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c_tsyb78q6pfgv | As of 1 July 2017, BARC India has stopped reporting of analogue TV homes, in line with Government of India's DAS-4 deadline. At launch, the following changes were introduced: A deeper and broader consumer classification system called "new consumer classification system" (NCCS), replaced the existing socio-economic clas... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_2h2mncnw8pjm | Under BARC India, data would be available for age parameters like – children & tweens (2–14 years), youth (15–21 years), young adults (22–30 years), adults (31–40 years), peak (41–50 years), mature (51–60 years), and seniors (61+ years). An addition in the reporting age group is 2–12 years and 13–21 years. The new rati... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_y8fpxk3qwmdv | BIO News: It is a visualisation tool for News broadcasters that gives the performance of News channel, News Stories, News Anchors and Other Personalities at a click of a button.BIO Advision: It is a visualisation tool for Advertisers and Media Agencies which helps brands understand their performance vis-à-vis other bra... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_zi88q4zy61jt | The entire BARC India process can be broadly bucketed as follows: Establishment Survey - A research study used to gather specific details of households and individuals to be used together with Census data in the preparation of universe estimates for TV audience characteristics – geographic, demographic, socio-economic ... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_r58glnnvc2kw | Measurement and Viewing Data Capture- Watermarking and BAR-O-Meter Technology used to identify & capture TV viewing events. Processing, Audience Estimation and Reporting- Process of error checking, editing, validating, weighting, projecting to universe and delivering audience estimates to BARC India clients in a form s... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_zfh45x4hlbpk | BARC India's Broadcast India Survey is an annual research study that gathers specific details of households and individuals to be used together with Census data in the preparation of universe estimates for TV audience characteristics – geographic, demographic, socio-economic status, etc. The Survey also serves as a ran... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_ycgod1w32mo8 | As per the latest BI 2018 Survey, TV homes in the country have seen a 7.5% jump, outpacing the growth of homes in India which grew at 4.5%. India currently boasts of 298 million homes, of which 197 million have a TV set, having an opportunity of almost 100mn more TV homes in the country. As per the New Universe Estimat... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_1pve0hjaatyd | The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) received complaints from the News Broadcasters Association against Republic TV alleging that it was violating TRAI's broadcast sector regulations with its unfair practices and sought an investigation into it.According to the complaint, Republic Bharat had declared its ge... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_toyakk0yzc7g | Some cable network had set Republic TV as the default channel (i.e. landing channel) displayed whenever the TV was turned on, thereby increasing the impressions. These practices were seen as a deliberate attempt to illegally garner higher BARC India ratings and increase viewership.The complainants, NBA also sought from... | Broadcast Audience Research Council |
c_3us6hzdir6sh | Anticipatory socialization is the process, facilitated by social interactions, in which non-group members learn to take on the values and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact competently once they have been accepted by it. It involves changing one... | Anticipatory socialization |
c_6c5w9zxarb2x | The concept of anticipatory socialization, first defined by sociologist Robert K. Merton, has its origins in a 1949 study of the United States military which found that privates who modelled their attitudes and behaviours on those of officers were more likely to be promoted than those who didn't. | Anticipatory socialization |
c_657p541c7px7 | According to Jablin (2001), there are two types of anticipatory socialization: vocational anticipatory socialization (VAS) and organizational anticipatory socialization (OAS). VAS involves socializing individuals to pursue particular occupations. Sources of VAS include family members, educational institutions, part-tim... | Anticipatory socialization |
c_074yyfunk1av | Gan (2021) found that positive and negative socialization experiences inspired a group of registered nurses and nursing students to become nurses. Nursing school clinicals provide students with "real job" and anticipatory socialization experiences. Clinical placements socialize students to the profession of nursing and... | Anticipatory socialization |
c_hw05tn9esyob | People doing this, for example economically disadvantaged teenagers who aspire to become drug dealers rather than professionals, are sometimes criticized as lacking motivation; however, sociologists say they are simply making a pragmatic adjustment to the opportunities available to them.Recent studies show that anticip... | Anticipatory socialization |
c_61o87bx4w9ua | The Justin Winsor Prize is awarded by the Library History Round Table of the American Library Association for the best library history essay. The award was established in 1978 and named for the American Library Association's first president, Justin Winsor. Winsor (1831–1896) was a prominent writer, historian, and the l... | Justin Winsor Prize (library) |
c_dpsrcf58taen | The Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching is the only national teaching award in political science given in the United States. It has been awarded annually by the American Political Science Association and was first awarded in 1996.The award is sponsored by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. It carries a US$5... | Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching |
c_hdbg1b90kxkt | The 2008 award was presented to Professor Renée Van Vechten of the University of Redlands Department of Government. Van Vechten received the award for work done on collaborative simulations; she created and facilitated three simultaneous interactive simulations, one where her students simulated Members of Congress in h... | Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching |
c_vst15oc7bhkj | Professors James Meernik and Kimi King of the University of North Texas for their jointly taught study abroad class entitled International Law: Peace and Justice, an intensive three-week program at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague, Netherlands. Students receive access to... | Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching |
c_d8hz8job1b2j | The 2005 winner was Professor Barbara Allen of Carleton College.Jeremy Mayer, a professor of public policy and political science at the School of Public Policy of George Mason University, is a past winner of the Award. == References == | Rowman & Littlefield Award in Innovative Teaching |
c_r1r6umstx9zy | Sweating sickness, also known as the sweats, English sweating sickness, English sweat or sudor anglicus in Latin, was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning in 1485. The last outbreak occurred in 1551, after which the disease apparently va... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_t4jj3gfy6cui | John Caius was a physician in Shrewsbury in 1551, when an outbreak occurred, and he described the symptoms and signs of the disease in A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse (1552), which is the main historical source of knowledge of the disease. It began very suddenly... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_ksxosp59k2np | A sense of heat, headache, delirium, rapid pulse and intense thirst accompanied the sweat. Palpitation and pain in the heart were frequent symptoms. No skin eruptions were noted by observers. | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_72v2xbs0k4cx | In the final stages there was either general exhaustion and collapse or an irresistible urge to sleep, which Caius thought was fatal if the patient were permitted to give way to it. One attack did not produce immunity, and some people suffered several bouts before dying. The disease typically lasted through one full da... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_7wyapk8nieyg | The disease tended to occur in summer and early autumn. Thomas Forestier, a physician during the first outbreak, provided a written account of his own experiences with the sweating sickness in 1485. Forestier put great emphasis on the sudden breathlessness commonly associated with the final hours of sufferers. Forestie... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_s2x86cn2aj4e | Transmission mostly remains a mystery, with only a few pieces of evidence in writings. The illness seemed to target young men and favour the wealthy or powerful, earning itself nicknames such as "Stoop Gallant" or "Stoop Knave" (indicating the proud were forced to 'stoop' and relinquish their proud status).The large nu... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_99swrlxfjdyg | The cause is unknown. Commentators then and now have blamed the sewage, poor sanitation, and contaminated water supplies. The first confirmed outbreak was in August 1485 at the end of the Wars of the Roses, leading to speculation that it may have been brought from France by French mercenaries. However, an earlier outbr... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_xdf9o5vditsa | Regardless, the Croyland Chronicle mentions that Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby cited the sweating sickness as reason not to join Richard III's army prior to the Battle of Bosworth.Relapsing fever, a disease spread by ticks and lice, has been proposed as a possible cause. It occurs most often during the summer month... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_plozxvv0ljem | However, relapsing fever is marked by a prominent black scab at the site of the tick bite and a subsequent skin rash. The suggestion of ergot poisoning was ruled out due to England having much less rye (the main cause of ergotism) than the rest of Europe.Researchers have noted symptoms overlap with hantavirus pulmonary... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_gv0u5faws2ao | Sharing of similar trends (including seasonal occurrences, fluctuations multiple times a year, and occasional occurrences between major outbreaks) suggest the English sweating sickness may have been rodent borne. The epidemiology of hantavirus correlates with the trends of the English sweating sickness. Hantavirus infe... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_mqgodiq819g8 | In contrast to most epidemics of the medieval ages, the English sweating sickness also predominantly affected the middle aged. A criticism of this hypothesis is that modern day hantaviruses, unlike the sweating sickness, do not randomly disappear and can be seen affecting isolated people. Another is that sweating sickn... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_ymtccsfgg4hb | Sweating sickness first came to the attention of physicians at the beginning of the reign of Henry VII, in 1485. It was frequently fatal; half the population perished in some areas. The Ricardian scholar John Ashdown-Hill conjectures that Richard III fell victim the night before the Battle of Bosworth Field and that th... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_8jliode26poi | There is no definitive statement that the sickness was present in Henry Tudor's troops landing at Milford Haven. The battle's victor Henry VII arrived in London on 28 August, and the disease broke out there on 19 September 1485; it had killed several thousand people by its conclusion in late October that year. Among th... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_22yjt5ucwwrq | The Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York. Richard III, the final York king, was killed here and Henry VII was crowned. As chaos, grief, and anger spread, people searched for a culprit for the plague. | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_8gpatz92zxzy | English people started to believe it was sent by God to punish supporters of Henry VII.The sickness was regarded as being quite distinct from the Black Death, the pestilential fever, or other epidemics previously known because of its extremely rapid and fatal course, and the sweating which gave it its name. It reached ... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_hg65rxbbuuh0 | It did not attack infants or little children. English chronicler Richard Grafton mentioned the sweating sickness of 1485 in his work Grafton's Chronicle: or History of England. He noted the common treatment of the disease was to go immediately to bed at the first sign of symptoms; there, the affected person was to rema... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_nv5xg8zm57lx | The ailment was not recorded from 1492 to 1502. It may have been the condition which afflicted Henry VII's son Arthur, Prince of Wales, and Arthur's wife, Catherine of Aragon, in March 1502; their illness was described as "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air". Researchers who opened Arthur's tomb in 2002 could... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_hetiwblj2721 | In the 1517 epidemic, the disease showed a particular affinity for the English; the ambassador from Venice at the time commented on the peculiarly low number of cases in foreign visitors. A similar effect was noted in 1528 when Calais (then an English territory) experienced an outbreak which did not spread into France.... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_9y58wafpydw4 | It broke out in London at the end of May and spread over the whole of England, save the far north. It did not spread to Scotland, though it did reach Ireland where Lord Chancellor Hugh Inge was the most prominent victim. The mortality rate was very high in London; Henry VIII broke up the court and left London, frequent... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_k3wzlha3b9rd | In 1529 Thomas Cromwell lost his wife and two daughters to the disease. It is believed several of the closest people to Henry VIII contracted the sickness. His love letters to his mistress, Anne Boleyn, reveal that physicians believed Anne had contracted the illness. | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_iu0xdnrgrbow | Henry sent his second-most trusted physician to her aid, his first being unavailable, and she survived. Cardinal Wolsey contracted the illness and survived.The disease suddenly appeared in Hamburg, spreading so rapidly that more than a thousand people died in a few weeks. | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_51v1yfov1vzv | It swept through eastern Europe causing high mortality rates. It arrived in Switzerland in December, then was carried northwards to Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and eastwards to Lithuania, Poland, and Russia. | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_z3y5oa32v6fs | Cases were unknown in Italy or France, except in the English-controlled Pale of Calais. It emerged in Flanders and the Netherlands, possibly transmitted directly from England by travellers; it appeared simultaneously in the cities of Antwerp and Amsterdam on the morning of 27 September. In each place, it prevailed for ... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_p7l71lj4znck | The last major outbreak of the disease occurred in England in 1551. Although burial patterns in smaller towns in Europe suggest that the disease may have been present elsewhere first, the outbreak is recorded to have begun in Shrewsbury in April. It killed around 1,000 there, spreading quickly throughout the rest of En... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_m77myj2hykus | John Caius wrote his eyewitness account A Boke or Counseill Against the Disease Commonly Called the Sweate, or Sweatyng Sicknesse. Henry Machin also recorded it in his diary: the vii day of July begane a nuw swet in London…the x day of July the Kynges grace removyd from Westmynster unto Hamtun courte, for ther serten... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_pin1dqtqfprx | Between 1718 and 1918 an illness with some similarities occurred in France, known as the Picardy sweat. It was significantly less lethal than the English Sweat but with a strikingly high frequency of outbreaks; some 200 were recorded during the period. Llywelyn Roberts noted "a great similarity between the two diseases... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_psyanjusf841 | There were also notable differences between the Picardy sweat and the English sweating sickness. It was accompanied by a rash, which was not described as a feature of the English disease. Henry Tidy argued that John Caius's report applies to fulminant cases fatal within a few hours, in which case no eruption may develo... | Sweating sickness epidemics |
c_a842c3tu5lnl | Overseas Student Health Cover (OSHC) is a compulsory health insurance product required by the Australian Government for international students studying in Australia. It is an insurance product that gives international students a level of insurance coverage based on the Australian Medicare system. Students can arrange t... | Overseas Student Health Cover |
c_9ijo2k8j6tdd | OSHC is only able to be offered by Australian private health insurers who have signed the Deed for the provision of Overseas Student Health Cover with the Australian government. The Deed outlines the conditions required to be met by the registered insurers in order to offer the OSHC product. A legal document between th... | Overseas Student Health Cover |
c_gv2a0mpk6i4b | OSHC may not be needed through the Reciprocal Health Care Agreements if the student is from one of the following countries: Belgium Finland Italy Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Republic of Ireland Slovenia Sweden United Kingdom | Overseas Student Health Cover |
c_93zb52b4ewka | As at 20 December 2019, there were six health insurers who are signatories to the OSHC Deed . Those are: CBHS International Health Medibank Private NIB OSHC BUPA Australia == References == | Overseas Student Health Cover |
c_6aarngtbipxl | Prebendalism refers to political systems in which elected officials and government workers feel they have a right to a share of government revenues, and they use them to benefit supporters, co-religionists and members of their ethnic group. | Prebendalism |
c_e1t2g3v3r76m | The Catholic Encyclopedia defines a prebend as the "right of member of chapter to his share in the revenues of a cathedral".Max Weber used the term to describe India and China in the early Middle Ages in his 1915 book, The Religion of China and his 1916 book, The Religion of India. The occidental seigneurie, like the o... | Prebendalism |
c_yztvfljexq37 | Feudal relations were also to be found in India, but they were not decisive for the formation either of a nobility or landlordism. In India, as in the Orient generally, a characteristic seigniory developed rather out of tax farming and the military and tax prebends of a far more bureaucratic state. The oriental seignio... | Prebendalism |
c_fb829xpiv0bb | The comparable, though undeveloped, occidental parallel is not the medieval fief but the purchase of offices and prebends during the papal seicento or during the days of the French Noblesse de Robe. Alavi describes how state-derived rights over capital held by state officials in parts of India in the early 18th Century... | Prebendalism |
c_fz4ypqo2auu9 | Richard A. Joseph, director of The Program of African Studies at Northwestern University, is usually credited with first using the term to describe patron-clientelism or neopatrimonialism in Nigeria. Since then the term has commonly been used in scholarly literature and textbooks. Joseph wrote in 1996, "According to th... | Prebendalism |
c_7pfhfwqdmscz | ExtenZe is an herbal nutritional supplement claiming to promote "natural male enhancement", a euphemism for penis enlargement. Additionally, television commercials and advertisements claim an "improved" or "arousing" sexual experience. Extenze paid $6 million to settle a class-action false advertising lawsuit in 2010.W... | ExtenZe |
c_zfsyp05bqk1s | Their enlarging effects are described as "temporary" while under the use of Extenze. Early infomercials featured a studio audience and porn star Ron Jeremy. Former Dallas Cowboys and Miami Hurricanes head coach Jimmy Johnson has also appeared in an ExtenZe commercial. ExtenZe makes pills and 2-ounce shots that are sold... | ExtenZe |
c_1spdpxbc9ahw | A class action was settled in 2010 for $6 million without the company admitting any wrongdoing to resolve plaintiff claims that Extenze maker Biotab Nutraceuticals, Inc engaged in deceptive marketing (advertising, labeling, promotion, etc.) by claiming it enlarged a man's penis despite the lack of any credible scientif... | ExtenZe |
c_9r3sda44srpd | Both professional football and Olympic athletes are banned from taking ExtenZe because the DHEA in ExtenZe is considered a performance-enhancing drug. In 2010, 400-meter Olympic gold medalist LaShawn Merritt was banned from competition for taking ExtenZe, which contains dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a steroid that is ... | ExtenZe |
c_cn8amk0s3he6 | Merritt provisionally accepted a two-year ban from competition, although he announced plans to appeal. Sports authorities, however, were not sympathetic: "Any professional athlete in this sport knows that they are solely responsible for anything that goes into their bodies. For Mr. Merritt to claim inadvertent use of a... | ExtenZe |
c_zsm8olew7eha | ExtenZe sponsored 2010 NASCAR Rookie of the Year Kevin Conway in both NASCAR Cup Series and NASCAR Nationwide Series from 2009 to 2011. ExtenZe faced legal actions by both of Conway's Cup Series teams in 2010, Front Row Motorsports and Robby Gordon Motorsports, after ExtenZe allegedly paid neither team's sponsorship mo... | ExtenZe |
c_mzrl66ch897q | It has been reported that the product website lists DHEA as an ingredient. The following ingredients comprise ExtenZe, as reported on the images of labels on vendor websites: Folate (folic acid) Zinc (as oxide) Micronized DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) Pregnanolone (3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one) Black pepper (seed) Piper... | ExtenZe |
c_wh6j1gj2ujmk | Focus variation is a method used to sharpen images and to measure surface irregularities by means of optics with limited depth of field. | Focus variation |
c_770bqjii7ygg | The algorithm works as follows: At first images with difference focus are captured. This is done by moving the sample or the optics in relation to each other. Then for each position the focus over each plane is calculated The plane with the best focus is used to get a sharp image. the corresponding depth gives the dept... | Focus variation |
c_b7c5wyjvxnt6 | Focus variation requires an optics with very little depth of field. This can be realized if a microscopy like optics and a microscope objective is used. These objectives have a high numerical aperture which gives a small depth of field. | Focus variation |
c_r8s41le0t8jr | The use of this method is for optical surface metrology and coordinate-measuring machine. This means measuring form, waviness and roughness on samples. With optimized hardware and software components a lateral resolution of 500 nm (limitation of wavelength of light) and a vertical resolution of several nm can be reache... | Focus variation |
c_wpbr4zmooniy | Advantages: Can be used on samples with steep flanks. This is because a ring light can be used to extend the illumination aperture Can deliver color information Can measure on rough surfacesDisadvantages: Can not be used if the surface of the sample does not give structure in the image. This means it can not be used fo... | Focus variation |
c_8iebc4bfl8gz | The ISO committee is working on a new series of ISO standards, called the ISO 25178 series. The 6-part document describes the available methods for roughness measurement. Focus variation is one of the described methods. | Focus variation |
c_3kgvkzu63wsv | The Dunaverney Flesh-Hook is a sophisticated bronze artefact from Prehistoric Ireland, thought to be an item of ceremonial feasting gear, and a symbol of authority. It is believed it was used to remove chunks of meat from a stew in a large cauldron for serving. It dates to the Late Bronze Age, between 1050 and 900 BC. ... | Dunaverney flesh-hook |
c_ykl3yb05dawe | Along the top of the flesh-hook are five birds, two large ones next to three smaller ones. At the bottom of the shaft, facing the family of five, are two birds. The group of two birds, presumably an adult pair, can be identified as corvids, perhaps ravens, the family of five as swans and cygnets. | Dunaverney flesh-hook |
c_klf1ixdziead | The two sets of birds seem to invoke opposites: birds of water versus birds of the air; white ranged against black, fecundity as opposed to death (implied by the predatory character of ravens). Perhaps, in the mind of the Bronze Age inhabitants, the two sets of birds denoted a fable of opposites between good and bad. T... | Dunaverney flesh-hook |
c_ftsf9won3xvd | The Dunaverney Flesh-Hook was discovered in 1829 by workmen who were cutting turf at Dunaverney Bog to the north of Ballymoney in County Antrim. At the time of its discovery, the Dunaverney Flesh-Hook was unparalleled and for a long time many experts could not agree on its age and function. However, as more examples we... | Dunaverney flesh-hook |
c_dmup0hingc0v | An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, non-profit organisations and informal organisatio... | Electoral system |
c_l4vaf4l2ije1 | Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a legislature, areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives. Voters may ... | Electoral system |
c_kdg4ijqivlhp | There are many variations in electoral systems, with the most common systems being first-past-the-post voting, block voting, the two-round (runoff) system, proportional representation and ranked voting. Some electoral systems, such as mixed systems, attempt to combine the benefits of non-proportional and proportional s... | Electoral system |
c_yv55kem16k0n | Plurality voting is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as first-past-the-post; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 cou... | Electoral system |
c_kmcil8vc4ymz | There are variations on this system such as limited voting, where voters are given fewer votes than there are seats to be filled (Gibraltar is the only territory where this system is in use) and single non-transferable vote (SNTV), in which voters can vote for only one candidate in a multi-member constituency, with the... | Electoral system |
c_3rwom0ng2n95 | This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems.The Dowdall system, a multi-member constituency variation on the Borda count, is used in Nauru for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank the candidates depending on how many seats there are in their constituency. First preference votes are counted as whole ... | Electoral system |
c_wtg6w240qth1 | Majority voting is a system in which candidates must receive a majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of voting (although in some cases only a plurality is required in the last round of voting if no candidate can achieve a majority). There are two main forms of majoritarian systems,... | Electoral system |
c_bvrhtfob0dn0 | Majoritarian voting can be achieved in a single election using instant-runoff voting (IRV), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference; this system is used for parliamentary elections in Australia and Papua New Guinea. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences... | Electoral system |
c_0hs43ktdzu7i | If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is the contingent vote where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a... | Electoral system |
c_jgwl93og2f0u | This system is used in Sri Lankan presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences.The other main form of majoritarian system is the two-round system, which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for el... | Electoral system |
c_djtzjvn462cn | In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest the second round; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, such as Ecuado... | Electoral system |
c_smdl8ipwwnnk | Proportional representation is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of the system. Party-list proportional representation is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting ... | Electoral system |
c_7gpkny28i093 | However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation; but this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As a result, some countries have leveling seats to award to partie... | Electoral system |
c_0oqqanp7z855 | There are two main types of systems: highest average and largest remainder. Highest average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a series of divisors, producing figures that determine seat allocation; for example the D'Hondt method (of which there are variants including Hagenbach-Bischoff) and t... | Electoral system |
c_kspteu07yewd | This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on the largest fractions of seats that they have remaining. Examples of largest remainder systems include the Hare quota, Droop quota, the Imperiali quota and the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota. Single transferable vote (STV) is another form of pr... | Electoral system |
c_6w9irf8fo5p6 | To be elected, candidates must pass a quota (the Droop quota being the most common). Candidates that pass the quota on the first count are elected. Votes are then reallocated from the least successful candidates, as well as surplus votes from successful candidates, until all seats have been filled by candidates who hav... | Electoral system |
c_io95gsy8z96s | In several countries, mixed systems are used to elect the legislature. These include parallel voting (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and mixed-member proportional representation. In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries, there are two methods by which members of a legislatu... | Electoral system |
c_a8dy3ln0ksk3 | In mixed-member proportional systems, in use in eight countries, there is enough compensation in order to ensure that parties have a number of seats proportional to their vote share.Other systems may be insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in overhang seats, where parties win more seats in the constituency ... | Electoral system |
c_598q9surw68s | An unusual form of mixed-member compensatory representation using negative vote transfer, Scorporo, was used in Italy from 1993 until 2006. Some electoral systems feature a majority bonus system to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a ... | Electoral system |
c_wy5hzbi09vf4 | The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat Grand and General Council. In Greece the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats, a system which was abolished following the 2019 elections. In Uruguay, the President and members of the General Assembly are elected by on a sing... | Electoral system |
c_8jq0i295lojl | Primary elections are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in Italy. Primary elections limit the risk of vote splitting by ensuring a single party candidate. In Arg... | Electoral system |
c_x1js8xoebyuc | Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college. In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago, the post of President is elected ... | Electoral system |
c_25trvyv0akaf | In addition to the various electoral systems in use in the political sphere, there are numerous others, some of which are proposals and some of which have been adopted for usage in business (such as electing corporate board members) or for organisations but not for public elections. Ranked systems include Bucklin votin... | Electoral system |
c_qeqi0rf2izgo | Dual-member proportional representation is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. Biproportional apportionment is a system whereby the total number of votes is used to calculate the number of seats each party... | Electoral system |
c_7ool1oxcpfr4 | The complexity ranges from approval voting where voters simply state whether they approve of a candidate or not to range voting, where a candidate is scored from a set range of numbers. Other cardinal systems include proportional approval voting, sequential proportional approval voting, satisfaction approval voting, hi... | Electoral system |
c_pmza3jc1u2h1 | These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups (such as the Prussian three-class franchise), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system was used in colonial Rhodesia for the 1962 and 1965 elections. The elections fea... | Electoral system |
c_btvp3ixo6gh5 | In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in a country's constitution or electoral law. Participatory rules determine candidate nomination and voter registration, in addition to the location of poll... | Electoral system |
c_4sni9ubtk77j | Most countries's electorates are characterised by universal suffrage, but there are differences on the age at which people are allowed to vote, with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed ... | Electoral system |
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