks of an answer. A rough English analog would be "A ..., you say? ", as in: "So I bought this new car"; reply: "A car, you say? ". | Aizuchi |
c_bymsn7wdlyc1 | Michael Bang Petersen (born 5 January 1980) is a Danish political scientist. He is a professor at Aarhus University, with research focusing on human evolutionary psychology and its role in politics. Starting in 2020, he led HOPE, a project examining responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in democratic countries and contrib... | Michael Bang Petersen |
c_du7mh05w3itb | Petersen was born on 5 January 1980 in Kolding, Denmark. He earned a PhD in political science from Aarhus University in 2007. | Michael Bang Petersen |
c_y221j4xtk8uy | Since 2020, Petersen has led the HOPE project, researching global attitudes to the COVID-19 pandemic and advising the Danish government. The project's mission of transparently explaining how COVID-19 restrictions in Denmark to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 helped Danish citizens maintain confidence in the government... | Michael Bang Petersen |
c_pmlsrgs3fee0 | A semantic similarity network (SSN) is a special form of semantic network. designed to represent concepts and their semantic similarity. Its main contribution is reducing the complexity of calculating semantic distances. Bendeck (2004, 2008) introduced the concept of semantic similarity networks (SSN) as the specializa... | Semantic similarity network |
c_2oz40f66hocg | Implementations include genetic information handling.The concept is formally defined (Bendeck 2008) as a directed graph, with concepts represented as nodes and semantic similarity relations as edges. The relationships are grouped into relation types. The concepts and relations contain attribute values to evaluate the s... | Semantic similarity network |
c_t43d3pcqo3f5 | The semantic similarity relationships of the SSN represent several of the general relationship types of the standard Semantic network, reducing the complexity of the (normally, very large) network for calculations of semantics. SSNs define relation types as templates (and taxonomy of relations) for semantic similarity ... | Semantic similarity network |
c_jlsuw3nuvxst | SSN representation allows propagation algorithms to faster calculate semantic similarities, including stop conditions within a specified threshold. This reduces the computation time and power required for calculation. A more recent publications on Semantic Matching and Semantic Similarity Networks could be found in (Be... | Semantic similarity network |
c_jqq2vjbbpne6 | Sincerity is the virtue of one who communicates and acts in accordance with the entirety of their feelings, beliefs, thoughts, and desires in a manner that is honest and genuine. Sincerity in one's actions (as opposed to one's communications) may be called "earnestness". | Sincerity |
c_sr9f3llze6ma | The Oxford English Dictionary and most scholars state that sincerity from sincere is derived from the Latin sincerus meaning clean, pure, sound. Sincerus may have once meant "one growth" (not mixed), from sin- (one) and crescere (to grow). Crescere is cognate with "Ceres," the goddess of grain, as in "cereal".According... | Sincerity |
c_wqpq83cwgj5f | An often repeated folk etymology proposes that sincere is derived from the Latin sine = without + cera = wax. According to one popular explanation, dishonest sculptors in Rome or Greece would cover flaws in their work with wax to deceive the viewer; therefore, a sculpture "without wax" would be one that was honestly re... | Sincerity |
c_njg41x7l1p4r | For the feat of victory, the Romans demanded the handing over of obligatory tributes. Following bad advice, the Greeks resorted to some faux-marble statues made of wax, which they offered as tribute. These promptly melted in the warm Greek sun." The Oxford English Dictionary states, however, that "there is no probabili... | Sincerity |
c_zv9gdsup6o1w | Sincerity was discussed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics. It resurfaced to become an ideal (virtue) in Europe and North America in the 17th century. It gained considerable momentum during the Romantic movement, when sincerity was first celebrated as an artistic and social ideal, exemplified in the writings of Tho... | Sincerity |
c_xmk6pzwbu10e | According to Aristotle "truthfulness or sincerity is a desirable mean state between the deficiency of irony or self-deprecation and the excess of boastfulness." | Sincerity |
c_gcq6gnsehwc8 | In the Islamic context, sincerity means: being free from worldly motives and not being a hypocrite. In the Qur'an, all acts of worship and human life should be motivated by the pleasure of God, and the prophets of God have called man to sincere servitude in all aspects of life. Sincerity in Islam is divided into sincer... | Sincerity |
c_vx9zxj1pzxh6 | Sincerity is developed as a virtue in East Asian societies (e.g. China, Korea, and Japan). The concept of chéng (誠、诚)—as expounded in two of the Confucian classics, the Da Xue and the Zhong Yong—is generally translated as sincerity. As in the West, the term implies a congruence of avowal and inner feeling, but inner fe... | Sincerity |
c_toy0c8omqva7 | Then no friends would not be like yourself (all friends would be as loyal as yourself). If you make a mistake, do not be afraid to correct it." Thus, even today, a powerful leader will praise leaders of other realms as "sincere" to the extent that they know their place in the sense of fulfilling a role in the drama of ... | Sincerity |
c_pz6ym3itdwa5 | Structural pluralism is "the potential for political competition in communities". The degree of structural pluralism is used to examine how societies are structured, and specifically is a way to explain coverage differences in media markets. Structural pluralism is studied in philosophical, sociological and communicati... | Structural pluralism |
c_dyh2pah9y5kh | Structural pluralism represents the extent to which the community has an open and inclusive structure that permits minority voices and opinions to be heard when citizens and citizen groups are addressing community problems (Young, 1999). Communities are discussed in terms of having common institutions, such as governin... | Structural pluralism |
c_78kp8d8ang62 | This concept comes from the field of sociology, but prior to that, stems from writings by Hegel (1821) on civic society. This comes also from the functionalist writings of Émile Durkheim and Herbert Spencer (Hindman, 1999). Durkheim writes that there are two organizating principle types of societies, that most like the... | Structural pluralism |
c_zqqau460jogm | Olien, Donohue and Tichenor (1978; Tichenor, Olien, & Donohue, 1980) helped to fold this concept into the communication discipline when they noted that structural pluralism has an effect on the way in which news is presented. Through several studies and publications, they built a model of structural pluralism, and late... | Structural pluralism |
c_ildszy1x9h2b | An example of such a community would be a town in which a significant portion of adults are employed by one business or industry. Criticism of this business or industry may erode the faith of community members in it and lead to social unrest. Initially the work of the Olien, Tichenor and Donohue camp allowed us to see ... | Structural pluralism |
c_64qilaud66y9 | Conflict within communities is more often reported in larger and less homogeneous areas. However, prior to the Olien, Tichenor, Donohue writings came those of Breed (1958) and Paletz, Reichert and McIntyre (1971). | Structural pluralism |
c_p4596i1jzxwn | In their original pieces, the lack of criticism by the press on central powerholders was discussed. Other studies of the impact of structural pluralism on journalism have looked shown that women are more often represented in areas that are more ethnically diverse (Armstrong, 2002); that newspapers in more diverse commu... | Structural pluralism |
c_r5y5oiuj2lwg | Walter Frederick Buckley (April 17, 1921 – January 27, 2006) was an American sociologist, and professor of sociology at the University of New Hampshire. Buckley was among the first to apply concepts from general systems theory based on the work of Bertalanffy to sociology | Walter F. Buckley |
c_z4f27ewywewz | Born and raised in Lynn, Massachusetts, Buckley studied sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1958 he received his Ph.D. with the doctoral dissertation Sociological theory and social stratification, in which he outlined a non-functionalist theory of social stratification.Buckley started his academic care... | Walter F. Buckley |
c_q45vukaezsag | In the 1970s he participated in the Uppsala Theory Circle at the Uppsala University in Sweden founded by Tom R. Burns. In 1998 he was awarded the honorary chair of the Socio-Cybernetics Research Committee of the International Sociological Association. | Walter F. Buckley |
c_g977pgbuc3va | Buckley has been described as a pioneer in social systems theory that challenged conventional views. In his personal life he appreciated jazz music and played tenor saxophone. He died in 2006 in Durham, New Hampshire. | Walter F. Buckley |
c_h7ce41oaha0j | In petroleum exploration and development, formation evaluation is used to determine the ability of a borehole to produce petroleum. Essentially, it is the process of "recognizing a commercial well when you drill one". Modern rotary drilling usually uses a heavy mud as a lubricant and as a means of producing a confining... | Formation evaluation |
c_nksn9dnkygng | In real life, that is a blowout—and usually also a financial and environmental disaster. But controlling blowouts has drawbacks—mud filtrate soaks into the formation around the borehole and a mud cake plasters the sides of the hole. These factors obscure the possible presence of oil or gas in even very porous formation... | Formation evaluation |
c_zs62b9kke32u | Further complicating the problem is the widespread occurrence of small amounts of petroleum in the rocks of many sedimentary provinces. In fact, if a sedimentary province is absolutely barren of traces of petroleum, it is not feasible to continue drilling there. The formation evaluation problem is a matter of answering... | Formation evaluation |
c_r8zfgse8ujsi | Tools to detect oil and gas have been evolving for over a century. The simplest and most direct tool is well cuttings examination. Some older oilmen ground the cuttings between their teeth and tasted to see if crude oil was present. Today, a wellsite geologist or mudlogger uses a low powered stereoscopic microscope to ... | Formation evaluation |
c_u47nlsllnjxn | A portable ultraviolet light chamber or "Spook Box" is used to examine the cuttings for fluorescence. Fluorescence can be an indication of crude oil staining, or of the presence of fluorescent minerals. They can be differentiated by placing the cuttings in a solvent filled watchglass or dimple dish. | Formation evaluation |
c_9omkqrzftk7x | The solvent is usually carbon tetrachlorethane. Crude oil dissolves and then redeposits as a fluorescent ring when the solvent evaporates. | Formation evaluation |
c_a14x00lfs5et | The written strip chart recording of these examinations is called a sample log or mudlog. Well cuttings examination is a learned skill. During drilling, chips of rock, usually less than about 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) across, are cut from the bottom of the hole by the bit. | Formation evaluation |
c_4t76gem61i8w | Mud, jetting out of holes in the bit under high pressure, washes the cuttings away and up the hole. During their trip to the surface they may circulate around the turning drillpipe, mix with cuttings falling back down the hole, mix with fragments caving from the hole walls and mix with cuttings travelling faster and sl... | Formation evaluation |
c_sy8f1ty3vqmz | Determining the type of rock being drilled at any one time is a matter of knowing the 'lag time' between a chip being cut by the bit and the time it reaches the surface where it is then examined by the wellsite geologist (or mudlogger as they are sometimes called). A sample of the cuttings taken at the proper time will... | Formation evaluation |
c_bt38hy6gj7vv | One way to get more detailed samples of a formation is by coring. Two techniques commonly used at present. The first is the "whole core", a cylinder of rock, usually about 3" to 4" in diameter and up to 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) long. It is cut with a "core barrel", a hollow pipe tipped with a ring-shaped diamond chip... | Formation evaluation |
c_dnq4l8gzmmh0 | Often the plug breaks while drilling, usually in shales or fractures and the core barrel jams, slowly grinding the rocks in front of it to powder. This signals the driller to give up on getting a full-length core and to pull up the pipe. Taking a full core is an expensive operation that usually stops or slows drilling ... | Formation evaluation |
c_37ogkxn9simj | A full core can be invaluable for later reservoir evaluation. Once a section of well has been drilled, there is, of course, no way to core it without drilling another well. | Formation evaluation |
c_qv85jya3f6ed | Another, cheaper, technique for obtaining samples of the formation is "Sidewall Coring". One type of sidewall cores is percussion cores. In this method, a steel cylinder—a coring gun—has hollow-point steel bullets mounted along its sides and moored to the gun by short steel cables. | Formation evaluation |
c_vi3cam6wgmn3 | The coring gun is lowered to the bottom of the interval of interest and the bullets are fired individually as the gun is pulled up the hole. The mooring cables ideally pull the hollow bullets and the enclosed plug of formation loose and the gun carries them to the surface. Advantages of this technique are low cost and ... | Formation evaluation |
c_bx1iqv5v0yrp | Disadvantages are possible non-recovery because of lost or misfired bullets and a slight uncertainty about the sample depth. Sidewall cores are often shot "on the run" without stopping at each core point because of the danger of differential sticking. Most service company personnel are skilled enough to minimize this p... | Formation evaluation |
c_769dfylo4yn4 | A second method of sidewall coring is rotary sidewall cores. In this method, a circular-saw assembly is lowered to the zone of interest on a wireline, and the core is sawed out. Dozens of cores may be taken this way in one run. | Formation evaluation |
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