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c_ho54ndpg5euu | Arguments equivalent to the Treasury view are frequently rediscovered independently, and are often in turn criticized by Keynesian macroeconomists. | Treasury view |
c_ssf33rwx31m0 | One line of argument is to use the accounting equations in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) to say that, as a matter of accounting, government spending must come from somewhere, and thus has no net impact on aggregate demand, unemployment, or income. Positions on this argument are far apart: advocates of... | Treasury view |
c_pwayu2d1111j | An argument advanced by Milton Friedman in the converse context (fiscal restraint via tax increases having a braking effect, as opposed to fiscal stimulus having a stimulating effect) begins with the NIPA argument above, then continues from the accounting to an economic model: To find any net effect on private spending... | Treasury view |
c_y3fsc8ebl1m5 | Daniel Mitchell of the Cato Institute, a supply-side economist, quoted by Caroline Baum in Keynes Revival Makes Cato a Lonely Hearts Club Obama's Job-Creation Program Flunks Basic Math, Caroline Baum, Bloomberg Fiscal Stimulus, Fiscal Inflation, or Fiscal Fallacies?, by John H. Cochrane, Myron S. Scholes Professor of F... | Treasury view |
c_8eckl7sx5184 | DeLong, Brad; Montagu Norman (2009-01-14), "Fama's Fallacy, Take I: Eugene Fama Rederives the "Treasury View": A Guestpost from Montagu Norman, former Governor of the Bank of England", Grasping Reality with Both Hands, retrieved 2009-01-28 DeLong, Brad (2009-01-14), "Fama's Fallacy II: Predecessors", Grasping Reality w... | Treasury view |
c_u64gyjcopkm1 | Background on "fresh water" and "salt water" macroeconomics, by Robert Waldmann | Treasury view |
c_8of1xxvf33bc | Hobohemia is a low rent district in a city where artistic bohemians and the down-and-outs or hobos mix. In Chicago from the turn of the century to circa 1940s this was Tower Town and the area often known as "The West Madison Stem" (Madison Street west of downtown) which was known as "skid road" and home to thousands of... | Hobohemia |
c_qxny3itsltan | The Mid-South Sociological Association (MSSA) is a non-profit professional organization of sociologists and social scientists established in 1976. | Mid-South Sociological Association |
c_ta8lm4gqikpd | Its first president was Julian B. Roebuck, professor of sociology at Mississippi State University. The MSSA holds annual meetings in late October in locations around the Mid-South region. | Mid-South Sociological Association |
c_j7fv5b9gvrox | At its annual meeting, the MSSA holds sessions for presentations of professional papers, discussions, and speakers. The organization also has a banquet, at which the current president gives a talk and officers give out awards. This includes the Stanford M. Lyman Memorial Scholarship, given each year to a worthy doctora... | Mid-South Sociological Association |
c_qw5tvndq143c | Subjective idealism, or empirical idealism, is a form of philosophical monism that holds that only minds and mental contents exist. It entails and is generally identified or associated with immaterialism, the doctrine that material things do not exist. Subjective idealism rejects dualism, neutral monism, and materialis... | Subjective idealism |
c_rcvc0s1dapi4 | Subjective idealism is a fusion of phenomenalism or empiricism, which confers special status upon the immediately perceived, with idealism, which confers special status upon the mental. Idealism denies the knowability or existence of the non-mental, while phenomenalism serves to restrict the mental to the empirical. Su... | Subjective idealism |
c_kno5bz1ku2w6 | The earliest thinkers identifiable as subjective idealists were certain members of the Yogācāra school of Indian Buddhism, who reduced the world of experience to a stream of subjective perceptions. Subjective idealism made its mark in Europe in the 18th-century writings of George Berkeley, who argued that the idea of m... | Subjective idealism |
c_5desjvxtbfi7 | Subsequent writers have continuously grappled with Berkeley's skeptical arguments. Immanuel Kant responded by rejecting Berkeley's immaterialism and replacing it with transcendental idealism, which views the mind-independent world as existent but incognizable in itself. Since Kant, true immaterialism has remained a rar... | Subjective idealism |
c_79v46y3dyx64 | Thinkers such as Plato, Plotinus and Augustine of Hippo anticipated idealism's immaterialistic thesis with their views of the inferior or derivative reality of matter. However, these Platonists did not make Berkeley's turn toward subjectivity. Plato helped anticipate these ideas by creating an analogy about people livi... | Subjective idealism |
c_muzblscful0y | He explains this with his cave analogy which contains people tied up only seeing shadows their whole life. Once they go outside, they see a completely different reality, but lose sight of the one they saw before. This sets up the idea of Berkley’s theory of immaterialism because it shows how people can be exposed to th... | Subjective idealism |
c_opn319wuody3 | This introduces the idea of objective versus subjective which is how Berkeley attempts to prove that matter does not exist. Indeed, Plato rationalistically condemned sense-experience, whereas subjective idealism presupposed empiricism and the irreducible reality of sense data. A more subjectivist methodology could be f... | Subjective idealism |
c_r99fncd10kni | The first mature articulations of idealism arise in Yogacarin thinkers such as the 7th-century epistemologist Dharmakīrti, who identified ultimate reality with sense-perception. The most famous proponent of subjective idealism in the Western world was the 18th-century Irish philosopher George Berkeley, whose popularity... | Subjective idealism |
c_4x3y2crpb6iy | Hence the fundamental idea of this philosophical system (as represented by Berkeley or Mach) is that things are complexes of ideas or sensations, and only subjects and objects of perceptions exist. "Esse est percipi" is Berkeley’s whole argument summarized into a couple words. It means “to be is to be perceived”. | Subjective idealism |
c_ethmw3wb0fov | This summarized his argument because he based his point around the fact that things exist if they are all understood and seen the same way. As Berkeley wrote: “for the Existence of an Idea consists in being perceived”. This would separate everything as objective and subjective. | Subjective idealism |
c_bw7vycqm16ke | Matter falls into the subjective category because everyone perceives matter differently, which means matter is not real. This loops back to the core of his argument which says that in order for anything to be real, it must be interpreted the same way by everyone. Berkeley believes that all material is a construction by... | Subjective idealism |
c_antvbf6adsu0 | According to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy his argument is: “(1) We perceive ordinary objects (houses, mountains, etc.). (2) We perceive only ideas. Therefore, (3) Ordinary objects are ideas.” Berkeley makes such a radical claim that matter does not exist as a reaction to the materialists. | Subjective idealism |
c_nr8ix1srpmy4 | He says “if there were external bodies, we couldn’t possibly come to know this; and if there weren’t, we might have the very same reasons to think there were that we have now”: “a thinking being might, without the help of external bodies, be affected with the same series of sensations or ideas as you have.” Berkeley be... | Subjective idealism |
c_dwss7dzzg6ja | Many psychologists believe that what people actually perceive are tools, impediments, and threats. The famous gorilla psychological study, where people were asked to watch a video and count the number of basketball passes made, showed that people do not actually see everything in front of them, even a gorilla that marc... | Subjective idealism |
c_m00bq8q3m0cr | Therefore, it is not unfair to say that objects go straight to the mind. Berkeley even pointed out that it is not obvious how motion in the physical world could translate to emotion in the mind. Even the materialists had difficulty explaining this; Locke believed that to explain the transfer from physical object to men... | Subjective idealism |
c_prsdkgtq65vr | If so how you explain the correlation between objects existing, and the completely other realm of regular ideas is not obvious. The fact “that the existence of matter does not help to explain the occurrence of our ideas” seems to Berkeley to undermine the reason for believing in matter at all. If the materialists have ... | Subjective idealism |
c_as38zujlvm6z | According to Berkeley, an object has real being as long as it is perceived by a mind. God, being omniscient, perceives everything perceivable, thus all real beings exist in the mind of God. However, it is also evident that each of us has free will and understanding upon self-reflection, and our senses and ideas suggest... | Subjective idealism |
c_po9z24vr9tnh | According to Berkeley there is no material universe, in fact he has absolutely no idea what that could possibly mean. To theorize about a universe that is composed of insensible matter is not a sensible thing to do. This matters because there is absolutely no positive account for a material universe, only speculation a... | Subjective idealism |
c_ziy0oiw7v1mg | Berkeley's assessment of immaterialism was criticized by Samuel Johnson, as recorded by James Boswell. Responding to the theory, Dr. Johnson exclaimed "I refute it thus!" while kicking a rock with "mighty force". | Subjective idealism |
c_es86p0h4i6xv | This episode is alluded to by Stephen Dedalus in James Joyce's Ulysses, chapter three. Reflecting on the "ineluctable modality of the visible", Dedalus conjures the image of Johnson's refutation and carries it forth in conjunction with Aristotle's expositions on the nature of the senses as described in Sense and Sensib... | Subjective idealism |
c_ie6k3596ga4s | Bertrand Russell's popular 1912 book The Problems of Philosophy highlights Berkeley's tautological premise for advancing idealism; "If we say that the things known must be in the mind, we are either unduly limiting the mind's power of knowing, or we are uttering a mere tautology. We are uttering a mere tautology if we ... | Subjective idealism |
c_zpo2qizjecbp | Hence his grounds in favour of the idealism may be dismissed. "The Australian philosopher David Stove harshly criticized philosophical idealism, arguing that it rests on what he called "the worst argument in the world". | Subjective idealism |
c_vskvzn60hl52 | Stove claims that Berkeley tried to derive a non-tautological conclusion from tautological reasoning. He argued that in Berkeley's case the fallacy is not obvious and this is because one premise is ambiguous between one meaning which is tautological and another which, Stove argues, is logically equivalent to the conclu... | Subjective idealism |
c_ccdbn5ktz6ym | "Santa Claus" the name/concept/fairy tale does exist because adults tell children this every Christmas season (the distinction is highlighted by using quotation-marks when referring only to the name and not the object)and proliferation of hyphenated entities such as "thing-in-itself" (Immanuel Kant), "things-as-interac... | Subjective idealism |
c_g9odcylpltha | John Searle, criticizing some versions of idealism, summarizes two important arguments for subjective idealism. The first is based on our perception of reality: (1) All we have access to in perception are the contents of our own experience and(2) The only epistemic basis for claims about the external world are our perc... | Subjective idealism |
c_oepxtepqzrul | Subjective idealism is featured prominently in the Norwegian novel Sophie's World, in which "Sophie's world" exists in fact only in the pages of a book.A parable of subjective idealism can be found in Jorge Luis Borges' short story Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius, which specifically mentions Berkeley. | Subjective idealism |
c_lu7rqinv09f2 | Georg Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa (born. Wetterhoff-Asp, 7 May 1870 – 18 February 1946) was a Finnish multiartist: painter, sculptor, writer, and a pseudo-linguist. He is best known for his fantastical theories about the past of the Finnish people, whom he believed to have descended from Ancient Egypt.Born in Helsinki, his ... | Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa |
c_igviyv3afv1b | He organized several art shows known as the Free Exhibitions. He died in Helsinki. == References == | Sigurd Wettenhovi-Aspa |
c_56pseyhr5n3x | Circle of the Sun is a 1960 short documentary film on Kainai Nation, or Blood Tribe, of Southern Alberta, which captured their Sun Dance ritual on film for the first time. Tribal leaders, who worried the traditional ceremony might be dying out, had permitted filming as a visual record.The film was directed by Colin Low... | Circle of the Sun |
c_juf3yklmyn6m | Colin Low had first witnessed the Sun Dance in 1953, the year he shot Corral. Footage of the Sun Dance was shot in 1956 and 1957, with the film completed in 1959. The film also included modern aspects of Blood Tribe life by shooting on an oil well on the reserve. | Circle of the Sun |
c_seavoz6qss05 | Circle of the Sun features narration from Pete Standing Alone, a young member of the Blood Tribe who worked on oil rigs. When Low had finished editing in 1959, he played a recorded conversation with Standing Alone for Stanley Jackson. Jackson was so impressed that Standing Alone was flown to the NFB's headquarters in M... | Circle of the Sun |
c_44tr8ip0jgho | 14th Canadian Film Awards: Genie Award for Best Film, General Information, 1962 Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: Golden Sheaf Award, First Prize, 1962 Festival of Tourist and Folklore Films, Brussels: Best Film on Folklore, 1962 La Plata International Children's Film Festival, La Plata, Argentina: Silver O... | Circle of the Sun |
c_r4p2xtg4tysy | Paint stripper or paint remover is a chemical product designed to remove paint, finishes, and coatings, while also cleaning the underlying surface. The product's material safety data sheet provides more safety information than its product labels. Paint can also be removed using mechanical methods (scraping or sanding) ... | Paint stripper |
c_x8e0ri1acz6h | Chemical paint removers work only on certain types of finishes, and when multiple types of finishes may have been used on any particular surface, trial-and-error testing is typical to determine the best stripper for each application. Two basic categories of chemical paint removers are caustic and solvent. | Paint stripper |
c_m02zl8ky5rqw | Caustic paint removers, typically sodium hydroxide (also known as lye or caustic soda), work by breaking down the chemical bonds of the paint, usually by hydrolysis of the chain bonds of the polymers forming the paint. Caustic removers must be neutralized or the new finish will fail prematurely. In addition, several si... | Paint stripper |
c_fs45bp3xu6p6 | Solvent paint strippers penetrate the layers of paint and break the bond between the paint and the object by swelling the paint.The active ingredient in the most effective paint strippers is dichloromethane, also called methylene chloride. Dichloromethane has serious health risks including death, is likely a carcinogen... | Paint stripper |
c_j1w7m2qp51pp | Solvent strippers may also have formulations with limonene from orange peel (or other terpene solvents), n-methylpyrrolidone, esters such as dibasic esters (often dimethyl esters of shorter dicarboxylic acids, sometimes aminated, for example, adipic acid or glutamic acid), aromatic hydrocarbons, dimethylformamide, and ... | Paint stripper |
c_fmm4odgmrmx4 | Dimethyl sulfoxide is a less toxic alternative solvent used in some formulations. Unfortunately, these alternative stripping formulas are largely ineffective compared to those based on dichloromethane - removing only one layer at a time, or often no paint at all. When they do work they take hours, compared to minutes o... | Paint stripper |
c_komv2e2hkrai | Various co-solvents are added to the primary active ingredient. These assist with penetration into the paint and its removal and differ according to the target paint. Ethanol is suitable for shellac, methyl ethyl ketone is used for cellulose nitrate, and phenol and cresols are employed in some industrial formulas. Benz... | Paint stripper |
c_h1a5ny8g876l | Activators increase the penetration rate; for dichloromethane water is suitable, other choices are amines, strong acids or strong alkalis. The activator's role is to disrupt the molecular and intermolecular bonds in the paint film and assist with weakening this. Its composition depends on the character of the paint to ... | Paint stripper |
c_msk0b58g76wo | Mineral acids are used for epoxy resins to hydrolyze their ether bonds. Alkaline activators are usually based on sodium hydroxide. Some cosolvents double as activators. | Paint stripper |
c_hal1ptiu8amp | Amine activators, alkalines weaker than inorganic hydroxides, are favored when the substrate could be corroded by strong acids or bases. Surfactants assist with wetting the surface, increasing the area of where the solvent can penetrate the paint layer. Anionic surfactants (e.g., dodecyl benzenesulfonate or sodium xyle... | Paint stripper |
c_c954gbnnheje | Paint strippers containing surfactants are excellent brush cleaners. Thickeners are used for thixotropic formulas to help the mixture form gel that adheres to vertical surfaces and to reduce the evaporation of the solvents, thus prolonging the time the solvent can penetrate the paint. Cellulose-based agents, e.g., hydr... | Paint stripper |
c_p16boxot7359 | Another possibility is using waxes (usually paraffin wax or polyethylene or polypropylene derivatives), or polyacrylate gels. Corrosion inhibitors are added to the formula to protect the underlying substrate and the paint stripper storage vessel (usually a steel can) from corrosion. | Paint stripper |
c_jmi1r0tw3awj | Dichloromethane decomposes with time to hydrochloric acid, which readily reacts with propylene oxide or butylene oxide and therefore is removed from the solution. Chromate-based inhibitors give the mixture a characteristic yellow color. Other possibilities include polyphosphates, silicates, borates, and various antioxi... | Paint stripper |
c_xwqc18rc0cyg | Sequestrants and chelating agents are used to "disarm" metal ions present in the solution, which could otherwise reduce the efficiency of other components, and assist with cleaning stains, which often contain metal compounds. The most common sequestrants used in paint strippers are EDTA, tributyl phosphate, and sodium ... | Paint stripper |
c_b66dmy6d4gig | Heat guns are an alternative to chemical paint strippers. When heated, softened paint clumps and is easier to contain. High-temperature heat guns at 1,100 °F (590 °C) or more create toxic lead fumes in lead-based paint, but low-temperature heat guns and 400 °F (200 °C) infrared paint removers do not create lead fumes. ... | Paint stripper |
c_ysgpk19gd7e3 | Lead-based paint is banned in the United States. Removing old lead-based paint can disperse lead and cause lead poisoning, leading several US workplace and environmental regulations address removal of old paint that could contain lead. | Paint stripper |
c_u8nu4749wuvt | The Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) is an introspective psychological inventory consisting of 24 items pertaining to an individual's Psychological Capital (PsyCap), or positive psychological state of development. The PCQ was constructed by Fred Luthans, Bruce J. Avolio, and James B. Avey with the goal to asse... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_gytrwzceke1d | Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is one of the resources (or "capitals") that are required for organizations of all types seeking sustainable growth and competitive advantage. Other types of capital include human capital, social capital, and economic capital. Defined by Luthans and Carolyn M. Youssef, PsyCap is "an indiv... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_bzt0bfaly4qu | 3). Hope, efficacy, resiliency, and optimism - known as the "HERO Within" - are the resources that make up the value of PsyCap. PsyCap was conceptualized as a result of growing literature around positive organizational behavior (POB), or "the study and application of positive oriented human resource strengths and psych... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_pbki605d37u1 | 59). Because of POB, psychological well-being has shown to moderate the relationship between job satisfaction-job performance and job satisfaction-employee turnover, as well as have strong positive relationships with performance at work and successful relationships.Although PsyCap is usually applied to formal organizat... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_pqwdxnalnuxe | Hope is the "will" to succeed and the ability to identify, clarify, and pursue the "way" to success. Efficacy: The construct called "efficacy" is defined as the "employee's conviction or confidence about his or her abilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources or courses of action needed to successfully exe... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_6slnpn7xzdj9 | It is the "positive psychological capacity to rebound, to 'bounce back' from adversity, uncertainty, conflict, failure, or even positive change, progress, and increased responsibility" (Luthans, 2002, p. 702). Resilient people tend to have a resolute acceptance of reality, a deep belief that life is meaningful, and an ... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_078p1rpel683 | The PCQ consists of four scales with six items each. Higher scores correspond to greater psychological capital abilities. Hope: This six-item scale measures an individual's ability to persevere towards goals and redirect paths to goals in order to succeed. Efficacy: This six-item scale measures an individual's ability ... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_eul4dtvtciv1 | Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ): The original and validated form of the PCQ. It can be used as a self-assessment and a multi-rater assessment, meaning that the assessment considers the target individual's self-assessment alongside the assessments from others who rate the target individual's PsyCap. Psychologi... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_rdo5r7mvsmd8 | All PCQ scales are scored using a 6-point Likert scale. Each scale measures its own unique dimension of PsyCap. An overall PsyCap score is calculated by taking the mean of all the items in the PCQ. Scales include reverse-scored items. The 6-point Likert scale for all PCQ scales is as follows: Strongly Disagree Disagree... | Psychological Capital Questionnaire |
c_f6ow1k1s7856 | Legitimation crisis refers to a decline in the confidence of administrative functions, institutions, or leadership. The term was first introduced in 1973 by Jürgen Habermas, a German sociologist and philosopher. Habermas expanded upon the concept, claiming that with a legitimation crisis, an institution or organization... | Legitimation crisis |
c_tgdb8o5ozhiq | With respect to political theory, a state is perceived as being legitimate when its citizens treat it as properly holding and exercising political power. While the term exists beyond the political realm, as it encompasses sociology, philosophy, and psychology, legitimacy is often referred to with respect to actors, ins... | Legitimation crisis |
c_jxvbgrfs8pnk | Some of the earliest accounts of legitimacy come from early Greek thought. Aristotle is mainly concerned with the stability of the government. While he argues that the legitimacy of the government relies upon constitutionalism and consent, he posits that political stability relies upon the legitimacy of rewards. In his... | Legitimation crisis |
c_pk5r1tdi1lsf | When there is distributive injustice, on the other hand, the government becomes unstable. Also concerned with justness and distinguishing between right and wrong constitutions, Aristotle bases legitimacy on the rule of law, voluntary consent, and the public interest. While Aristotle's theory of distribution of rewards ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_zo7lobhwksbm | Detailed at greater length in The Social Contract, Rousseau insists that government legitimacy is dependent upon the "general will" of its members. The general will itself is the common interests of all the citizens to provide for the common good of all citizens, as opposed to individual interests. The people who expre... | Legitimation crisis |
c_tsevff7o0yos | Because legitimacy rests on the general will of the people, Rousseau believes republican or popular rule is legitimate, while tyranny and despotism are illegitimate.In this manner says Habermas, Rousseau along with Kant reformulated the fundamental basis of legitimacy. Legitimacy no longer depended upon unifying natura... | Legitimation crisis |
c_oxu0i4put0pt | According to Weber, a political regime is legitimate when the citizens have faith in that system. In his book, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, Weber expands upon this idea when he writes “the basis of every system of authority, and correspondingly of every kind of willingness to obey, is a belief, a bel... | Legitimation crisis |
c_7gsr5gsybslp | The example that Weber gives is with that of legal authority. Legality is partly traditional, for it is "established and habitual." He argues that due to the presence of legitimate authority and the way legitimate authority structures society, citizens who do not share in the belief of this legitimacy still face incent... | Legitimation crisis |
c_61ha7we81619 | In his book Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches, Suchman defines legitimacy as “a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions." He later adds to this defin... | Legitimation crisis |
c_qqny8cplhrz2 | Pragmatic legitimacy relies upon the self-interests of an organization's constituencies, in which the constituency scrutinizes actions and behaviors taken by the organization in order to determine their effects. This is further broken down into three sub-sections: exchange legitimacy, influence legitimacy, and disposit... | Legitimation crisis |
c_yxocg16oftvr | Influence legitimacy is the support for the organization not due to the benefits that constituencies believe they will receive, but rather due to their belief that the organization will be responsive to their larger interests. Dispositional legitimacy is defined as support for an organization due to the good attributes... | Legitimation crisis |
c_v3zl81qesysm | Moral legitimacy is dependent upon whether the actions of an organization or institution are judged to be moral. In other words, if the constituency believe the organization is breaking the rules of the political or economic system for immoral reasons, then this can threaten moral legitimacy. Suchman breaks moral legit... | Legitimation crisis |
c_ehc894klab1a | Consequential legitimacy relates to what an organization has accomplished based on criteria that is specific to that organization. Procedural legitimacy can be obtained by an organization by adhering to socially formalized and accepted procedures (e.g. regulatory oversight). In the case of structural legitimacy, people... | Legitimation crisis |
c_lb1dlqdjcmxa | Cognitive legitimacy is created when an organization pursues goals that society deems to be proper and desirable. Constituency support for the organization is not due to self-interest, but rather due to its taken-for-granted character. When an organization has reached this taken-for-granted status, an organization is b... | Legitimation crisis |
c_g2bw5g9guvm0 | German sociologist and philosopher Jürgen Habermas was the first to use the term "legitimation crisis," which he defined in his 1973 book Legitimation Crisis. A legitimation crisis is an identity crisis that results from a loss of confidence in administrative institutions, which occurs despite the fact that they still ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_65uvl7dzmn2k | A crisis is a state of jeopardy that arises because of contradicting motivations of the subsystems within a self-enclosed system. According to Habermas, the definition of crisis used in the social sciences is often based on the principles of systems theory. However, he argues that a crisis is properly understood in two... | Legitimation crisis |
c_kaclf6hpy2qt | Within a social system exist three subsystems: the economic, the political, and the socio-cultural. The subsystem that assumes functional primacy in a society is determined by the type of social formation that exists in the society. Four types of social formations can potentially characterize a social system: primitive... | Legitimation crisis |
c_72jztzml69xn | The principle of organization of a social system determines when crises occur and what type of crisis predominates in each type of social system. Primitive social formations have an institutional core of kinship, with the roles of age and sex making up the principle of organization of these societies. Crises within the... | Legitimation crisis |
c_cmt0v32tj9pr | Traditional social formations have a principle of organization in a political form of class domination that requires legitimation since the subsystems that arise serve either system or social integration. Crises within these formations proceed from internal contradictions between "validity claims of...norms and justifi... | Legitimation crisis |
c_68hbkivtqqil | As a result, crises within traditional social formations arise from steering problems that produce dangers to system integration and threaten the identity of the society. Liberal capitalism has its principle of organization in the "relationship of wage labor and capital, which is anchored in the system of bourgeois civ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_i2k66jv7enqb | Habermas argues that it is for this reason that unconstrained communication is imperative to social progress, since analysis and critique of the bourgeois society is one way to "unmask" these ideologies and cause the bourgeois to confront the contradiction between the idea and reality of its society. Crises in liberal ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_o8bjhikvofeg | As a result, markets steer the social formation not only through the use of money and power but through ideology, although they appear to be anonymous and unpolitical entities. Advanced capitalism has its principle of organization in the process of economic concentration. This social formation exists when the capitalis... | Legitimation crisis |
c_7afprtmjz4an | The political subsystem of the social world requires an input of mass loyalty in order to produce an output, which consists of legitimate administrative decisions that are executed by the state. A rationality crisis is an output crisis that occurs when the state fails to meet the demands of the economy. A legitimation ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_1qpz2qyj1vr6 | It is an identity crisis in which administrations are unable to establish normative structures to the extent required for the entire system to function properly. As a result, the state suffers a loss of support by the public when the electorate judges its administration unaccountable. This loss of public confidence is ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_ie5b5z8ov483 | In the past, there have been many examples of social upheaval and systemic power exchanges that can be classified as legitimation crises. According to Habermas, these crises have all occurred as a natural consequence of society's productive advancement, as the social system struggles to adapt to the strains on relation... | Legitimation crisis |
c_obmi077uyb9w | As sociologist Robert Merton explains, a group is most successful and stable when it is satisfied by the achievement of its institutional goals (technical/forces of production) and also with the institutional norms and regulations condoned to achieve those goals (moral-practical/relations of production). Therefore, in ... | Legitimation crisis |
c_slf5jjpuxzkg | Historically, the most stable societies have been those that enjoy widespread acceptance of both the society's institutional goals and the means used to achieve them. In contrast, every crisis of legitimacy has occurred when a large and/or important portion of a society strongly disagrees with some or all aspects of th... | Legitimation crisis |
c_04lh8z6pin7d | In dealing with these crises, individuals and groups of individuals in the society resort to various modes of adjustment or adaptation. Historically, these have usually cropped up in the form of revolutions, coups and wars. | Legitimation crisis |
c_gudc8jyrgl83 | Additionally, it is important to note that the logic of legitimation strongly depends on the system of domination deployed. In fact, it's the logic of legitimation that informs the concrete ways citizens and subjects comply to authority and/or contend with authority. In other words, the basis for any claim to legitimac... | Legitimation crisis |
c_2toazv73odk1 | For example, in some societies the economic achievements under a particular regime or government form the basis for its legitimation claims; in those societies, counterclaims to legitimacy will often highlight economic failures in order to strategically undermine the regime or government's authority. Max Weber, who fir... | Legitimation crisis |
c_ks91p8c13ln7 | The events of the French Revolution, from 1789 to 1799, and the socio-political changes that it comprised can be classified as a legitimation crisis. The revolution was characteristic of a time in Europe where the divine right of monarchical rule was being undermined and transformed as the universal rights of the commo... | Legitimation crisis |
c_bkzwl7xxqbxm | The legitimation crisis in China took place after decades of power struggles and cultural shifts that had been in effect since the 1960s. The legitimation crisis, itself, was the result of several economic and political reforms made by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as part of an effort to salvage their reputation a... | Legitimation crisis |
c_w2cogfn7iwoo | Since the party's core socialist policies had also failed, in order to regain and maintain legitimacy the party was forced to shift away from its longstanding focus on Marxist ideology, economic socialism, and charismatic appeals to focusing on political and economic rationalization and legalization instead. The party'... | Legitimation crisis |
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