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c_hrbu99f14wdf | Every Sunday morning 32 kilometres of roads in Santiago de Chile are reserved for cyclist, runners, skaters, etc. This is called "CicloRecreoVía" The program started in 2006 and meets every Sunday to 34,000 people 09:00 to 14:00. In northern Chile CicloRecreoVía is implemented each Sunday in the city of Antofagasta on ... | Ciclovía |
c_96wool71s3m8 | A 5.8 km long ciclovía was built in the city of Cartago in 2012. | Ciclovía |
c_w8i1ig0igcih | The first Ciclopaseo in Quito took place in April 2003 when the path was only 9.5 km and 3,000 people participated. At that point, Ciclopaseos were only held on the last Sunday of every month but the event grew in popularity. In six months the route had grown to 20 km with 25,000 participants. | Ciclovía |
c_h1jdson6rlt8 | The Ciclopaseo is a project organized by the local organization Ciclopolis to promote urban cycling, sustainable transportation, and community building in Quito. A route of 30 km running from the North to South of the city is closed to traffic every Sunday from 8 am until 2 pm to give preference to bicyclers and pedest... | Ciclovía |
c_cpzjc0gwhfwz | The mayor of Bogota, Antanas Mockus, rode alongside Quito's mayor, Paco Moncayo, in the second monthly Ciclopaseo of May, 2003. The Ciclopaseo of June was the first themed event that emphasized children, followed by the event "Quito is for Everyone" in June, which featured the winners of the Special Olympics. The Ciclo... | Ciclovía |
c_pril7o0zlq8x | Guatemala City currently hosts the Pasos y Pedales event every Sunday from 10:00 to 14:00 on some of the municipality's main thoroughfares, in Zones 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14. Thousands of residents enjoy Pasos y Pedales each week. There have also been a series of permanent cycleways already built on major roads in Zo... | Ciclovía |
c_rofwxp1a75nx | The Indian city of Bengaluru - the IT Capital of the country initiated the first sustainable awareness campaign called Cycle day in October 2013. The planning for this initiative began prior to September 2013. This initiative has completed 300 Cycle day events across the city of Bangalore conducted by 32 community part... | Ciclovía |
c_alxiif58w0hs | Gurgaon introduced the concept in November 2013 under the name Raahgiri Day, taking place on Sunday mornings. Raahgiri has had a positive impact on local air quality, with measurements estimating that vehicular emissions were down by 49% on Sunday mornings in comparison to other days of the week. The Raahgiri concept w... | Ciclovía |
c_h2w2w66wkwhu | Jakarta hosts a Car-Free Day (CFD) event every Sunday on Jalan Sudirman and Jalan MH Thamrin, two of the city's main thoroughfares, from 6am to 11am. Pedestrians and cyclists are free to exercise in the streets and sidewalks (which are normally blocked due to illegally parked motorcycles and food stalls) with more than... | Ciclovía |
c_vpd33pwc7hu6 | Activities taking place on CFD must conform to one of four main themes: Sports, Health, Environment, and Cultural Arts. CFD was suspended on March 15, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was reopened on June 21, 2020 to allow people to exercise only (street vendors were banned), but closed down again due to crowds no... | Ciclovía |
c_67ebwdkj1u6s | Kuala Lumpur hosts a Car-Free Morning event on the first and third Sunday of every month from 7am to 9am starting at Dataran DBKL. The streets of Kuala Lumpur's Golden Triangle (the city's main business and shopping district) are closed to vehicles to allow pedestrians and cyclists to utilize the space for exercising, ... | Ciclovía |
c_1ulo965aokxp | Mexico City has several circuits, the most important runs 59 kilometers from Polanco to Fierro del Toro; more information at the government's website. Guadalajara also has almost 60 kilometers of ciclovia routes named "Vía RecreActiva" (RecreActive Way) and growing established for use on Sundays 08:00 to 14:00. Every S... | Ciclovía |
c_3p7z1fc9s2hl | Waiheke Island, about 17.7 km (about 35 minutes by ferry) from Auckland, has had two ciclovia events, in 2009 and 2010, when groups headed by Cycle Action Waiheke temporarily closed The Esplanade, a gravel road between Blackpool and Surfdale, to motor traffic.Christchurch held its inaugural "Open Streets" ciclovia on S... | Ciclovía |
c_nz9lu86nwon7 | 3.5 km of road were closed to traffic and opened to people on foot, bikes, scooters, skateboards and mobility scooters. The event showcased the Miramar Peninsula section of the Great Harbour Way/Te Aranui o Pōneke - a 72 km route around the perimeter of the Wellington harbour. | Ciclovía |
c_18aetfqmy7k8 | Wellington's first Ciclovia was coordinated by the Great Harbour Way Trust, in collaboration with Cycle Aware Wellington, Living Streets Aotearoa and a local Rotary group. The event attracted 2,400 people and created support for future events. In February and March 2015, three more ciclovia were held, attracting around... | Ciclovía |
c_8r7ta9qosxq1 | Lima now has a ciclovia. As one of the first programs undertaken by the administration of the Lima mayor Susana Villaran, the major road Avenida Arequipa is closed to motorized traffic every Sunday from 7am to 1pm, since February 2011. | Ciclovía |
c_mv1o05mviy94 | While not an officially organized cycling event, traffic in Israel stops (except for emergency vehicles) in observance of Yom Kippur. Cycling enthusiasts of the Hiloni stream and other religions take advantage of this, and roads (except in religious neighborhoods) become de facto cycleways. The days before Yom Kippur a... | Ciclovía |
c_zqjkud6lyt9z | The two-step flow of communication model says that most people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced by the mass media. In contrast to the one-step flow of the hypodermic needle model or magic bullet theory, which holds that people are directly influenced by mass media, ... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_nss2amlutnif | The theory is based on a 1940s study on social influence that states that media effects are indirectly established through the personal influence of opinion leaders. The majority of people receive much of their information and are influenced by the media secondhand, through the personal influence of opinion leaders. | Two-step flow of communication |
c_b5967oz1jmmk | The two-step model says that most people are not directly influenced by mass media, and instead form their opinions based on opinion leaders who interpret media messages and put them into context. Opinion leaders are those initially exposed to a specific media content, and who interpret it based on their own opinion. T... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_y5t6xu8i30g3 | These "opinion leaders" gain their influence through more elite media as opposed to mainstream mass media. In this process, social influence is created and adjusted by the ideals and opinions of each specific "elite media" group, and by these media group's opposing ideals and opinions and in combination with popular ma... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_b8hh8o0hhq52 | The two-step flow of communication model hypothesizes that ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders, and from them to a wider population. It was first introduced by sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld et al. in 1944 and elaborated by Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld in 1955 and subsequent publications. Melvin DeFleur and Sheoron... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_e0lybv3zolz2 | Unlike the hypodermic needle model, which considers mass media effects to be direct, the two-step flow model stresses human agency. For example, in the field of science communication, Matthew Nisbet describes the use of opinion leaders as intermediaries between scientists and the public as a way to reach the public via... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_kscbst6mcjj7 | The people with most access to media, and having a more literate understanding of media content, explain and diffuse the content to others.Based on the two-step flow hypothesis, the term "personal influence" came to illustrate the process intervening between the media's direct message and the audience's reaction to tha... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_2ldtsrqxj84u | In the times of digital social media, the more than six decade old theory sparks much new interest. The fact that massive databases are being used to send tailor-made messages to individuals lead back to the idea of a "one-step flow of communication". The idea is a kind of Hypodermic needle / magic bullet model, with t... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_ate2w5xvvq4j | Paul Lazarsfeld and Elihu Katz are considered to be the founders of functional theory and their book Personal Influence (1955) is considered to be the handbook to the theory. | Two-step flow of communication |
c_ii0z8aggqsbn | One of the first to embark on Communications research, was the first to introduce the difference between 'administrative research' and 'critical research' in regards to the media. Critical research he believed, criticizes the media institutions themselves for the perspective ways they serve dominant social groups. Crit... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_xh49dkwnjj4q | Lazarsfeld's study of the 1940 presidential election was published as The People's Choice (1944). During the research revealed information about the psychological and social processes that influence voting decisions. The study also uncovered an influence process that Lazarsfeld called "opinion leadership." He concluded... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_ezy7tm1ybxul | Elihu Katz was a psychologist in the School for Communication at the University of Pennsylvania when he collaborated with Lazarsfeld in 1955. Their research aimed to observe the flow of influence at the intersections of mass and interpersonal communication and resulted in the book Personal Influence. Katz pursued Lazar... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_ayc64o3jwtia | The presidential election of 1940 saw President Franklin Roosevelt seek an unprecedented third term in office. Funded by grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, Life magazine, and the pollster Elmo Roper, Columbia's Office of Radio Research conducted a study of voting. It was based on a panel study of 2,400 voters in E... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_1ywsy5dx9bye | They focused on what factors would influence their decisions as the campaign progressed. The People's Choice, a book based on this study presented the theory of "the two-step flow of communications", which later came to be associated with the so-called "limited effects model" of mass media: the idea that ideas often fl... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_l5l07ky6s703 | In 1944, Paul Lazarsfeld contacted McFadden Publications in regards to his first book, The People's Choice. The two collaborated forming a mutually beneficial partnership in which Macfadden saw a way to financially profit from advertising to the female population and Lazarsfeld saw a way to gain more information on soc... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_zr141f724eoz | Another part of the research team, Thelma Ehrlich Anderson, trained local Decatur women to administer surveys to targeted women in town. By 1955. the Decatur study was published as part of Elihu Katz and Lazarsfeld's book Personal Influence. The book concluded that ultimately, face to face interaction is more influenti... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_1r4dqikh2yyi | The original two-step flow hypothesis—that ideas flow from the media to opinion leaders and then to less active sections of the population—has been criticised. In 1960, conclusions from Deutschmann and Danielson assert, "we would urge that the Katz-Lazarsfeld two-stage flow hypothesis, as a description of the initial i... | Two-step flow of communication |
c_qy3vdjr7h7yj | The director-general of the World Health Organization (WHO) is the chief executive officer of the World Health Organization and the principal advisor to the United Nations on matters pertaining global health. The director general is elected by and answers to the World Health Assembly (WHA). The current director-general... | Director-General of the World Health Organization |
c_bffzg3q9da2l | Candidates for Director-General can be proposed by Member States, then nominated by the executive board and appointed by the World Health Assembly.The appointment process begins more than one year prior to the May vote, when the WHO sends out a letter informing Member States that the nomination process has begun. The n... | Director-General of the World Health Organization |
c_sydlk54dyghx | Harvey Albert Dillon is an Australian expert in auditory science and linguistics.Dillon did research for many years at the Australian National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL), where he was appointed Director in 2000. From 1991 to 2007, Dillon was also a deputy director of the Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implan... | Harvey Dillon |
c_tvwg1no2wtea | "Dillon is a professor in the Department of Linguistics at Macquarie University. He is a Fellow at the International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology (ICRA). == References == | Harvey Dillon |
c_uzyo723q7j6g | The Department of Information Studies is a department of the UCL Faculty of Arts and Humanities.The School of Librarianship of the University of London was created in 1919 as a school of University College London. The school was the first school of librarianship that was full-time. The school was shut in 1939 and opene... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_azhykygawth2 | The Department of Information Studies centenary was celebrated in the academic year 2019/2020. The school formerly awarded a Diploma in Librarianship. From 1970 onwards, this Diploma was known as a Diploma in Library and Information Studies. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_3wfbr3igvwrn | From 1947, the school also awarded a Diploma in Archive Administration. From 1966, the school also awarded Master of Arts (MA, by examination), Master of Philosophy (MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees in Librarianship or Archives (the MPhil and PhD degrees are awarded for a thesis or dissertation). From 1972... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_s1g0s85uokqm | The Department currently offers taught postgraduate study in MA Archives and Records Management, MA/MSc Digital Humanities, MSc Information Science, MA Library and Information Studies, MA Publishing, and MRes in Information Studies. The MA Library and Information Studies and the MSc Information Studies programmes are a... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_msg2mmzuysag | UCL Department of Information Studies is a centre for research in librarianship, information science, archives and records management, digital humanities and publishing. UCL is currently ranked 10th in the world, and is the UK's largest department of information studies. In September 2017, UCL was ranked fifth in the w... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_0sbyti9ukbuv | UCL is one of the main institutions in London's Knowledge Quarter, comprising the area around King's Cross, the Euston Road and Bloomsbury. The Department of Information Studies is located in the heart of UCL's Bloomsbury Campus, in Foster Court. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_frqc2ijjehcq | The UCL library system comprises 17 libraries located across several sites within the main UCL campus and across Bloomsbury, linked together by a central networking catalogue and request system called Explore. The libraries contain a total of over 2 million books. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_ifglsbt1yrbp | It is now the largest Library but it origins as the Small Library in the Wilkins Building. It is located on the 1st floor of the Wilkins Building. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_x1p7nqs3xtuk | It is the earliest library opened in the Wilkins Building just over a year after the first UCL Librarian, Revd Dr Francis Augustus Cox was appointed in 1827. The first UCL Librarian, Revd Dr Francis Augustus Cox, was appointed in 1827. The first purpose-built General Library opened in 1849 and was later renamed after t... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_z4lmjkgr3kyj | Each of the following persons was director of the School of Librarianship, the School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, or the Department of Information Studies, during the period specified after their name: Ernest A. Baker (1919-1934) John Duncan Cowley (1934-1944) Raymond Irwin (1944-1969) Prof. Arthur Bro... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_3y4r84j0h1hf | The Department is structured around four research centres, which also engage in interdisciplinary and cross-domain research. Centre for Digital Humanities ICARUS] (International Centre for Archives and Records Management Research Centre for Publishing Forum on Information Literacy KIDS (Knowledge Information and Data S... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_af49p9tbr8vy | The UCL Centre for Digital Humanities was founded in 2010. It offers research opportunities at postgraduate level, as well as short-courses. Its research its multidisciplinary, covering the intersection of digital technologies with the humanities. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_6lu3f1aheis0 | The International Centre for Archives and Records Management Research was founded in 2005 and defines its research as the following:Developing and contributing to an active, international, inclusive and sustainable network of critical and reflective thinking on archives and records management practice. Facilitating the... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_3djihlr4do52 | The Centre for Publishing offers a research-led MA in Publishing as well as the opportunity to engage with nearby publishing organisations in Central London. The Centre also engages in collaborative interdisciplinary research, in areas including information science, digital humanities, and library and archive studies. ... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_qrw9107mr8o4 | Founded at UCL in 2019, the Forum on Information Literacy is a researchers' alliance with an interest in groundbreaking and disruptive research into information literacy in all its forms. It represents a space for academic researchers who are active in the field of information literacy research in the UK, to discuss an... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_5fgc3nl9yieg | KIDS is an active research group with interests and expertise that span across a number of disciplines including: knowledge representation, reasoning about actions, natural language processing, probabilistic logics, non-monotonic logics, argumentation, Bayesian reasoning, statistical machine learning, data science and ... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_k3tqu93lhk7h | Library and Information Science S. R. Ranganathan (b. 1892- d. 1972) - Mathematician and Librarian Lynne Brindley (b. 1950) - first female Chief Executive of the British Library. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_92szhzwyy1ke | Richard Ovenden (b. 1964) - Bodley's Librarian, Bodleian Library, 2014–present. Brian Vickery (b.1918- d.2009) - founder of the Classification Research Group, Director of SLAIS (now DIS) at UCL, 1973–1983. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_0f6wmlvgaxf7 | David McKitterick (b. 1948-) - now Emeritus Honorary Professor of Historical Bibliography at Trinity College, Cambridge. Andrew Dalby (b.1947) Stephen Robertson (computer scientist) (b. | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_q4ctllyndet9 | 1946) - Now retired, Robertson is Professor Emeritus at City University, and a Visiting Professor in the Department of Computer Science at UCL. The Stephen Robertson prize for the best dissertation in the UCL MA/MSc in Digital Humanities is named after him. Nicholas Belkin - Professor at the School of Communication and... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_p81t8w64hh8e | At the time of its opening, the School of Librarianship was advertised as being "organised so as to give a systematic training on a broad basis to Students who are already Librarians or who propose to adopt Librarianship as their profession. It will also be available for others who desire to increase their knowledge in... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_f6lr8l42lo3o | In its first session, 1919–1920, the following programme of study was available to students: A. General Subjects (Courses in Latin, English, French, German, other Modern Languages, History, and other Arts and Science subjects.) B. Day Courses Bibliography Cataloguing and Indexing Classification Library Organisation Pub... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_ox7a81pg0isu | The UCL Department of Information Studies offers three prizes every year for the Library and Information Studies programme: Sir John MacAlister Medal founded in 1926 in the memory of Sir John MacAlister, who founded the School of Librarianship. The medal is awarded to the most distinguished candidate in the MA in Libra... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_6q96257ztbzg | The prizes were awarded to Alex Hewitt, Catherine Drewry and Ella Burrows in 2022, Madeleine Ahern and Lauren Ward in 2021, Sally Hamer and Ruth Long in 2020, Simon Cloudesley and Rachael Seculer-Faber in 2019, Catherine Chorley and Lucy Royle in 2018, Lauren Dolman and Hannah Rowe in 2017, Niamh Delaney and Rebecca Sc... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_fx0lp1qtezge | The Sherif Student Award was awarded to UCL students Catherine Drewry in 2022, Amelia Brookins in 2021, Abigail Chapman in 2020, Morgan Wilkinson in 2018 and Alex Keane in 2017. The E.T. Bryant Memorial Prize was awarded to UCL students Andrew Frampton in 2022, Amy McMullen in 2018, Julia Paskova in 2014, Amelie Roper ... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_l38cdddj9u4q | The BIALL Student Award was awarded to UCL students Steve Mishkin in 2016 and Chris Cooper in 2009.The Archives and Records Management programme awards the following two prizes: Sir Hilary Jenkinson Prize in memory of Hilary Jenkinson, the archive theorist who influenced the University of London's decision to establish... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_nvrksu41pkai | Churchill-Jenkinson Prize awarded to an outstanding student on the Archives and Records Management programme. The prize was awarded to Philip Milnes-Smith in 2017–2018, Sarah Singh in 2016–2017, Katherine Chorley in 2015–2016, Georgina Orgill in 2014–2015, Helen Sumping in 2013–2014, Sean Rippington in 2012–2013, Eliza... | UCL Department of Information Studies |
c_g5p1pckc408t | The Rhineland-Palatinate General Directorate for Cultural Heritage (German: Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz or Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe RLP) is a state agency responsible for monument protection and preservation in the Rhineland-Palatinate. In addition to the Directorate of Castles, Palaces a... | Rhineland-Palatinate General Directorate for Cultural Heritage |
c_0jijiz6zcdqa | Patch collecting or badge collecting (also, scutelliphily, from Latin scutellus meaning little shield, and Greek phileein meaning to love) is the hobby of collecting patches or badges. | Patch collecting |
c_stva2a19jbdk | Souvenir patches are usually shield-shaped and generally contain a coat of arms, a map or a miniature view. The patches can be made of any material, but are usually woven or embroidered fabric, though they can also be made from paper or, increasingly, plastic. Other types of collectible patches include police or servic... | Patch collecting |
c_mgolzil5wjwy | Badges have been collected since ancient times. Greek and Roman pilgrims to pagan shrines made collections of miniature images of gods and goddesses or their emblems, and Christian pilgrims later did the same. Usually medieval Christian pilgrim badges were metal pin badges - most famously the shell symbol showing the w... | Patch collecting |
c_v6gymthkticd | These were stuck in hats or into clothing and hardworking pilgrims could assemble quite a collection, as mentioned by Chaucer in his 'Canterbury Tales'. The growth in the 19th century of travel for ordinary people saw a huge increase in the souvenir industry, as these new secular pilgrims - like their medieval counterp... | Patch collecting |
c_foq3ep32u8vq | In the U.S., the development of the National parks system and the growing popularity of vacationing saw a similar development of patch collecting. After the Second World War, American GIs occupying Germany sent badges back to their loved ones, showing where they were stationed. These badges became known as sweetheart p... | Patch collecting |
c_80097ykhb4rh | See Police patch collecting Another patch collecting specialty is police agencies such as sheriff, police, highway patrol, marshal, constable, park rangers, law enforcement explorer scouts, or other law enforcement related personnel. Emblems worn on uniforms have been exchanged between officials as a sign of cooperatio... | Patch collecting |
c_9ubhyspp6avp | Similar to police patches, fire department patches are also traded amongst fire agencies and some are sold to the general public. Station patches are available amongst large fire departments in North America. Some station patches are worn by firefighters, but mostly not on official uniforms. The patch design is sometim... | Patch collecting |
c_spgo1nuvkoog | The International Neuropsychological Society is an international non-profit learned society dedicated to promoting research in neuropsychology. It was established in 1967 with only a few members, with its membership growing to about 5,000 by 2015. Its first president was Karl H. Pribram. It was originally founded as th... | International Neuropsychological Society |
c_1q654xqla21n | Presidents of the International Neuropsychological Society include: | International Neuropsychological Society |
c_u5ol6bvyje5r | The Neil George Safety System (or 5-Point Safety System) is an occupational health and safety program developed, used in underground mining. The system was developed in 1942 by Canadian engineer Neil George, who at the time was an employee of Inco Limited in Sudbury, Ontario. The program is used throughout Canada and i... | Neil George Safety System |
c_i7phaewmkgtg | Are workplace and equipment in good working order? Are employees working properly? Do an act of safety. | Neil George Safety System |
c_joef2g57cf3n | Can and will employees continue to work properly?Points one through three are done by the employee, and verified by the supervisor upon arrival to the workplace. The fourth step is safety discussion between the employee and the supervisor, while the fifth is a verification by the employee that he or she has the correct... | Neil George Safety System |
c_qbcnjropjhrn | Veterinary and Comparative Oncology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering new scientific developments in veterinary oncology and comparative oncology. It was established in 2003 and is published by John Wiley & Sons on behalf of the Veterinary Cancer Society. According to the Journal Citation Reports... | Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (journal) |
c_cpapac4gw2qg | A World Aeronautical Chart (WAC) is a type of aeronautical chart used for navigation by pilots of moderate speed aircraft and aircraft at high altitudes. They are at a scale of 1:1,000,000 (about 1 inch = 13.7 nautical miles or 16 statute miles). These charts are similar to sectional charts, and the symbols are the sam... | World aeronautical chart |
c_iao7x5qqd0n8 | WACs show topographic information, airports and radio navigational aids. They are useful for strategic flight planning, where a view of the entire flight area is useful. These charts are revised annually, except for several Alaskan charts and the Mexican/Caribbean charts which are revised every 2 years. | World aeronautical chart |
c_28ltt2ksf7iv | Australian WAC charts are amended every 3 to 5 years. On June 25, 2015, the USA's Federal Aviation Administration announced the discontinuation of all WACs covering the USA.A set of 12 WACs covered the continental United States and 8 others covered Alaska. Canadian airspace is covered by a set of 18 WACs. | World aeronautical chart |
c_wdhkhiu27cmr | The 43 Australian WACs are indexed according to a geographic name or a corresponding 4-digit number.Unlike sectional charts, North American WACs are named according to an international "grid system" having a combination of letters and numbers. For example, WAC CF-16 covered the Pacific Northwest, and E-15 covers the Br... | World aeronautical chart |
c_6za3wtw4gys4 | Uniterm is a subject indexing system introduced by Mortimer Taube in 1951. The name is a contraction of "unit" and "term", referring to its use of single words as the basis of the index, the "uniterms". Taube referred to the overall concept as "Coordinate Indexing", but today the entire concept is generally referred to... | Uniterm |
c_n691s7kpm50a | The result of a uniterm search is a set of accession numbers that can then be used to retrieve the matching documents. Uniterm is based on existing accession numbers, so it is technically a post-coordinate system. This is opposed to a pre-coordinate system, where the subject of the document results it being given a par... | Uniterm |
c_uwp0eg6kivtc | The development of Uniterm, and other new indexing systems, ultimately traces its history to the late World War II period. Aware of the advanced aircraft and rocket technologies developed in Germany, the US formed Operation Lusty and UK the similar Fedden Mission in order to gather as much of these materials as possibl... | Uniterm |
c_8gdzd2zbkr89 | The collection grew so large and varied that a new operational group, the Armed Services Technical Information Agency (ASTIA), was formed in 1951 to manage it. This group eventually came under the management of the Atomic Energy Commission. ASTIA began running experiments in indexing the collection, and it was from thi... | Uniterm |
c_rz8sv3cp9hsq | The next year, in partnership with Gerald Sophar, Taube formed Documentation, Inc. The company offered commercial retrieval and indexing services. Among their largest efforts was a 1958 contract with the newly formed NASA to index their entire technical library, and later, make microfilm copies of it.Taube's original p... | Uniterm |
c_45vpwca44psp | In essence, the uniterm lookup process is looking for the intersection of several terms, or as Taube referred to it, the "coordinates". To this end, they partnered with IBM to develop the "Continuous Multiple Access Collator", or COMAC. Users would make search term selections on a punch card writer and then feed them i... | Uniterm |
c_dimv1ix2cvqb | Uniterm is based on the concept of making a separate card catalog that refers to the documents in the collection by their accession numbers. The accession numbers have no meaning in the Uniterm index, so they may use any of the common systems like the Dewey Decimal Classification or Universal Decimal Classification, or... | Uniterm |
c_w3virzd0orti | If they are not found, they are created by writing the keyword at the top of the card and then dividing the lower portion into ten vertical sections, labeled 0 to 9. The last digit of the accession number is then written on the card in that column, for instance, if the last digit of the accession number is 5, the entir... | Uniterm |
c_vpc2p9lus2aj | To find this article, the user might select "indexing" and "library", and retrieves those cards from the uniterm catalog. These cards will have numbers for many different documents, for instance, the "library" card might contain a listing for a book on the Library of Alexandria. However, only those documents on "librar... | Uniterm |
c_f21gt5236ca2 | Numbers that appear on both cards are likely relevant to the search, and can then be looked up directly or by looking in the main card catalog if partial accession numbers are used.The cards in the main catalog also contain the uniterms used to file that entry, forming a cross-index. A user that selects the cards for "... | Uniterm |
c_kwgb8rufbn1z | Uniterm was popular in the United States for large technical collections, which led to considerable study on the system. One particularly useful effort was the National Security Agency's effort to catalog their 70,000-work collection.They found one major advantage of the Uniterm system was that the librarians did not h... | Uniterm |
c_393rd8byvlbd | One was that synonyms presented a problem; was a paper on "air ducts" the same or different than one on "air intakes"? They suggested this could be addressed by splitting the works into sets of about 1,000 entries and building the catalog out in sections. The first set of 1,000 documents might produce 1,000 uniterms, w... | Uniterm |
c_nf7fahy8abhd | When synonyms were found, they added "see also" headings to those cards. The second set would then be added, using those synonyms. They found that the addition of new terms started to flatten out at about 4,000 entries, and after 10,000 only very specific technical terms were being added.A concern that was raised when ... | Uniterm |
c_kzovs19bwj8d | In particular, terms that might mean different things depending on their order were believed to be an issue. If one was looking for "American exports to Canada", "Canada", "US" and "exports" would return a large number of documents on Canadian exports into the US as well, perhaps overwhelming the result set.However, th... | Uniterm |
c_uhqfhk8m5z7c | Ilinx is a kind of play, described by sociologist Roger Caillois, a major figure in game studies. Ilinx creates a temporary disruption of perception, as with vertigo, dizziness, or disorienting changes in direction of movement. Caillois identified several categories of play in Les Jeux et Les Hommes (ISBN 978-207032672... | Ilinx |
c_4wz7xrl55zgm | In the book, Caillois described the category of ilinx as games that: "...are based on the pursuit of vertigo and which consist of an attempt to momentarily destroy the stability of perception and inflict a kind of voluptuous panic upon an otherwise lucid mind. In all cases, it is a question of surrendering to a kind of... | Ilinx |
c_j4vtdywy9djv | Cities Alliance is a global partnership fighting urban poverty and supporting cities to deliver sustainable development. To manage its activities, the Cities Alliance operates a multi-donor fund with UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS), as host and trustee. Different members provide direction, financing and advocacy... | Cities Alliance |
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