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c_qxahshgi4t6u | Founded in 1999 at the conclusion of the International Mayors Summit, the Cities Alliance's initial members were bilateral aid agencies from the US, Japan, German, the UK, and Canada, in addition to four associations of local authorities. From its inception, the Cities Alliance has been clear in its intention to exclus... | Cities Alliance |
c_shal8uqr2ofa | The basic practices of the Cities Alliance were outlined in their 2003 annual report, calling for "an attack on urban poverty by focusing on two areas: city development strategy (CDS), and citywide and nationwide squatter settlement upgrading". This has since expanded to include other modalities but still forms the bed... | Cities Alliance |
c_2tyb246x26kr | City Development Strategies are positioned "as a mechanism to create a shared vision of the city's future among all stakeholders". They are "based on an assessment of each city's economic growth prospects and are aimed at enhancing its competitiveness" and focus on "improved urban governance, fiscal responsibility and ... | Cities Alliance |
c_qirghwwoi2jx | Slum upgrading, or the delivering of "a package of basic services: clean water supply and adequate sewage disposal to improve the well-being of the community" and "legalizing and ‘regularizing’ the properties in situations of insecure or unclear tenure" was, and continues to be, one of the first focuses of the Cities A... | Cities Alliance |
c_klhqhcb310rc | Country programmes are considered the "fulcrum of its work program to longer-term, programmatic support". They are a framework, including "national and local governments, urban poor communities, Cities Alliance members, investors and other partners" and funding for projects. In their Uganda Country Programme, for insta... | Cities Alliance |
c_4w8equkzd9iz | The Catalytic Fund of the Cities Alliance is a fund for small grants ($50,000 to $200,000), intended to "catalyse urban transformation processes that promote inclusive cities" and advance collective knowledge "through learning distilled from project experiences" and are issued along selected themes. The themes in quest... | Cities Alliance |
c_2bs6rbcxhc7q | The Cities Alliance has had several high-profile advocates in its history, including: Clare Short: A British politician, Short has been a member of the Cities Alliance's policy arm since 2006. Sheela Patel: The founder of the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC) is an alumna of the policy arm, ste... | Cities Alliance |
c_luxuerxebk9m | Jean Pierre Elong Mbassi: The Secretary General of the UCLG - Africa is also a member of the Cities Alliance Policy Advisory Board. Richard Webb Duarte: The ex-president of the Peruvian Central Bank participated in the Policy Advisory Board. Juanita Amatong: The former Philippine Secretary of Finance was also a member ... | Cities Alliance |
c_g0qqumwa1aya | Paulo Teixeira: This member of the Brazilian National Congress contributed to the Policy Advisory Board. Nicephore Soglo: The former president of Benin, according to the Cities Alliance's website, began his engagement with the Policy Advisory Board in 2007. Mark Hildebrand: The former Chief of the Technical Cooperation... | Cities Alliance |
c_htvk6fnw77bp | The Cities Alliance has been credited with several major developments in the field of urban innovation, dating from its inception. "Developed within the framework of the Cities Alliance", the "Cities Without Slums Action Plan", launched by Nelson Mandela, set an agenda and targets for improving conditions "of at least ... | Cities Alliance |
c_i84ei5m3equf | In 2009, based on its track record, the Cities Alliance was further awarded a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to continue its work on slum upgrading in Burkina Faso, Ghana and Uganda through its country programs. It has also created a number of notable programmes, including several urban forums and its... | Cities Alliance |
c_m2s3z92y9aog | The Cities Alliance has a broad range of members including local authorities, national governments, non-governmental organisations, multi-lateral organisations, private sectors, foundation and knowledge institutions. Current and past members include: French Development Agency (AFD) AVSI Foundation (AVSI) Bundesminister... | Cities Alliance |
c_r1xovhql0hlf | The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a numeric commercial book identifier that is intended to be unique. Publishers purchase or receive ISBNs from an affiliate of the International ISBN Agency.An ISBN is assigned to each separate edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an e... | ISBN |
c_w2ntbdwx08ub | The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-specific and varies between countries, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN identification format was devised in 1967, based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) created in 1966. The 10-digit ISBN format was develo... | ISBN |
c_lrh1o8zovdeh | Privately published books sometimes appear without an ISBN. The International ISBN Agency sometimes assigns such books ISBNs on its own initiative.Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), identifies periodical publications such as magazines and newspapers. The International Standard Music Nu... | ISBN |
c_qiwgtoundt39 | The Standard Book Number (SBN) is a commercial system using nine-digit code numbers to identify books. In 1965, British bookseller and stationers WHSmith announced plans to implement a standard numbering system for its books. They hired consultants to work on their behalf, and the system was devised by Gordon Foster, e... | ISBN |
c_wqnn79watw7j | The ISBN identification format was conceived in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker (regarded as the "Father of the ISBN") and in 1968 in the United States by Emery Koltay (who later became director of the U.S. ISBN agency R. R. Bowker).The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the ISO and was published in 197... | ISBN |
c_xuwbolcmyy6u | ISO has appointed the International ISBN Agency as the registration authority for ISBN worldwide and the ISBN Standard is developed under the control of ISO Technical Committee 46/Subcommittee 9 TC 46/SC 9. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978.An SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit "0". ... | ISBN |
c_xstez55ddxj1 | A separate ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a publication. For example, an ebook, audiobook, paperback, and hardcover edition of the same book will each have a different ISBN assigned to it. : 12 The ISBN is thirteen digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and ten digit... | ISBN |
c_bnhcoc35wjl0 | Section 5 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual: 11 describes the structure of the 13-digit ISBN, as follows: for a 13-digit ISBN, a prefix element – a GS1 prefix: so far 978 or 979 have been made available by GS1, the registration group element (language-sharing country group, individual country or t... | ISBN |
c_9ikpinbzpjpi | ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for that country or territory regardless of the publication language. The ranges of ISBNs assigned to any particular country are based on the publishing profile of the country concerned, and so the ranges wil... | ISBN |
c_zpbk7tuvpstl | In other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded.A full directory of ISBN agencies is available on the International ISBN Agency website. A list for a few countries is given below: Australia – Thorpe-Bowker Brazil – The Nation... | ISBN |
c_ubbxlwfj515q | The ISBN registration group element is a 1-to-5-digit number that is valid within a single prefix element (i.e. one of 978 or 979),: 11 and can be separated between hyphens, such as "978-1-...". Registration groups have primarily been allocated within the 978 prefix element. The single-digit registration groups within ... | ISBN |
c_tb3stw3g4fum | An example 5-digit registration group is 99936, for Bhutan. The allocated registration groups are: 0–5, 600–625, 65, 7, 80–94, 950–989, 9917–9989, and 99901–99983. Books published in rare languages typically have longer group elements.Within the 979 prefix element, the registration group 0 is reserved for compatibility... | ISBN |
c_a0fe0u5v7uwu | The national ISBN agency assigns the registrant element (cf. Category:ISBN agencies) and an accompanying series of ISBNs within that registrant element to the publisher; the publisher then allocates one of the ISBNs to each of its books. In most countries, a book publisher is not legally required to assign an ISBN, alt... | ISBN |
c_5neaim4zrt9d | Once that block of ISBNs is used, the publisher may receive another block of ISBNs, with a different registrant element. Consequently, a publisher may have different allotted registrant elements. There also may be more than one registration group identifier used in a country. | ISBN |
c_xq705i35jutx | This might occur once all the registrant elements from a particular registration group have been allocated to publishers. By using variable block lengths, registration agencies are able to customise the allocations of ISBNs that they make to publishers. For example, a large publisher may be given a block of ISBNs where... | ISBN |
c_kqfzlgzv9x3t | English-language registration group elements are 0 and 1 (2 of more than 220 registration group elements). These two registration group elements are divided into registrant elements in a systematic pattern, which allows their length to be determined, as follows: | ISBN |
c_vy03bjiugo8v | A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary check bit. It consists of a single digit computed from the other digits in the number. The method for the 10-digit ISBN is an extension of that for SBNs, so the two systems are compatible; an SBN prefixed with a zer... | ISBN |
c_ang0dbe0gqwy | According to the 2001 edition of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual, the ISBN-10 check digit (which is the last digit of the 10-digit ISBN) must range from 0 to 10 (the symbol 'X' is used for 10), and must be such that the sum of the ten digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from... | ISBN |
c_npwl8pghxi8e | It can also be proven that there are no pairs of valid ISBN-10s with eight identical digits and two transposed digits. (These proofs are true because the ISBN is less than eleven digits long and because 11 is a prime number.) The ISBN check digit method therefore ensures that it will always be possible to detect these ... | ISBN |
c_6cn5bpz0vcj8 | Each of the first nine digits of the 10-digit ISBN – excluding the check digit itself – is multiplied by its (integer) weight, descending from 10 to 2, and the sum of these nine products found. The value of the check digit is simply the one number between 0 and 10 which, when added to this sum, means the total is a mul... | ISBN |
c_biyni2zmhyau | Therefore, the check digit has to be 2, and the complete sequence is ISBN 0-306-40615-2. If the value of x 10 {\displaystyle x_{10}} required to satisfy this condition is 10, then an 'X' should be used. | ISBN |
c_p3z96uhoqhwj | Alternatively, modular arithmetic is convenient for calculating the check digit using modulus 11. The remainder of this sum when it is divided by 11 (i.e. its value modulo 11), is computed. This remainder plus the check digit must equal either 0 or 11. | ISBN |
c_d58pubhtrz76 | Therefore, the check digit is (11 minus the remainder of the sum of the products modulo 11) modulo 11. Taking the remainder modulo 11 a second time accounts for the possibility that the first remainder is 0. Without the second modulo operation, the calculation could result in a check digit value of 11 − 0 = 11, which i... | ISBN |
c_psfabv6t9c11 | (Strictly speaking, the first "modulo 11" is not needed, but it may be considered to simplify the calculation.) For example, the check digit for the ISBN of 0-306-40615-? | ISBN |
c_y9pkepgvdfsa | is calculated as follows: Thus the check digit is 2. It is possible to avoid the multiplications in a software implementation by using two accumulators. Repeatedly adding t into s computes the necessary multiples: The modular reduction can be done once at the end, as shown above (in which case s could hold a value as l... | ISBN |
c_ja0xv164fwsb | Appendix 1 of the International ISBN Agency's official user manual: 33 describes how the 13-digit ISBN check digit is calculated. The ISBN-13 check digit, which is the last digit of the ISBN, must range from 0 to 9 and must be such that the sum of all the thirteen digits, each multiplied by its (integer) weight, altern... | ISBN |
c_hvu8nf3fjtor | Each digit, from left to right, is alternately multiplied by 1 or 3, then those products are summed modulo 10 to give a value ranging from 0 to 9. Subtracted from 10, that leaves a result from 1 to 10. A zero replaces a ten, so, in all cases, a single check digit results. | ISBN |
c_ravvnx17pibv | For example, the ISBN-13 check digit of 978-0-306-40615-? is calculated as follows: s = 9×1 + 7×3 + 8×1 + 0×3 + 3×1 + 0×3 + 6×1 + 4×3 + 0×1 + 6×3 + 1×1 + 5×3 = 9 + 21 + 8 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 6 + 12 + 0 + 18 + 1 + 15 = 93 93 / 10 = 9 remainder 3 10 – 3 = 7 Thus, the check digit is 7, and the complete sequence is ISBN 978-0-30... | ISBN |
c_dfcb3o5prk6j | Let Then This check system – similar to the UPC check digit formula – does not catch all errors of adjacent digit transposition. Specifically, if the difference between two adjacent digits is 5, the check digit will not catch their transposition. For instance, the above example allows this situation with the 6 followed... | ISBN |
c_eta37kyuotbk | The correct order contributes 3 × 6 + 1 × 1 = 19 to the sum; while, if the digits are transposed (1 followed by a 6), the contribution of those two digits will be 3 × 1 + 1 × 6 = 9. However, 19 and 9 are congruent modulo 10, and so produce the same, final result: both ISBNs will have a check digit of 7. The ISBN-10 for... | ISBN |
c_cvnezs446zgx | A 10-digit ISBN is converted to a 13-digit ISBN by prepending "978" to the ISBN-10 and recalculating the final checksum digit using the ISBN-13 algorithm. The reverse process can also be performed, but not for numbers commencing with a prefix other than 978, which have no 10-digit equivalent. | ISBN |
c_0k5pskjaz0az | Publishers and libraries have varied policies about the use of the ISBN check digit. Publishers sometimes fail to check the correspondence of a book title and its ISBN before publishing it; that failure causes book identification problems for libraries, booksellers, and readers. For example, ISBN 0-590-76484-5 is share... | ISBN |
c_4pjy6du3454m | The Library of Congress catalogue contains books published with invalid ISBNs, which it usually tags with the phrase "Cancelled ISBN". However, book-ordering systems will not search for a book if an invalid ISBN is entered to its search engine. The International Union Library Catalog (a.k.a., WorldCat OCLC – Online Com... | ISBN |
c_fwcdd9fix6e6 | Only the term "ISBN" should be used; the terms "eISBN" and "e-ISBN" have historically been sources of confusion and should be avoided. If a book exists in one or more digital (e-book) formats, each of those formats must have its own ISBN. In other words, each of the three separate EPUB, Amazon Kindle, and PDF formats o... | ISBN |
c_wxjhx23fm6ec | The barcodes on a book's back cover (or inside a mass-market paperback book's front cover) are EAN-13; they may have a separate barcode encoding five digits called an EAN-5 for the currency and the recommended retail price. For 10-digit ISBNs, the number "978", the Bookland "country code", is prefixed to the ISBN in th... | ISBN |
c_yz2uftmimg86 | As of 2011, all the 13-digit ISBNs began with 978. As the 978 ISBN supply is exhausted, the 979 prefix was introduced. Part of the 979 prefix is reserved for use with the Musicland code for musical scores with an ISMN. | ISBN |
c_y06nn8k4ciz1 | The 10-digit ISMN codes differed visually as they began with an "M" letter; the bar code represents the "M" as a zero, and for checksum purposes it counted as a 3. All ISMNs are now thirteen digits commencing 979-0; 979-1 to 979-9 will be used by ISBN. Publisher identification code numbers are unlikely to be the same i... | ISBN |
c_jqvwhwbp1pkk | Moreover, the 10-digit ISBN check digit generally is not the same as the 13-digit ISBN check digit. Because the GTIN-13 is part of the Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) system (that includes the GTIN-14, the GTIN-12, and the GTIN-8), the 13-digit ISBN falls within the 14-digit data field range.Barcode format compatibilit... | ISBN |
c_zkr9xcn2x6lo | So, migration to an EAN-based system allows booksellers the use of a single numbering system for both books and non-book products that is compatible with existing ISBN based data, with only minimal changes to information technology systems. Hence, many booksellers (e.g., Barnes & Noble) migrated to EAN barcodes as earl... | ISBN |
c_q2v4jhip813o | The Canadian Heritage Information Network (CHIN; French: Réseau canadien d'information sur le patrimoine, RCIP) is a special operating agency within the federal Department of Canadian Heritage that provides a networked interface to Canada's heritage institutions. It is based in Gatineau, Quebec, and is administratively... | Canadian Heritage Information Network |
c_2zku3ym59aom | It used by national and international heritage professionals—as well as by the public—to research Canadian cultural collections. CHIN also manages the online database for Rowman & Littlefield's Nomenclature for Museum Cataloging, a structured and controlled list of object terms organized in a classification system in o... | Canadian Heritage Information Network |
c_z5wsxb5f0lma | The Canadian Heritage Information Network was established in 1972 as Canada's National Inventory Programme, originally to create a data bank, accessed through a computerized national network, and to help museums construct computerized inventories of their collections.In the 1990s, CHIN began maintaining a website where... | Canadian Heritage Information Network |
c_y5thdx9y6m44 | Circular flow land use management, or CircUse, is a name for a particular process in which neglected land in urban areas is put to better uses. CircUse as a concept aims to be integrated with existing structures and uses, and is put into practice on a broad scale. The concept also looks to reduce the consumption of un-... | Circular flow land use management |
c_nrgxo2uo3lrs | The concept of circular flow land use management can be described with the slogan “reduce - recycle – avoid”. To create sustainable land uses, actions have to be supported to find new innovative ways to “reduce” the consumption of land by new development “recycle” or put back into use abandoned and derelict sites, and ... | Circular flow land use management |
c_1bz8z45d35fw | This approach takes into consideration issues related to urban sprawl, urban planning, brownfield land, and land use planning. The concept was developed by the German Institute for Urban Affairs (Difu) and the Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning (BBR) between 2003 and 2007 during the ExWoSt research field... | Circular flow land use management |
c_wv91wxmhcibk | To incorporate the circular flow land use management concept into the practice of city planning in Central Europe, the project “Circular Flow Land Use Management (CircUse)” was initiated by the European Union Central Europe organization as well as co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. The CircUse proje... | Circular flow land use management |
c_dgx834dis9ls | The CircUse project was initiated in March 2010 and is scheduled to run until the end of February 2013. | Circular flow land use management |
c_25lk9tr90mhk | CircUse also builds on the experiences the German "ExWoSt Research Field: Circular land use management in cities and urban regions” (ExWoSt Themafeld: Kreislaufwirtschaft in der städtischen/stadtregionalen Flächennutzung) and the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Research Programme "Research for ... | Circular flow land use management |
c_j919oe8dkuqv | Domino Park is a 5-acre (2.0 ha) public park in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City. It spans a quarter mile along the East River near the Williamsburg Bridge, at the Domino Sugar Refinery site. Along the five-block riverside walk, various salvaged factory equipment is displayed, including four syr... | Domino Park |
c_7q0jjd9wv4xm | The park features a children's playground, dog run, volleyball court, bocce court, and a playing field. The volleyball court is partially meant to pay homage to the historical Latino population of Williamsburg, with whom the sport is popular. In a move to shift the burden of upkeep to the private sector, a small restau... | Domino Park |
c_didq9headdj1 | All wooden structures and chairs in the park were built using reclaimed wood from the refinery. At the southern end of the park are water jets making an illuminated dancing fountain display, shooting eight feet (2.5m) into the air.The playground was designed by artist Mark Reigelman. Named Sweetwater Playground, it is ... | Domino Park |
c_5dv8eb4njjos | Reigelman wrote, "The idea is that a child enters as raw sugar cane and exits at the last portion of the playground as molasses, or sugar cubes." It is also partially built using reclaimed materials from the old refinery.Hurricane Sandy struck New York while the park was under construction in 2012. To safeguard against... | Domino Park |
c_hjyqong3now2 | The park opened on June 10, 2018.As of 2020 the park had seen over 2 million visitors. The park was one of eight spaces nominated for that year's Urban Space Award hosted by the Urban Land Institute. In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, Domino Park expanded a composting program after the city's own c... | Domino Park |
c_p257ddhmba04 | Indigenous media can reference film, video, music, digital art, and sound produced and created by and for indigenous people. It refers to the use of communication tools, pathways, and outlets by indigenous peoples for their own political and cultural purposes. | Indigenous media |
c_cxj2nyf7dhsf | Indigenous media is the use of modern media techniques by indigenous peoples, also called Fourth World peoples. Indigenous media helps communities in their fight against cultural extinction, economic and ecological decline, and forced displacement. Most often in the field of indigenous media, the creators of the media ... | Indigenous media |
c_y3lwo1f0kdxh | Sometimes the media is also received by institutions and film festivals located far away from the production location, like the American Indian Film Festival. The production is usually locally based, low budget, and small scale, but it can also be sponsored by different support groups and governments. : 34–35 The conce... | Indigenous media |
c_afs0xruj7i2j | The research of indigenous media and the international indigenous movement in the process of globalization develop in parallel. In the second half of the 20th century, United Nations agencies, including the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), led the movement. The United Nations General Assem... | Indigenous media |
c_mxzq0bitx9fl | It was accompanied by a critical research method that diverged from post-colonialism and post-structuralism. The newer method attempted to minimize the power imbalance between the researcher and the researched. Leading up to this, ethnographic films that gave photographic techniques to locals can be traced back as far ... | Indigenous media |
c_ikk1ygvpbvkw | The project was the pioneering work of Sol Worth and John Adair, to which the origin of a new anthropological language and style of ethnography can be attributed.However, the indigenous media movement was not a significant phenomenon for another decade. The widely recognized start of the new media movement was a collab... | Indigenous media |
c_0fzbmiigkitm | Following the Warlpiri project, the Brazilian Kayapó village project of Vincent Carelli and Terence Turner, and the indigenous series by Māori producer Barry Barclay in New Zealand, have been important milestones in the development of indigenous media. However, it was Faye Ginsburg, an American anthropologist, who laid... | Indigenous media |
c_vepelsewkle3 | The important theories of recent indigenous media studies have highlighted the dynamic relationship between local indigenous communities and their countries and globalization. Lorna Roth's research on the discourse rights of Canadian indigenous groups in 2005, Jennifer Deger's exploration of the media technology moveme... | Indigenous media |
c_j3r0kzlsldv8 | Fourth cinemaIt has origins in New Zealand, created by Barry Barclay, because he experienced that his films did not fit in to first, second or third cinema. The goal of fourth cinema is to give an accurate and dignified representation of an indigenous people, by having indigenous film-makers who will frame the indigeno... | Indigenous media |
c_4pnzv42011z1 | Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner Different Lenses Four Sheets to the Wind Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance The Journals of Knud Rasmussen | Indigenous media |
c_j2tl5f0l124r | The fifth power is a term, apparently created by Ignacio Ramonet, that intends a continuation of the series of the three estates of the realm and the fourth power, the mass media. The term fifth power can be used to refer either to the Internet, public opinion, the Church (which is the First Estate by the original mean... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_sui3qf7weo4c | If, by the fifth power, what is meant is the economic system, it refers to the power that government exerts in the economic sphere through public companies and the mechanism of economic intervention, which is fundamentally financial. Historically, the relationship between power and economy has been defined within a nar... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_qaw4ety5ny6u | This system, first proposed by Adam Smith, has gained ground in the spirit of globalization prevalent since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Social democracy advocates government regulation of private enterprise and control over private competition, fair trade, progressive taxation, and public funding for government-subsid... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_4ylr07zbr14n | A fifth power could refer to the influence money can have in blurring the separation of powers, influencing the decisions of a government and legislation, and misapplication of the principle of equality before law. It can also refer to monetary systems and in the processes involved in the creating of money, the way mon... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_p2cti62u41c8 | A second candidate for the "Fifth Power" is the Internet, which represents a new sort of social mass medium which cannot be included within the narrower, one-way scope of the media of the fourth power. If considered as the fifth branch of power, it is the only one to be controlled by society itself without regulation b... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_7fdespd9174r | Another strong candidate for the "Fifth Power" title is the church, because of the concept of separation of church and state. This concept has been adopted in a number of countries, to varying degrees depending on the applicable legal structures and prevalent views toward the proper role of religion in society. This co... | Fifth power (politics) |
c_gcx3uo31lv5n | Microparticles are particles between 0.1 and 100 μm in size. Commercially available microparticles are available in a wide variety of materials, including ceramics, glass, polymers, and metals. Microparticles encountered in daily life include pollen, sand, dust, flour, and powdered sugar. Microparticles have a much lar... | Microparticle |
c_hgz4e0j30zky | For example, metal microparticles can be explosive in air. Microspheres are spherical microparticles, and are used where consistent and predictable particle surface area is important. In biological systems, a microparticle is synonymous with a microvesicle, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV). | Microparticle |
c_hxkrkh2pptxx | Mathematical: as the term "micro" refers to 10 − 6 {\displaystyle 10^{-6}} , the range for micro would then be 10 − 7.5 {\displaystyle 10^{-7.5}} to 10 − 4.5 {\displaystyle 10^{-4.5}} , or roughly 31.6 nm to 31.6 micrometers. However, general acceptance considers particles smaller than 100 nm nanoparticles. Rounding: r... | Microparticle |
c_y1qymyswz8qp | Home pregnancy tests make use of gold microparticles. Many applications are also listed in the microsphere article. A recent study showed that infused, negatively charged, immune-modifying microparticles could have therapeutic use in diseases caused or potentiated by inflammatory monocytes. | Microparticle |
c_e95kbaecgy3e | Microspheres are small spherical particles, with diameters in the micrometer range (typically 1 μm to 1000 μm (1 mm). Microspheres are sometimes referred to as spherical microparticles. In general microspheres are solid or hollow and do not have a fluid inside, as opposed to microcapsules. Microspheres can be made from... | Microparticle |
c_f6xjg5w2hzjs | Glass microspheres, polymer microspheres, metal microspheres, and ceramic microspheres are commercially available. Solid and hollow microspheres vary widely in density and, therefore, are used for different applications. Hollow microspheres are typically used as additives to lower the density of a material. | Microparticle |
c_p8lhby7srn4u | Solid microspheres have numerous applications depending on what material they are constructed of and what size they are. Polyethylene, polystyrene and expandable microspheres are the most common types of polymer microspheres. Polystyrene microspheres are typically used in biomedical applications due to their ability to... | Microparticle |
c_mc3pbc1xpvuj | Proteins and ligands adsorb onto polystyrene readily and permanently, which makes polystyrene microspheres suitable for medical research and biological laboratory experiments. Polyethylene microspheres are commonly used as a permanent or temporary filler. Lower melting temperature enables polyethylene microspheres to c... | Microparticle |
c_pfm4khjk5rj6 | High sphericity of polyethylene microspheres, as well as availability of colored and fluorescent microspheres, makes them highly desirable for flow visualization and fluid flow analysis, microscopy techniques, health sciences, process troubleshooting and numerous research applications. Charged polyethylene microspheres... | Microparticle |
c_ug6em8hcd2jz | Expandable polymer microspheres can expand to more than 50 times their original size when heat is applied to them. The exterior wall of each sphere is a thermoplastic shell that encapsulates a low boiling point hydrocarbon. When heated, this outside shell softens and expands as the hydrocarbon exerts a pressure on the ... | Microparticle |
c_ar7m1yymq2kz | Glass microspheres are primarily used as a filler and volumizer for weight reduction, retro-reflector for highway safety, additive for cosmetics and adhesives, with limited applications in medical technology. Microspheres made from highly transparent glass can perform as very high quality optical microcavities or optic... | Microparticle |
c_61cc7kfg7gyc | Hollow microspheres loaded with drug in their outer polymer shell were prepared by a novel emulsion solvent diffusion method and spray drying technique. Microspheres vary widely in quality, sphericity, uniformity, particle size and particle size distribution. The appropriate microsphere needs to be chosen for each uniq... | Microparticle |
c_l23ps0p4x1up | New applications for microspheres are discovered every day. Below are just a few: Assay - Coated microspheres provide measuring tool in biology and drug research Buoyancy - Hollow microspheres are used to decrease material density in plastics (glass and polymer), neutrally-buoyant microspheres are frequently used for f... | Microparticle |
c_lpifnkp7fu7k | Cosmetics - Opaque microspheres used to hide wrinkles and give color, Clear microspheres provide "smooth ball bearing" texture during application (Polyethylene Microspheres) Deconvolution - Small fluorescent microspheres (<200 nanometers) are required to obtain an experimental Point spread function to characterise micr... | Microparticle |
c_x5imd8k8svxf | Personal Care - Added to Scrubs as an exfoliating agent (Polyethylene Microspheres) Spacers - Used in LCD screens to provide a precision spacing between glass panels (glass) Standards - monodispere microspheres are used to calibrate particle sieves, and particle counting apparatus. Retroreflective - added on top of pai... | Microparticle |
c_7g3ydws8yxyk | Some refer to microspheres or protein protocells as small spherical units postulated by some scientists as a key stage in the origin of life. In 1953, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey demonstrated that many simple biomolecules could be formed spontaneously from inorganic precursor compounds under laboratory conditions de... | Microparticle |
c_r9zb0bmum101 | When the resulting polypeptides, or proteinoids, were dissolved in hot water and the solution allowed to cool, they formed small spherical shells about 2 μm in diameter—microspheres. Under appropriate conditions, microspheres will bud new spheres at their surfaces. Although roughly cellular in appearance, microspheres ... | Microparticle |
c_d6jyycls5tt7 | Although they do reproduce asexually by budding, they do not pass on any type of genetic material. However they may have been important in the development of life, providing a membrane-enclosed volume which is similar to that of a cell. Microspheres, like cells, can grow and contain a double membrane which undergoes di... | Microparticle |
c_hdpf1qcm122c | Sidney Fox postulated that as these microspheres became more complex, they would carry on more lifelike functions. They would become heterotrophs, organisms with the ability to absorb nutrients from the environment for energy and growth. As the amount of nutrients in the environment decreased at that period, competitio... | Microparticle |
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