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Hillsdale, NJ: LEA. Reed, E.S. (1996a).
Edward S. Reed
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Encountering the World: Toward an Ecological Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Reed, E.S.
Edward S. Reed
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(1996b). James J. Gibson: Pioneer and iconoclast (pp. 247–261).
Edward S. Reed
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In G. Kimble, C. Boneau, & M. Wertheimer. (Eds. ), Portraits of pioneers in psychology (Vol.
Edward S. Reed
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2) Hillsdale, NJ: APA & Erlbaum. Reed, E.S. (1997).
Edward S. Reed
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From Soul to Mind: The Emergence of Psychology from Erasmus Darwin to William James. New Haven, CT/London: Yale University Press. Reviewed in Library Journal 1997-06-01 (accessible online). == References ==
Edward S. Reed
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Infographics (a clipped compound of "information" and "graphics") are graphic visual representations of information, data, or knowledge intended to present information quickly and clearly. They can improve cognition by utilizing graphics to enhance the human visual system's ability to see patterns and trends. Similar p...
Infographic
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Infographics have been around for many years and recently the increase of the number of easy-to-use, free tools have made the creation of infographics available to a large segment of the population. Social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter have also allowed for individual infographics to be spread among many peo...
Infographic
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The Snapshots in USA Today are also an example of simple infographics used to convey news and current events.Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmark...
Infographic
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In his 1983 "landmark book" The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, Edward Tufte defines "graphical displays" in the following passage: Graphical displays should show the data induce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology, graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or s...
Infographic
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In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research about the rotation of the sun. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the Sun's rotation patterns.In 1786, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in...
Infographic
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His maps included shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. Such a map can be considered a "supersign" which combines sign systems—as defined by Charles Sanders Peirce—consisting of symbols, icons, indexes as representations. Other examples can be seen in the works of geographers Ritter an...
Infographic
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In 1857, English nurse Florence Nightingale used information graphics to persuade Queen Victoria to improve conditions in military hospitals. The principal one she used was the Coxcomb chart, a combination of stacked bar and pie charts, depicting the number and causes of deaths during each month of the Crimean War. 186...
Infographic
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The graphic's creator, Charles Joseph Minard, captured four different changing variables that contributed to Napoleon's downfall in a single two-dimensional image: the army's direction as they traveled, the location the troops passed through, the size of the army as troops died from hunger and wounds, and the freezing ...
Infographic
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In 1900, the African-American historian, sociologist, writer, and Black rights activist, W.E.B. Du Bois presented data visualizations at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, France. In addition to curating 500 photographs of the lives of Black Americans, Du Bois and his Atlanta University team of students and sc...
Infographic
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Gerd Arntz, Peter Alma and Augustin Tschinkel, all participants in this movement were recruited by Otto Neurath for the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum, where they developed the Vienna Method from 1926 to 1934. Here simple images were used to represent data in a structured way.
Infographic
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Following the victory of Austrofascism in the Austrian Civil War, the team moved to the Netherlands where they continued their work rebranding it Isotypes (International System of Typographic Picture Education). The method was also applied by IZOSTAT (ИЗОСТАТ) in the Soviet Union.
Infographic
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In 1942 Isidore Isou published the Lettrist manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry, film, and political theory. The included works also called metagraphics and hypergraphics, are a synthesis of writing and visual art. In 1958 Stephen Toulmin proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model of ...
Infographic
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The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments and was considered Toulmin's most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric, communication, and computer science. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in argumentation theory and its applications. In 1972 and 1...
Infographic
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The pictorial messages included nude male and female figures as well as symbols that were intended to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft. The images were designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake and were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be understandable to extraterrestrial beings, who ...
Infographic
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Referred to by The New York Times as the "da Vinci of Data", Tufte began to give day-long lectures and workshops on the subject of infographics starting in 1993. As of 2012, Tufte still gives these lectures. To Tufte, good data visualizations represent every data point accurately and enable a viewer to see trends and p...
Infographic
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Tufte's contribution to the field of data visualization and infographics is considered immense, and his design principles can be seen in many websites, magazines, and newspapers today.The infographics created by Peter Sullivan for The Sunday Times in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s were some of the key factors in encouragi...
Infographic
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However, the paper has received criticism for oversimplifying news stories and for creating infographics that some find emphasizes entertainment over content and data. Tufte coined the term chartjunk to refer to graphics that are visually appealing to the point of losing the information contained within them. With vect...
Infographic
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By the year 2000, Adobe Flash-based animations on the Internet had made use of many key practices in creating infographics in order to create a variety of products and games. Likewise, television began to incorporate infographics into the viewers' experiences in the early 2000s. One example of infographics usage in tel...
Infographic
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Similarly, in 2004, a television commercial for the French nuclear technology company Areva used animated infographics as an advertising tactic. Both of these videos and the attention they received have conveyed to other fields the potential value of using information graphics to describe complex information efficientl...
Infographic
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For stories that intend to include text, images, and graphics, the system called the maestro concept allows entire newsrooms to collaborate and organize a story to successfully incorporate all components. Across many newsrooms, this teamwork-integrated system is applied to improve time management. The maestro system is...
Infographic
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Many news-based websites have also used interactive information graphics in which the user can extract information on a subject as they explore the graphic. Many businesses use infographics as a medium for communicating with and attracting potential customers. Information graphics are a form of content marketing and ha...
Infographic
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For example, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has made numerous infographics to help people learn about their faith, missionaries, temples, lay ministry, and family history efforts.Infographics are finding a home in the classroom as well. Courses that teach students to create their own infographics using...
Infographic
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The three parts of all infographics are the visual, the content, and the knowledge. The visual consists of colors and graphics. There are two different types of graphics – theme, and reference. These graphics are included in all infographics and represent the underlying visual representation of the data.
Infographic
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Reference graphics are generally icons that can be used to point to certain data, although they are not always found in infographics. Statistics and facts usually serve as the content for infographics and can be obtained from any number of sources, including census data and news reports. One of the most important aspec...
Infographic
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Humans receive input from all five of their senses (sight, touch, hearing, smell, taste), but they receive significantly more information from vision than any of the other four. Fifty percent of the human brain is dedicated to visual functions, and images are processed faster than text. The brain processes pictures all...
Infographic
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Entire business processes or industry sectors can be made relevant to a new audience through a guidance design technique that leads the eye. The page may link to a complete report, but the infographic primes the reader making the subject-matter more accessible.
Infographic
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Online trends, such as the increasingly short attention span of Internet users, has also contributed to the increasing popularity and effectiveness of infographics. When designing the visual aspect of an infographic, a number of considerations must be made to optimize the effectiveness of the visualization. The six com...
Infographic
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Each of these can be utilized in its own way to represent relationships between different types of data. However, studies have shown that spatial position is the most effective way to represent numerical data and leads to the fastest and easiest understanding by viewers. Therefore, the designers often spatially represe...
Infographic
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There are also three basic provisions of communication that need to be assessed when designing an infographic – appeal, comprehension, and retention. "Appeal" is the idea that communication needs to engage its audience. Comprehension implies that the viewer should be able to easily understand the information that is pr...
Infographic
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And finally, "retention" means that the viewer should remember the data presented by the infographic. The order of importance of these provisions depends on the purpose of the infographic. If the infographic is meant to convey information in an unbiased way, such as in the domains of academia or science, comprehension ...
Infographic
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However, if the infographic is being used for commercial purposes, then appeal becomes most important, followed by retention and comprehension. When infographics are being used for editorial purposes, such as in a newspaper, the appeal is again most important but is followed first by comprehension and then retention.Ho...
Infographic
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Data visualizations are often used in infographics and may make up the entire infographic. There are many types of visualizations that can be used to represent the same set of data. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the appropriate visualization for the data set and infographic by taking into consideration graphical...
Infographic
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Time-series data is one of the most common forms of data visualization. It documents sets of values over time. Examples of graphics in this category include index charts, stacked graphs, small multiples, and horizon graphs. Index charts are ideal to use when raw values are less important than relative changes.
Infographic
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It is an interactive line chart that shows percentage changes for a collection of time-series data based on a selected index point. For example, stock investors could use this because they are less concerned with the specific price and more concerned with the rate of growth. Stacked graphs are area charts that are stac...
Infographic
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They allow viewers to see overall patterns and individual patterns. However, they do not support negative numbers and make it difficult to accurately interpret trends.
Infographic
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An alternative to stacked graphs is small multiples. Instead of stacking each area chart, each series is individually shown so the overall trends of each sector are more easily interpreted. Horizon graphs are a space efficient method to increase the data density of a time-series while preserving resolution.
Infographic
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Statistical distributions reveal trends based on how numbers are distributed. Common examples include histograms and box-and-whisker plots, which convey statistical features such as mean, median, and outliers. In addition to these common infographics, alternatives include stem-and-leaf plots, Q–Q plots, scatter plot ma...
Infographic
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The numbers are binned based on the first significant digit, and within each stack binned again based on the second significant digit. On the other hand, Q–Q plots compare two probability distributions by graphing quantiles against each other. This allows the viewer to see if the plot values are similar and if the two ...
Infographic
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SPLOM is a technique that represents the relationships among multiple variables. It uses multiple scatter plots to represent a pairwise relation among variables. Another statistical distribution approach to visualize multivariate data is parallel coordinates. Rather than graphing every pair of variables in two dimensio...
Infographic
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Maps are a natural way to represent geographical data. Time and space can be depicted through the use of flow maps. Line strokes are used with various widths and colors to help encode information. Choropleth maps, which encode data through color and geographical region, are also commonly used.
Infographic
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Graduated symbol maps are another method to represent geographical data. They are an alternative to choropleth map and use symbols, such as pie charts for each area, over a map. This map allows for more dimensions to be represented using various shapes, sizes, and colors.
Infographic
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Cartograms, on the other hand, completely distort the shape of a region and directly encode a data variable. Instead of using a geographic map, regions are redrawn proportionally to the data. For example, each region can be represented by a circle and the size/color is directly proportional to other information, such a...
Infographic
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Many data sets, such as spatial entities of countries or common structures for governments, can be organized into natural hierarchies. Node-link diagrams, adjacency diagrams, and enclosure diagrams are all types of infographics that effectively communicate hierarchical data. Node-link diagrams are a popular method due ...
Infographic
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An alternative is adjacency diagrams, which is a space-filling variant of the node-link diagram. Instead of drawing a link between hierarchies, nodes are drawn as solid areas with sub-sections inside of each section.
Infographic
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This method allows for size to be easily represented than in the node-link diagrams. Enclosure diagrams are also a space-filling visualization method. However, they use containment rather than adjacency to represent the hierarchy. Similar to the adjacency diagram, the size of the node is easily represented in this mode...
Infographic
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Network visualization explores relationships, such as friendships and cliques. Three common types are force-directed layout, arc diagrams, and matrix view. Force-directed layouts are a common and intuitive approach to network layout. In this system, nodes are similar to charged particles, which repel each other.
Infographic
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Links are used to pull related nodes together. Arc diagrams are one-dimensional layouts of nodes with circular arcs linking each node. When used properly, with good order in nodes, cliques and bridges are easily identified in this layout.
Infographic
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Alternatively, mathematicians and computer scientists more often use matrix views. Each value has an (x,y) value in the matrix that corresponds to a node. By using color and saturation instead of text, values associated with the links can be perceived rapidly.
Infographic
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While this method makes it hard to view the path of the nodes, there are no line crossings, which in a large and highly connected network can quickly become too cluttered.While all of these visualizations can be effectively used on their own, many modern infographics combine multiple types into one graphic, along with ...
Infographic
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Comparison infographics are a type of visual representation that focuses on comparing and contrasting different elements, such as products, services, options, or features. These infographics are designed to help viewers make informed decisions by presenting information in a clear and concise manner. Comparison infograp...
Infographic
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Infographics can be created by hand using simple everyday tools such as graph paper, pencils, markers, and rulers. However, today they are more often created using computer software, which is often both faster and easier. They can be created with general illustration software. Diagrams can be manually created and drawn...
Infographic
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Templates can be used to get users started on their diagrams. Additionally, the software allows users to collaborate on diagrams in real time over the Internet. There are also numerous tools to create very specific types of visualizations, such as creating a visualization based on embedded data in the photos on a user'...
Infographic
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Effective number of bits (ENOB) is a measure of the dynamic range of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter, or their associated circuitry. The resolution of an ADC is specified by the number of bits used to represent the analog value. Ideally, a 12-bit ADC will have an effective number of bi...
Effective number of bits
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Those imperfections reduce the number of bits of accuracy in the ADC. The ENOB describes the effective resolution of the system in bits. An ADC may have a 12-bit resolution, but the effective number of bits, when used in a system, may be 9.5.
Effective number of bits
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ENOB is also used as a quality measure for other blocks such as sample-and-hold amplifiers. Thus analog blocks may be included in signal-chain calculations. The total ENOB of a chain of blocks is usually less than the ENOB of the worst block.
Effective number of bits
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The frequency band of a signal converter where ENOB is still guaranteed is called the effective resolution bandwidth and is limited by dynamic quantization problems. For example, an ADC has some aperture uncertainty. The instant a real ADC samples, its input varies from sample to sample.
Effective number of bits
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Because the input signal changes, that time variation translates to an output variation. For example, an ADC may sample 1 ns late. If the input signal is a 1 V sinewave at 1,000,000 radians/second (roughly 160 kHz), the input voltage may change by as much as 1 MV/s. A sampling time error of 1 ns would cause a sampling ...
Effective number of bits
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An often used definition for ENOB is E N O B = S I N A D − 1.76 6.02 , {\displaystyle \mathrm {ENOB} ={\frac {\mathrm {SINAD} -1.76}{6.02}},} where ENOB is given in bits SINAD (signal, noise, and distortion) is a power ratio indicating the quality of the signal in dB. the 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a l...
Effective number of bits
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Kurdology or Kurdish studies is an academic discipline centered on the study of Kurds and consists of several disciplines such as culture, history and linguistics. Kurdish studies traces its institutional history to 1916, when in St. Petersburg in the late Russian Empire, during World War I, Kurdish was first taught as...
Kurdology
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The modern historian Sacha Alsancakli explains that the term "kurdology" started gaining acceptance after 1934 and the first pan-Soviet Kurdological congress held in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union.
Kurdology
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Throughout the 17th and the 18th centuries, most works on the Kurds attempted to ascertain the origins of the Kurdish people and their language. Different theories existed including the beliefs that Kurdish was closely related to Turkic languages, that it was a rude and uneducated Persian dialect or that Kurds were ori...
Kurdology
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His claim that Kurdish was related to Turkic languages was nevertheless rejected by German librarian Johann Adelung who argued that Kurds were related to Corduene basing his argument on Xenophon and his work Anabasis from around 370 BC. The Spanish Jesuit Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro also examined the Kurdish language in h...
Kurdology
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Kurds became known for the first time in Europe through Dominican Order. In the beginning, it was Italians who carried out research on the Kurds on behalf of the Vatican. A monk, Domenico Lanza, lived between 1753 and 1771 near Mosul and published a book titled Compendiose realizione istorica dei viaggi fatti dal Padre...
Kurdology
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This work was published in Rome in 1787 under the name Grammatica e Vocabolario della Lingua Kurdi. With the growing interest in Europe about the Ottoman Empire, other people became aware of the Kurds. Garzoni's book was reissued in 1826.
Kurdology
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The first European book dealing with the religion of the Kurds appeared in Naples in 1818. It was called Storia della regione Kurdistan e delle sette di religio ivi esistenti and was written by Giuseppe Campanile. The Italian missionary and researcher Alessandro de Bianchi published in 1863 a book on Kurdish culture, t...
Kurdology
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The earliest mention of the Kurds in a German work comes from Johann Schitberger from the year 1473. In 1799, Johann Adam Bergk also mentions Kurds in his geography book. During his stay in the Ottoman Empire, Helmuth von Moltke reported about Kurds in his work letters about the events in Turkey.
Kurdology
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The Kurds were also mentioned in the German literature, the most prominent example being Karl May's in 1892 published Durchs wilde Kurdistan.The period from 1840 to 1930 was the most productive period of Kurdology in Germany. Germany was at the time the center of Kurdish studies in Europe. Due to its good relations wit...
Kurdology
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During its expansion Russia also was in contact with the Ottoman Empire, that often resulted in conflicts. Russia's access to Black Sea and the Caucasus brought the country in contact with eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, where they then began their research on the Kurds. In 1879 Russian-Polish diplomat from Erzurum...
Kurdology
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Petersburg. Żaba and other diplomats like Basil Nikitin collected Kurdish manuscripts and recorded oral histories. Among other things, the Sharafnama was translated into Russian for the first time.
Kurdology
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Due to the Turkish state policy, the Kurdish people and their culture were not deemed as a research topic for decades. Some early works on Kurds, such as by Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, portrayed the Kurds as a Turkic or Turanian population group and were consistent with the state backed Turkish History Thesis. First studies t...
Kurdology
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Maurizio Garzoni (1730–1790) Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806) Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735–1809) Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811) Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1745–1781) Giuseppe Campanile (1762–1835) Julius Klaproth (1783–1835) François Bernard Charmoy (1793–1869) August Kościesza-Żaba (1801–1894) Aleksander Chodźko ...
Kurdology
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György Csepeli (Hungarian: ; born 14 February 1946) is a Hungarian social psychologist, sociologist, politician, professor emeritus at the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), former Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs at the Ministry of Information of Hungary. His research, books, papers and talks focus on anti...
György Csepeli
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He was born on 14 February 1946 in Budapest, Hungary. He took M.A. degree in Psychology and Russian studies in 1970 at the Faculty of Humanities of the Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest. In 1980 he was awarded the candidate (C.Sc.)
György Csepeli
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degree in Social psychology.From 1986 until 2001 he acted as the head of the Social Psychology, ELTE.He completed his Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) degree in Sociology in 1991 and then he received the title of university (full) professor at the Department of Social Psychology at the Institute of Sociology, ELTE in the same...
György Csepeli
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In 2016 the honorific title of professor emeritus was conferred upon him. From 2019 he is the vice-president of the World Complexity Science Academy (WCSA) and associate editor of the journal of WCSA.He lectured as a visiting professor at several universities in the world: Montclair State University in Montclair, New J...
György Csepeli
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1980 Ferenc Erdei Prize 1996 Minorities Award 2020 Rézler Gyula award of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
György Csepeli
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2020 Nation and Migration. Budapest: CEU Press (coauthored with A. Örkény) 2000 Grappling with National Identity. How nations see each other in Central Europe. Coauthored with A. Örkeny and M. Szekelyi Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó Csepeli, Gy., Örkény, A., Székelyi, M.
György Csepeli
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2000. Grappling with national identity: how nations see each other in Central Europe. Szalay, É.
György Csepeli
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(transl.) Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. Hagendoorn, L., Pepels, J., Cinnirella, M., Crowley, J., Witte, H., Verbeeck, G., Portengen, R., Westin, C., Junco, J.A., Nassehi, A., Peri, P., Jasinska, A., Pechacova, Z., Cerny, V., Malová, D., Mego, P., Csepeli, Gy., Örkény, A., Liiceanu, A., Bekeshkine, I., Djintcharadze, N., F...
György Csepeli
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2000. In Hagendoorn, L., Csepeli, Gy., Dekker, H., Farnen, R., (eds.) European Nations and nationalism: theoretical and historical perspectives.
György Csepeli
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Aldershot: Ashgate Csepeli, Gy. 1997. National identity in contemporary Hungary.
György Csepeli
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Fenyo, M.D. (transl.) Boulder: Social Science Monographs; Highland Lakes: Atlantic Research and Publications, Inc.; New York: Distributed by Columbia University Press 1992 Ideology and Political Beliefs in Hungary.
György Csepeli
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The Twilight of State Socialism. (coauthored with A. Orkeny) London: Pinter Publishers Csepeli, Gy. 1989. Structures and contents of Hungarian national identity: results of political socialization and cultivation. Frankfurt M., Bern: Lang
György Csepeli
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François Marie Savina (20 March 1876 – 23 July 1941) was a Frenchman who worked as a Catholic priest and as an anthropologist. For an approximately forty-year period he worked in the Upper-Tonkin Vicariate, Hainan, and Laos. He studied the Hmong people of northern Vietnam and Laos as he was asked to spread Christianity...
François Marie Savina
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Nicholas Tapp, author of The Impossibility of Self: An Essay on the Hmong Diaspora, described Savina as "One of our earliest informants who is at all frank about the nature of his day-today encounters with the Hmong". Charles Keith, author of Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation, wrote that Savina was "he m...
François Marie Savina
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He was born in Brittany, France. In 1901 he arrived in Tonkin after having joined the Société des Missions-Etrangères de Paris (MEP). He was 25 years old at the time.Initially Savina worked with Hmong in Lào Cai, Vietnam. From 1906 to 1925 Savina worked with the Hmong people in Yunnan, China, and also with Hmong in nor...
François Marie Savina
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From 1918 to 1921 Savina had an official assignment in Laos. Beginning in 1925 he worked as an ethnographic field research representative of the École française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO). During that assignment he was based in Hainan and made frequent trips to Hong Kong where he interacted with a printing house of the ME...
François Marie Savina
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This assignment ended in 1928.He resumed his missionary activities in 1939 and moved to Ha Giang in Upper Tonkin. He was hospitalized in Hanoi after he came down with pneumonia in March 1941. At age 65 he died on July 23 of that year.
François Marie Savina
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Project for Public Spaces (PPS) is a nonprofit organization based in New York dedicated to creating and sustaining public places that build communities, in an effort often termed placemaking.Planning and design rooted in the community form the cornerstone of PPS's work. Building on the techniques of William H. Whyte's ...
Project for Public Spaces
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The Long Short Cut is a 192-page novel by English author Paul Winterton using the pseudonym Andrew Garve. It was published by Harper and Row in April 1968. It was the first book printed completely by electronically controlled typesetting (also known aa electronic composition).
The Long Short Cut
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Anthony Bliss and his glamorous collaborator Corinne Lake use a chance event to develop a money-making scheme. They happen to be at a nightclub on the night when the owner is wounded in a drive-by shooting. Called to give evidence which will convict a notorious gangster, Bliss pretends to be frightened of the gangster’...
The Long Short Cut
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The publisher notes on the last page that this book was the first book printed involving the technology of electronic type composed by an electron beam. The beam printed pages with speeds up to 600 characters per second using a special computer system designed for the purpose. The text was 10 point in size and put toge...
The Long Short Cut
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Haddon Craftsmen had the electronic equipment to produce the book.The book producer could make changes and corrections more quickly using electronics than using the traditional method of normal composition. Before this electronic method the fastest composition was about ten characters per second. The new electronic com...
The Long Short Cut
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Using the old method of the linotype machine, the cost of producing the book would be about four dollars at the time. The increased speed of the new electronic method brought down the cost considerably and was an economic advantage to the book publisher. Within a decade the new electronic computer method of printing wo...
The Long Short Cut